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ES 101Projects and Ethics
Dr. Robert A. Perkins, PE
http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/ffrap/
What’s an “engineer”?
• LS 100
• T vs. Q
• Different than a “scientist?”
• Engineers Design things
• Needlework?
• Designs that must use natural science and mathematics.
Steps in Engineering Education
• (Inclination, motivation)
• General College
• Math and Science
• General Engineering
• General Discipline
• Special Discipline
Thought Methods
• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Components
• Design
Design Output
• Report– calculations– recommendations
• Plans and Drawings
• Specifications
• Most engineering work gets done is projects
• What’s a project– in your own words
What is a project?
• One-of-kind undertaking
• Definite objective
• Start and end points
Engineers work
• Owners of Projects– planning, administration, expert advice
• Design of Projects– A/E
• Construction– planning, bidding, administration, design
• Regulation
Project Life CycleRecognize Nee Recognize Need Design? Budget
Conceptual Phase 5-15% +/- 100%
Design 35, 95, 100%
+/- 10%
Production or construction Changes
Operation, Turn-on O&M
Divestment, Tear down
Three aspects of P.M
• Schedule– time
• Cost– budget
• Production– performance, specification
Bar Chart Schedules
• Most common
• Simple
• (Excel)
• Gantt chart
WBS
• Cost codes
• (Excel)
Types of Estimates
• Rough - gut level, inaccurate -30% to +60%. ROM
• Semi detailed - based on historical records, reasonably sophisticated and accurate -15% to +20%.
• Detailed - based on detailed specifications and cost models, very accuracy -3% to +5%.
Difficulties in Estimation
• One of a Kind– Estimation by analogy
• Time and effort available
• Estimator experience
Take Home Thoughts
• Most engineers work on projects• Projects have a life cycle• Accuracy of estimates increases with design
completion• Projects must be managed with attention to cost,
schedule, and performance• Projects are estimated and tracked with a work
breakdown structure• Changes to design cost more as the project
progresses
Engineering as a Profession
What is a “profession?”
• Specialized education leading to knowledge and skills not commonly possessed by the public
• The work requires exercise of discretion and judgment and is not subject to standardization.
• The profession has legal status and requires well-formulated standards for admission such as registration or licensing
• Standards of conduct are set forth in codes of ethics
• Group consciousness promotes knowledge and professional ideals through societies and associations.
• The professional community exercises oversight and control of member conduct
• Activates satisfy indispensable and beneficial needs, with service to the public as the foremost motive.
Professional licensing
• AKA “Registration”• Dates to early 1900
– Chaos with development– Texas one of last
• Most countries have similar laws• Laws and Regulations• Law establishes Board of Registration
– Promulgates regulations
Alaska
• Has unified board of Architects, Engineers, and Land Surveyors
• Belongs to NCEES– National Council of Examiners for Engineering
and Surveying– Develops Exams (FE and PE) and– Suggests policy
Licensing
• Education– 4 years ABET
• Experience– 4 years
• Examination– Pass both FE and PE
Why does society issue licenses?
Protect the Public
Why get your license?
• Certain jobs require it
• You must have it to consult
• In many situations it improves your chances for promotion
• Professional pride
• “Industrial exemption”– Dilbert doesn’t have license
Organization of Profession
• Or, “engineering the fragmented profession.”
• Discipline
• Employment
• Management
Discipline
• ME, CE, EE, others
• ME– HVAC– Machine– Energy
• And so on
Employment
• Government
• Industry
• Academia/Research
• Construction
• Consulting
Ethics
• What do we mean by ethics?
What is “morality”
• Conduct and motives
• Right and wrong
• Good and bad character
What is ethics?
• Ethics is the study of morals
• The application of morals
• Analysis of moral choices
Professional Ethics
• Engineering ethics
• Rules and standards that govern our engineering choices and decisions
• How should we conduct ourselves in our professional capacity?
• Cost vs. safety.
• Engineers handle complex matters– future effects
• Personal vs. Professional Ethics• Personal
– How we treat other persons
• Professional– Corporations– Governments
Why teach ethics
• Good people know the right thing to do and do it.
• Bad people are not going to do the right thing.
• Heat recovery system.
Code of Ethics
• NSPE
• All major engineering societies similar
• Alaska (all most states) regulations
• Intent of Code is encourage/regulate professional conduct for the good of society.
Engineers…shall hold paramountparamount the safety, health and welfare of
the public.
Fundamental canon 1.
NSPE Code
• NSPE Ethics
• State of Alaska Ethics• (via touch and go)
– http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/AAC/Title12/Chapter036/Section200.htm
Issues
• Conflict of Interest
• Confidentially
• Contributions and Kickbacks
• Whistle blowing
• International
• Benefit Cost– Safety v. Affordability
Take Home Thoughts
• Engineering is a profession• Engineers make decisions with profound
effect on the public heath, safety, and wellbeing
• Engineers are required to be licensed to practice engineering
• Engineers have a code of ethics that governs their professional conduct
If nothing else, remember
• Engineers…shall hold paramountparamount the safety, health and welfare of the public.
• Fundamental canon 1.