ES 202Fluid and Thermal Systems

Applications of Thermodynamics

and Fluid Mechanics

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 2

Fuel Cell

Reference: http://www.fuelcells.org

An electro-chemical device that continuously converts the chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant to electrical energy or heat.

• Advantages: quiet, low emission and highly efficient• Disadvantage: currently high cost

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 3

Electronic Cooling

• Fast and compact microprocessor chip has a high energy dissipation rate per unit volume.

fins

fans

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 4

Blood Flow Through the Human Heart

Effect of cholesterol in blood flow: increase blood pressure

Courtesy of HeartPoint

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 5

Aircraft Engine

Courtesy of Pratt & Whitney

Gas turbine engine technology: highly efficient

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 6

Components of a Gas Turbine Engine

Diffuser Inlet

Combustor

Compressor

Turbine

Nozzle

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 7

Multiple Blade Set in Compressor/Turbine

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 8

Inside a Compressor/Turbine• Rotor blades add energy to the working fluid stream.• Stator blades direct the trajectory of the working fluid.• Multiple-stage design of compression/expansion is more efficient than

single stage.

Blade design in turbomachinery using computational methods.Images taken from Aerospace Computing Laboratory, Stanford University

stator blade

rotor blade

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 9

Future Quieter Airplane!!

Sawtooth geometry (chevron) in engine exhaust nozzle to reduce engine noise.

primarystream

secondary(bypass)stream

Applications ES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems 10

Aerodynamic Design

Upper surface

Lower surface

High-speed civil transport:

Pressure coefficient at Mach 2.2:blue (low value), red (high value)

Images taken from Aerospace Computing Laboratory, Stanford University