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cotiaP Department ofthe Environment
©
Cop
yrig
ht.
Pro
vinc
e
of Nov
a
Sco
tia,
Pub
lishe
d
by the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
ironm
ent,
Env
ironm
enta
l
Ass
essm
ent
Div
isio
n.
Prin
ted in C
anad
a.
Pro
duce
d
by the
Pub
lishi
ng
Sec
tion
of the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of Gov
ernm
ent
Ser
vice
s
Info
rmat
ion
Ser
vice
s
Div
isio
n.
ISB
N
0-88
871-
116-
6
Can
adia
n
Cat
alog
uing
in Pub
licat
ion
Dat
a
Mai
n
entr
y
unde
r
title
:
Ero
sion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
Incl
udes
biog
raph
ical
refe
renc
es.
ISB
N
0-88
871-
116-
6
1. Con
stru
ctio
n
indu
stry
—
Env
ironm
enta
l
aspe
cts.
2. Soi
l
stab
iliza
tion. I. N
ova
Sco
tia.
Dep
t.
of
Gov
ernm
ent
Ser
vice
s.
1A71
0.
E76
1988
624.
1513
63
C88
-099
702-
8
CO
NT
EN
TS
1. INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
1.1
Bac
kgro
und la
1.2
Phy
sica
l
Pro
cess
es
and
Cau
ses
of Ero
sion
2a
1.3
Effe
ctiv
enes
s
of Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
tatio
n
Con
trol
s
4a
2. ER
OS
ION
AN
D
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N
CO
NT
RO
L
ON
CO
NS
TR
UC
TIO
N
PR
OJE
CT
S
2.1
Acc
epte
d
Prin
cipl
es
and
Pra
ctic
es
for
Red
ucin
g
Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
tatio
n
5a
2.2
Gui
delin
es
for
Pre
parin
g
Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
tatio
n
Con
trol
Pla
ns Ba
2.3
Fac
tshe
ets
13a
Cat
egor
y
Con
trol
Mea
sure
Sur
face
Gra
ding
Pra
ctic
es
1.0
Sta
biliz
atio
n
Rip
rap
Lini
ng
1.1
Gab
ion
Bas
ket
Lini
ng
1.2
Geo
text
ile
Filt
er
Fab
ric
1.3
Tem
pora
ry
Mat
ting
1.4
Veg
etat
ive
Lini
ngs
&
Buf
ferS
trip
s
1.5
Dra
inag
e
Div
ersi
on
Ditc
h
2.1
Con
trol
Dis
pers
ion
Ditc
h
2.2
Gra
ssed
Wat
erw
ay
2.3
Sto
rm
Dra
in
Out
let
Pro
tect
ion
2.4
Chu
tes & D
ownd
rain
s
(Dro
p
Str
uctu
res)
2.5
See
page
Dra
ins
2.6
Che
ck
Dam
s
-
Gen
eral
2.7
Bru
sh
Dam 2.
74
Roc
k
Dam 2.7B
Gab
ion
Bas
ket
Dam 2.7C
Pla
nk
Dam 2.7D
Sod
ded
Ear
th
Fill
Dam 2.7E
San
dbag
Dam 2.7F
Str
aw
Bar
rier
2.8
Filt
er
Fab
ric
Bar
rier
2.9
Silt
atio
n
Pon
ds
2.10
GLO
SS
AR
Y
lb
AP
PE
ND
ICE
S:
A.
Effe
cts
of Sed
imen
tatio
n
on the
Env
ironm
ent
7b
B.
Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
tatio
n
Pro
cess
es
llb
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
18b
AC
KN
OW
LED
GE
ME
NT
S
22b
Cap
tions
for
cove
r
phot
os,
from top to bo
ttom
Hyd
rose
edin
g
of a maj
or
high
way
.
A Tem
pora
ry
sedi
men
tatio
n
basi
n
— refe
r
to
Fac
tshe
et
2.10
.
Ber
m
cons
istin
g
of stra
w
bale
s
and
crus
hed
rock
plac
ed in fron
t
of drai
nage
wor
ks
durin
g
maj
or
high
way
cons
truc
tion.
Clo
se-u
p
of a new
ly-s
odde
d
gras
sed
wat
erw
ay
—
refe
r
to Fac
tshe
et
2.3.
All
phot
os in this
hand
book
wer
e
take
n
in the
prov
ince
of Nov
a
Sco
tia.
PA
RT I
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
1.1
BACKGROUND
Soil is su
bjec
t
to natu
ral
wea
ther
ing
and
eros
ion.
Nat
ural
,
or
geol
ogic
,
eros
ion
by wat
er,
win
d
and
ice
has
been
occu
rrin
g
at a
rela
tivel
y
slow rate
sinc
e
the
Ear
th
was
form
ed.
Exc
eptin
g
som
e
case
s of shor
e
and
stre
am
chan
nel
eros
ion,
natu
ral
eros
ion
occu
rs
slow
ly,
shap
ing
the
land
scap
e
cent
ury
by cent
ury,
mai
ntai
ning
an
envi
ronm
enta
l
bala
nce.
Con
stru
ctio
n
activ
ities
and
larg
e
eart
h-m
ovin
g
proj
ects
acce
lera
te
eros
ion
dram
atic
ally
,
mai
nly
by expo
sing
larg
e
area
s of soil
to rain
and
runn
ing
wat
er. If th
is
runo
ff
is not
prop
erly
trea
ted,
the
resu
lt is
ofte
n
serio
us
silta
tion
of near
by
wat
erco
urse
s.
The
cons
eque
nces
are
degr
adat
ion
or dest
ruct
ion
of fish
and
wild
life
habi
tat,
and
wat
er
bein
g
less
usef
ul
for
fres
h
wat
er
supp
lies,
navi
gatio
n
and
recr
eatio
n.
For a m
ore
deta
iled
expl
anat
ion,
see
App
endi
x
A.
Bec
ause
all
Nov
a
Sco
tia
wat
erco
urse
s,
incl
udin
g
river
s,
lake
s,
pond
s,
and
mar
shes
,
are
prot
ecte
d
by law for
publ
ic
use
and
enjo
ymen
t,
the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
ironm
ent
reco
gniz
ed
the
need to
prep
are
an eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
hand
book
as part of its ed
ucat
iona
l
prog
ram to pr
omot
e
prot
ectio
n
of
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Thi
s
hand
book is in
tend
ed
to aid in the
desi
gn
and
cons
truc
tion
of
appr
opria
te
eros
ion
and
silta
tion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
to prev
ent
sedi
men
tatio
n
of loca
l
wat
erco
urse
s. It shou
ld
be used by
pers
ons
with
prac
tical
expe
rienc
e
and
tech
nica
l
trai
ning in this
area
.
As
each
site and
proj
ect
diffe
rs in soil,
topo
grap
hic
and
clim
atic
cond
ition
s,
this
hand
book is not
desi
gned
to prov
ide
prec
ise
inst
ruct
ions
for
ever
y
cons
truc
tion
scen
ario
.
la
1.2
PH
YS
ICA
L
PR
OC
ES
SE
S
AN
D
CA
US
ES
OF
ER
OS
ION
Bec
ause
natu
ral
orgeol
ogic
eros
ion
ofthe
Ear
th's
crus
t
take
s
plac
e
grad
ually
over
thou
sand
s
ofyear
s,
the
proc
essisnot
read
ily
obvi
ous.
How
ever
,
geol
ogic
norm
soferos
ion
prov
ide
guid
elin
es
for
limitsof
prac
tical
eros
ion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
andaba
sis
for
mea
surin
g
the
acce
lera
tion
ofsoil
eros
ion.
Man
's
activ
ities
can
spee
d
upthe
natu
ral
eros
ion
proc
ess
cons
ider
ably
thro
ugh
the
rem
oval
ofsoilinam
atte
r
ofdaysorw
eeks
.
Inev
itabl
y,
this
affe
cts
the
natu
ral
envi
ronm
ent
arou
nd
the
site
.
For
exam
ple,ane
arby
river
thatisno
rmal
ly
clea
r
may
sudd
enly
turnam
uddy
-bro
wn
colo
ur
soon
afte
r
arain
stor
m
pass
es
overaco
nstr
uctio
n
area
,
astonn
esofsoil
are
erod
ed
bythe
rain
and
was
hed
into
the
river
.
Fig
ure
1:
Sed
imen
t-la
den
wat
er
flow
ing
intoariver
froma
cons
truc
tion
site
durin
g
aheav
y
rain
fall.
Ero
sionispr
imar
ily
influ
ence
d
byfour
fact
ors:
clim
ate,
soil
type
,
topo
grap
hy,
and
vege
tatio
n.
Soi
l
eros
ion
prob
lem
s
can
diffe
r
from
plac
etoplac
e
beca
use
ofthe
varia
bilit
yofeach
fact
or,
and
the
rela
tions
hip
ofone
fact
or
with
anot
her.
Con
trol
ling
eros
ion
canbe
acco
mpl
ishe
d
thro
ugh
unde
rsta
ndin
g
the
natu
reofthe
rela
tions
hips
.
Clim
ate
and
soil
cond
ition
s
obvi
ousl
y
cann
ot
becont
rolle
d
byman
;
how
ever
,
prop
er
plan
ning
can
som
etim
es
perm
it
avoi
danc
e
of
cons
truc
tion
onhigh
ly
erod
ible
soils
and
unde
r
adve
rse
wea
ther
cond
ition
s.Itiseasi
er
and
mor
e
effe
ctiv
e
to
man
ipul
ate
vege
tativ
e
cove
r
and
topo
grap
hic
cond
ition
s
thro
ugh
eros
ion
cont
rol
prac
tices
like
the
ones
pres
ente
d
inthis
hand
book
.
Foram
ore
deta
iled
disc
ussi
on
onthe
proc
esse
s
and
caus
esoferos
ion,
refe
r
to
App
endi
x
B.
3a
Fig
ure
2:
Ahous
ing
deve
lopm
ent
whe
re
vege
tatio
n
has
been
com
plet
ely
strip
ped,
expo
sing
bare
soil
torain
fall
eros
ion
onalong
,
stee
p
slop
e.
4a
1.3
EF
FE
CT
IVE
NE
SS
OF
ER
OS
ION
AN
D
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N
CO
NT
RO
LS
Ext
ensi
ve
use of m
athe
mat
ical
soil
loss
pred
ictio
n
mod
els
thro
ugho
ut
Nor
th
Am
eric
a
has
resu
lted in re
cogn
ized
valu
es
assi
gned
to rain
fall,
soil
erod
ibili
ty
and
topo
grap
hic
fact
ors,
for
diffe
rent
area
s
and
soils
.
Whe
n
mul
tiplie
d,
thes
e
fact
or
valu
es
prov
ide
an estim
ate
of the
annu
al
soil
loss
from a site
,
and
whe
n
com
bine
d
with
an eros
ion
cont
rol
fact
or,
they
can
pred
ict
the
rela
tive
redu
ctio
n
in the
estim
ated
annu
al
soil
loss
.
An
eros
ion
cont
rol
fact
or of 1 .0 mea
ns
no eros
ion
cont
rols
are
used
,
such
as whe
n
clea
ring
or grub
bing a si
te
resu
lts in
rem
oval
of all
vege
tatio
n
and
the
root
zone
,
leav
ing
the
soil
with
out
prot
ectio
n
agai
nst
rain
fall
and
runo
ff.
Mea
sure
s
such
as the
use of
cert
ain
type
s
and
rate
s of mul
ches
,
and
met
hods
of reve
geta
tion
are
assi
gned
fact
or
valu
es
less
than 1 .0.
For
exam
ple, if an er
osio
n
cont
rol
fact
or of 0.01
was
assi
gned
to
the
base
line,
or com
plet
ely
undi
stur
bed,
cond
ition
of a cons
truc
tion
site
,
and a fa
ctor of 1 .0 w
as
assi
gned
to the
dist
urbe
d
cons
truc
tion
Site
cond
ition
,
the
pred
icte
d
annu
al
eros
ion
loss
es
wou
ld
be 100
times
grea
ter
from th
e
cons
truc
tion
site
.
How
ever
,
the
pred
icte
d
loss
es
coul
d
be decr
ease
d
to an acce
ptab
le
leve
l
by impl
emen
ting
com
mon
eros
ion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
Thi
s
exam
ple,
alth
ough
mor
e
sim
plifi
ed
than
actu
al
soil
loss
pred
ictio
n
tech
niqu
es,
none
thel
ess
illus
trat
es
the
rela
tive
mer
its
that
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rols
impl
emen
ted
on cons
truc
tion
site
s
coul
d
achi
eve.
The
fact
or
valu
es
have
not
been
rate
d
to Nov
a
Sco
tian
cond
ition
s.
)
PA
RT 2
ER
OS
ION
AN
D
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N
CO
NT
RO
L
ON
CO
NS
TR
UC
TIO
N
PR
OJE
CT
S
A very
impo
rtan
t
first
step in re
duci
ng
sedi
men
tatio
n
of rece
ivin
g
wat
er
bodi
es is to deve
lop
a plan
for
cont
rolli
ng
eros
ion
befo
re
any
eart
h-m
ovin
g
equi
pmen
t
dist
urbs a co
nstr
uctio
n
site
.
Thi
s
plan is an
inte
gral
part of the
tota
l
site
deve
lopm
ent
plan
and
pres
crib
es
all
the
step
s
nece
ssar
y,
incl
udin
g
sche
dulin
g,
to assu
re
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
t
cont
rol
durin
g
all
phas
es
of cons
truc
tion.
A
know
ledg
e
of fact
ors
affe
ctin
g
eros
ion,
as expl
aine
d
in App
endi
x
B,
prov
ides
the
basi
s
for
tech
nica
l
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
t
cont
rol
prin
cipl
es.
The
se
prin
cipl
es
can be ut
ilize
d
by the
proj
ect
plan
ner
in
the
desi
gn
stag
e
or read
ily
impl
emen
ted
by a cons
truc
tion
fore
man in
the
field
.
Pra
ctic
al
com
bina
tions
of the
five
prin
cipl
es
outli
ned
on the
follo
win
g
page
s
shou
ld
be utili
zed
to the
max
imum
exte
nt
poss
ible
on
all
cons
truc
tion
proj
ects
.
2.1
AC
CE
PT
ED
PR
INC
IPLE
S
AN
D
PR
AC
TIC
ES
FO
R
RE
DU
CIN
G
ER
OS
ION
AN
D
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N
1. FIT
TH
E
AC
TIV
ITY
TO
TH
E
TO
PO
GR
AP
HY
,
SO
ILS
,
WA
TE
RW
AY
S,
AN
D
NA
TU
RA
L
VE
GE
TA
TIO
N
OF
A
SIT
E.
a) Cos
ts
for
eros
ion
cont
rol
and
mai
nten
ance
can be m
inim
ized if a
site is se
lect
ed
for a sp
ecifi
c
activ
ity
rath
er
than
atte
mpt
ing
to
mod
ify
the
site to co
nfor
m
to the
prop
osed
activ
ity.
b) Det
aile
d
plan
ning
will
assu
re
that
road
way
s,
build
ings
and
othe
r
perm
anen
t
feat
ures
rela
ted
to the
activ
ity
conf
orm
to the
natu
ral
char
acte
ristic
s
of the
site
.
•
Loca
te
larg
e
grad
ed
area
s
on the
mos
t
leve
l
port
ion
of the
site
.
•
Avo
id
area
s
subj
ect
to flood
ing
and
mak
e
ever
y
effo
rt
to
pres
erve all
feat
ures
of natu
ral
chan
nels
.
Not
e
that
any
chan
nel
alte
ratio
ns
requ
ire a perm
it
from the
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
ironm
ent.
•
Are
as of stee
p
slop
es,
erod
ible
soils
and
soils
with
seve
re
limita
tions
for
the
inte
nded
uses
shou
ld
not
be utili
zed
with
out
first
over
com
ing
the
limita
tions
thro
ugh
soun
d
engi
neer
ing
prac
tices
.
• Lim
it
the
leng
th
and
stee
pnes
s
of the
desi
gned
slop
es
to
redu
ce
runo
ff
volu
mes
and
velo
citie
s.
Long
,
stee
p
slop
es
shou
ld
be brok
en
by benc
hing
,
terr
acin
g
or cons
truc
ting
dive
rsio
n
stru
ctur
es.
5a
6a
2. EX
PO
SE
TH
E
SM
ALL
ES
T
PR
AC
TIC
AL
AR
EA
OF
LAN
D
FO
R
TH
E
SH
OR
TE
ST
PO
SS
IBLE
TIM
E.
a) Ear
th
chan
ges
and
the
rem
oval
of natu
ral
vege
tatio
n
leav
e
an
area
susc
eptib
le
to eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n;
the
larg
er
the
dist
urbe
d
area and
the
long
er it is left
unst
abili
zed,
the
mor
e
serio
us
the
prob
lem
beco
mes
.
• Pla
n
the
phas
es
or stag
es of deve
lopm
ent
so that
only
the
area
s
whi
ch
are
activ
ely
bein
g
deve
lope
d
are
expo
sed.
All
othe
r
area
s
shou
ld
have a good
cove
r of tem
pora
ry
or
perm
anen
t
vege
tatio
n
or mul
ch.
b) Com
plet
e
grad
ing
as soon
as poss
ible
afte
r it is begu
n.
The
n,
imm
edia
tely
afte
r
grad
ing
is com
plet
e,
esta
blis
h
perm
anen
t
vege
tatio
n
and
surf
ace
cove
r
such
as grav
el,
and
eros
ion
cont
rols
in the
area
.
•
Rev
eget
ate
the
slop
es
as wor
k
prog
ress
es
— for
exam
ple,
as
cut
slop
es
are
mad
e,
or as fill
slop
es
are
brou
ght
up to grad
e.
Thi
s
proc
ess is kn
own
as stag
ed
seed
ing.
•
Min
imiz
e
grad
ing
of larg
e
or criti
cal
area
s
durin
g
the
seas
on
of max
imum
eros
ion
pote
ntia
l.
3. AP
PLY
"SO
IL
ER
OS
ION
"
CO
NT
RO
L
PR
AC
TIC
ES
AS A F
IRS
T
LIN
E
OF
DE
FE
NS
E
AG
AIN
ST
ON
-SIT
E
DA
MA
GE
.
a) App
lyin
g
eros
ion
cont
rol
prac
tices
on a site
will
prev
ent
exce
ssiv
e
sedi
men
t
from be
ing
prod
uced
.
• Kee
p
soil
cove
red
as muc
h
as poss
ible
with
tem
pora
ry
or
perm
anen
t
vege
tatio
n
or with
vario
us
mul
ch
mat
eria
ls.
Eve
n
proj
ect
mat
eria
ls
such
as brus
h,
logs
and
chip
ping
s
can
serv
e
as mul
ch
and
help to co
ntro
l
eros
ion.
• Use
spec
ial
grad
ing
met
hods
such
as roug
heni
ng a slop
e
on
the
cont
our
or trac
king
with a cl
eate
d
doze
r.
• Rol
l
and
com
pact
soil
to mak
e it less
erod
ible
.
•
Inco
rpor
ate
othe
r
prac
tices
such
as dive
rsio
n
stru
ctur
es
to
dive
rt
surf
ace
runo
ff
from
expo
sed
soils
,
and
grad
e
stab
iliza
-
tion
stru
ctur
es
to cont
rol
surf
ace
wat
er.
b) Effe
ctiv
e
eros
ion
cont
rol
and
sedi
men
t
redu
ctio
n
depe
nds
upon
judi
ciou
s
sele
ctio
n
of cons
erva
tion
prac
tices
,
adeq
uate
desi
gn,
accu
rate
inst
alla
tion
in a timel
y
fash
ion,
and
suffi
cien
t
mai
nte-
nanc
e to ensu
re
the
inte
nded
resu
lts.
c) Pre
vent
"gro
ss"
eros
ion
in the
form of gulli
es.
d) Whe
n
eros
ion
is not
adeq
uate
ly
cont
rolle
d,
sedi
men
t
cont
rol
is
mor
e
diffi
cult
and
expe
nsiv
e.
)
4. AP
PLY
"SE
DIM
EN
T
CO
NT
RO
L"
PR
AC
TIC
ES
AS A P
ER
IME
TE
R
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N
TO
PR
EV
EN
T
OF
F-S
lTE
DA
MA
GE
.
a) The
seco
nd
line of de
fenc
e
is to cont
rol
runo
ff
and
prev
ent
sedi
men
t
from
getti
ng
off-
site
.
Gen
eral
ly,
this is done
by eith
er
filte
ring
runo
ff
as it flow
s
thro
ugh
an area or im
poun
ding
the
sedi
men
t-la
den
runo
ff
for a pe
riod
of time
so that
the
soil
part
icle
s
settl
e
out.
•
Ber
ms,
sedi
men
tatio
n
basi
ns,
sedi
men
t
trap
s,
and
vege
tativ
e
filte
rs
are
som
e
exam
ples
of prac
tices
used to co
ntro
l
sedi
men
t
and
prot
ect
wat
erco
u
rses
.
•
Veg
etat
ive
and
stru
ctur
al
sedi
men
t
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
can be
clas
sifie
d
as eith
er
tem
pora
ry
or
perm
anen
t
depe
ndin
g
on
whe
ther
or not
they will
rem
ain
in use
afte
r
deve
lopm
ent
is
com
plet
e.
b) The
best
way to cont
rol
sedi
men
t,
how
ever
,
is to prev
ent
eros
ion
at its sour
ce.
5. IMP
LEM
EN
T
A
TH
OR
OU
GH
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
AN
D
FO
LLO
W-U
P
OP
ER
AT
ION
.
Thi
s
fifth
prin
cipl
e is vita
l
to the
succ
ess of the
four
othe
rs.
A site
cann
ot
be effe
ctiv
ely
cont
rolle
d
with
out
thor
ough
,
perio
dic
chec
ks of
the
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
t
cont
rol
prac
tices
.
The
se
prac
tices
mus
t
be
mai
ntai
ned
just
as cons
truc
tion
equi
pmen
t
mus
t
be
mai
ntai
ned,
and
mat
eria
ls
chec
ked
and
inve
ntor
ied.
• Sta
rt
a rout
ine
"end of day
chec
k"
to mak
e
sure
that all
cont
rol
prac
tices
are
wor
king
prop
erly
.
•
Che
ck
the
wea
ther
fore
cast
daily
and
be prep
ared if ra
in is
pred
icte
d.
•
Thr
ough
out
cons
truc
tion
keep
an adeq
uate
inve
ntor
y
on hand of
mat
eria
ls
such
as stra
w
bale
s,
poly
ethy
lene
,
grav
el,
or rock
ripra
p,
and
scou
t
the
area for
othe
r
sour
ces of us
eful
mat
eria
ls
like
hay,
bark
or saw
dust
for
mul
chin
g.
Usu
ally
thes
e
five
prin
cipl
es
are
inte
grat
ed
into
an over
all
plan of
vege
tativ
e
and
stru
ctur
al
mea
sure
s
and
man
agem
ent
tech
niqu
es
aim
ed at prev
entin
g
eros
ion
and
cont
rolli
ng
sedi
men
t,
as dem
on-
stra
ted
by the
flow
char
t,
Fig
ure
3. In mos
t
case
s, a
com
bina
tion
of
limite
d
grad
ing,
limite
d
time of ex
posu
re
and a ju
dici
ous
sele
ctio
n
of
eros
ion
cont
rol
prac
tices
and
sedi
men
t
trap
ping
faci
litie
s
will
prov
e to
be the
mos
t
prac
tical
met
hod
of cont
rolli
ng
eros
ion
and
the
asso
ciat
ed
prod
uctio
n
and
tran
spor
t
of sedi
men
t.
PREPARE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN
IMPLEMENT TEMPORARY EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROLS DURING
CONSTRUCTION
IMPLEMENT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM THROUGHOUT CONSTRUCTION
PERMANENT EROSION CONTROL
FOR FINISHED SITE
MAINTAIN PERMANENT EROSION CONTROL
SURFACE STABILIZATION
(TEMPORARY)
DRAINAGE CONTROL
(TEMPORARY)
VEGETATIVE (1.5) NON-VEGETATIVE CHANNELS GRADING SEDIMENTATION
BUFFERSTAIPS RIPRAP(1.1) (DITCHES) PRACTICES PONDS
(2.1)(2.2) (1.0) (2.10) (TEMPORARY!
