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ES Lesson 8: Capacitors• What are capacitors? How are they used? • How are they made? What are their sizes?• What is an RC time constant?
© 2012 C. Rightmyer, Licensed under The MIT OSI License, 20 July 2012
Peter van Musschenbroek’s “Leyden Jar”(an early version of a capacitor)
Metal Ball
ES project 8-1. Make a capacitor
http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/radio/homemade_radio.html
demo
Rolling our capacitor
http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/radio/homemade_radio.html
The finished capacitor
http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/radio/homemade_radio.html
What do capacitors used in electronic circuits look like? Here are some of them.
Capacitor come in a large range of sizes.
1 micro-Farad = 1 F = 10^-6 farad = (1/1,000,000) Farad
1 nano-Farad = 1 nF = 10^-9 farad = (1/1,000) F
1 pico-Farad = 1 pF = 10^-12 farad = (1/1,000) nF
How capacitors work?
VsVc = 0
+Q = 0
-Q = 0
Ic = 0
C = capacitance (farads)
Q = charge on + plate (colombs)
Ic = dislacement current (amps)
Vc = voltage across capacitor (volts)
Vs++++++
- - - - - - -
VcElectric Field
+Q
-Q
electrons
Vs++++++
- - - - - - -
VsElectric Field
+Q
-Q
Ic
C = Q / Vs
Q = C VsIc = C dVc / dt
Vc = (1/ C) Ic dt
ES ckt 8-2. Experiment with a capacitor
+
+
4700 uf
volts
LED
220
Adapted from Discover Electronics: Mr Circuit One, Electronic Kourseware Interactive, 2002 (www.EKII.com)
Hookup diagram for ES ckt 8-2
push button switch
+
4700 uf
220
LED
+
9.0
volts
ckt
Hookup diagram for ES ckt 8-3(Same as ckt 8-2 except for the 1K resistor.)
push button switch
+
4700 uf
1K
LED
+
9.0
volts
ES demo 8-4. The “Blinking” Projectckt
ES demo 8-5. A variable tone oscillator
+
volts
1 Meg pot
NPN 3904
B
C
E
PNP 3906B
C
E
+
47
10
0.1 F
ckt
What if we need a special size capacitor? How to calculate size if in series or parallel.
Backup slides
What is an RC time constant ( sec?
After one time-constant (), the capacitor is ~ 63% discharged. After 5 time-constants (5), the capacitoris ~ 99% discharged. This chart can be used to help choose the size of capacitors and resistors that youwill need for projects you will do if you take Beginning Electronics later on.
ES demo 8-4. Capacitor discharge after one time constant.
++ 4700 uf
VOM9 volts
Resistor value (ohms)Expected voltage at 1
Time ConstantExpected discharge time at 1 TC (sec)
Measured time until meter reads 3.4 volts
1,000 3.33 4.7
2,000 3.33 9.4
4700 3.33 22
Hookup diagram for ES demo 8-4
push button switch
+4700 uf
R+
9.0
volts
:10 vdc
Volt
Meter
ckt