MULCHING GABION BASKETS (1.2) PERMANENT)
HYDROSEEDING GEOTEXTILE FILTER CHECK DAMS FILTER BARRIERS
FABRIC (1.3) BRUSH (2.7A) STRAW (2.8)
MATTING (1.4) MATTING (1.4) ROCK (2.7B) FILTER FABRIC (2.9)
I DAILY ROUTINE CHECKS REPAIRS REPLACEMENTS INVENTORY OF CONTROL MATERIALS
SURFACE STABILIZATION DRAINAGE CONTROL
(PERMANENT) (PERMANENT)
VEGETATIVE (1.5) NON-VEGETATIVE CHANNELS STORM DRAIN CHECK DAMS SEEDING RIPAAP(1.1) (DITCHES) OUTLET ROCK(2.7B)
(2.1)(2.2) PROTECTION
SODDING GABION BASKETS (1.2) (2.4) EARTH SODDED
BEAMS, (2.7E) MATTING (1.4) GRAVELLING TERRACES, SEEPAGE
FINAL GRADING DRAINS GABIONS (2.7C) PAVING (1.0) (2.6)
WOODEN PLANKS
GRASSED CHUTES AND (2.70) WATERWAYS DOWNDRAINS
(2.3) (2.5) SANDBAGS (2.7F)
SEDIMENTATION PONDS (2.10)
I MAINTENANCE PROGRAM
ROUTINE CHECKS REPAIRS REPLACEMENTS INVENTORY OF CONTROL MATERIALS
FIGURE 3
STEPS TO FOLLOW IN PREPARING AN EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.
NOTE: NUMBERS IN BRACKETS REFER TO FACTSHEETS. SECTION 2.3
Consists of a written document and drawings based on accepted principles and practices for reducing erosion and
sedimentation. • Carry out a thorough soils analysis • Fit the activity to the natural site features, particularly waterways • Include a stormwater management plan • Expose the smallest area for the shortest practical time • Plan for erosion control materials and the time to apply them • Plan the location for sedimentation control measures • Prepare for contingencies — maintenance is very important
)
2.2
GU
IDE
LIN
ES
FO
R
PR
EP
AR
ING
ER
OS
ION
AN
D
SE
DIM
EN
-
TA
TIO
N
CO
NT
RO
L
PLA
NS
Und
erta
king
s
invo
lvin
g
land
dist
urba
nce
that
coul
d
resu
lt
in silta
tion
of wat
erco
urse
s
may
requ
ire
envi
ronm
enta
l
asse
ssm
ent
and
be
subj
ect
to the
prov
isio
ns
of the
Env
ironm
enta
l
Ass
essm
ent
Act
and
the
Env
ironm
enta
l
Pro
tect
ion
Act
.
Hig
hway
,
utili
ty,
pipe
line
cons
truc
tion,
and
othe
r
linea
r
deve
lopm
ents
,
resi
dent
ial
subd
ivis
ion
and
indu
stria
l
park
s
deve
lopm
ents
,
and
min
ing
expl
orat
ion
and
deve
lopm
ent
are all
capa
ble
of caus
ing
gros
s
sedi
men
t
pollu
tion if
not
prop
erly
plan
ned
and
cons
truc
ted.
As
such
,
they
are
typi
cal
unde
rtak
ings
asse
ssed
unde
r
the
Act
s
and
requ
ire
an eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
plan in orde
r
to be appr
oved
.
An
acce
ptab
le
plan
usua
lly
cons
ists
of two
part
s:
1. A narr
ativ
e
repo
rt
desc
ribin
g
the
proj
ect
(incl
udin
g
the
sche
dulin
g
or phas
ing
of maj
or
cons
truc
tion
activ
ities
),
and
expl
aini
ng
the
met
hods
,
tech
niqu
es,
and
proc
edur
es
(incl
udin
g
mai
nten
ance
of
cont
rol
mea
sure
s)
to be follo
wed
.
2. A map
(or
seve
ral
map
s of the
sam
e
scal
e)
or a base
map
with
over
lays
,
depi
ctin
g
the
topo
grap
hy
and
natu
ral
feat
ures
of the
area
,
the
limits
for
clea
ring
and
grad
ing,
exis
ting
and
antic
ipat
ed
eros
ion
prob
lem
s,
and
the
loca
tion
of suita
ble
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
The
map
shou
ld
be an inte
gral
part of any
site
plan
,
grad
ing
plan
or
cons
truc
tion
draw
ings
.
Con
serv
atio
n
prac
tices
for
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
t
cont
rol
shou
ld
mee
t
or exce
ed
guid
elin
es
and
spec
ifica
tions
cont
aine
d
in this
hand
book
.
Pra
ctic
es
for
whi
ch
guid
elin
es
and
spec
ifica
tions
are
not
cont
aine
d
in the
hand
book
may be appr
oved
for
incl
usio
n
in the
plan
,
base
d
upon
thei
r
mer
its
as prop
osed
for
use in in
divi
dual
circ
umst
ance
s.
Eve
n
with
in a regi
onal
area
,
the
cons
erva
tion
prac
tices
need
ed
to
cont
rol
acce
lera
ted
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
vary
from site to site
.
The
degr
ee
of slop
e,
natu
re
and
type
s
of soil,
drai
nage
char
acte
ris-
tics,
prox
imity
to prop
erty
boun
darie
s
and
wat
erco
urse
s,
acre
age
dist
urbe
d,
amou
nt of cut
and
fill,
and
othe
r
fact
ors
all
have a di
rect
bear
ing
on wha
t
com
bina
tion
of cons
erva
tion
prac
tices
will
resu
lt
in
an adeq
uate
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
plan
.
Gre
at
care
mus
t
be take
n
in sele
ctin
g
the
right
cont
rol
mea
sure
for
each
eros
ion
site
.
Alth
ough
eros
ion
prob
lem
s
ofte
n
shar
e
sim
ilar
sym
ptom
s,
thei
r
caus
es
may
diffe
r
sign
ifica
ntly
.
For
this
reas
on, it is
wis
e
to avoi
d
a blan
ket
appr
oach
to corr
ectio
n,
but
to unde
rtak
e,
inst
ead,
a thor
ough
site
inve
stig
atio
n.
Thi
s
will
help
to dete
rmin
e
the
exac
t
natu
re of the
prob
lem
and
how
to corr
ect
it. For
exam
ple,
eros
ion
alon
g a drai
nage
ditc
h
may be the
resu
lt of high
stre
am
flow
velo
city
,
unst
able
bank
cond
ition
s,
conc
entr
ated
over
land
runo
ff,
or
9a
lOa
any
com
bina
tion
of thes
e.
Unl
ess
the
actu
al
caus
es of a prob
lem
are
adeq
uate
ly
dete
rmin
ed,
the
appl
ied
rem
edia
l
mea
sure
may fail
to
corr
ect
it, and
may
even
aggr
avat
e
it.
The
sele
ctio
n,
desi
gn
and
impl
emen
tatio
n
of effe
ctiv
e
eros
ion
and/
or sedi
men
t
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
requ
ires a cl
ear
iden
tific
atio
n
of the
exis
ting
prob
lem
s,
as wel
l
as the
obje
ctiv
es of the
cont
rol
effo
rts. It is
impo
rtan
t
to avoi
d
an indi
scrim
inat
e
choi
ce of
mea
sure
s,
but
rath
er
to sele
ct
thos
e
that
appr
opria
tely
mee
t
the
spec
ific
obje
ctiv
es
requ
ired
in corr
ectin
g
the
spec
ific
prob
lem
caus
es.
A broa
d
clas
sific
atio
n
of eros
ion
and
sedi
men
t
prob
lem
s
such
as
that
pres
ente
d
belo
w
prov
ides a ba
sis
for
cons
ider
ing
cate
gorie
s
of
prob
lem
s
and
cont
rol
stra
tegi
es.
Pro
blem
Typ
e
Ero
sion
Pro
blem
Sed
imen
t
Pro
blem
X
II X X
Ill X
An
eros
ion
prob
lem
exis
ts
whe
re
dam
age
attr
ibut
able
to eros
ion
invo
lves
the
dire
ct
loss of soil,
whi
ch in turn
can
mea
n
the
loss of
road
way
s,
the
unde
rmin
ing
of
stru
ctur
es,
and
othe
r
dam
age
nece
ssita
ting
cost
ly
repa
ir.
A sedi
men
t
prob
lem
exis
ts
whe
re
ther
e is dam
age
asso
ciat
ed
with
the
depo
sitio
n
of erod
ed
mat
eria
l
at dow
nstr
eam
loca
tions
;
for
exam
ple,
clog
ging of cu
lver
ts,
fillin
g
of drai
nage
ditc
hes
and
stre
am
chan
nels
,
silti
ng of pond
s
and
rese
rvoi
rs,
and
cont
amin
atio
n
of
dow
nstr
eam
wat
ers
by
sedi
men
t-bo
rne
pollu
tant
s.
Pro
blem
Typ
e I invo
lves
an eros
ion
prob
lem
but
no sedi
men
t
prob
lem
.
Suc
h
a situ
atio
n
may
occu
r
whe
re
loca
lly-e
rode
d
sedi
men
ts,
even in su
bsta
ntia
l
quan
titie
s,
are
tran
spor
ted
and
depo
site
d
rela
tivel
y
shor
t
dist
ance
s
dow
nslo
pe
or with
in
the
cons
truc
tion
boun
darie
s,
but
do not
mov
e
into a w
ater
way
syst
em.
Pro
blem
Typ
e II invo
lves
both
an eros
ion
prob
lem
and a se
dim
ent
prob
lem
.
Thi
s
type of si
tuat
ion
can
resu
lt
from
subs
tant
ial
mat
eria
l
bein
g
erod
ed
and
tran
spor
ted
into
dow
nstr
eam
ditc
hes
and
stre
am
chan
nels
.
Pro
blem
Typ
e Ill invo
lves a se
dim
ent
prob
lem
only
.
Thi
s
type of
situ
atio
n
may
occu
r
whe
n
the
dire
ct
loss of soil is in
suffi
cien
t
to
crea
te
loca
l
dam
age
at the
eros
ion
sour
ce,
but
the
accu
mul
ated
sedi
men
t
tran
spor
ted
dow
nstr
eam
crea
tes
depo
sitio
nal
or wat
er
qual
ity
prob
lem
s.
)
Rec
ogni
zing
the
wid
e
varia
tions
from
one
site to an
othe
r,
the
follo
win
g
elem
ents
shou
ld
be cons
ider
ed
in the
deve
lopm
ent
of plan
docu
men
ts:
1. A gene
ral
stat
emen
t
of the
proj
ect
(incl
uded in the
narr
ativ
e)
• Brie
f
desc
riptio
n
of the
over
all
proj
ect
• Dat
e
that
proj
ect
is to begi
n
and
expe
cted
date
that
final
stab
iliza
tion
will
be com
plet
ed
• The
phas
ing
(or
stag
ing) of la
nd-d
istu
rbin
g
activ
ities
and
site
stab
iliza
tion
to min
imiz
e
the
exte
nt of expo
sed
area
s
•
Brie
f
desc
riptio
n
of eros
ion
cont
rol
prog
ram
• Brie
f
desc
riptio
n
of sedi
men
t
cont
rol
prog
ram
• Brie
f
desc
riptio
n
of stor
mw
ater
man
agem
ent
prog
ram
2. The
topo
grap
hic
feat
ures
(sho
wn
on the
map
,
whi
ch
shou
ld
also
incl
ude
map
scal
e
and
nort
h
arro
w)
• The
loca
tion of th
e
proj
ect
rela
tive
to high
way
s,
prop
erty
boun
darie
s,
build
ings
,
wat
er
supp
lies,
and
othe
r
iden
tifia
ble
land
mar
ks
or sign
ifica
nt
feat
ures
•
Con
tour
s
at an inte
rval
and
scal
e
that
will
adeq
uate
ly
desc
ribe
the
area prio
r
to,
and
follo
win
g,
cons
truc
tion
•
Crit
ical
envi
ronm
enta
l
area
s
loca
ted
with
in,
or in prox
imity
of,
the
proj
ect
area
s,
such
as stre
ams,
lake
s,
pond
s,
wet
land
area
s,
drai
nage
ditc
hes,
flood
plai
ns,
and
wel
ls
•
Nat
ure
and
exte
nt of exis
ting
vege
tatio
n
3.
Info
rmat
ion
on the
soils
(pre
sent
ed in the
narr
ativ
e
and
show
n
on the
map
)
•
Ade
quat
e
desc
riptio
n
of each
soil,
incl
udin
g
type
,
text
ure,
slop
e,
dept
h,
drai
nage
,
and
stru
ctur
e
(as
desc
ribed in the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Soi
l
Sur
vey
Rep
orts
)
•
Sur
face
area of each
soil
Soi
ls
data is re
adily
avai
labl
e
in area
s
for
whi
ch
mod
ern
soil
surv
eys
are
eith
er
com
plet
ed
or in prog
ress
. In the
abse
nce
of a
soil
surv
ey, a m
echa
nica
l
anal
ysis
of the
soil
shou
ld
be mad
e
to
the
dept
h
of the
plan
ned
dist
urba
nce.
Alte
rnat
ivel
y,
an on-s
ite
eval
uatio
n
shou
ld
be mad
e
by a qual
ified
soil
scie
ntis
t.
4. The
stor
mw
ater
man
agem
ent
prog
ram
(des
crib
ed in the
narr
ativ
e
and
the
loca
tion
of faci
litie
s
show
n
on the
map
)
• The
amou
nt of runo
ff
from the
proj
ect
area and
the
upst
ream
wat
ersh
ed;
runo
ff-pr
oduc
ing
fact
ors
cons
ider
ed
and
met
hods
of calc
ulat
ion
• Brie
f
anal
ysis
of prob
lem
s
pose
d
by stor
m
runo
ff
on
dow
nstr
eam
area
s
•
Ana
lysi
s
of loca
l
drai
nage
fact
ors
whi
ch
may
cont
ribut
e
to on-
site or of
f-si
te
prob
lem
s
• Brie
f
desc
riptio
n
of the
perm
anen
t
mea
sure
s
and
faci
litie
s
ha
12a
desi
gned
to cope
with
the
prob
lem
(s)
(Ref
eren
ces
such
as the
Pro
vinc
e
of Nov
a
Sco
tia
—
Mun
icip
ality
of the
Cou
nty
of
Hal
ifax
Sto
rm
Dra
inag
e
Des
ign
Crit
eria
Man
ual
(Mar
ch
1982
)
may be used for
desi
gn
purp
oses
, in addi
tion
to the
fact
shee
ts
in this
hand
book
.)
5. The
prop
osed
alte
ratio
n
of the
area
(sho
wn
on the
map
)
•
Bou
ndar
y
limits
and
acre
age of the
proj
ect
•
Lim
its of clea
ring
and
grad
ing
•
Are
as of cuts
and
fills
and
prop
osed
side
slop
es
•
Loca
tion
for
road
s
(incl
udin
g
stre
am
cros
sing
s),
build
ings
,
stor
m
sew
ers,
and
othe
r
stru
ctur
es
•
Loca
tion
and
prot
ectio
n
of stoc
kpile
s
of exce
ss fill
or tops
oil
6. The
tem
pora
ry
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
(veg
etat
ive
and
mec
hani
cal)
to be used
durin
g
activ
e
cons
truc
-
tion
(incl
uded in the
narr
ativ
e
and
show
n
on the
map
)
•
Pur
pose
•
Typ
es of mea
sure
s
and
faci
litie
s
(ref
er to fact
shee
ts
Sec
tion
2.3)
,
and
expe
cted
leng
th of serv
ice
•
Loca
tion
of mea
sure
s
and
faci
litie
s
•
Dim
ensi
onal
deta
ils of the
faci
litie
s
•
Des
ign
cons
ider
atio
ns
and
calc
ulat
ions
(if appl
icab
le)
7. The
perm
anen
t
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
for
long
-ter
m
prot
ectio
n
(incl
uded in the
narr
ativ
e
and
show
n
on
the
map
)
• Pur
pose
• Typ
es of mea
sure
s
and
faci
litie
s
(ref
er
to fact
shee
ts
Sec
tion
2.3)
•
Loca
tion
of mea
sure
s
and
faci
litie
s
•
Dim
ensi
onal
deta
ils of faci
litie
s
•
Des
ign
cons
ider
atio
ns
and
calc
ulat
ions
(if appl
icab
le)
•
Land
scap
ing
or vege
tativ
e
deta
ils
such
as seed
ing,
sodd
ing
or
mul
chin
g
8. The
mai
nten
ance
prog
ram
for
the
cont
rol
faci
litie
s
(des
crib
ed in
the
narr
ativ
e)
•
Insp
ectio
n
prog
ram
,
incl
udin
g
freq
uenc
y
and
sche
dule
•
Res
oddi
ng
or rese
edin
g
of vege
tate
d
area
s
•
Rep
air
or reco
nstr
uctio
n
of dam
aged
stru
ctur
al
mea
sure
s
•
Met
hod
and
freq
uenc
y
of rem
oval
and
disp
osal
of sedi
men
t
from the
cont
rol
faci
litie
s
or the
proj
ect
area
• Met
hod
for
disp
osin
g
of tem
pora
ry
stru
ctur
al
mea
sure
s
afte
r
they
have
serv
ed
thei
r
purp
oses
)
2.3
FA
CT
SH
EE
TS
The
follo
win
g
sect
ion
of the
hand
book
deta
ils a num
ber
of eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
whi
ch
may be usef
ul
in a varie
ty
of circ
umst
ance
s
on
cons
truc
tion
proj
ects
.
The
fact
shee
ts
prov
ided
may be used in pr
epar
ing
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
plan
s
befo
re
deve
lopm
ent
take
s
plac
e
or in appl
ying
som
e
mea
sure
s
to an
exis
ting
prob
lem
unde
r
field
cond
ition
s.
The
fact
shee
ts
are
prep
ared
unde
r
two
broa
d
cate
gorie
s
of Sur
face
Sta
biliz
atio
n
and
Dra
inag
e
Con
trol
.
The
y
are
as deta
iled
as poss
ible
in
orde
r
that
they
may ap
ply
to vario
us
type
s of cons
truc
tion
proj
ects
,
and
they
are
also
cros
s
refe
renc
ed
to mak
e
the
user
awar
e
that
mor
e
than
one
rem
edia
l
mea
sure is us
ually
requ
ired
for a th
orou
gh
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
effo
rt.
The
se
fact
shee
ts
may
not
enco
mpa
ss
ever
y
poss
ible
situ
atio
n.
Nor
do they
repr
esen
t
an accu
rate
-in-e
very
-det
ail
desc
riptio
n
of ever
y
cons
truc
tion
scen
ario
,
beca
use
each
site
and
proj
ect
diffe
rs
in soil,
topo
grap
hic
and
clim
atic
cond
ition
s.
Rat
her,
they
are
gene
ral
guid
elin
es
that
,
whe
n
com
bine
d
with
prac
tical
expe
rienc
e
and
tech
nica
l
trai
ning
,
can
effe
ctiv
ely
aid
engi
neer
s
and
othe
r
cons
truc
-
tion
expe
rts in pr
ojec
t
desi
gn
and
cons
truc
tion.
)
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
entFA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
GR
AD
ING
PR
AC
TIC
ES
No.
1.0
Page1of4
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
•To
prov
ide
site
s
mor
e
suita
ble
for
build
ings
,
faci
litie
s
and
othe
r
land
uses
•To
impr
ove
surf
ace
drai
nage
and
to
cond
uct
the
runo
ff
wat
erinacon-
trol
led
man
ner
toastab
le
surf
ace
or
subs
urfa
ce
outle
t
•To
limit
the
leng
th
and
stee
pnes
s
of
slop
esinorde
r
toredu
ce
runo
ff
volu
mes
and
velo
citie
s
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
•Whe
re
grad
ing
toplan
ned
elev
atio
ns
isprac
tical
for
the
purp
oses
stat
ed
abov
e
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Div
ert
wat
er
away
from
build
ings
•Pre
vent
stan
ding
wat
er
and
soil
satu
ratio
n
detr
imen
tal
tostru
ctur
es
and
tolot
user
s
•Pro
vide
for
disp
osalofw
ater
from
lots
•Pro
vide
grad
es
for
safe
and
conv
e-
nien
t
acce
sstoand
arou
nd
build
ings
and
lots
for
thei
r
use
and
mai
nten
ance
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
Dur
ing
deve
lopm
ent,
som
e
expo
sureof
bare
eart
h
and
som
e
grad
ing
wor
k
are
inev
itabl
e;
how
ever
,
they
canbem
ini-
miz
ed
bycare
ful
plan
ning
and
sche
dulin
g.
Com
plet
e
regr
adin
g
wor
k
asearly
durin
g
the
job
asposs
ible
,
and
stab
ilize
the
bare
eart
h
bymul
chin
g,
seed
ing
to
gras
ses,
etc.
Kee
p
cuts
and
fills
onas
flat
aslop
e
asposs
ible
,
andifthe
slop
e
isstee
per
than2ho
rizon
tal
to1vert
ical
(2:1
),
cons
ider
areta
inin
g
wal
l
or
crib
bing
asanalte
rnat
ive.A3:
1
slop
eis
abou
t
the
stee
pest
onwhi
ch
trac
tors
and
mai
ntna
nce
equi
pmen
t
can
oper
ate
effic
ient
ly.
Inerod
ible
soils
,
cons
ider
low
er
cuts
and
fillsof3:1
and
4:1.Inall
case
s,
roun
d
the
top
and
toeofthe
slop
e
toblen
d
withthe
adja
cent
grou
nd.
Inorde
r
toprot
ect
adjo
inin
g
prop
erty
from
eros
ion,
slid
ing
orsettl
emen
t,
do
not
mak
e
cuts
too
clos
e
toprop
erty
lines
.
Pla
ce
fill
sothat
ther
eisnodang
erof
slid
ing
orwas
hing
onto
adjo
inin
g
prop
erty
.
Do
not
loca
te
fills
adja
cent
toa
stre
am
bank
,
unle
ss
they
are
prot
ecte
d
byripra
p.
Asage
nera
l
reco
mm
enda
tion,
the
edge
ofacut
orfill
shou
ld
beatleas
t
asfar
horiz
onta
lly
from
prop
erty
lines
asthe
vert
ical
heig
htofthe
cut
orfill,
for
heig
hts
upto6m(20
ft.);
the
edgeof
cuts
orfills
high
er
than6m(2
0
ft.) sh
ould
beplac
ed
atleas
t6m(20
ft.) fr
om
prop
erty
lines
.
Gra
dingofte
rrac
esinasubd
ivis
ion.
No.
1.0
Pag
e2of4
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
GR
AD
ING
PR
AC
TIC
ES
chut
es
and
dow
ndra
ins,
inorde
r
to
ensu
re
that
runo
ff
will
not
flow
over
or
dow
n
the
grad
ed
slop
e.
See
ps
orsprin
gs
enco
unte
red
durin
g
cons
truc
tion
will
requ
ire
prop
er
drai
nage
cont
rol.
Use
terr
aces
toformaserie
s
of
dive
rsio
ns
dow
n
aslop
e
ortochan
gea
stee
p
slop
e
toaserie
s
ofsmal
ler
slop
es.
Ter
race
s
may
have
the
adde
d
adva
n-
tage
sofindu
cing
infil
trat
ion
ofsurf
ace
wat
er
and
trap
ping
som
e
sedi
men
t.
Mak
e
prov
isio
ns
tosafe
ly
cond
uct
surf
ace
runo
ff
tostor
m
drai
ns
or
prot
ecte
d
outle
ts
via
dive
rsio
n
ditc
hes,
or
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
1.Des
ign
reta
inin
g
wal
ls,
dive
rsio
ns
and
seep
age
drai
nsifrequ
ired.
Cut
and
fill
slop
esofmor
e
than
9.1
m(30
ft.),
but
less
than
12.2
m(40
ft.)
in
vert
ical
heig
ht
shou
ld
beterr
aced
at
appr
oxim
atel
y
mid
-hei
ght.
Cut
and
fill
slop
es
withavert
ical
heig
ht
grea
ter
than
12.2
m(40
ft.)
shou
ld
beter-
race
d
atappr
oxim
atel
y
equa
l
vert
ical
inte
rval
s
abou
t6m(20
ft.)
apar
t.
Unu
sual
soil
stab
ility
cond
ition
s
may
requ
ire
clos
er
terr
ace
inte
rval
s
to
assu
re
vege
tativ
e
esta
blis
hmen
t
and
mai
nten
ance
.
2.Ter
race
s
shou
ld
benot
less
than
1.5
m(5ft.)
wid
e.
Pro
vide
addi
tiona
l
wid
th
asneed
ed
for
equi
pmen
t
trav
el,
vege
tativ
e
esta
blis
hmen
t
and
mai
nte-
nanc
e.
Ter
race
s
shou
ld
haveamin
-
imum
grad
e
ofone
perc
entif
vege
tate
d
orone-
half
perc
entif
pave
d,a10:1
late
ral
slop
e
tow
ards
the
toeofthe
uppe
r
bank
,
and
shou
ld
conv
ey
wat
ertoan
acce
ptab
le
outle
t.
3.Top
soil
canbesp
read
onaslop
eif
the
expo
sed
soils
are
not
suita
ble
for
esta
blis
hing
vege
tatio
n.
The
tops
oil
shou
ld
befirm
ly
bond
ed
tothe
exis
ting
soilstopr
even
t
slip
s.
Bon
ding
canbeim
prov
ed
byscar
ifyin
g
the
slop
e
befo
re
plac
ing
tops
oil.
Dep
th
shou
ld
benot
less
than
100
mm
(4in.)
.
4.Ben
ches
are
flat
area
s
onslop
ing
land
.
The
y
maybepl
aced
onornear
the
cont
our
and
mad
e
wid
e
enou
gh
to
acco
mm
odat
e
ahous
e
and
lot.Itis
abso
lute
ly
esse
ntia
l
that
the
soil
be
prop
erly
com
pact
ed.
Pol
yeth
ylen
e
liner
usedtopr
otec
t
a
tem
pora
ry
dive
rsio
n
ditc
h.
Ben
ches
cons
ist
of part
cut
and
part
fill.
On
stee
p
slop
es,
fill
area
s
may
slip
whe
n
wet
.
Slid
ing
pote
ntia
l
may
be redu
ced
by care
ful
plan
ning
for
the
disp
osal
of runo
ff
wat
er
from th
e
build
ing
and
lot.
By
slop
ing
the
benc
h
to drai
n
tow
ard
the
cut
area
,
wat
er
from the
build
ings
and
lots
will
drai
n
into
stor
m
sew
ers,
redu
cing
the
chan
ce of fills
beco
min
g
satu
rate
d
and
unst
able
.
Whe
n
prop
erly
plan
ned
and
inst
alle
d,
benc
hes
can
mat
eria
lly
redu
ce
runo
ff
and
eros
ion
haza
rds
by slow
ing
dow
n
the
velo
city
of wat
er
and
by prov
idin
g
incr
ease
d
wat
er
abso
rptio
n.
The
y
are
mos
t
effe
ctiv
e
whe
n
cons
truc
ted
on
stee
p
slop
es.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. Rou
gh
finis
hed
slop
e
surf
aces
with
trac
k
vehi
cles
,
para
llel
to the
cont
our,
to help
esta
blis
h
vege
tatio
n.
2. Cle
ar
tree
s,
stum
ps,
root
s,
brus
h,
sod,
and
debr
is
from
land to be cut
and
fille
d.
3. App
ly
fill
in such a w
ay that it does
not
encr
oach
on natu
ral
wat
erco
urse
s
or cons
truc
ted
chan
nels
,
unle
ss a
perm
it
has
been
obta
ined
from the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
ironm
ent.
No
wor
k
can
com
men
ce
until
this
perm
it
has
been
acqu
ired.
4. Gra
ding
shou
ld
be done in such a w
ay
as to avoi
d
dive
rtin
g
wat
er
onto
the
prop
erty of an
othe
r
land
owne
r
with
out
the
expr
esse
d
cons
ent
of the
land
owne
r.
5. Dur
ing
grad
ing
oper
atio
ns,
exer
cise
the
nece
ssar
y
mea
sure
s
for
dust
cont
rol.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Reg
rade if se
rious
gully
ing
occu
rs
befo
re
a vege
tativ
e
cove
r
begi
ns
to esta
blis
h.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
•
Fac
tshe
et 1 .4 Tem
pora
ry
Mat
ting
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.5
Veg
etat
ive
Lini
ngs
&
Buf
fer
Str
ips
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.1
Div
ersi
on
Ditc
h
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.5
Chu
tes & D
ownd
rain
s
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.6
See
page
Dra
ins
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
GR
AD
ING
PR
AC
TIC
ES
No.
1.0
Pag
e 3 of 4
No.
1.0
Pag
e4of4
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
GR
AD
ING
PR
AC
TIC
ES
)
Und
istu
rbed
vege
tatio
n
Div
ersi
on
Ditc
h
Doz
er
trea
ds
roug
hing
slop
e
para
llel
to
thec
ir
Unv
eget
ated
slop
es
shou
ld
betem
-
pora
rily
scar
ified
tomin
imiz
e
runo
ff
velo
citie
s.
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
entfFA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
RIP
RA
P
LIN
ING
No.
1.1
Pag
e1of3
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
•To
prov
ide
flexi
ble,
inex
pens
ive
bank
prot
ectio
n
insitu
atio
ns
whe
re
vege
ta-
tion
alon
eisinad
equa
te
toprev
ent
eros
ion
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
•Whe
re
eros
ion
iscaus
ed
bysurf
ace
runo
ff
orsubs
urfa
ce
seep
age
•On
stre
amba
nks
and
stre
am
bend
s
with
erod
ible
soils
•Inarea
s
whe
re
subm
erge
nce
last
s
cont
inuo
usly
for
mor
e
thanafew
days
(e.g
.,
situ
atio
ns
whe
re
vege
tatio
n
alon
e
prov
ides
inad
equa
te
cont
rol)
Not
e:
Wor
k
alon
g
the
bank
s
ofa
wat
erco
urse
may
requ
ireaperm
it,
so
cons
ult
the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
for
advi
ce.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Tol
erat
es
som
e
late
ral
seep
ageifa
filte
r
fabr
icisused
unde
rnea
th
•Pro
vide
s
aflexi
ble
linin
g
•Pro
vide
s
aroug
h
surf
ace
that
diss
i-
pate
s
stre
am's
forc
e,
ther
efor
e
min
i-
miz
ing
the
eros
ion
prob
lem
•Pro
vide
s
imm
edia
te
prot
ectio
n
•Maybeco
-est
ablis
hed
with
vege
ta-
tion
foram
ore
natu
ral
appe
aran
ce
•Adj
usts
tomin
or
shift
s
and
mov
emen
t
ofastre
amba
nk
•Eas
yto
appl
y
•Min
or
repa
irs
mad
e
easi
ly
•Rel
ativ
ely
inex
pens
ive
whe
n
ston
eis
read
ily
avai
labl
e
•Canbepl
aced
durin
g
win
ter
mon
ths
onstre
amba
nks
beca
use
truc
ks
are
able
tobedriv
en
onfroz
en
grou
nd
to
the
eros
ion
site
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
feat
here
d
in,
will
caus
e
eros
ion
prob
lem
upor
(in
stre
amba
nk
•Ifnot
prop
erly
ashiftinthe
dow
nstr
eam
appl
icat
ions
)
•Hig
h
initi
al
costifst
one
mus
t
be
haul
ed
any
dist
ance
•Sho
uld
beplac
ed
ona
wel
l-gra
ded
slop
e
nostee
per
than
2:1
•Ver
y
expe
nsiv
e
fora
larg
e-sc
ale
appl
icat
ion
Rip
rap
used
onstee
p
emba
nkm
ent
No.
1.1.
Page2of3
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
RIP
RA
P
LIN
ING
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
The
abili
tyofripra
p
toresi
st
eros
ive
forc
es
depe
nds
onwat
er
velo
city
and
the
inte
rrel
atio
n
ofthe
size
,
shap
e,
wei
ght,
and
grad
atio
n
ofthe
ston
e,
the
side
slop
es,
roug
hnes
s,
shap
e,
and
alig
nmen
t
ofthe
chan
nel,
and
the
thic
knes
s
ofthe
ripra
p
laye
r.
The
typeofston
e
appl
ied
depe
nds
on
wha
t
ismos
t
avai
labl
e
(qua
rrie
d
ston
e,
field
ston
e,
rubb
le).
The
ston
e
shou
ld
beofabloc
ky,
angu
lar
shap
e,
rath
er
than
elon
gate
d,
and
shou
ld
besize
d
ofamix
ed
grad
atio
n
sothat
smal
ler
ston
esfill
the
void
s
betw
een
the
larg
er
ones
.Alaye
r
offilte
r
ston
e
may
berequ
ired
depe
ndin
g
onthe
typeof
unde
rlyin
g
soil
and
the
sizeofpr
otec
tive
ripra
p
abov
e.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
1.Sel
ect
astab
le
slop
e
for
the
soil.
2.Det
erm
ineifase
epag
e
drai
nis
requ
ired.
3.Sel
ect
the
ston
e
size
.
•Use
stre
am
flow
velo
city
(ass
um- in
gagrad
ed
chan
nel
Man
ning
's
roug
hnes
s
of0.03
0)
todete
rmin
e
suita
ble
ston
e
size
.
Str
eam
Flo
w
Vel
ocity
Mea
n
Sto
ne
Dia
met
er
m/s
ec.
(ft./
sec.
)
mm(in
.)
less
than
2.0
(6.6
)
80-
110(3
-
4)
2.0-
2.5(
6.6-
8.2)
110-
180(
4-
7)
2.5
-
3.0(8.2
-
9.8)
180
-
220(7
-
8.5)
3.0-
3.5
(9.8
-
11.5
)
220
-330(8
.5-
13)
Vel
ociti
es
grea
ter
than
3.5
m
(11.
5
ft.)/
sec.
requ
ireamor
e
exte
nsiv
e
desi
gn
for
stre
amba
nk
prot
ectio
n
and
shou
ld
not
be
atte
mpt
ed
with
out
the
aidofa
soils
engi
neer
orothe
r
pers
on
expe
rienc
ed
inthe
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
oferos
ion
and
sedi
-
men
t
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
•Rip
rap
shou
ld
beappl
ied
ata
thic
knes
s
ofat!eas
t
1.5
times
the
max
imum
ston
e
size
and
not
less
than
300
mm(1ft.
)
thic
k.
4.Sel
ect
the
filte
r
mat
eria
l,
eith
era
geot
extil
e
orlaye
roffilte
r
ston
e,
from
man
ufac
ture
r's
liter
atur
e
ortech
nica
l
refe
renc
es.
5.Loca
te
the
ripra
p
onthe
chan
nel
bank
.
•Rip
rap
desi
gn
onstre
am
chan
nel
bend
s
ormea
nder
s
shou
ld
not
be
atte
mpt
ed
with
out
the
aidofa
soils
engi
neer
orothe
r
pers
on
expe
rienc
ed
inthe
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
oferos
ion
and
sedi
-
men
t
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
•On
stra
ight
chan
nel
sect
ions
the
ripra
p
shou
ld
prot
ect
the
bank
toe
bene
ath
the
chan
nel
botto
m
and
exte
nd
tothe
topofthe
bank
orat
leas
t
600
mm(2ft.
)
abov
e
the
chan
nel
desi
gn
flow
wat
er
leve
l.
Rip
rap,
sod
and
crus
hed
ston
e
usedto
stab
ilize
stre
am
bank
afte
r
inst
alla
tiop
ofa
pipeline.
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
RIP
RA
P
LIN
ING
No.
1.1
Pag
e 3 of 3
• The
ripra
p
shou
ld
not
be plac
ed in
a man
ner
that
wou
ld
cons
tric
t
the
chan
nel
wid
th.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. Pre
pare
the
site
(afte
r
cons
ulta
tion
with the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
ent)
.
• Cle
ar
the
area of debr
is.
•
Gra
de
the
bank
s
to the
reco
m-
men
ded
slop
e.
• Dig
out
the
toe
tren
ch.
•
Inst
all
any
seep
age
drai
ns
requ
ired.
2. Pla
ce
the
ripra
p.
• Lay
out
the
filte
r
fabr
ic, if it is
bein
g
used
,
or the
laye
r
of filte
r
ston
e.
•
Rip
rap
can be pl
aced
by hand
or by
mac
hine
(bac
khoe
,
etc.
).
(Be
sure
that
the
ston
e is not
drop
ped
from
such a he
ight
that it will
dam
age
the
filte
r
fabr
ic.)
• Rip
rap
shou
ld
be plac
ed to its full
thic
knes
s
in one
oper
atio
n.
•
Ble
nd
or "fea
ther
"
the
ends of the
ripra
p
sect
ion
into
the
upst
ream
and
dow
nstr
eam
bank
s
so the
ends
do not
prot
rude
into
the
stre
am
and
caus
e
eddy
ing
and
furt
her
bank
eros
ion.
• If inst
alle
d
unde
r
win
ter
cond
ition
s,
the
ripra
p
shou
ld
be care
fully
plac
ed
and/
or
cont
aine
d
to pre-
vent it fr
om
spill
ing
over the
ice.
3. Com
plet
e
the
inst
alla
tion.
• A vege
tativ
e
linin
g
shou
ld
be used
on any
area
s
that
wer
e
grad
ed
but
not
ripra
pped
.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Onc
e
in plac
e,
ripra
p
linin
g
requ
ires
little
upke
ep.
How
ever
,
any
disp
lace
men
t
of
ston
e
shou
ld
be repa
ired
imm
edia
tely
.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
•
Fac
tshe
et 1 .3 Geo
text
ile
Filt
er
Fab
ric
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.5
Veg
etat
ive
Lini
ngs &
Buf
fer
Str
ips
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.6
See
page
Dra
ins
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
entFA
CT
S
HE
ET
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
GA
BIO
N
BA
SK
ET
LIN
ING
No.
1.2
Pag
e1of3
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
•To
prot
ect
stre
amba
nks
from
seve
re
eros
ive
actio
n
ofstre
am
flow
•To
prov
ide
reta
inin
g
wal
l
supp
ort
for
anunst
able
soil
bank
Not
e
that
befo
re
agabi
on
bask
et
linin
g
maybeusedtolineaw
ater
cour
se,
a
perm
it
mus
t
beobta
ined
fromthe
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
ofthe
Env
ironm
ent.
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
•Whe
re
the
flatte
st
poss
ible
bank
slop
eisstee
per
than
the
reco
m-
men
ded
slop
e
•Whe
re
slum
pingisbe
ing
caus
ed
by
eith
er
seep
age
orstre
am
flow
unde
rcut
ting
•Whe
re
ston
eofsuffi
cien
t
sizeisnot
avai
labl
e
for
anadeq
uate
loos
e
ripra
p
linin
g.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Pro
vide
s
adual
purp
oseofbank
prot
ectio
n
and
reta
inin
g
wal
l
supp
ort
•Maybeco
-est
ablis
hed
with
vege
ta-
tion
for
furt
her
prot
ectio
n,
stab
iliza
tion
and
aest
hetic
prop
ertie
s
•Nor
mal
life
spanof30to50year
s
•Canbeusedforaw
ide
rang
eofbank
leng
ths,
heig
hts
and
shap
es
•Ver
y
little
mai
nten
ance
usua
lly
requ
ired
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Sub
ject
torust
ing
and
dete
riora
tion
unle
ss
the
bask
ets
are
mad
e
of
galv
aniz
ed
wire
•Rel
ativ
ely
expe
nsiv
e
whe
n
com
pare
d
with
vege
tatio
n
and
ripra
p
linin
gs
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
The
gabi
on
bask
ets
are
supp
liedina
varie
tyofstan
dard
size
s
and
are
norm
ally
join
ed
toge
ther
with
wire
ties.
To
prev
ent
toe
failu
re
alon
g
astre
am-
bank
,
alineofga
bion
bask
ets,
built
at
the
mea
n
stre
am
leve
l,
shou
ld
be
cons
truc
ted
toact
asaprot
ectiv
e
apro
n.
The
apro
n
mus
t
bedeep
prot
ect
agai
nst
antic
ipat
ed
maybeform
ed
withagabi
on
Aseep
age
drai
n
shou
ld
beinst
alle
dif
ther
eisaseep
age
prob
lem
.
Afilte
r
fabr
ic
shou
ld
beusedifthe
exis
ting
bank
mat
eria
l
isnot
gran
ular
.
The
linin
g
mus
t
beblen
ded
into
the
bank
atboth
up-
and
dow
nstr
eam
ends
.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
The
desi
gnofagabi
on
bask
et
linin
gis
suffi
cien
tly
invo
lved
astorequ
ire
the
assi
stan
ce
ofasoils
engi
neer
orothe
r
enou
gh
to
scou
r
and
mat
tres
s.
pers
on
expe
rienc
edinthe
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
oferos
ion
cont
rol
and
silta
tion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1.Pre
pare
the
site
.
•Cle
ar
debr
is
from
lined
.
•Gra
de
orexca
vate
desi
gn
requ
ires.
•Inst
all
aseep
age
fabr
icifrequ
ired.
2.Pla
ce
the
gabi
on
bask
ets.
•Set
the
first
rowofempt
y
gabi
on
bask
ets
inplac
e
with
thei
r
lids
open
,
and
tiethem
toge
ther
with
conn
ectin
g
wire
.
•Fill
the
gabi
ons
with
ston
e
slig
htly
larg
er
than
the
mes
h
open
ing.
(Fill
ing
byhandisde
sira
ble
as
dum
ping
the
ston
e
inusua
lly
defo
rms
the
bask
ets.
) •Fill
the
bask
et
unifo
rmly
toprev
ent
defo
rmat
ion
ofbask
et
side
s.
•Ifthe
bask
etisdeep
er
than
300
mm(it
t.),
fillittoa
300
mm(1ft.
)
dept
h
and
thentie
conn
ectin
g
wire
s
tooppo
site
side
s
ofeach
cell
ofthe
bask
et
to
prev
ent
defo
rmat
ion;
cont
inue
this
at300
mm(1ft.
)
inte
rval
s
until
the
bask
etisfille
d.
•Whe
n
the
bask
ets
arefull,
clos
e
and
tiedow
n
the
lids.
•Rep
eat
for
addi
tiona
l
row
s
or
laye
rs.
•Ste
p
the
next
one
back
and
tiein
prop
erly
.
3.Com
plet
e
the
inst
alla
tion.
•Bac
klill
any
open
spac
es
betw
een
the
bank
and
the
gabi
on
bask
ets.
•Cov
er
back
fill
and
any
othe
r
unpr
otec
ted
area
s
with
eith
era
vege
tativ
e
linin
g
oraripra
p
linin
g.
No.1.2
Pag
e2of3
the
areatobe
the
site
asthe
drai
n
and
filte
r
Fill
ing
the
gabi
on
bask
ets
with
ston
e.
Not
e
that
each
succ
essi
ve
laye
ris
step
ped
back
slig
htly
.
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
GA
BIO
N
BA
SK
ET
LIN
ING
4. Pro
tect
upst
ream
and
dow
nstr
eam
.
Any
brok
en
bask
et
wire
shou
ld
be
• Use
loos
e
rock
ripra
p
and/
or
repa
ired
imm
edia
tely
by wiri
ng
acro
ss
vege
tatio
n
at the
ends of the
the
brea
k.
gabi
on
linin
g
to "fea
ther
' it into
the
exis
ting
bank
.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE •
Fac
tshe
et 1 .3 Geo
text
ile
Filt
er
Fab
ric
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.5
Veg
etat
ive
Lini
ngs &
Mak
e
perio
dic
chec
ks
for
unde
rmin
ing
or Buf
fer
Str
ips
eros
ion
at loca
tions
whe
re
the
gabi
on •
Fac
tshe
et
2.6
See
page
Dra
ins
bask
ets
mee
t
the
bank
.
No.
1.2
Pag
e 3 of 3
)
Nov
a
Sco
tia
416
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
fFA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
l.
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
GE
OT
EX
TIL
E
FIL
TE
R
FA
BR
IC
No.
1.3
Pag
e1of2
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
•To
serv
e
asasoil
stab
ilize
r,
allo
win
g
wat
ertoflow
thro
ugh
the
linin
g,
whi
le
prev
entin
g
unde
rlyin
g
soil
from
bein
g
was
hed
away
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
•Und
er
any
flexi
ble
orrigid
linin
g,
espe
cial
ly
whe
n
appl
ied
onhigh
ly
erod
ible
soils
(e.g
.,
sand
) •Ben
eath
drop
stru
ctur
es
•With
ripra
p
linin
gs,
chec
k
dam
s
and
silta
tion
pond
s
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Elim
inat
es
man
yofthe
prob
lem
s
asso
ciat
ed
with
inst
alla
tion
ofgrad
ed
gran
ular
filte
rs
(e.g
.,
segr
egat
ion
of
mat
eria
l)
•Pre
vent
s
poss
ibili
ty
of
unde
rmin
ing
of
the
rem
edia
l
mea
sure
lead
ing
to
failu
re
•Eas
ily
inst
alle
d
•Gre
ater
tens
ile
stre
ngth
than
gran
ular
filte
rs
•Rel
ativ
ely
inex
pens
ive
mea
sure
whe
re
gran
ular
mat
eria
l
isnot
acce
ssib
le
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
The
inst
alla
tion
offabr
ics
torepl
ace
gran
ular
filte
r
mat
eria
l
mayno
t
be
econ
omic
al
insmal
l
prob
lem
area
s.
Mor
eove
r,
afilte
r
fabr
ic
may
not
be
requ
iredifthe
pare
nt
bank
mat
eria
l
has
agood
cove
ringofgr
anul
ar
mat
eria
l.If
ther
eisaseep
age
prob
lem
,
aseep
age
drai
n
shou
ld
beinst
alle
d
inaddi
tion
to
the
filte
r
fabr
ic.
Ifther
eisnogran
ular
mat
eria
l,
inst
alla
-
tionofafil
ter
fabr
ic
maybene
cess
ary
to
prot
ect
fine
part
icle
s
from
eros
ive
wat
er
actio
n.
The
choi
ceoffilte
r
fabr
ic
depe
nds
onthe
typeofsoil
pres
ent
and
the
typeofwat
er
actio
n
(sur
face
orsubs
urfa
ce).
Filt
er
fabr
ics
are
clas
sed
acco
rdin
g
tothei
r
soil
rete
ntio
n
and
wat
er
perm
eabi
lity
char
acte
ristic
s.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
1.Sel
ect
the
filte
r
fabr
ic.
•Con
side
ring
the
man
y
varia
bles
asso
ciat
ed
with
geot
extil
e
sele
c-
tion
(e.g
.,
soils
,
hydr
aulic
cond
i-
tions
,
cons
truc
tion
cond
ition
s
and
tech
niqu
es),itisre
com
men
ded
thatape
rson
expe
rienc
ed
inthe
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
oferos
ion
and
silta
tion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
(e.g
.,
asoils
engi
neer
orthe
man
ufac
ture
r's
repr
esen
tativ
e)
be
cons
ulte
d
for
advi
ce
onsele
ctio
n,
geot
extil
e
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
info
rmat
ion.
Geo
text
ile
used
prio
r
toripra
p
plac
emen
t.
No.
1.3
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
GE
OT
EX
TIL
E
FIL
TE
R
FA
BR
IC
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. Pre
pare
the
site
.
•
Reg
rade
or othe
rwis
e
deve
lop
the
bank
acco
rdin
g
to the
site
and
type
of linin
g
bein
g
appl
ied.
2. Inst
all
the
seep
age
drai
n if requ
ired.
3. Inst
all
the
filte
r.
• Lay
the
fabr
ic
by runn
ing
up and
dow
n
or acro
ss
the
slop
e
(adj
acen
t
rolls of fa
bric
shou
ld
be over
lapp
ed
a min
imum of 300
mm (1 ft.).
• If a seep
age
area is bein
g
cove
red,
exte
nd
the
mat
eria
l
abov
e
the
seep
age
limit.
• Mak
e
sure the
fabr
ic is not
pulle
d
tight
,
to allo
w
for
stre
tchi
ng
whe
n
cove
r is appl
ied.
(How
ever
,
fold
s
and
wrin
kles in the
fabr
ic
shou
ld
be
avoi
ded.
)
• Pin
s
may be requ
ired
to secu
re
fabr
ic
on stee
p
slop
es.
•
Whe
n
usin
g a filte
r
fabr
ic
unde
r
ripra
p,
ston
es
shou
ld
not
be
drop
ped
from a di
stan
ce
high
er
than 1 m (3.3
ft.).
• Rep
air
any
rips
or tear
s in the
geot
extil
e
by plac
ing
a new
piec
e
of geot
extil
e
over the
torn
area
,
exte
ndin
g
at leas
t 1 m (3.3
ft.)
beyo
nd
the rip or te
ar.
•
Whe
n
inst
allin
g
the
geot
extil
e
filte
r
fabr
ic,
take
care to lay
or roll
—
not
drag
— it into
plac
e.
Thi
s
prev
ents
silt
and
clay
part
icle
s
from
smea
ring
the
geot
extil
e
and
thus
decr
easi
ng
its filte
ring
prop
ertie
s.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Som
e
fabr
ics
shou
ld
be prot
ecte
d
from
dire
ct
sunl
ight
or exce
ss
heat
.
)
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
ER
OS
ION
AN
DS
ED
IME
NT
CO
NT
RO
L
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
TE
MP
OR
AR
Y
MA
TT
ING
No. 1 .4
Pag
e 1 of 3
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
• To
prov
ide
cove
r
for
the
surf
ace
of
slop
es,
or in Cha
nnel
s
or wat
erw
ays
(sw
ales
)
• To
prot
ect
new
ly-s
eede
d
soil
from
erod
ing
from
rain
drop
spla
sh
or runo
ff
Exa
mpl
es
of tem
pora
ry
mat
ting
incl
ude
jute
mat
,
glas
s
fibre
mat
,
wov
en
pape
r
mat
,
vege
tativ
e
mat
(Com
mon
ly
calle
d
eros
ion
cont
rol
blan
kets
),
all
of whi
ch
are
avai
labl
e
in rolls to co
ver
larg
e
area
s.
The
y
act
as mul
ch
to hold
moi
stur
e
in,
and
allo
w
gras
s to grow
thro
ugh.
In this
way
,
they
even
tual
ly
help
esta
blis
h
a
perm
anen
t
vege
tativ
e
cove
r.
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
•
Whe
re
flow
velo
city
is low
• On
stee
p
slop
es
and
stre
amba
nks
whe
re
eros
ion
haza
rd is high
and
germ
inat
ion
is likel
y
to be low
•
Whe
re
mov
ing
wat
er is likel
y
to was
h
out
new
vege
tatio
n
(e.g
.,
in dive
rsio
n
ditc
hes,
drai
nage
ditc
hes
and
gras
sed
wat
erw
ays)
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
• Less
expe
nsiv
e
than
othe
r
stru
ctur
al
tech
niqu
es
• Not
subj
ectto
win
d
blow
Typ
ical
Slo
pe
Inst
alla
tion
Ero
sion
Che
ck
Slo
t
Pla
ce
at 15m
inte
rval
s
on slop
es
and
ditc
hes.
Bac
kfill
for
best
resu
lts.
No.
1.4
Page 2 of 3
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
TE
MP
OR
AR
Y
MA
iliN
G
• Goo
d
prot
ectio
n
agai
nst
surf
ace
runo
ff,
aIlo
ing
vege
tatio
n
to get
prop
erly
esta
blis
hed
•
Pro
vide
s
a relia
ble
cove
r
for
over
win
-
ter
prot
ectio
n
of late
seas
on
grad
ing
wor
k
•
Ret
ains
soil
moi
stur
e
whi
ch
aids in
vege
tatio
n
esta
blis
hmen
t
• Eas
y
to hand
le
• Fas
t
prot
ectio
n
for
new
ly-t
opso
iled
slop
es
or new
ditc
hes
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Labo
ur
inte
nsiv
e
• Exp
ensi
ve
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
• Siz
e
and
slop
e
of area to be cove
red
•
Vol
ume
and
velo
city
of flow
that is to
be conv
eyed
thro
ugh
the
area
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
1. Det
erm
ine
the
area to be prot
ecte
d.
• The
mat
ting
shou
ld
cove
r
all
area
s
that
are to be gr
aded
and
seed
ed.
2. Sel
ect
the
type of te
mpo
rary
mat
ting
to be used
.
• The
sele
ctio
n
of the
mat is depe
n-
dent
upon the
avai
labi
lity,
as wel
l
as the
leng
th
of time
that
tem
po-
rary
prot
ectio
n
is requ
ired.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. Pre
pare
the
site
and
seed
bed
as
requ
ired.
• Put in pl
ace
all
engi
neer
ing
and
stru
ctur
al
requ
irem
ents
such
as
drai
ns.
•
Pro
vide a un
iform
ly
even
grou
nd
surf
ace
by rem
ovin
g
gulli
es,
larg
e
root
s
and
othe
r
obst
ruct
ions
.
2. Fer
tiliz
e
and
seed
the
area as
requ
ired.
•
App
ly
all
of the
fert
ilize
r
and
seed
imm
edia
tely
befo
re
the
inst
alla
tion
of the
mat
ting,
exce
pt
for
jute
mat
ting,
whe
re
half
the
seed is
appl
ied
afte
r
the
mat
ting
has
been
inst
alle
d.
3. Inst
all
the
mat
ting.
• In chan
nels
lay
out
the
mat
ting
in
the
dire
ctio
n
of the
flow
.
• On
stee
p
slop
es
lay
out
the
mat
ting
with its leng
th
exte
ndin
g
from the
top to the
botto
m
of the
slop
e.
• Lay
the
mat
ting
out
star
ting
from
the
up-s
lope
end of the
site
,
with a
min
imum
100
mm (4 in.)
over
lap
betw
een
mat
s
laid
side by side
.
•
Usi
ng
U-s
hape
d
wire
stap
les,
stap
le
the
uppe
r
edge of the
mat
ting
into a 150
mm (6 in.)
deep
tren
ch.
The
n
back
fill
and
firm
ly
pack
the
tren
ch.
• If two
mat
leng
ths
mus
t
be put
end
to end,
the
dow
n-sl
ope
mat is
stap
led
into a tr
ench
as prev
ious
ly
outli
ned,
then
over
lapp
ed
a min
-
imum
100
mm (4 in.) by the
up-
slop
e
leng
th.
• Pla
ce
stap
les
450
mm
(1.5
ft.)
apar
t
alon
g
over
laps
and
600
mm
(2 ft.)
apar
t
alon
g
oute
r
edge
s,
mak
ing
sure the
mat
ting
is smoo
th
and in fir
m
cont
act
with
the
soil.
•
Add
ition
al
stap
les
may be requ
ired
to secu
re
the
mat in de
pres
sion
s.
• Mak
e
sure the
mat
ting is w
ell
anch
ored
so it does
not
slip or
was
h
out.
• Any
wat
er
that
may
accu
mul
ate
unde
rnea
th
the
fabr
ic
mus
t
be
prev
ente
d
from
mov
ing
dow
nwar
d
with
suffi
cien
t
velo
city
to caus
e
eros
ion.
On
slop
es
mor
e
than
15.2
m (50
ft.)
long
ther
e
shou
ld
be an eros
ion
chec
k
slot at the
)
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
TE
MP
OR
AR
Y
MA
iliN
G
mid
poin
t.
On
slop
es
and
ditc
hes
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
mor
e
than
30.5
m (100 ft.)
long •
Fac
tshe
et
1.0
Gra
ding
Pra
ctic
es
ther
e
shou
ld
be a chec
k
slot at •
Fac
tshe
et
2.3
Gra
ssed
Wat
erw
ay
15.2
m (50
ft.)
inte
rval
s.
The •
Fac
tshe
et
2.6
See
page
Dra
ins
chec
k
slot
s
are
tren
ches
abou
t
100
mm (4 in.)
deep
and
100
mm
(4 in.)
wid
e
dug
acro
ss
the
slop
e
or ditc
h.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Res
eed
and
repa
ir
any
mat
ting
that
was
hes
out.
In the
seco
nd
year
,
fert
ilize
r
may be
appl
ied
agai
n
to faci
litat
e
thic
k
grow
th.
No.
1.4
Pag
e 3 of 3
)
Nova Scotia
4ADepartment ofthe Environment
EROSION AND
SEDIMENTCONTROL FACTSHEETCATEGORY CONTROL MSURE
SURFACE STABILIZATION VEGETATIVE LININGSAND BUFFER STRIPS(STREAMBANK PROTECTION)
No.1.5Page 1 of 4June 1988
PURPOSE
• To provide a natural, self-regenerating
cover, or lining, for protection ofstreambanks from erosive action ofrunoff (overland flow and openchannel flow)
CONDITIONS WHERE APPLICABLE
• Where the bank can be adequatelysloped
• Where stream flow velocities are lessthan 1-2 m (3.3-6.6 ft.)/sec.
• Where water flows are intermittent• Where stream currents are offshore• Where undercutting and/or lateral
seepage are not causal factors• As a temporary cover on large areas
where final regrading has not beencarried out and more substantialprotection is to be installed
• Most economical where protection isrequired over an extensive bank area
• In conjunction with other linings suchas riprap and gabion baskets
ADVANTAGES
• Relatively low cost compared to othertypes of linings, especially for cover-ing large areas
• Provide a natural protective coveragainst erosive action of down-slopesurface runoff on the bank
• Flexible, self-adjusting, permeable,and adaptable to changes
• Provide additional benefits of im-proved wildlife and fisheries habitatand aesthetic value
• Provide extra bank stabilizationthrough the root system of shrubplantings
DISADVANTAGES
• Of little use where slope is too steepor where there is substantial seepage
Before hydroseeding. Six months after hydroseeding.
No.
1.5
Pag
e 2 of 4
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
VE
GE
TA
TIV
E
LIN
ING
S
AN
D
BU
FF
ER
ST
RIP
S
(ST
RE
AM
BA
NK
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N)
•
Est
ablis
hmen
t
of vege
tatio
n
by sod-
ding is m
ore
expe
nsiv
e
and
hard
er
to
care for
durin
g
initi
al
stag
es
•
Pos
sibi
lity
of serio
us
eros
ion
whi
le
the
vege
tativ
e
cove
r is bein
g
esta
blis
hed,
espe
cial
ly if a tem
pora
ry
cove
r is not
used
•
Pos
sibl
e
redu
ctio
n
of chan
nel
capa
city
or redu
ctio
n
of stre
am
flow
due
to
heav
y
shru
b
grow
th
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
The
cove
r
type and
slop
e
mus
t
be
cons
ider
ed
whe
n
sele
ctin
g
the
wid
th of
buffe
r
strip
s.
If unde
rmin
ing
or late
ral
seep
age
activ
ity
is evid
ent,
vege
tativ
e
prot
ectio
n
may be
inef
fect
ive
unle
ss
seep
age is co
ntro
lled
and
toe
prot
ectio
n
is prov
ided
.
Toe
prot
ectio
n
can
easi
ly
be prov
ided
by
inst
allin
g
ripra
p
on the
low
er
port
ion
of
the
slop
e.
The
artif
icia
l
toe
shou
ld
exte
nd
abov
e
the
norm
al
wat
er
leve
l
and
pref
erab
ly
abov
e
the
zone of late
ral
seep
age.
Shr
ubs
or smal
l
tree
s
can be pl
ante
d
for
aest
hetic
purp
oses
,
bank
stab
iliza
tion
or
wild
life
enha
ncem
ent.
Mul
ch
shou
ld
be appl
ied
to all
expo
sed
site
s
imm
edia
tely
afte
r
they
have
been
seed
ed.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
1. Sel
ect
stab
le
slop
e
for
soil.
• The
slop
e
shal
l
not
be stee
per
than
the
angl
e
of repo
se of the
soil
mat
eria
l.
Bef
ore
grad
ing
or mak
-
ing
alte
ratio
ns
of the
natu
ral
stre
amba
nk,
cont
act
the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
iron-
men
t
for
nece
ssar
y
perm
its.
2. Det
erm
ine if a se
epag
e
drai
n
or othe
r
drai
nage
cont
rol
is requ
ired.
3. Sel
ect
the
wid
th of the
buffe
r
strip
; it
shou
ld
be wid
er
for
stee
per
slop
es
or
area
s
exhi
bitin
g
exce
ssiv
e
runo
ff.
4. Sel
ect
vege
tatio
n
mix
ture
(or
sod)
.
• The
sele
ctio
n
of buffe
r
strip
vege
-
tatio
n is depe
nden
t
upon the
site
cond
ition
s
and
the
inte
nded
use of
the
buffe
r
strip
.
•
Str
eam
bank
vege
tativ
e
linin
gs
usua
lly
cont
ain
a mix
ture
of
gras
ses
and
legu
mes
,
with the
fast
-gro
win
g
gras
ses
prov
idin
g
rela
tivel
y
quic
k
prot
ectio
n
whi
le
the
slow
er
legu
mes
beco
me
esta
b-
lishe
d;
for
exam
ple:
**T
ypjc
al
mix
ture
used by the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
and
Com
mun
icat
ions
for
road
side
appl
icat
ions
.
For
best
resu
lts
on a part
icul
ar
site
,
cont
act
a prof
essi
onal
land
scap
e
firm
or seed
com
pany
.
MIX
TU
RE
**
SE
ED
ING
RA
TE
FE
RT
ILIZ
ER
AT
SE
ED
ING
FE
RT
ILIZ
AT
ION
AT
150M
M
(6 IN.)
HIG
H
Per
man
ent
cove
r:
Ken
tuck
y-31
45 kg/h
a
10-5
0-0
@ 112
kg/h
a
15-1
5-15
@56
0kg/
ha
Tal
l
Fes
cue
(40
lbs/
ac.)
(100
lbs/
ac.)
(500
lbs/
ac.)
or
12-1
2-12
@56
0kg/
ha
none
(500
lbs/
ac.)
or
Bird
's-f
oot
13.5
kg/h
a
10-5
0-0
@ 112
kg/h
a
15-1
5-15
@56
0kg/
ha
Tre
foil
(12
lbs.
/ac.
)
1100
lbs.
/ac.
l
(500
lbs/
ac.)
and
and
Cre
epin
g
20 kg/h
a
Red
Fes
cue
(18
lbs/
ac.)
Tem
pora
ry
cove
r:
Fal
l
Cer
eal
67kg
/ha
18-4
6-0
@ 112
kg/h
a
none
Rye
(59.
6
lbs/
ac.)
(100
lbs/
ac.)
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
VE
GE
TA
TIV
E
LIN
ING
S
AN
D
BU
FF
ER
ST
RIP
S
(ST
RE
AM
BA
NK
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N)
No.
1.5
Pag
e 3 of 4
5. Sel
ect
shru
bber
y
to be used
.
The
assi
stan
ce
of a Land
scap
e
Arc
hite
ct
or othe
r
expe
rienc
ed
pers
on
may be
requ
ired.
6. Det
erm
ine
the
requ
ired
seed
ing
seas
on.
• Spr
ing
seed
ing
of gras
s-le
gum
e
mix
ture
s
is pref
erre
d
befo
re
mid
-
June
.
• The
mix
ture
can
also be do
rman
t-
seed
ed
(Sep
tem
ber)
;
how
ever
,
this
appr
oach
may no
t
allo
w
suffi
cien
t
time
for
grou
nd
cove
r
to beco
me
esta
blis
hed
and
the
seed
may be
was
hed
away by su
bseq
uent
sprin
g
flood
ing.
• See
ding
betw
een
mid
-Jul
y
and
late
Aug
ust
shou
ld
be avoi
ded
unle
ss
impl
emen
tatio
n
can
defin
itely
incl
ude
regu
lar
wat
erin
g.
7. Sel
ect
mul
ch
for
appl
icat
ion
afte
r
seed
ing. If sp
ring
seed
ing,
mul
ch
may
not
be
nece
ssar
y,
as tem
pera
ture
s
are
not
as extr
eme
and
the
moi
stur
e
cont
ent
in the
soil is us
ually
suffi
cien
t
for
seed
germ
inat
ion;
how
ever
,
mul
ch
does
prot
ect
the
soil
from the
impa
ct
of rain
drop
s.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. Pre
pare
the
site
(incl
udin
g
the
buffe
r
strip
)
for
seed
ing
or sodd
ing.
• Cle
ar
the
area of debr
is.
•
Gra
de
bank
s
to the
reco
m-
men
ded
slop
e
and in ac
cord
ance
with
cond
ition
s
of the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
i-
ronm
ent
Per
mit.
• Inst
all
a seep
age
drai
n if requ
ired.
•
App
ly
the
fert
ilize
r
as requ
ired.
1 A.
Pre
pare
the
site for
shru
b
plan
tings
.
• Cle
ar
away
exce
ss
debr
is
by
scal
ping
or furr
owin
g
(rem
ovin
g
a
laye
r
of sod
30-7
0
mm
(1-3
in.)
deep
and
300-
450
mm
(12-
18 in.)
squa
re).
• On
slop
ing
site
s
scal
ping
shou
ld
be done
with the
sod
turn
ed
dow
nhill
.
• The
plan
ting
pit
mus
t
be larg
e
enou
gh
to acco
mm
odat
e
root
s
with
out
doub
ling
them
over
;
or, if
the
plan
t
has a ro
ot
ball,
the pit
diam
eter
mus
t
be 300
mm
(12
in.)
larg
er
than
the
ball.
2. Pla
ntin
g
the
shru
b.
• Pla
nt
by hand
or mac
hine
.
• Pla
ce
the
shru
b
into
the
pit.
• The
use of a fe
rtili
zer
may be
nece
ssar
y,
depe
ndin
g
on soil
cond
ition
s.
•
Bac
kfill
and
pack
soil
firm
ly
arou
nd
the
shru
b
to elim
inat
e
air
pock
ets,
form
ing
a sauc
er
shap
e
to reta
in
surf
ace
wat
er.
• Wat
er
the
shru
b.
(Sev
eral
wat
er
appl
icat
ions
may be ne
cess
ary,
depe
ndin
g
on the
tree an
d
site
cond
ition
s.)
•
Whe
n
used to en
hanc
e
wild
life
habi
tat,
shru
bs
are
usua
lly
mor
e
effe
ctiv
e
plan
ted
in clum
ps
or
bloc
ks.
3. App
ly
the
seed
mix
ture
,
or sod.
See
d
mix
ture
:
• App
ly
the
seed
mix
ture
unifo
rmly
on a firm
,
moi
st
seed
bed
to a
max
imum
of 5 mm
(1/4
in.)
on
clay soil
and
100
mm
(1/2
in.)
on sand
y
soil.
•
Hyd
ro-s
eedi
ng
prov
ides
a rapi
d
and
effic
ient
mea
ns of esta
blis
h-
ing
vege
tatio
n,
and is co
nven
ient
for
larg
e
area
s
and/
or
slop
es
too
stee
p
for
whe
eled
equi
pmen
t.
•
Con
vent
iona
l
seed
ing
equi
pmen
t
can be used
on slop
es of 3:1
or
flatte
r.
• Han
d
cycl
one
seed
ing
is effe
ctiv
e
on smal
l
area
s
and
whe
re
acce
ss
is limite
d.
No. 1 .5
Pag
e 4 of 4
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
SU
RF
AC
E
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
VE
GE
TA
TIV
E
LIN
ING
S
AN
D
BU
FF
ER
ST
RIP
S
(ST
RE
AM
BA
NK
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N)
)
Sod
:
• Rol
l
out
the
sod
horiz
onta
lly
acro
ss
the
slop
e
with
join
ts
stag
gere
d,
and
hold it in pl
ace
with
stak
es.
•
Pac
k
the
sod
wel
l
afte
r
plac
emen
t.
•
App
ly
wat
er
for
seve
ral
days
afte
r
plac
emen
t.
4. App
ly
the
mul
ch
imm
edia
tely
follo
w-
ing
seed
ing.
•
Str
aw
may be used
,
for
exam
ple,
at 2.5-
5
tonn
es/h
a
(1-2
tons
/ac.
).
5. A tem
pora
ry
mat
ting
may be ap-
plie
d
to prot
ect
the
seed
ed
area
until
the
vege
tatio
n
is esta
blis
hed.
6. Fen
ce
or othe
rwis
e
prot
ect
the
seed
ed
area
until
the
vege
tatio
n
is
esta
blis
hed.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
As
soon as po
ssib
le,
rese
ed
or reso
d
area
s
that do not
germ
inat
e.
Dep
endi
ng
on the
seed
mix
ture
,
cut
the
area a few
times to en
cour
age
thic
ker
grow
th
and
disc
oura
ge
take
-ove
r
by
wee
ds.
Pru
ne
shru
bs if nece
ssar
y
to prev
ent
encr
oach
men
t
on the
stre
am.
Rep
lace
any
seve
rely
-dam
aged
or dead
shru
bs,
part
icul
arly if th
ey
beco
me
lodg
ed in the
stre
am or obst
ruct
the
flow
.
Che
ck
mul
ched
area
s
for
dam
age,
perio
dica
lly
and
imm
edia
tely
afte
r
seve
re
stor
ms,
until
the
desi
red
pur-
pose of the
mul
chin
g
is achi
eved
.
Rep
air
any
dam
aged
area
s
as soon as
disc
over
ed.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
•
Fac
tshe
et 1 .0 Gra
ding
Pra
ctic
es
•
Fac
tshe
et 1 .4 Tem
pora
ry
Mat
ting
Reg
rade
d
Slo
pe
Toe
Pro
tect
ion
as Req
uire
d
Nov
a
Sco
tia
41
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
entFA
CT
S
HE
El
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
DIV
ER
SIO
N
DIT
CH
No.
2.1
Pag
e1of3
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
adeq
uate
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
shou
ld
beused
with
caut
ion
onsoils
subj
ect
toslip
page
.
Con
stru
ctio
n
of
dive
rsio
ns
and
outle
ts
mus
t
bein
com
plia
nce
with
prov
inci
al
and
mun
ic-
ipal
drai
nage
and
wat
er
cont
rol
law
s.
•To
redu
ce
slop
e
leng
ths
•To
brea
k
upconc
entr
atio
n
ofruno
ff
•To
mov
e
wat
ertostab
le
outle
ts
ata
non-
eros
ive
velo
city
•To
dive
rt
wat
er
away
fromcu
t
orfill
slop
es,
stee
ply
slop
ing
land
,
con-
stru
ctio
n
site
s,
build
ings
and
resi
-
denc
es,
activ
e
gulli
es
orothe
r
erod
ible
area
s,
and
low
-lyin
g
area
s,
inorde
r
toprev
ent
flood
ing
•To
conv
ey
silte
d
runo
ff
toavege
-
tate
d
areatodi
sper
se
flow
and
filte
r
silt
Div
ersi
on
ditc
hes
appl
y
onlytoov
erla
nd
runo
ff.
Not
e
that
any
dive
rsio
n
ofa
natu
ral
wat
erco
urse
requ
ires
aperm
it
fromthe
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
ent.
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
•Whe
re
runo
ff
from
high
er
area
sis,
or
has
pote
ntia
l
for,
dam
agin
g
prop
erty
,
caus
ing
eros
ion,
cont
ribut
ing
to
pollu
tion,
flood
ing,
orinte
rfer
ing
withthe
esta
blis
hmen
t
of
vege
tatio
n
onlow
er
area
s
•Whe
re
surf
ace
and/
or
shal
low
subs
urfa
ce
flowisda
mag
ing
slop
ing
upla
nd
•Whe
re
the
leng
th
and
stee
pnes
s
of
the
slop
e
needtobere
duce
d
in
orde
r
tolow
er
runo
ff
velo
city
,
ther
eby
keep
ing
soil
losstoa
min
imum
•Whe
readive
rsio
n
dykeisnot
Div
ersi
ons
are
only
appl
icab
le
belo
w
stab
ilize
d
orprot
ecte
d
area
s.
Avo
id
esta
blis
hing
dive
rsio
n
ditc
hes
onslop
es
grea
ter
than15pe
rcen
t.
Div
ersi
ons
•Indu
ces
infil
trat
ion
ofsurf
ace
wat
er
and
rem
oves
som
e
sedi
men
t
•An
inex
pens
ive
alte
rnat
ive
to
terr
aces
•Red
uces
volu
me
ofwat
er
requ
iring
silt
rem
oval
•Not
feas
ible
whe
re
acce
ssisdiffi
cult
•May
requ
ire
addi
tiona
l
surf
ace
disr
uptio
n
•May
caus
e
off-
site
prop
erty
dam
age
and
ther
efor
e
may
requ
ire
the
purc
haseofad
ditio
nal
prop
erty
The
sizeofthe
dive
rsio
n
requ
ired
depe
nds
onthe
amou
ntofruno
ff
tobe
dive
rted
,
the
velo
cityofthe
runo
ff,
the
No.
2.1
Pag
e 2 of 3
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
I
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
DIV
ER
SIO
N
DIT
CH
erod
ibili
ty
of the
soil,
and
the
slop
e
of
the
area
.
If the
dive
rsio
n
is bein
g
used in
conj
unct
ion
with
som
e
form of outle
t,
the
outle
t
shou
ld
be cons
truc
ted
first
.
Dep
endi
ng
on the
soil
type
, it may be
nece
ssar
y
to cove
r
the
botto
m
and/
or
side
slop
es of the
ditc
h
with
rock
and
then
seed
or use
othe
r
type
s of
stab
iliza
tion.
Tak
e
care in lo
catin
g
the
outle
t
so as
not
to crea
te
new
prob
lem
s
of flood
ing,
prop
erty
dam
age,
eros
ion,
or kille
d
vege
tatio
n.
Div
ersi
ons
are
clas
sifie
d
as follo
ws:
Tem
pora
ry
The
se
dive
rsio
ns
are
inst
alle
d
as an
inte
rim
mea
sure to fa
cilit
ate
som
e
phas
e
of cons
truc
tion.
The
y
usua
lly
have a life
expe
ctan
cy of 1 year or less
.
Per
man
ent
The
se
dive
rsio
ns
are
inst
alle
d
as an
inte
gral
part of an ov
eral
l
wat
er
disp
osal
syst
em
and
will
rem
ain
for
prot
ectio
n
of prop
erty
.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
1. Des
ign
the
surf
ace
dive
rsio
n.
• The
Hal
ifax
Cou
nty
Sto
rm
Dra
in-
age
Des
ign
Crit
eria
1
may be used
as a refe
renc
e,
and
the
desi
gn
may
requ
ire
the
assi
stan
ce
of a
soils
engi
neer
or othe
r
pers
on
expe
rienc
ed
in the
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
of eros
ion
cont
rol
and
silta
tion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
2. Des
ign
the
outle
t.
• If the
dive
rsio
n
inte
rsec
ts
anot
her
surf
ace
chan
nel
with the
sam
e
botto
m
elev
atio
n,
the
two
shou
ld
join in such a m
anne
r
that
no
unne
cess
ary
turb
ulen
ce
is
crea
ted.
• If the
dive
rsio
n
inte
rsec
ts a
surf
ace
chan
nel
with a low
er
botto
m
elev
atio
n,
som
e
type of
drop
stru
ctur
e is requ
ired.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. Inst
all
the
outle
t.
2. Inst
all
the
dive
rsio
n.
• The
dive
rsio
n
is inst
alle
d
sim
ilarly
to a gras
sed
wat
erw
ay
with the
addi
tion
of a berm
on the
dow
n-
slop
e
side
.
3. Veg
etat
e
and/
or
prot
ect
the
ditc
h
with
rock
,
asph
alt
or conc
rete
. If a
tem
pora
ry
dive
rsio
n
is bein
g
con-
stru
cted
, it may be ad
equa
te
to line
the
dive
rsio
n
with
poly
ethy
lene
and
cons
truc
t
a num
ber
of chec
k
dam
s
with
in it. (see
phot
o)
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Any
bare
or erod
ed
area
s
shou
ld
be
reve
geta
ted.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.1
Rip
rap
Lini
ng
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.3
Gra
ssed
Wat
erw
ay
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.4
Sto
rm
Dra
in
Out
let
Pro
tect
ion
1. Pro
vinc
e
of Nov
a
Sco
tia
and
Mun
icip
ality
of the
Cou
nty
of Hal
ifax
Des
ign
Crit
eria
Man
ual,
Mar
ch,
1982
.
)
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
DIV
ER
SIO
N
DIT
CH
No.
2.1
Pag
e 3 of 3
Div
ersi
on
limits
leng
th of slop
e
for
on-s
ite
runo
ff
.44
Div
ersi
on
prev
ents
runo
ff
from
leav
ing
cons
truc
tion
site
Exi
stin
g
surf
ace
drai
nage
Sed
imen
t
basi
ns
prev
ent
sedi
men
t
from
leav
ing
cons
truc
tion
site
)
Nov
a
Sco
tia4—
-D
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
fron
men
t
ER
OS
ION
AN
DS
ED
IME
NT
CO
NT
RO
L
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
DIS
PE
RS
ION
DIT
CH
No.
2.2
Pag
e 1 of 2
June
1988
Ditc
h
to inte
rsec
t
mid
-way
on tren
ch
Cha
nnel
grad
e
of ditc
h:
0%
eCt1
0 N..
Roc
k
topr
even
t
eros
ion
Last 6 m of di
tch
shou
ld
not
exce
ed
1% grad
e
I Sid
es:
2:1
slop
e
Leve
l
Lip of
25 mm
crus
hed
rock
Leve
l
Lip of 1
25 mm
crus
hed
rock
No.
2.2
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
DIS
PE
RS
ION
DIT
CH
PU
RP
OS
E
• To
conv
ert a C
once
ntra
ted
flow of
stor
m
runo
ff
into
shee
t
flow
and
to
outle
t it onto
area
s
stab
ilize
d
by
exis
ting
vege
tatio
n
with
out
caus
ing
eros
ion
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
•
Whe
re
stor
m
runo
ff is inte
rcep
ted
and
dive
rted
from
grad
ed
area
s
onto
undi
stur
bed
stab
ilize
d
area
s
(e.g
.,
at
dive
rsio
n
outle
ts,
etc.
).
Thi
s
prac
tice
appl
ies
only in th
ose
situ
atio
ns
whe
re
the
ditc
h
can be co
nstr
ucte
d
on
undi
stur
bed
soil
and
whe
re
the
area
dire
ctly
belo
w
the
low
er lip is stab
i-
lized by exis
ting
vege
tatio
n.
The
wat
er
mus
t
not
be allo
wed
to reco
n-
cent
rate
belo
w
the
poin
t
of
disc
harg
e.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Inex
pens
ive
met
hod
of redu
cing
eros
ive
forc
e of runo
ff
•
Indu
ces
infil
trat
ion
of surf
ace
wat
er
and
rem
oves
som
e
sedi
men
t
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
Tak
e
care to pr
even
t
off-
site
flood
ing
or
prop
erty
dam
age.
Dis
pers
ion
ditc
hes
shou
ld
be
cons
truc
ted
in undi
stur
bed
soil
or prop
erly
com
pact
ed
fill.
The
y
shou
ld
outle
t
to a leve
l,
vege
tate
d
surf
ace
in an undi
stur
bed,
stab
ilize
d
area
.
The
inle
t
shou
ld
be loca
ted
at a
poin
t
equi
dist
ant
from
both
ends of the
ditc
h.
Dis
pers
ion
ditc
hes
are
not
effe
ctiv
e
for
larg
e
volu
mes
of stor
m
drai
nage
.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. Exc
avat
e
the
ditc
h
to a min
imum
leng
th
of 15 m (50
ft.), a m
inim
um
wid
th of 1.1
m (3 ft. B in.)
and a
min
imum
dept
h
of 750
mm (2 ft.
6 in.) to al
low
for
the
effic
ient
rem
oval
of sedi
men
t.
2. Cov
er
the
botto
m
of the
ditc
h
and
the
side
dire
ctly
oppo
site
the
inle
t
with
rock of su
ffici
ent
size to pr
even
t
eros
ion.
3. Con
vey
drai
nage
flow to the
ditc
h
thro
ugh
a pipe or a ditc
h
prot
ecte
d
by
rock
.
4. Con
stru
ct
a leve
l
lip of 25 mm (1 in.)
crus
hed
rock
,
to ensu
re
unifo
rm
spre
adin
g
of stor
m
runo
ff.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Che
ck
regu
larly
to ensu
re
that
the
low
er
lip is leve
l.
If the
ditc
h is fille
d
with
sedi
men
t, it
shou
ld
be clea
ned
out
or re-e
xcav
ated
.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
E
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.1
Div
ersi
on
Ditc
h
)
Nov
a
Sco
tia
416
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
entFA
CT
S
HE
ET
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
GR
AS
SE
D
WA
TE
RW
AY
No.
2.3
Pag
e1of2
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
•To
conv
ey
stor
mw
ater
atnon-
eros
ive
velo
citie
s
thro
ugh
inco
nspi
cuou
s
mow
n
gras
s
chan
nels
toasafe
disc
harg
e
poin
t
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Gra
ssed
wat
erw
ays
shou
ld
not
beused
unde
r
cont
inuo
us
flow
cond
ition
s
orto
repl
aceaw
ater
cour
se.
The
y
canbeused
whe
re
runo
ff
velo
citie
s
willbefa
irly
low
.A
DV
AN
TA
GE
S
•Uno
bstr
usiv
e
and
fits
wel
l
into
rolli
ng
mow
n
gras
s
terr
ain;
visu
ally
mor
e
acce
ptab
le
than
lined
chan
nels
•Red
uces
velo
city
,
ener
gy
and
eros
ive
pote
ntia
l
ofruno
ff
•Che
aptocons
truc
t
and
mai
ntai
n
•Incr
ease
s
infil
trat
ion
ofruno
ff
and
avai
labi
lity
ofsoil
moi
stur
e
tovege
ta-
tion
onsite
•Rem
oves
som
e
sedi
men
t
from
stor
mw
ater
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Spa
ce-c
onsu
min
g,
inorde
r
toallo
w
easy
mec
hani
zed
mow
ing
with
very
shal
low
side
slop
es
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
Gra
ss
wat
erw
ays
are
broa
d,
shal
low
,
gent
ly-s
lopi
ng
chan
nels
lined
witha
dens
e,
eros
ion-
resi
stan
t
turfofm
own
gras
s.
The
y
shou
ld
bevery
care
fully
fitte
d
into
the
grad
ing
planfor
max
imum
effe
ctiv
enes
s,
visu
al
unob
trus
iven
ess
and
easeofm
owin
g.
Nat
ural
swal
es
are
pref
erab
le.
The
ir
func
tion
istoconv
ey
conc
entr
ated
runo
ff
fromon
e
poin
t
to
anot
her
atsafe
velo
citie
s,
but
they
are
also
usedtoin
terc
ept
over
land
flow
or
shee
t
runo
ff
onlong
slop
es
and
to
conv
eyittoasafe
disc
harg
e
poin
t.
Gra
ss
wat
erw
ays
are
inte
nded
tocarr
y
stor
m
runo
ff
only
,
and
are
dry
atothe
r
times
.
If
ther
eisheav
y
orprol
onge
d
flowinthe
wat
erw
ay,
gras
s
alon
e
cann
ot
give
adeq
uate
prot
ectio
n,inwhi
ch
caseitis
nece
ssar
y
toline
the
chan
nel
cent
er
with
ston
e
orconc
rete
.Asubs
urfa
ce
drai
n
of
crus
hed
ston
e
(Fre
nch
drai
n)
unde
r
the
cent
erofthe
wat
erw
ay
will
help
prev
ent
stan
ding
wat
er
from
killi
ngthe
gras
s.
Max
imum
stor
m
runo
ff
will
dete
rmin
e
the
sizeofthe
wat
erw
ay.
Fut
ure
deve
lop-
men
t
ofpave
d
area
s
may
caus
e
peak
flow
s
toexce
ed
the
chan
nel
capa
city
and
nece
ssita
te
chan
nel
enla
rgem
ent
or
linin
g.
Car
eful
sizi
ng
and
desi
gnofgras
s
chan
nels
isesse
ntia
lifthey
areto
func
tion
effe
ctiv
ely
with
out
eros
ion
dam
age.
The
chan
nel
shou
ld
besodd
ed
No.
2.3
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
GR
AS
SE
D
WA
TE
RW
AY
if ther
e is a need to use
the
wat
erw
ay
soon
afte
r it is cons
truc
ted.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
The
Hal
ifax
Cou
nty
Sto
rm
Dra
inag
e
Crit
eria
1
may be used
as a refe
renc
e
to
ensu
re
chan
nel
capa
city
is equa
l
to,
or
grea
ter
than
,
expe
cted
runo
ff.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. Pre
pare
the
seed
bed
by rem
ovin
g
all
obst
ruct
ive
debr
is,
etc.
,
and
dist
ribut
-
ing
and
inco
rpor
atin
g
the
nece
ssar
y
lime
and
fert
ilize
r.
2. Mak
e
sure fill
area
s
are
wel
l-
com
pact
ed
whe
reve
r
they
are
cros
sed
by a wat
erw
ay.
In thes
e
area
s it is
advi
sabl
e
to incr
ease
the
chan
nel
capa
city
by abou
t
10 perc
ent
to allo
w
for
settl
emen
t
of the
fill.
3. Unt
il
the
turf
beco
mes
esta
blis
hed it
will
be nece
ssar
y
eith
er
to:
(i) dive
rt
runo
ff
via
an alte
rnat
ive
rout
e;
(ii)
line
the
chan
nel
with a te
mpo
rary
prot
ec-
tive
linin
g,
and
mul
ch
the
shou
lder
s
thor
ough
ly;
or (iii) lay
sod
over the
chan
nel.
The
latte
r
will
give
good
prot
ectio
n
with
in a mon
th if grow
ing
wel
l,
but
a seve
re
stor
m
shor
tly
afte
r
layi
ng
coul
d
dam
age
both
chan
nel
and
sod. In vi
ew of the
high
cost of
sodd
ing,
this
may be an unac
cept
able
risk.
Som
etim
es it is reco
mm
ende
d
that
sod
be over
lapp
ed
slig
htly
to
incr
ease
reta
rdan
ce
and
eros
ion
resi
stan
ce
on stee
p
slop
es. It m
ay be
nece
ssar
y
to stak
e
the
sod
to avoi
d
was
hout
.
4. If nece
ssar
y,
line
the
cent
re of the
chan
nel
with
rock
or conc
rete
.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Mow
as ofte
n
as nece
ssar
y
to prev
ent
encr
oach
men
t
by bush
es
and
smal
l
tree
s.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
•
Fac
tshe
et 1 .0 Gra
ding
Pra
ctic
es
•
Fac
tshe
et 1 .4 Tem
pora
ry
Mat
ting
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.1
Div
ersi
on
Ditc
h
1. Pro
vinc
e
of Nov
a
Sco
tia
and
Mun
icip
ality
of the
Cou
nty
of Hal
ifax
Des
ign
Crit
eria
Man
ual,
Mar
ch,
1982
.
)
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
ER
OS
ION
AN
DS
ED
IME
NT
CO
NT
RO
L
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
OR
M
DR
AIN
OU
TLE
T
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N
No.
2.4
Pag
e 1 of 3
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
• To
conv
ert
pipe
flow
to chan
nel
flow
• To
min
imiz
e
scou
r
and
chan
nel
eros
ion
by redu
cing
velo
city
of flow
befo
re
ente
ring
rece
ivin
g
chan
nels
belo
w
stor
m
drai
n
outle
ts
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
• For
stor
m
drai
n
outle
ts,
road
culv
erts
,
pave
d
chan
nel
outle
ts,
etc.
,
part
icu-
larly
whe
re
the
wat
er
disc
harg
es
into
exis
ting
stre
ams
or drai
nage
syst
ems
• At
the
outle
t
of chut
es
and
dow
ndra
ins
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Pre
vent
s
scou
r of the
botto
m
of the
chan
nel
imm
edia
tely
dow
nstr
eam
from th
e
outle
t,
ther
eby
prev
entin
g
unde
rmin
ing
and
failu
re
of the
stru
ctur
e
•
Pre
vent
s
stre
amba
nk
eros
ion
dow
n-
stre
am
from the
outle
t
•
Pre
vent
s
fill
emba
nkm
ent
slip
page
and
eros
ion
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Non
e;
alm
ost
alw
ays
a nece
ssity
unde
r
the
cond
ition
s
men
tione
d
abov
eD
ES
IGN
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
The
apro
n at the
stor
m
drai
n
outle
t
shou
ld
be cons
truc
ted
of conc
rete
,
gabi
on,
asph
alt,
or ripra
p
(acc
ordi
ng
to
the
tabl
e
belo
w).
Filt
er
fabr
ic
may be
requ
ired
unde
r
ripra
p
in area
s
with
fine
text
ured
soils
.
The
apro
n
shou
ld
slop
e
dow
nstr
eam
at
less
than
one
perc
ent
or at the
grad
ient
of the
exis
ting
chan
nel.
Sid
e
slop
es
shou
ld
be 2:1
or flatte
r.
The
re
shou
ld
be
no over
fall
at the
end of the
apro
n.
Dep
endi
ng
on the
conf
igur
atio
n
of the
stor
m
drai
n
inle
t,
late
ral
prot
ectio
n
may
be requ
ired
to prev
ent
was
hout
of the
upst
ream
emba
nkm
ent,
and it is re-
quire
d in all
case
s
for
the
dow
nstr
eam
emba
nkm
ent.
Rip
rap
or othe
r
appr
oved
mat
eria
ls
shou
ld
be plac
ed to the
top of
the
pipe
and a m
inim
um of one
pipe
diam
eter
on each
side of the
pipe
(or
pipe
s
in the
case of mul
tiple
pipe
inst
alla
tions
).
The
top of the
side
wal
l
shou
ld
exte
nd
at
leas
t
300
mm (1 ft.)
abov
e
max
imum
tailw
ater
.
If poss
ible
,
pipe
s
shou
ld
be term
inat
ed
at a poin
t
shor
t
of a wat
erco
urse
so that
adeq
uate
outle
t
prot
ectio
n
can be
plac
ed
to redu
ce
eros
ive
velo
citie
s
befo
re
drai
nage
reac
hes
a stre
am.
Con
stru
ctio
n
in this
man
ner
wou
ld
avoi
d
the
need
for
wor
king
in a stre
am,
whi
ch
requ
ires
appr
oval
from the
Nov
a
Sco
tia
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
ironm
ent.
Leng
th of Ave
rage
Apr
on
Cul
vert
Dia
met
er
Apr
on
Sto
ne
Siz
e
Thi
ckne
ss
up to 1.2
m (4 ft.) 6 pi
pe
dia.
150
mm (6 in.)
300
mm
(12
in.)
1.2-
2.1
m (4-7
ft.) 8 pi
pe
dia.
300
mm
(12
in.)
450
mm
(18
in.)
2.1-
3
m (7-1
0
ft.)
10 pipe
dia.
600
mm
(24
in.)
750
mm
(30
in.)
No.
2.4
Pag
e 2 of 3
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
OR
M
DR
AIN
OU
TLE
T
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N
TO
P
VIE
W
)
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
If a Con
cret
e
head
wal
l
is to be con-
stru
cted
,
cont
act
a soils
engi
neer
or
othe
r
pers
on
expe
rienc
ed
in the
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
of eros
ion
and
silta
tion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
MA
I
NT
EN
AN
CE
Che
ck
the
apro
n
perio
dica
lly
to ensu
re
no port
ions of it ha
ve
been
was
hed
away
. If so,
they
shou
ld
be repl
aced
imm
edia
tely
.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
The
apro
n
shou
ld
be cons
truc
ted
in
perio
ds of low
or no flow
.
•
Fac
tshe
et 1 .3 Geo
text
ile
Filt
er
Fab
ric
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.5
Chu
tes & D
ownd
rain
s
Rec
eivi
ng 'C
hann
el
L
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
OR
M
DR
AIN
OU
TLE
T
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N
No.
2.4
Page 3 of 3
Sec
tion
A-A
End
-Pip
e
Out
let
Sec
tion
B-B
Sid
e-P
ipe
Out
let
)
•Whe
re
dist
anceofch
anne
l
runo
ff
conv
eyan
ce
wou
ld
betoo
long
•Whe
re
soils
are
inca
pabl
e
ofhan-
dlin
g
the
expe
cted
runo
ff
•Atth
e
head
ofa
gully
•Alo
ngaroad
side
•Inhigh
way
med
ians
•Whe
re
drai
nage
ditc
hes
inte
rsec
t
a
wat
erco
urse
atdiffe
rent
botto
m
elev
atio
ns
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Rel
ativ
ely
sim
ple
tocons
truc
t
•Pro
tect
agai
nst
eros
ion
inashor
t
reac
h
ofditc
h
asoppo
sed
toprot
ect-
ing
anentir
e
leng
thofditc
h
thatis
too
stee
p
•Goo
d
eros
ion
prot
ectio
n
whe
re
spac
e
islimite
d
(e.g
.,
stee
p
cuts
and
fills
on
high
way
right
s-of
-way
)
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Req
uire
very
regu
lar
mai
nten
ance
insp
ectio
n
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
The
typeand
sireofst
ruct
ure
depe
nds
onitsloca
tion
and
the
volu
me
and
velo
city
ofwat
er
thatitistoco
nvey
.
Site
acce
ssib
ility
also
has
aneffe
ct
on
the
typeofdrop
stru
ctur
e
sele
cted
.
Whe
n
disc
harg
ing
into
anopen
ditc
h,
outle
t
prot
ectio
n
mus
t
beprov
ided
.
•To
cond
uct
surf
ace
runo
ff
dow
n
acut
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
orfill
slop
e
whe
reitcann
ot
beChu
tes,
dow
ndra
ins
and
drop
stru
ctur
es
conv
eyed
late
rallyinasa
tisfa
ctor
y
are
hydr
aulic
desi
gns
whi
ch
maybe
man
ner
subj
ect
tofros
t
disp
lace
men
t.
Con
se-
Nov
a
Sco
tia
41
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
No.
2.5
Pag
e1of3
June
1988
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Goo
d
exam
pleofa
corr
ugat
ed
stee
l
pipe
dow
ndra
in.
PU
RP
OS
E
No.
2.6
Pag
e
2of3
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
Rol
.
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
CH
UT
ES
AN
D
DO
WN
DR
AIN
S
(DR
OP
ST
RU
CT
UR
ES
)
—
-.
-
-
-) -4.-
-
-.
—
—
-_w_
—
-
.-
-
,...1
—
z.--
1
-
—
___,
'/5_•
_•_1
l(' -E
-L
If
—
I
:;.- —'-F-,
-
_-;
4
-'-?'*
-—,
4...
4P.
Goo
d
exam
ple
ofaripra
p-iln
ed
chut
e.
Bef
ore:
anunst
able
and
erod
ing
slop
e.
quen
tly,
the
assi
stan
ceofasoils
engi
neer
orothe
r
pers
on
expe
rienc
ed
in
the
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
oferos
ion
cont
rol
and
silta
tion
cont
rol
mea
sure
sis
requ
ired.
The
follo
win
g
are
som
e
exam
ples
of
drop
stru
ctur
es:
Chu
tes
and
Dow
ndra
ins
Chu
tes
and
flexi
ble
dow
ndra
ins
are
desi
gned
toconv
ey
wat
er
dow
n
ashor
t,
stee
p
slop
e
with
out
caus
ing
eros
ion
of
the
slop
e.
Chu
tes
are
best
used
oncut
slop
es,
whe
reas
flexi
ble
dow
ndra
ins
are
mor
e
appr
opria
te
onfill
slop
es.
Chu
tes
shou
ld
becons
truc
ted
ofripra
p,a
gabi
on
mat
tres
s
linin
g,aconc
rete
bloc
k
syst
em
linin
g,
conc
rete
,
asph
alt,
or
corr
ugat
ed
stee
l
pipe
.
Itisimpo
rtan
t
tocons
truc
t
chut
es
so
that
the
cent
reislow
er
thanthe
side
s
and
ther
eby
cont
ains
the
drai
nage
with
in
the
chut
es.
Chu
tes
mus
t
belarg
e
enou
ghtoconv
ey
wha
teve
r
peak
flow
s
may
occu
r
durin
g
the
perio
dinwhi
ch
they
areinuse.
':.i:i.c
..;
Afte
r:
astab
le
stor
m
drai
nage
ease
men
t.
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
CH
UT
ES
AN
D
DO
WN
DR
AIN
S
(DR
OP
ST
RU
CT
UR
ES
)
No.
2.5
Pag
e 3 of 3
An
apro
n
shou
ld
be Con
stru
cted
at the
outle
t
of chut
es
and
flexi
ble
dow
ndra
ins.
The
apro
n
shou
ld
be of suffi
cien
t
size to
prev
ent
eros
ion
dow
nstr
eam
from the
outle
t.
Sub
surf
ace
Dra
ins
Sub
surf
ace
drai
ns
are
Con
cret
e,
syn-
thet
ic
or corr
ugat
ed
met
al
subs
urfa
ce
drai
nage
stru
ctur
es
with a ve
rtic
al
inle
t.
The
y
conv
ey
drai
nage
to a poin
t
that
does
not
inte
rfer
e
with
desi
red
surf
ace
land
use.
The
se
stru
ctur
es
may
,
or may
not,
have
(1) a ro
dent
/tras
h
grat
e
at the
inle
t
or
(2)
an anti-
vort
ex
devi
ce.
In som
e
inst
ance
s, it may be ne
cess
ary
to inst
all
anti-
seep
colla
rs.
Str
aw
bale
s
or a berm of cr
ushe
d
rock
shou
ld
be plac
ed
arou
nd
the
inle
t
durin
g
the
cons
truc
tion
perio
d
to prev
ent
silti
ng
of the
drai
nage
stru
ctur
e.
The
inle
t
of the
horiz
onta
l
sect
ion
of the
'dro
p
stru
ctur
e
shou
ld
be a min
imum of
1 m (3.3
ft.)
abov
e
the
botto
m of the
stru
ctur
e.
Hor
izon
tal
inle
ts
shou
ld
be part
ially
cove
red
to prev
ent
the
pipe
from fillin
g
with
sedi
men
t.
The
se
stru
ctur
es
may tie into
exis
ting
subs
urfa
ce
drai
nage
syst
ems
or dis-
char
ge
into
surf
ace
drai
nage
wor
ks.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
The
impl
emen
tatio
n
of a drop
stru
ctur
e
depe
nds
upon the
type of st
ruct
ure. In
all
case
s,
assi
stan
ce
shou
ld
be prov
ided
by a prof
essi
onal
engi
neer
or othe
r
expe
rienc
ed
pers
on.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Chu
tes
and
dow
ndra
ins
requ
ire
regu
lar
mai
nten
ance
chec
ks.
Rep
air
any
erod
ed
spot
s
imm
edia
tely
to
prev
ent
the
entir
e
stru
ctur
e
from be
ing
was
hed
out.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
E
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.4
Sto
rm
Dra
in
Out
let
Pro
tect
ion
)
ER
OS
ION
AN
DS
ED
IME
NT
CO
NT
RO
L
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
SE
EP
AG
E
DR
AIN
S
No.
2.6
Pag
e 1 of 2
June
1988
PU
RP
OS
E
• To
inte
rcep
t
and
cont
rol
grou
ndw
ater
seep
age
that
caus
es
bank
stab
ility
prob
lem
s
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
• On
bank
s
and
thei
r
toes
whe
re
the
seep
age is ca
usin
g
slou
ghin
g
and
bank
"min
ing"
• In conj
unct
ion
with
othe
r
bank
stab
i-
lizat
ion
mea
sure
s
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Pre
vent
furt
her
gully
deve
lopm
ent
•
Sta
biliz
e
stre
amba
nks,
allo
win
g
prop
er
inst
alla
tion
of chan
nel
linin
gs
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Diff
iCul
t
to inst
all
on stee
p
bank
s
and
in larg
e
gulli
es
See
page
Zor
ie
I Impe
rmea
ble
Laye
r I
Pla
stic
Cor
ruga
ted
Pip
e
Wra
pped
with
Filt
er
Fab
ric
in Sha
llow
Tre
nche
s
I'
Sha
llow
Tre
nch
See
page
Are
a
Dra
in
No.
2.6
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
SE
EP
AG
E
DR
AIN
S
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
See
page
laye
r
drai
ns
shou
ld
be used to
drai
n
smal
l
area
s,
whi
le
seep
age
area
drai
ns
shou
ld
be used for
larg
er
site
s.
In som
e
inst
ance
s it may be ne
cess
ary
to
cons
ider
anti-
seep
colla
rs
on the
drai
n
pipe
.
It is impo
rtan
t
to dete
rmin
e
the
type an
d
caus
e of the
seep
age
prob
lem
,
for
exam
ple,
whe
ther
the
seep
age
occu
rs
abov
e
an impe
rmea
ble
laye
r
or over a
larg
e
port
ion
of the
bank
area
.
It is also
impo
rtan
t
to dete
rmin
e
the
volu
me
of seep
age
wat
er to be drai
ned
and
the
acce
ssib
ility
of the
seep
age
area
in orde
r
to inst
all
the
drai
n.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
The
sele
ctio
n
and
desi
gn
of the
seep
age
drai
n is depe
nden
t
on the
caus
e of the
seep
age
prob
lem
,
as wel
l
as the
othe
r
rem
edia
l
mea
sure
s
to be inst
alle
d.
For
this
reas
on,
assi
stan
ce
of a soils
engi
neer
or othe
r
pers
on
expe
rienc
ed
in
the
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
of eros
ion
and
silta
tion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s is
reco
mm
ende
d.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
See
page
Are
a
Dra
in
1. Pre
pare
the
site
as desi
gned
.
2. Exc
avat
e
the
drai
n
tren
ches
.
3. Inst
all
the
drai
n
pipe
.
4. Bac
kfill
the
drai
n
tren
ches
.
5. Com
plet
e
othe
r
desi
gned
mea
sure
wor
k.
See
page
Laye
r
Dra
in
1. Pre
pare
the
site
as desi
gned
.
2. Exc
avat
e
the
area by re
mov
ing
the
soft
and
wet
mat
eria
l.
3. Inst
all
a laye
r
of gran
ular
fill.
4. Bac
kfill
the
area with
the
drie
d-ou
t,
exca
vate
d
mat
eria
l.
5. Com
plet
e
othe
r
desi
gned
rem
edia
l
mea
sure
wor
k.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.3
Geo
text
ile
Filt
er
Fab
ric
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.4
Sto
rm
Dra
in
Out
let
Pro
tect
ion
See
page
Laye
r
Dra
in
)
rem
edia
l
Rep
lace
men
t
of
Exc
avat
ed
Mat
eria
l
1
Gra
nula
r
Fill
Filt
er
Fab
ric]
PU
RP
OS
E
• To
prev
ent
eros
ion
of gully
or ditc
h
botto
ms:
by slow
ing
velo
city
of
conc
entr
ated
runo
ff;
by colle
ctin
g
and
hold
ing
moi
stur
e
and
soil in the
botto
m of the
gulli
es,
ther
eby
faci
litat
-
ing
the
esta
blis
hmen
t
of stab
ilizi
ng
vege
tatio
n
• To
trap
smal
l
amou
nts
of sedi
men
t
by
redu
cing
velo
city
• To
prev
ent
silt
(cau
sed
by shee
t
and
nil
eros
ion)
from
bein
g
depo
site
d
on
land
s
dow
nstr
eam
from
thos
e
bein
g
deve
lope
d
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Che
ck
dam
s
mus
t
not
be used in
wat
erco
urse
s;
they
are
only
for
ditc
hes
carr
ying
stor
m
drai
nage
.
Per
man
ent
chec
k
dam
s
can be used
:
• In gully
botto
ms
whe
re
chan
nel
grad
ient
is too
stee
p
for a ve
geta
tive
linin
g
alon
e
and
whe
re
the
chan
nel
is
too
larg
e
for
prac
tical
inst
alla
tion
of
stru
ctur
al
linin
gs
Tem
pora
ry
chec
k
dam
s
can
be used
:
• In gulli
es
that
have
been
regr
aded
to
aid in ve
geta
tion
esta
blis
hmen
t
• Onl
y
in gulli
es
that
have
drai
nage
area
s of less
than 4 ha (10
ac.)
and
whe
re
wat
er
velo
city is le
ss
than 2 m
(6.5
ft.)/
sec.
,
or is inte
rmitt
ent
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Mak
e
use of re
adily
avai
labl
e
mat
e-
rials
;
ther
efor
e,
cost is m
inim
al
• Car
eful
ly
desi
gned
and
loca
ted,
mos
t
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
Che
ck
dam
s
are
cons
truc
ted,
with
slig
ht
varia
tions
in met
hod,
of vario
us
mat
e-
rials
,
depe
ndin
g
on wha
t
is read
ily
avai
labl
e
and
whe
ther
the
chec
k
dam is
to be perm
anen
t
or tem
pora
ry.
Con
stru
c-
tion is la
bour
inte
nsiv
e.
The
y
mus
t
be care
fully
desi
gned
and
cons
truc
ted
to avoi
d
was
hout
s.
The
y
are
limite
d
to trea
ting
runo
ff
from
only
smal
l
drai
nage
area
s,
so cons
ider
a-
tion
mus
t
be give
n
to usin
g
thes
e
stru
ctur
es in conj
unct
ion
with
othe
r
drai
nage
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
Sev
eral
chec
k
dam
s,
not
over
400
mm
(1.3
ft.)
high
,
are
pref
erab
le
to a few
larg
er
dam
s.
Loca
te
chec
k
dam
s
in the
ditc
h
or gully
to redu
ce
runo
ff
velo
citie
s
and
max
imiz
e
the
sedi
men
t-tr
appi
ng
capa
city
.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
Det
erm
ine if th
e
chec
k
dam is to be
perm
anen
t
or tem
pora
ry
and
sele
ct
the
mat
eria
l.
The
type of chec
k
dam
will
be
dete
rmin
ed
by the
volu
me
and
velo
city
of
the
runo
ff
and
the
requ
ired
life
expe
c-
tanc
y of the
dam
.
The
follo
win
g
are
exam
ples
of perm
a-
nent
and
tem
pora
ry
chec
k
dam
s:
Per
man
ent:
Roc
k
Dam
s
Gab
ion
Dam
s
Pla
nk
or Sla
b
Dam
s
Sod
ded
Ear
th
Fill
Dam
s
San
dbag
Dam
s
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
ER
OS
ION
AN
DS
ED
IME
NT
FA
CT
S H E El
CO
NT
RO
L
CA
TE
GO
RY
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
CH
EC
K
DA
MS
(GE
NE
RA
L)
No.
2.7
Pag
e 1 of 2
June
1988
Che
ck
dam
s
are
also
calle
d
sedi
men
t
trap
s
or silt
trap
s.
chec
k
dam
s
can
rem
ain
as perm
anen
t
stru
ctur
es
Tem
pora
ry:
Roc
k
Dam
s
San
dbag
Dam
s
Bru
sh
Dam
s
No.
2.7
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
CH
EC
K
DA
MS
(GE
NE
RA
L)
1. If the
side
slop
es of the
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
to a mor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
2. Mak
e
the
cent
re of the
chec
k
dam
(i.e.
,
the
spill
way
)
as broa
d
and
as
near
ly
flat
as poss
ible
.
3. Rai
se
each
end of the
dam
450
mm
(1.5
ft.)
or mor
e to prot
ect
the
bank
.
4. Set
the
win
g
wal
ls of the
chec
k
dam
wel
l
back
into
the
bank
(key
ed-in
).
5. Mak
e
sure the
dam
s
are
embe
dded
belo
w
the
chan
nel
surf
ace
to pre-
vent
unde
rmin
ing.
6. Pla
ce a prot
ectiv
e
apro
n at the
foot
of the
chec
k
dam
,
exte
ndin
g it 1 m
(3.3
ft.)
beyo
nd
the
mai
n
spill
way
and
on both
bank
s
of the
ditc
h.
Thi
s
will
prev
ent
the
falli
ng
wat
er
from
unde
rmin
ing
the
stru
ctur
e.
7. The
num
ber
of dam
s
will
be dete
r-
min
ed
by the
slop
e
of the
ditc
h
and
the
soil
erod
ibili
ty.
8. Det
erm
ine
the
vege
tativ
e
linin
g
for
the
gully
, if
nece
ssar
y.
9. If a notc
h
spill
way is be
ing
used it
shou
ld
be broa
d
and
shal
low
,
rath
er
than
narr
ow
and
stee
p.
10.
Exc
avat
e
a smal
l
area just
upst
ream
of the
chec
k
dam
.
Thi
s
area will
prov
ide
som
e
capa
city
for
trap
ping
sedi
men
t.
11.
Mak
e
sure the
top of the
chec
k
dam
is as high as the
base of the
one
upst
ream
.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
The
impl
emen
tatio
n
step
s
for
each
type
of chec
k
dam
are
give
n
in the
indi
vidu
al
fact
shee
ts.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Tip
s
on mai
nten
ance
for
each
type of
chec
k
dam
are
give
n
in the
indi
vidu
al
fact
shee
ts.
If the
chec
k
dam
s
are
perm
anen
t,
cons
ider
atio
n
mus
t
be give
n
to allo
win
g
acce
ss to the
stru
ctur
e
for
any
nece
ssar
y
repa
irs.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.4
Tem
pora
ry
Mat
ting
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.5
Veg
etat
ive
Lini
ngs
&
Buf
fer
Str
ips
)
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
ER
OS
ION
AN
DS
ED
IME
NT
CO
NT
RO
L
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
BR
US
H
DA
M
No. 2.7 A
Pag
e 1 of 2
June
1988
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Bru
sh
dam
s
may no
t
be used in a na
tura
l
wat
erco
urse
.
How
ever
,
they
can be used
in gulli
es
with
smal
l
drai
nage
area
s,
low
runo
ff
velo
city
and
soil
cond
ition
s
that
perm
it
the
driv
ing
of nece
ssar
y
anch
orin
g
stak
es
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Inex
pens
ive
and
easi
ly
cons
truc
ted
• Mat
eria
l
read
ily
avai
labl
e
at or near
site
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
• May be ae
sthe
tical
ly
unac
cept
able
•
Und
er
cont
inuo
us
flow
cond
ition
s
brus
h
may
even
tual
ly
rot
•
Lim
ited
to rela
tivel
y
low
flow
s
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
The
kind
chos
en
for a pa
rtic
ular
site
depe
nds
on the
amou
nt of brus
h
avai
l-
able
and
the
size of gully to be
cont
rolle
d.
Reg
ardl
ess
of the
type
used
, it is
impo
rtan
t
that
the
cent
re of the
dam
be
kept
low
er
than
the
ends to al
low
wat
er
to flow
over the
dam
rath
er
than
arou
nd it.D
ES
IGN
ST
EP
S
Fol
low
the
desi
gn
step
s
liste
d
in Che
ck
Dam
s
—
Gen
eral
,
Fac
tshe
et
2.7.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. If the
side
slop
es of the
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
to a mor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
2. Exc
avat
e
the
side
s
of the
chan
nel
to
allo
w
the
dam
to be keye
d-in
.
3. Con
stru
ct
the
dam
.
• Driv
e
100
mm (4 in.)
diam
eter
woo
den
post
s
into
the
botto
m
of
the
ditc
h
or gully
.
The
cent
er
post
s
shou
ld
be set
abou
t
600
mm
(2 ft.)
apar
t
and
driv
en in abou
t
900
mm
-i
m (3-3 1/2
ft.).
The
tops of the
cent
er
post
s
shou
ld
be
abou
t
300
mm to 600
mm
(1-2
ft.)
belo
w
the
top of the
gully
bank
s.
• Pla
ce a 150
mm (6 in.)
laye
r
of
litte
r
betw
een
the
post
s
and
on the
gully
botto
m
and
side
s,
exte
ndin
g
dow
nstr
eam
from the
post
s
for
abou
t
1.8
m (6 ft.).
Litte
r
cons
ists
of twig
s,
stra
w,
etc.
•
Pla
ce
the
brus
h,
with the
long
er,
stra
ight
er
limbs
used for
an apro
n,
in a laye
r
acro
ss
the
botto
m.
The
shor
ter
dam
brus
h
wou
ld
then be
laye
red
on top of the
apro
n
brus
h,
and
tram
ped.
The
butt
ends of the
brus
h
are
plac
ed
upst
ream
be-
twee
n
the
post
s.
Usu
ally
,
the
gully
can be al
mos
t
fille
d
with
brus
h,
and
whe
n
the
cros
s
pole
s
are
plac
ed,
the
brus
h
will
be forc
ed
dow
n
into a co
mpa
ct
mas
s.
•
Pla
ce
the
cros
s
pole
s
on the
upst
ream
side of the
post
s.
One or
two
men
shou
ld
stan
d
on thes
e
pole
s
to
com
pres
s
the
brus
h
prop
erly
whi
le
the
pole
s
are
bein
g
wire
d
to the
post
s
and
stak
es
with
no. 9 ga
lvan
ized
wire
.
• Pla
ce a laye
r
of litte
r
agai
nst
the
upst
ream
face of the
dam
,
and
care
fully
pack it into
the
open
ings
betw
een
the
butt
ends of the
brus
h.
No.
2.7 A
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
BR
US
H
DA
M
4. The
side
s
of the
ditc
h
shou
ld
be
stab
ilize
d
by mea
ns of sodd
ing,
seed
ing,
mul
chin
g,
or grav
ellin
g
imm
edia
tely
afte
r
cons
truc
tion.
Sid
e
Vie
w
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Rem
ove
any
build
-up
of silt
on the
upst
ream
side of the
dam
.
Rep
air
or reve
geta
te
any
was
hed-
out
or
erod
ed
area
s.
600
mm
)
Cro
ss-S
ectio
nal
Vie
w
from
Ups
trea
m
Sid
e
I Pol
es
wire
d
to post
s
i mm
Sta
ke,
900
mm
long
appr
ox.
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Roc
k
dam
s
mayno
t
beusedinana
tura
l
wat
erco
urse
.
How
ever
,
they
maybeused
ingulli
esoflowtom
oder
ate
(1-8
°) slop
e,
havi
ngasmal
l
drai
nage
area
,
and
whe
reasour
ceofsuita
ble
rockis
avai
labl
e.
Fle
xibi
lity
and
wei
ght
cons
tant
ly
hold
daminco
ntac
t
with
gully
botto
m
•Eas
y
tocons
truc
t,
depe
ndin
g
on
loca
tion
•Mat
eria
ls
norm
ally
are
read
ily
avai
labl
e
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Req
uire
s
freq
uent
insp
ectio
n
and
mai
nten
ance
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
Siz
e
ofston
e
used
shou
ld
bedire
ctly
prop
ortio
nal
tothe
antic
ipat
ed
velo
cityof
runo
ff
tobetrea
ted.If25
-50
mm
(1-2
in.)
rockisuseditisne
cess
ary
to
prot
ect
the
cent
re
and
back
sideofthe
dam
with
100
mm(4in
.)
rock
.Iflarg
er
rockisavai
labl
e,
agrad
atio
n
ofston
e
size
shou
ld
beused
with
none
smal
ler
than
100-
150
mm(4
-6
in.)
Ifonly
larg
e
ston
eisavai
labl
e,itis
nece
ssar
y
toplac
e
filte
r
fabr
ic
unde
r
the
ston
etoprev
ent
the
finer
soil
part
icle
s
from
was
hing
away
.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
Fol
low
the
desi
gn
step
s
liste
d
inChe
ck
Dam
s
—
Gen
eral
,
Fac
tshe
et
2.7.
Sev
eral
chec
k
dam
s,
rath
er
than
one
or
two,
will
likel
y
berequ
ired.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1.Ifthe
side
slop
esofthe
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
toamor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
2.Exc
avat
e
the
side
softhe
chan
nel
to
allo
w
the
damtobeke
yed-
in.
3.Con
stru
ct
the
dam
.
•Exc
avat
e
acro
ss
the
gullyorditc
h
toadept
hof250
mm(1
0
in.)
. •Ifonly
larg
e
rock
s
are
avai
labl
e,
lay
theminrow
s
acro
ss
the
gully
or
ditc
h
with
suffi
cien
t
over
lays
to
prod
uce
ashin
gle
effe
ct.
•Kee
p
the
cent
reofthe
dam
low
er
than
the
side
s.
•Con
stru
ct
aston
e
apro
nifnece
s-
sary
from
belo
w
the
spili
waytoa
FA
CT
S
HE
ET
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
RO
CK
DA
M
No.
2.7B
Pag
e1of2
June
1988
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
No.
2.7 B
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
RO
CK
DA
M
poin
t 1 m (3.3
ft.)
dow
nstr
eam
.
The
apro
n
shou
ld
also
prot
ect
the
bank
s
of the
ditc
h. If runo
ff
velo
citie
s
are
low
and a dam is to
be cons
truc
ted
of 25-5
0
mm
(1-2
in.)
rock
,
an apro
n is not
need
ed.
•
Con
stru
ct
the
next
dam
.
4. The
side
s
of the
ditc
h
shou
ld
be
stab
ilize
d
by mea
ns of sodd
ing,
seed
ing,
mul
chin
g,
or grav
ellin
g
imm
edia
tely
afte
r
cons
truc
tion.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Rep
lace
any
disp
lace
d
ston
e
and
rem
ove
any
build
-up
of silt
from the
upst
ream
side of the
dam
.
)
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Gab
ion
bask
et
dam
s
mayno
t
beusedin
natu
ral
wat
erco
urse
s.
How
ever
,
they
can
beusedingu
llies
orditc
hes
ofmod
erat
e
(8-1
2°)
slop
e,
havi
ngasmal
l-
to
med
ium
-siz
ed
drai
nage
area
,
and
whe
re
asour
ceofsuita
ble
rockisav
aila
ble.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Canbeused
whe
re
only
smal
l
rock
isavai
labl
e
•Mor
e
dura
ble
than
othe
r
chec
k
dam
s
•Fle
xibi
lity
and
wei
ght
cons
tant
ly
hold
daminco
ntac
t
with
ditc
h
botto
m
•Res
ista
nt
tovand
alis
m
•Mor
e
resi
stan
t
todam
age
byfairl
y
high
velo
citie
s
than
othe
r
type
sof
chec
k
dam
s
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Mor
e
expe
nsiv
e
than
othe
r
type
sof
chec
k
dam
s
Alth
ough
ston
e
redu
ces
wat
er
velo
city
,
evensm
all
ston
es
are
not
very
effic
ient
attrap
ping
sedi
men
t.
The
trap
ping
effic
ienc
y
ofston
e
canbeim
prov
ed
by
plac
ing
alaye
r
ofstra
winthe
botto
m
of
the
gabi
ontoassi
stinthe
filte
ring
actio
n.
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
Gab
ion
bask
ets
are
the
mos
t
perm
anen
t
typeofchec
k
dam
.
The
y
com
eina
varie
tyofstan
dard
size
s
and
are
norm
ally
held
toge
ther
with
wire
ties.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
Fol
low
the
desi
gn
step
s
liste
d
inChe
ck
Dam
s
—
Gen
eral
,
Fac
tshe
et
2.7.
Nov
a
Sco
tia
416
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
ER
OS
ION
AN
DC
ON
TR
OL
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
SE
DIM
EN
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
MS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
GA
BIO
N
BA
SK
ET
DA
M
No.
2.7C
Pag
e1of2
June
1988
Aprop
erly
inst
alle
d
serie
s
ofgabi
on
chec
k
dam
s.
Not
e
also
the
effe
ctiv
e-
nessofhy
dros
eedi
ng
and
linin
g
the
ditc
h
with
rocktoac
hiev
e
max
imum
eros
ion
cont
rol.
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
GA
BIO
N
BA
SK
ET
DA
M
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. If the
side
slop
es of the
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
to a mor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
2. Exc
avat
e
the
side
s
of the
chan
nel
to
allo
w
the
dam to be ke
yed-
in.
3. Con
stru
ct
the
dam
.
• Set
the
botto
m
of the
wire
bask
ets
appr
oxim
atel
y
300
mm
(12
in.)
belo
w
the
botto
m of the
ditc
h.
• Fill
the
wire
bask
ets
with
rock
and
a laye
r
of stra
w,
and
wire
shut
.
• Pla
ce a rock
apro
n
just
dow
n-
stre
am of the
bask
ets
and
exte
nd it
to a poin
t 1 m (3.3
ft.)
from the
gabi
on.
4. Sta
biliz
e
the
side
s
of the
ditc
h
by
sodd
ing,
seed
ing,
mul
chin
g,
or grav
el-
ling
imm
edia
tely
afte
r
cons
truc
tion.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Rep
air
any
brok
en
wire
.
Rem
ove
any
build
-up
of silt
from the
upst
ream
side of the
dam
.
No.
2.7 C
Pag
e 2 of 2
)
Nova Scotia
Department of the Environment
EROSION AND
SEDIMENT CONTROL FACTSHEET CATEGORY CONTROL MEASURE
DRAINAGE CONTROL PLANK DAM
No. 2.7 0 Page 1 of 2 June 1988
CONDITIONS WHERE APPLICABLE
Plank dams may not be used in a natural watercourse. They can be used: • In gullies with small- to medium-
sized drainage areas • When a durable check dam is
needed
• Easily constructed • Heavy board, slabs or railroad ties
can be used instead of planks
DISADVANTAGES
• Planks may rot if submerged condi- tions prevail
DESIGN STEPS
ADVANTAGES
• Inexpensive (given availability of
materials)
Follow the design steps listed in Check
Dams — General, Factsheet 2.7.
Posts: either an Iron Bar or Wood Stake 0.8 m below grade
[rade Slope 2:1
tTrap 1.. -f Dam
Place Planks 0.3 m below grade
No.
2.7 D
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
PLA
NK
DA
M
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. If the
side
slop
es
of the
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
to a mor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
2. Exc
avat
e
the
side
s
of the
Cha
nnel
to
allo
w
the
dam to be ke
yed-
in.
3. Bui
ld
the
dam
.
• Set
the
post
s in a stra
ight
row
acro
ss
the
gully to a dept
h
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 1 m (3.3
ft.).
• Set
the
post
s
imm
edia
tely
on each
side of the
spili
way
.
• Dig a na
rrow
tren
ch
alon
g
the
upst
ream
side
300
mm (1 ft.)
deep
and
wid
e
enou
gh
to perm
it
plac
ing
the
botto
m
plan
k
and a th
in
laye
r
of stra
w
or gras
s
as a seal
.
The
n
back
fill
with
wel
l-pac
ked
eart
h.
•N
ail
plan
ks
to post
s
with the
ends
of the
plan
ks
set
wel
l
into
the
bank
s.
• Cut in the
spili
way
notc
h.
4. Inst
all
the
apro
n.
• Use
eith
er
rock
or brus
h
to form
the
apro
n.
•
Exc
avat
e
an area of at leas
t
450
mm
(1.5
ft.)
beyo
nd
each
side of the
notc
h
spill
way
ends
and
dow
nstr
eam
at leas
t
twic
e
the
effe
ctiv
e
heig
ht of the
dam to a
dept
h
of 50-7
0
mm
(2-3
in.)
.
•
Whe
re
brus
h
is used
,
lay it in the
area with the
cut
ends
upst
ream
.
• Pla
ce
long
piec
es in the
botto
m
and
shor
ter
piec
es
on top,
sim
ilar
to the
way
shin
gles
are
laid
.
•
Anc
hor
the
brus
h
with
shor
t
stak
es.
• If rock is bein
g
used
,
fifl
the
area
with
larg
e
rock
up to the
orig
inal
gully
botto
m
leve
l.
5. Sta
biliz
e
the
side
s
of the
ditc
h
by
sodd
ing,
seed
ing,
mul
chin
g,
or grav
el-
ling
imm
edia
tely
afte
r
cons
truc
tion.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Onc
e
inst
alle
d,
a plan
k
dam
requ
ires
only
a min
imum of ro
utin
e
mai
nten
ance
.
Rep
air
any
dam
age
to the
apro
n.
Rem
ove
any
build
-up
of silt
from the
upst
ream
side of the
dam
.
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
ER
OS
ION
AN
DS
ED
IME
NT
CO
NT
RO
L
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
SO
DD
ED
EA
RT
H
FIL
L
DA
M
No.
2.7 E
Pag
e 1 of 2
June
1988
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Ear
th
fill
dam
s
may no
t
be used in a
natu
ral
wat
erco
urse
.
How
ever
,
they
can
be used in smal
l-
or med
ium
-siz
ed
gulli
es
(1-1
.7
m or 3.3-
5.6
ft.)
and a ch
anne
l
grad
e
that is re
lativ
ely
flat
(3:1
).
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Giv
es a quic
k
cove
ring,
espe
cial
ly
whe
n
usin
g
gras
ses
whi
ch
spre
ad
by
stol
ons
or root
stoc
ks
•
Effe
ctiv
e
mea
ns of esta
blis
hing
vege
tatio
n
in area
s
whe
re
runo
ff
wou
ld
was
h
out
new
ly-e
stab
lishe
d
vege
tatio
n
• Can be m
ore
cost
-effe
ctiv
e
than
othe
r
stru
ctur
es in inst
ance
s
whe
re
runo
ff is not
exce
ssiv
e
and
good
soil
is avai
labl
e
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
• May
requ
ire a long
er
time
than
othe
r
stru
ctur
es
to prov
ide
com
plet
e
stab
iliza
tion
of the
ditc
h
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
Fol
low
the
desi
gn
step
s
liste
d
in Che
ck
Dam
s
—
Gen
eral
,
Fac
tshe
et
2.7.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. If the
side
slop
es of the
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
to a mor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
2. Exc
avat
e
the
side
s
of the
chan
nel
to
allo
w
the
dam to be ke
yed-
in.
I Sod
plac
ed
up theI gu
lly
side
s
15-3
0cmI ab
ove
the
min
imum
leve
l
expe
cted
Are
as to
be seed
ed
Sod
strip
apro
nre
com
men
ded
Exc
avat
ed a smal
l
sedi
men
t
trap on
the
upst
ream
side
of the
dam
Dow
nstr
eam
slop
e
4:1
No.
2.7 E
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
I
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
SO
DD
ED
EA
RT
H
FIL
L
DA
M
3. Bui
ld
the
dam
.
• Pac
k
the fill
wel
l
and
avoi
d
heig
hts
grea
ter
than
500
mm
(1.6
ft.).
• Mak
e
sure
that
the
top of the fill is
low in the
cent
re
and
grad
ually
curv
es
upw
ard
to mee
t
the
gully
side
s
in orde
r
to prov
ide
the
nece
ssar
y
spili
way
capa
city
.
• Avo
id
side
slop
es of the
dam in
exce
ss of 3:1
on the
upst
ream
side
and
4:1
on the
dow
nstr
eam
side
.
(See
sket
ch.)
• Sod
eart
h
fills
para
llel
to the
flow
and
on the
dow
nstr
eam
side of the
dam
.
4. Veg
etat
e
the
ditc
h.
Alte
rnat
ive
Dam
Sod
Str
ip
Che
ck
• Lay
sod
strip
s,
appr
oxim
atel
y
300
mm (1 ft.)
wid
e, in a shal
low
tren
ch of the
sam
e
wid
th.
• Mak
e
sure
that
the
strip
s
are
flush
or slig
htly
belo
w
the
bed of the
gully
.
•
Ext
end
the
strip
s
up the
gully
side
at leas
t
150
mm (6 in.)
abov
e
the
expe
cted
high
wat
er
leve
ls.
•
Spa
ce
the
strip
s
700
mm
-1.2
m
(2.3
-3.9
ft.)
apar
t;
the
dist
ance
can
vary
depe
ndin
g
on the
spre
ad-
ing
char
acte
ristic
s
of the
sod
used
.
•
Con
tour
sod
strip
s
can be used
whe
re
vege
tatio
n is diffi
cult
to
esta
blis
h
due
to the
stee
pnes
s
of
the
slop
e.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Rep
air
and
reve
geta
te
any
erod
ed
or
was
hed-
out
area
s.
Rem
ove
any
build
-up
of silt
from the
upst
ream
side of the
dam
.
)
Exp
ecte
d
Hig
h
Wat
er
Leve
l
-
Are
as to be
See
ded
Nova Scotia
Department of the Environment
EROSION AND
SEDIMENT CONTROL FACTSHEET CATEGORY CONTROL MEASURE
DRAINAGE CONTROL SANDBAG DAM
Section A-A
No. 2.7 F
Page 1 of 2 June 1988
No.
2.7 F
Pag
e 2 of 2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
l.
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
SA
ND
BA
G
DA
M
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
San
dbag
dam
s
may no
t
be used in
natu
ral
wat
erco
urse
s.
How
ever
,
they
can
be used in gu
llies
with
smal
l
drai
nage
area
s
and
low
runo
ff
velo
city
.
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Inex
pens
ive
• Eas
y
to cons
truc
t
•
Goo
d
alte
rnat
ive
whe
re
rock is
unav
aila
ble
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•
Effe
ctiv
e
only
whe
n
plac
ed in
ditc
hes
that
have
rela
tivel
y
low
volu
mes
of runo
ff
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
The
mai
n
desi
gn
cons
ider
atio
n
is the
volu
me
and
velo
city
of the
flow
.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
Fol
low
the
desi
gn
step
s
liste
d
in Che
ck
Dam
s
—
Gen
eral
,
Fac
tshe
et
2.7.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
1. If the
side
slop
es of the
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
to a mor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
2. Exc
avat
e
the
side
s
of the
chan
nel
to
allo
w
the
dam to be ke
yed-
in.
3. Exc
avat
e
acro
ss
the
gully
or ditc
h
to
a dept
h
of 250
mm
(10
in.)
.
4. Lay
sand
bags
in a row
acro
ss
the
gully
and
at leas
t
two
bags
high
.
The
bags
shou
ld
be over
lapp
ed
so as to
prod
uce
a shin
gle
effe
ct.
5. Pla
ce
sand
bags
as an apro
n
belo
w
the
spill
way
and
exte
nded
at leas
t
1 m (3.3
ft.)
dow
nstr
eam
.
6. Sta
biliz
e
the
side
s
of the
ditc
h
by
sodd
ing,
seed
ing,
mul
chin
g,
or
grav
ellin
g
imm
edia
tely
afte
r
cons
truc
tion.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Rem
ove
any
build
-up
of silt
from the
upst
ream
side of the
dam
.
Rep
air
any
was
h-ou
ts
and
repl
ace
any
bags
that
have
beco
me
disp
lace
d.
)
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Str
aw
barr
iers
mayno
t
beusedina
natu
ral
wat
erco
urse
.
The
y
areash
ort-
term
mea
sure
and
are
effe
ctiv
e
only
whe
n
trea
ting
runo
ff
from
very
smal
l
drai
nage
area
s
forash
ort
time.
The
re-
fore
,
thei
r
cost
-effe
ctiv
enes
s
isques
tion-
able
unde
r
som
e
uses
.
Bur
lap
or
geot
extil
e
filte
rs
wou
ld
besuita
ble
subs
titut
es.
Str
aw
barr
iers
canbeused
:
•Whe
n
norm
al
flow
s
are
min
imal
or
whe
re
cond
ition
s
exis
t
for
runo
ff
from
infr
eque
nt,
high
-inte
nsity
rain
fall
•Inshal
low
ditc
hes
orswal
es
•Alo
ng
the
sideofw
ater
way
s
or
prop
erty
boun
darie
s
durin
g
cons
truc
-
tionofot
her
mea
sure
s
•Indrai
nage
area
sofless
than1ha
(2.5
ac.)
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Low
cost
•An
effe
ctiv
e
prev
enta
tive
cont
rol
mea
sure
agai
nst
sedi
men
tatio
n
from
rain
fall,
whi
le
cons
truc
ting
mor
e
elab
orat
e
eros
ion
cont
rol
stru
ctur
es
and/
or
allo
win
g
vege
tatio
n
to
esta
blis
h
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Mus
t
beclea
ned
out,
repa
ired,
and
repl
aced
regu
larly
tomai
ntai
n
effe
ctiv
enes
s
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
ER
OS
ION
AN
DS
ED
IME
NT
CO
NT
RO
L
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
RA
W
FIL
TE
R
BA
RR
IER
No.
2.8
Pag
e1of3
June
1988
Roa
dway
bein
g
built
overabroo
k.
pond(o
ut
ofview
)
onvalle
y
floor
,
Str
aw
barr
ier
inte
rcep
ts
shee
t
flow
,
ther
eby
grea
tly
redu
cing
gully
ing
of
dive
rtin
gittoatem
pora
ry
silta
tion
the
road
emba
nkm
ent.
No.
2.8
Pag
e2of3
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
RA
W
FIL
TE
R
BA
RR
IER
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
Str
aw
filte
r
barr
iers
are
desi
gned
to
allo
w
wat
ertoflow
thro
ugh,
not
over
,
the
barr
ier;
ther
efor
e,ifprop
erly
inst
alle
d
and
mai
ntai
ned,
they
requ
ire
noapro
n.
The
bale
s
plugupwith
sedi
men
t
very
quic
kly
and
requ
ire
cons
tant
surv
eilla
nce
and
clos
e
atte
ntio
n
tomai
nten
ance
.
If
the
bale
s
are
not
repl
aced
whe
n
plug
ged
with
sedi
men
t,
arock
apro
n
mus
t
be
cons
truc
ted
onthe
dow
nslo
pe
sideofthe
barr
ier.
The
max
imum
lifeisap
prox
imat
ely3
mon
ths,
orcons
ider
ably
less
unde
r
wet
ter
cond
ition
s
and
succ
essi
ve
stor
ms.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
Exp
erie
nce
has
show
n
that
stra
w
barr
iers
plac
ed
onvario
us
kind
s
ofcons
truc
tion
proj
ects
inNov
a
Sco
tia
and
else
whe
re
have
had
high
rate
soffailu
re
beca
use
of
impr
oper
inst
alla
tion
and
use.
Whe
n
impr
oper
ly
plac
ed,
unde
rcut
ting
and
end
flow
occu
rs,
whi
ch
actu
ally
incr
ease
s
the
amou
ntofsedi
men
t
erod
ed
and
tran
s-
port
ed
byruno
ff
1.Ifthe
barr
ier
isusedinadi
tch
or
swal
e,
and
the
side
slop
esofthe
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
toamor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
Exc
avat
e
the
side
s
ofthe
ditc
h
toallo
w
the
bale
s
tobekeye
d-
in.
Ref
er
tothe
desi
gn
step
s
liste
d
in
Che
ck
Dam
s
—
Gen
eral
,
Fac
tshe
et
2.7.
2.Exc
avat
e
the
tren
ch.
•Exc
avat
e
atren
ch
the
wid
thofa
stra
w
bale
and
the
leng
thofthe
prop
osed
barr
ier
toamin
imum
dept
h
of100-
150
mm(4
-6
in.)
belo
w
the
surf
ace.
Str
aw
ba/e
s
usedtofilte
r
sedi
men
t
nearthe
edgeofalake
—
here
,
one
smal
l
lotisbe
ing
deve
lope
d.
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
RA
W
FIL
TE
R
BA
RR
IER
No.
2.8
Pag
e3of3
3.Pla
ce
the
stra
w
bale
s.
•Pla
ce
the
bale
s
onthei
r
side
s
and
tight
ly
toge
therinthe
tren
ch.(If th
e
bale
s
have
been
tied
with
non-
degr
adab
le
twin
e,
they
shou
ld
be
plac
ed
ontheflat.)
•Driv
e
two
stur
dy
woo
den
orstee
l
stak
es
thro
ugh
each
bale
,
deep
enou
ghtoanch
or
them
secu
rely
.
Driv
e
the
first
stak
e
ineach
bale
tow
ard
the
prev
ious
ly
laid
bale
to
forc
e
the
bale
s
toge
ther
.
•Wed
ge
loos
e
stra
w
betw
een
any
crac
ks
orothe
r
open
ings
and
scat
ter
loos
e
stra
w
overthe
soil
on
the
uphi
ll
sideofthe
barr
ier.
Sub
sequ
ent
mov
emen
t
ofthe
loos
e
stra
w
tend
s
toseal
any
unde
tect
ed
open
ingsinthe
barr
ier.
4.Bac
kfill
•Bac
kfill
and
light
ly
com
pact
the
exca
vate
d
soil
uptoadept
hof
100
mm(4in
.)
agai
nst
the
up-
slop
e
sideofthe
barr
ier.
•Bac
kfill
and
com
pact
the
exca
vate
d
soil
togrou
nd
leve
l
onthe
dow
n-
slop
e
side
.
5.Digase
dim
ent
traponthe
sideofthe
barr
ier.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
upsl
ope
The
barr
ier
shou
ld
bechec
ked
regu
larly
and
repl
aced
,ifnece
ssar
y,
afte
r
each
rain
stor
m.Itsh
ould
berepl
acedifthe
bale
s
beco
me
clog
ged
with
silt.(W
et
bale
s
are
very
heav
y.)
Rem
ove
the
build
upofsedi
men
t
from
the
upsl
ope
sideofthe
barr
ier.
The
barr
ier
can
norm
ally
berem
oved
afte
r
othe
r
mea
sure
s
have
been
com
-
plet
ed
and
cont
rol
iswel
l
esta
blis
hed.
Her
e,
the
stra
w
bale
s
are
cove
red
with
crus
hed
ston
e
and
used
asa
bermtofilte
r
runo
ff
fromalarg
e
cons
truc
tion
areabe
foreitflo
ws
off
the
site
intoast
orm
sew
er.
No.
2.9
Pag
e2of2
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
FIL
TE
R
FA
BR
IC
BA
RR
IER
(GE
OT
EX
TIL
E)
slop
esofthe
ditc
h
are
stee
p,
regr
ade
toamor
e
stab
le
slop
e.
For
furt
her
info
rmat
ion,
see
Fac
tshe
et
2.7,
Che
ck
Dam
s
—
Gen
eral
.
3.Exc
avat
e
the
tren
ch.
•Exc
avat
e
a100
mm(4in
.)
by
100
mm(4in
.)
tren
chinacres
-
cent
shap
e
acro
ss
the
flow
path
,
with
ends
poin
ting
upsl
ope.
4.Set
woo
d
stak
es
supp
lied
bythe
man
ufac
ture
r.
•Driv
e
stur
dy,
50mm(2in
.)
squa
re
woo
d
stak
es,
spac
ed1m(3.3
ft.) ap
art,
secu
rely
into
the
grou
nd
alon
g
the
dow
nslo
pe
sideofthe
tren
ch.
Not
e:Ifthe
grou
ndishard
,
apick
orstee
l
bar
willbene
eded
.
5.Inst
all
the
filte
r
barr
ier.
•The
filte
r
fabr
ic
shou
ld
beina
cont
inuo
us
roll
and
cut
toits
desi
red
leng
th.
(Avo
idin
g
seam
s
impr
oves
the
stre
ngth
and
effi-
cien
cyofthe
barr
ier.
) •Sta
ple
the
filte
r
fabr
ic
tothe
upst
ream
sideofthe
stak
es,
exte
ndin
g
the
botto
m
200
mm
(8in.)
into
the
tren
ch.
•The
filte
r
barr
ier
shou
ld
not
exce
ed
900
mm(3
6
in.)
inheig
ht.
6.Bac
kfill
.
•Bac
kfill
and
com
pact
the
soilinthe
tren
ch
overthe
filte
r
fabr
ic.
7.Veg
etat
e
expo
sed
soil
imm
edia
tely
.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Cle
an
out
accu
mul
ated
sedi
men
t
at
regu
lar
inte
rval
s
and
afte
r
seve
re
rain
stor
ms,
and
prom
ptly
repa
ir
the
barr
ierif
unde
rcuf
ting
orend
flow
has
occu
rred
.
The
barr
ier
canbere
mov
ed
once
othe
r
cons
truc
tion
wor
k
has
been
com
plet
ed
and
the
areaisst
abili
zed.
L!i
Fab
ricB
ackf
ill
Nov
a
Sco
tiaD
epar
tmen
t
of
the
Env
ironm
ent
ER
OS
ION
AN
DC
ON
TR
OL
FA
CT
SH
EE
T
SE
DIM
EN
T
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
SIL
TA
TIO
N
PO
ND
S
No.
2.10
Pag
e1of3
June
1988
The
se
are
also
refe
rred
toassedi
men
ta-
tion
pond
s
orbasi
ns,
and
are
not
tobe
conf
used
withsilt
trap
s.(For
info
rmat
ion
onsilt
trap
s
refe
r
toFac
tshe
et
2.7.
)
PU
RP
OS
E
•To
inte
rcep
t
and
reta
in
sedi
men
t-
lade
n
runo
ff
sothat
sedi
men
t
may
settl
e
out,
ther
eby
redu
cing
the
amou
ntofsedi
men
t
leav
ing
the
dist
urbe
d
area
,
and
prot
ectin
g
drai
nage
way
s,
prop
ertie
s
and
wat
erco
urse
s
belo
w
the
pond
from
exce
ssiv
e
sedi
men
tatio
n
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
WH
ER
E
AP
PLI
CA
BLE
Gen
eral
ly,
silta
tion
pond
s
are
used
asa
last
reso
rt"
totrea
t
runo
ff
whi
ch
has
alre
ady
beco
me
silt-
lade
n.
The
y
donot
solv
e
eros
ion
prob
lem
s.
Nat
ural
wat
er-
cour
ses
mus
t
not
becons
ider
ed
for
the
loca
tion
ofsilta
tion
pond
s.
The
y
canbeused
:
•Whe
re
phys
ical
cond
ition
s
orland
owne
rshi
p
rest
rictio
ns
onadist
urbe
d
site
prec
lude
the
inst
alla
tion
of
eros
ion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s
toade-
quat
ely
cont
rol
runo
ff,
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
•Bel
ow
cons
truc
tion
oper
atio
ns
whi
ch
expo
se
criti
cal
area
stosoil
eros
ion
Silt
atio
n
pond
s
rem
ain
ineffe
ct
until
the
dist
urbe
d
areaispr
otec
ted
agai
nst
eros
ion
byperm
anen
t
stab
iliza
tion.
The
re
are
thre
e
type
sofsilta
tion
pond
s
that
maybein
stal
led:
expe
dien
t,
tem
po-
raryorpe
rman
ent.
Exp
edie
nt
silta
tion
pond
s
shou
ld
be
desi
gned
for
afew
days
'
use
and
shou
ld
prov
ide
forasm
all
amou
ntof
stor
age.
The
y
can
quic
kly
becon-
stru
cted
withabu
lldoz
er
orback
hoe.
Tem
pora
ry
silta
tion
pond
s
havealife
spanofafew
mon
ths
toafew
year
s
and
prov
ide
muc
h
mor
e
stor
age
than
expe
dien
t
ones
.
No.
2.10
Page2of3
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
SIL
TA
TIO
N
PO
ND
S
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Ero
ded
tops
oil
maybere
clai
med
•Impr
oves
wat
erco
urse
qual
ity,
part
ic-
ular
ly
whe
n
usedinco
njun
ctio
n
with
othe
r
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
cont
rol
prac
tices
•Use
ful
inarea
s
whe
re
slop
e
stab
ili-
zatio
niseith
er
not
poss
ible
or
inef
fect
ive,
orwhe
re
volu
me
of
wat
ertobetrea
ted
ishigh
DIS
AD
VA
NT
AG
ES
•Mor
e
cost
ly
than
slop
e
stab
iliza
tion
DE
SIG
N
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
Aprim
ary
cons
ider
atio
n
isthe
loca
tion
of
the
silta
tion
pond
and
the
avai
labl
e
land
area
.
The
volu
me
ofthe
silta
tion
pond
mus
t
beatleas
t
190
m3
(1/1
6
ac.-
ft.) fo
r
ever
y
hect
are
(acr
e)
unde
r
cons
truc
-
tion.
The
effic
ienc
y
ofsedi
men
t
trap
ping
is
depe
nden
t
upon
wat
ersh
ed
soil
type
.
Cla
y
and
silt
part
icle
s
donot
settl
e
quic
kly
once
they
are
susp
ende
d
in
wat
er.
Wat
ersh
eds
that
cont
ain
soils
highinclay
and
silt
requ
ire
larg
e
pond
s
tocapt
ure
the
soil
that
has
been
erod
ed.
The
aver
age
basi
n
leng
th
shou
ld
beat
leas
t
twic
e
the
aver
age
wid
th,
inorde
r
to
incr
ease
the
amou
ntoftimeinw
hich
settl
ing
may
occu
r.
The
aver
age
basi
n
dept
h
shou
ld
beatleas
t
1.2
m(4ft.)
to
less
en
the
freq
uenc
y
ofclea
n
out.
Itshou
ld
beloca
ted
and
desi
gned
for
easy
clea
n
out
bylarg
e
mec
hani
zed
equi
pmen
t.Itisnece
ssar
y
toprov
ide
spac
etoput
mat
eria
l
that
has
been
rem
oved
fromthe
pond
,
sothatitdoes
not
was
h
into
near
by
wat
erco
urse
s.
Det
erm
ineifapi
pe,
wei
r
ordrop
inle
t
spill
wayistobeused
.
Insom
e
inst
ance
s,
itmaybene
cess
ary
touse
filte
r
fabr
ic
on
spill
way
s.
The
size
and
costofse
dim
enta
tion
pond
s
canbegr
eatly
redu
ced
by
prev
entin
g
off-
site
drai
nage
from
ente
r-
ing
the
cons
truc
tion
site(cro
ss
refe
renc
e
—
Div
ersi
on
Ditc
h
Fac
tshe
et
2.1)
.
The
effe
ctiv
enes
s
ofapond
canbein
crea
sed
bydive
rtin
g
non-
turb
id
stor
m
wat
er
arou
ndit.The
refo
re
donot
loca
tea
silta
tion
pondinastre
am,
lake
,
natu
ral
pondorsw
amp.
Itisreco
mm
ende
d
that
sedi
men
tatio
n
basi
ns
not
bebuiltinse
ries.
DE
SIG
N
ST
EP
S
The
desi
gnofsilta
tion
pond
s
requ
ires
the
assi
stan
ce
ofasoils
engi
neer
or
othe
r
pers
on
expe
rienc
ed
inthe
desi
gn
and
inst
alla
tion
oferos
ion
and
silta
tion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
Per
man
ent
silta
tion
pond
s
serv
ea
func
tion
afte
r
cons
truc
tion
iscom
-
plet
ed.
The
se
pond
s
mayac
t
asa
flood
-pro
ofin
g
mea
sure
orprov
ide
recr
eatio
nal
oppo
rtun
ities
.
Forde-
taile
d
info
rmat
ion
rega
rdin
g
perm
an-
ent
silta
tion
pond
s,
refe
r
to"Des
ign
of
Sed
imen
tatio
n
Bas
ins"
)
Tra
nspo
rta-
tion
Res
earc
h
Boa
rd,
1980
)
orothe
r
refe
renc
es.
CA
TE
GO
RY
CO
NT
RO
L
ME
AS
UR
E
DR
AIN
AG
E
CO
NT
RO
L
SIL
TA
TIO
N
PO
ND
S
No.
2.10
Pag
e 3 of 3
1. Det
erm
ine
the
area of land
that
will
drai
n
to the
silta
tion
pond
.
Min
imiz
e
that
area to the
exte
nt
poss
ible
.
2. The
Rat
iona
l
Met
hod
can be used to
dete
rmin
e
runo
ff.
3. Pro
tect
the
wei
r
spill
way
with
ripra
p.
4. Pla
ce
the
ripra
p
just
dow
nstr
eam
of
the
pond
outle
t
to prev
ent
scou
r.
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ST
EP
S
Silt
atio
n
pond
s
shou
ld
be inst
alle
d
befo
re
any
grub
bing of the
cons
truc
tion
site
occu
rs.
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
Insp
ect
the
sedi
men
tatio
n
basi
n
perio
di-
cally
whi
le
cons
truc
tion
oper
atio
ns
are
goin
g
on in its imm
edia
te
vici
nity
,
so that
any
dam
age
by equi
pmen
t
or by eros
ion
can
be dete
cted
and
repa
ired
imm
e-
diat
ely.
Afte
r
each
rain
insp
ect
the
basi
n
for
eros
ion
dam
age
or for
the
need
for
clea
nout
.
Rem
ove
the
accu
mul
ated
mat
eria
l
whe
n
the
sedi
men
t
leve
l
com
es
with
in a foot
or so of the
spill
way
cres
t
or whe
n
the
pond is ab
out
2/3
full. If the
basi
n
has
a dew
ater
ing
syst
em, it m
ight
be wel
l
to
wai
t
until
the
sedi
men
t
drie
s
befo
re
star
ting
clea
nout
.
How
ever
, if rain is
fore
cast
,
the
clea
nout
shou
ld
be done
with
out
dela
y,
even if a dr
aglin
e
mus
t
be
brou
ght
in for
the
clea
ning
.
Pla
ce
the
rem
oved
sedi
men
t
whe
re it
cann
ot
re-e
nter
the
basi
n
or the
stre
am
belo
w.
Whe
n
tem
pora
ry
silta
tion
pond
s
are
no
long
er
need
ed
for
silta
tion
cont
rol,
the
site
shou
ld
be leve
lled
and
reve
geta
ted.
CR
OS
S
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.1
Rip
rap
Lini
ng
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.3
Geo
text
ile
Filt
er
Fab
ric
•
Fac
tshe
et
1.4
Tem
pora
ry
Mat
ting
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.1
Div
ersi
on
Ditc
h
•
Fac
tshe
et
2.4
Sto
rm
Dra
in
Out
let
Pro
tect
ion
)
GLO
SS
AR
Y
AC
RE
-FO
OT
(ac.
-ft.)
The
volu
me
of wat
er
that
will
cove
r 1 acre to a dept
h
of 1 foot
.
AE
ST
HE
TIC
Ple
asin
g
to look at.
AN
GLE
OF
RE
PO
SE
The
angl
e
betw
een
the
horiz
onta
l
and
the
max
imum
slop
e,
that a soil
assu
mes
thro
ugh
natu
ral
proc
esse
s.
AP
RO
N
A floor
or linin
g
that
prot
ects a su
rfac
e
from
eros
ion
by diss
ipat
ing
the
ener
gy
of a dire
ct
flow of
wat
er; it is pl
aced
at the
botto
m,
or toe, of a slop
e,
chut
e
or
spill
way
,
or at the
outle
t
of a culv
ert.
BA
NK
'MIN
ING
"
Ban
k
mat
eria
l
was
hed
out
alon
g a horiz
onta
l
laye
r
by grou
ndw
ater
seep
age
abov
e
an impe
rmea
ble
laye
r,
caus
ing
slum
ping of the
uppe
r
bank
mat
eria
l.
BE
NC
HIN
G
A tech
niqu
e
of grad
ing
or plac
emen
t
of fill
to crea
te a serie
s
of leve
l
benc
hes
or 'ste
ps'
on a slop
e.
Ben
ches
redu
ce
the
effe
ctiv
e
slop
e
leng
th
and
also
serv
e to trap
sedi
men
t.
BE
RM
A ridge
that
brea
ks
the
cont
inui
ty
of a slop
e.
BO
RR
OW
AR
EA
A sour
ce of eart
h
fill
mat
eria
l
used in the
cons
truc
tion
of emba
nkm
ents
or
othe
r
eart
h
fill
stru
ctur
es.
BU
FF
ER
ST
RIP
Usu
ally a st
rip of perm
anen
t
vege
tatio
n
left
besi
de
stre
amba
nks
to reta
rd
the
flow of ru
noff
wat
er
that
caus
es
depo
sitio
n
of tran
spor
ted
mat
eria
l,
and
to
prot
ect
the
bank
s. It coul
d
also be a ve
geta
tive
strip
,
part
icul
arly
of tree
s
or
bush
es,
left
betw
een
the
cons
truc
tion
proj
ect
and
adja
cent
prop
erty
.
CH
EC
K
DA
M
A smal
l
dam
cons
truc
ted
in a gully
,
ditc
h,
or othe
r
sim
ilar
plac
e
to decr
ease
wat
er
velo
city
(by
redu
cing
the
chan
nel
grad
ient
),
min
imiz
e
scou
r
eros
ion
and
prom
ote
accu
mul
atio
n
of sedi
men
t.
CO
ND
UIT
Any
chan
nel
inte
nded
for
conv
eyan
ce of wat
er,
whe
ther
open or cl
osed
(like
a culv
ert)
.
CO
NT
OU
R
(1)
An
imag
inar
y
line
on the
surf
ace
of the
eart
h
conn
ectin
g
poin
ts of the
sam
e
elev
atio
n.
(2) A line
draw
n
on a map
conn
ectin
g
poin
ts
of the
sam
e
elev
atio
n.
lb
2b
CY
CLO
NE
SE
ED
ER
A
hand
-tur
ned
or trac
tor-
draw
n
seed
er
that
broa
dcas
ts
seed
onto
the
seed
bed
by a rota
ry
mot
ion
that
slin
gs
the
seed
outw
ard
from the
seed
er.
DE
PO
SIT
ION
The
accu
mul
atio
n
of mat
eria
l
whi
ch
settl
es
or is drop
ped
due
to slow
er
mov
emen
t
of the
tran
spor
ting
agen
t,
wat
er.
DIS
PE
RS
ION
DIT
CH
A ditc
h
that
conv
erts a co
ncen
trat
ed
flow of ru
noff
into
shee
t
flow
and
outle
ts
it onto
area
s
stab
ilize
d
by exis
ting
vege
tatio
n,
thus
help
ing
to prev
ent
eros
ion.
DR
AIN
(NO
UN
)
(1) A bu
ried
pipe or ot
her
cond
uit
(sub
surf
ace
drai
n).
(2) A di
tch
or chan
nel
(ope
n
drai
n)
for
carr
ying
off
surf
ace
wat
er
or
grou
ndw
ater
.
DR
AIN
(VE
RB
)
(1)
To
prov
ide
chan
nels
,
such as open
ditc
hes
or clos
ed
drai
ns,
so that
exce
ss
wat
er
can be re
mov
ed
by surf
ace
flow
or inte
rnal
flow
.
(2)
To
lose
wat
er
(fro
m
the
soil) by pe
rcol
atio
n.
DR
AIN
AG
E
(1)
The
rem
oval
of exce
ss
surf
ace
wat
er
or grou
nd
wat
er
from
land by
mea
ns of surf
ace
or subs
urfa
ce
drai
ns.
(2)
Soi
l
char
acte
ristic
s
that
affe
ct
natu
ral
drai
nage
.
DR
AIN
AG
E
AR
EA
(WA
TE
RS
HE
D)
All
land
and
wat
er
area
from
whi
ch
runo
ff
may
run to a co
mm
on
(des
ign)
poin
t.
DR
OP
INLE
T
SP
ILLW
AY
An
over
fall
stru
ctur
e in whi
ch
the
wat
er
drop
s
thro
ugh
a vert
ical
riser
conn
ecte
d
to a disc
harg
e
cond
uit.
DR
OP
SP
ILLW
AY
An
over
fall
stru
ctur
e
in whi
ch
the
wat
er
drop
s
over a vert
ical
wal
l
onto
an
apro
n
at a low
er
elev
atio
n.
DR
OP
ST
RU
CT
UR
E
A stru
ctur
e
for
drop
ping
wat
er to a low
er
leve
l
and
diss
ipat
ing
its surp
lus
ener
gy; a fall.
The
drop
may be vert
ical
or incl
ined
.
ER
OD
IBLE
Sus
cept
ible
to eros
ion.
ER
OS
ION
Det
achm
ent
of soil
part
icle
s
by eros
ive
agen
ts,
prin
cipa
lly
wat
er,
win
d,
ice,
and
grav
ity.
ER
OS
IVE
Hav
ing
suffi
cien
t
velo
city
to caus
e
eros
ion.
Ref
ers
to win
d
or wat
er.
Not to be
conf
used
with
'ero
dibl
e'
as a qual
ity
of soil.
)
FILTER FABRIC (G EOTEXTILES) A synthetic material of woven or non-woven (plastic) description. Its purpose is to allow water to filter through while retaining fine soil particles and preventing them from being washed away.
GABION MATTRESS A thin gabion (flexible woven-wire basket), usually 150 to 230 mm (6 to 9 in.) thick, filled with rock and used to line channels or stream banks for erosion control.
GRADE (1) The slope of a road, channel, or natural ground. (2) The finished surface of a roadbed, top of embankment, or bottom of
excavation; any surface prepared for the support of construction, like paving or laying a conduit.
(3) To finish the surface of a roadbed, top of embankment or bottom of excavation.
GRADIENT Change of elevation per unit length; slope.
GULLY/GULLYING (GULLY EROSION) Erosion of soil caused by concentrated runoff which forms a deeply-cut channel in the land surface.
HECTARE (ha.) A measure of the area of a land surface equal to 2.47 acres.
HYDRO-SEEDING Mechanical application by spraying onto the surface of the soil a specially- mixed slurry of turf-establishing materials, consisting of water, seed, fertilizer, and short-fibre wood or paper mulch.
IN LET (1) A surface connection to a closed drain. (2) A structure at the entrance end of a conduit. (3) The upstream end of any structure through which water may flow.
JUTE A coarsely woven material of jute yarn which can be used to control soil erosion.
LAND-DISTURBING ACTIVITY Any land change which may result in soil erosion, including, but not limited to, clearing, grubbing, grading, excavating, transporting, and filling of land.
LI1TER Fine-textured vegetative material such as straw or forest litter.
MEAN STREAM LEVEL The average or normal water level in a stream.
3b
4b
MU
LCH
A natu
ral
or artif
icia
l
laye
r
of plan
t
resi
due
or othe
r
mat
eria
ls
cove
ring
the
surf
ace
of the
soil
to prot
ect
and
enha
nce
cert
ain
char
acte
ristic
s,
such
as
rete
ntio
n
of soil
moi
stur
e
and
prot
ectio
n
agai
nst
the
impa
ct
of rain
drop
s.
OU
TLE
T
The po
int
at whi
ch
wat
er
disc
harg
es
from a cond
uit,
chan
nel,
stre
am,
or
drai
nage
area
.
PIP
ING
The
rem
oval
of soil
thro
ugh
subs
urfa
ce
flow
chan
nels
or "pip
es"
deve
lope
d
by
seep
age
wat
er.
PO
LLU
TIO
N
A detr
imen
tal
alte
ratio
n
or varia
tion
of the
phys
ical
,
chem
ical
,
biol
ogic
al,
or
aest
hetic
prop
ertie
s
of the
envi
ronm
ent
(incl
udin
g
the
wat
er
reso
urce
s),
whi
ch
will
rend
er,
or is likel
y
to rend
er,
the
wat
ers
harm
ful
to publ
ic
heal
th,
or less
usef
ul
to man
,
anim
als,
bird
s,
or aqua
tic
life.
RIL
L/R
ILLI
NG
(RIL
L
ER
OS
ION
)
A smal
l
chan
nel,
not
mor
e
than
thirt
y
cent
imet
res
(one
foot
)
deep
,
cut
into
the
surf
ace
of the
soil
by runo
ff.
RIP
RA
P
Larg
e
rock
,
cobb
les,
or boul
ders
plac
ed
on eart
h
surf
aces
for
prot
ectio
n
of the
soil
agai
nst
the
eros
ive
actio
n
of wat
er.
RU
NO
FF
The
port
ion
of prec
ipita
tion
on a drai
nage
area that is not
abso
rbed
into
the
grou
nd
but
is disc
harg
ed
into
stre
ams.
Com
pone
nts
of runo
ff
incl
ude
over
land
flow
(she
et
flow
),
open
chan
nel
flow
and
grou
ndw
ater
flow
.
SC
AR
IFY
To
abra
de,
scra
tch,
mod
ify,
or brea
k
the
surf
ace
of the
soil.
SC
OU
RIN
G
Ero
sion of the
bed
or bank
s
of a chan
nel,
usua
lly
loca
lized
arou
nd
an
obst
ruct
ion
or stru
ctur
e in a chan
nel
or at the
outle
t
of a cond
uit,
due
to an
incr
ease in the
wat
er
velo
city
arou
nd
the
obst
ruct
ion
or disc
harg
ing
from the
cond
uit.
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
and
depo
sitio
n
of soil
part
icle
s
that
beco
me
deta
ched
thro
ugh
eros
ion.
SE
EP
AG
E
Wat
er
esca
ping
thro
ugh,
or emer
ging
from
,
the
grou
nd;
usua
lly
cons
ider
ed
to
occu
r
alon
g
an exte
nsiv
e
line
or surf
ace,
as cont
rast
ed
with a sprin
g,
whe
re
the
wat
er
emer
ges
from a lo
caliz
ed
spot
.
SH
EE
T
ER
OS
ION
Soi
l
eros
ion
caus
ed by shee
t
flow
(ove
rland
flow
),
whi
ch is wat
er
flow
ing
in
a thin
laye
r
over the
soil
surf
ace.
SID
E
SLO
PE
The
slop
e of the
side
s
of a wat
erco
urse
or
emba
nkm
ent;
the
stee
pnes
s of a
grad
e
or hill. It is ex
pres
sed
as a ratio or pe
rcen
tage
. It is cust
omar
y
to nam
e
the
horiz
onta
l
dist
ance
first
;
for
exam
ple, 2 to 1, or fr
eque
ntly
,
2:1
(200
perc
ent)
,
mea
ning a ho
rizon
tal
dist
ance of 2 un
its to 1 unit
vert
ical
dist
ance
.
Whe
n
expr
esse
d
in degr
ees, it is the
angl
e of the
slop
e
from the
horiz
onta
l
plan
e,
with a 90 de
g.
slop
e
bein
g
vert
ical
(max
imum
),
and
45 deg.
bein
g a 1:1
slop
e.
SIL
TA
TIO
N
See
also
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N.
Den
otes
sedi
men
t
pollu
tion
of a wat
erco
urse
.
SLO
UG
H I NG
Slo
w
crum
ble
and
falli
ng
away of a port
ion
of the
bank
into
the
stre
am,
occu
rrin
g
whe
n
the
soil
stru
ctur
e is wea
kene
d
by wat
er
seep
ing
thro
ugh
the
bank
.
SLU
MP
ING
Sud
den
colla
pse
or slid
ing
of a port
ion
of the
bank
into
the
stre
am,
occu
rrin
g
whe
n
unde
rlyin
g
supp
ort
is inad
equa
te
and/
or
the
soil
stru
ctur
e is
wea
kene
d
by wat
er
seep
ing
thro
ugh
the
bank
.
SO
IL
PE
RM
EA
BIL
ITY
The
abili
ty of soil
to allo
w
wat
er
or air
to mov
e
thro
ugh
it.
ST
AB
ILIZ
AT
ION
The
proc
ess of es
tabl
ishi
ng
an endu
ring
soil
cove
r of vege
tatio
n
and/
or
mul
ch
or othe
r
grou
nd
cove
r in com
bina
tion
with
inst
allin
g
tem
pora
ry
or
perm
anen
t
stru
ctur
es
for
the
purp
ose of m
inim
izin
g
soil
eros
ion.
TA
ILW
AT
ER
The
wat
er in the
chan
nel
imm
edia
tely
dow
nstr
eam
from a st
ruct
ure.
TE
RR
AC
ING
An
eros
ion
cont
rol
tech
niqu
e
that
invo
lves
cons
truc
ting
an emba
nkm
ent
or
com
bina
tion
of an emba
nkm
ent
and
chan
nel
acro
ss a slop
e
at a suita
ble
spac
ing
to dive
rt
or stor
e
surf
ace
runo
ff
inst
ead
of perm
ittin
g it to flow
unin
terr
upte
d
dow
n
the
slop
e.
TO
PO
GR
AP
HY
The
conf
igur
atio
n
of the
Ear
th's
surf
ace,
incl
udin
g
the
shap
e
and
posi
tion
of
its natu
ral
and
man
-mad
e
feat
ures
.
TO
PS
OIL
The
uppe
r
laye
r
of soil,
cont
aini
ng
orga
nic
mat
ter
and
suite
d
for
plan
t
surv
ival
and
grow
th.
TR
AS
H
RA
CK
A grill
,
grat
e
or stru
ctur
al
devi
ce
used to pr
even
t
debr
is
from
ente
ring
a
spill
way
,
cond
uit
or othe
r
hydr
aulic
stru
ctur
e.
TU
RB
IDIT
Y
(TU
RB
ID
WA
TE
R)
Con
ditio
n
of wat
er
whe
n it beco
mes
clou
dy
due
to sedi
men
t
mov
ing
in
susp
ensi
on
in the
wat
er.
5b
6b
UN
DE
RC
UT
11N
G(U
ND
ER
MIN
ING
)
(1)
Ero
sion
alon
g
the
toe of a st
ream
bank
due
to conc
entr
ated
chan
nel
flow
(e.g
.,
at the
bend in a st
ream
or arou
nd
an
obst
ruct
ion)
,
crea
ting
an
over
hang
ing
or vert
ical
bank
.
(2)
Loss of soil
from
unde
r
an
emba
nkm
ent,
slop
e,
stre
amba
nk,
or stru
ctur
e
due
to conc
entr
ated
flow
resu
lting in sc
ourin
g.
WA
TE
RS
HE
D
See
DR
AIN
AG
E
AR
EA
.
)
AP
PE
ND
IX
A
EF
FE
CT
S
OF
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N
ON
TH
E
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
Sed
imen
tatio
n
isthe
proc
essof
tran
spor
tatio
n
and
depo
sitio
n
of
deta
ched
soil
part
icle
s.
Sed
imen
t
isestim
ated
tobethe
larg
est
sing
le
wat
er
pollu
tant
byvolu
me
—
atleas
t
700
times
thatofse
wag
e.
Tur
bidi
ty
caus
ed
byexce
ssiv
e
sedi
men
t
inwat
er
dest
roys
the
aest
hetic
attr
actio
ns
oflake
s
and
stre
ams,
ther
eby
spoi
ling
recr
eatio
nal
activ
ities
like
swim
min
g
and
fishi
ng.
Sed
imen
tatio
n
oflake
s
redu
ces
mea
n
dept
h
and
volu
me
and
prov
ides
subs
trat
es
for
nuis
ance
aqua
tic
plan
ts.Itca
n
also
affe
ct
the
qual
ity
ofdrin
king
wat
er.
Det
erio
ratio
n
ofthe
qual
ityof
amun
icip
al
wat
er
supp
ly
for
long
perio
ds
even
tual
ly
nece
ssita
tes
soph
istic
ated
and
expe
nsiv
e
wat
er
purif
icat
ion
trea
tmen
t.Ifariveris
usedfor
hydr
o-el
ectr
ic
purp
oses
,
incr
ease
d
sedi
men
t
load
s
may
dam
age
turb
ines
.
Oth
er
pollu
tant
s
—
nam
ely,
diss
olve
d
nutr
ient
s,
diss
olve
d
salts
,
heav
y
met
als,
pest
cont
rol
prod
ucts
,
bact
eria
,
and
fert
ilize
rs
—
are
ofte
n
atta
ched
toerod
ed
soil
part
icle
s.
Whe
n
depo
site
d
inlake
s
or
river
s,
they
cankill
fish,
wild
life
and
wat
erfo
wl,
and
can
beco
me
a
serio
us
heal
th
thre
at
toman
.
Oneofthe
mos
t
serio
us
envi
ronm
enta
l
effe
cts
ofsilta
tion
isthe
dest
ruct
ion
offish
and
fish
habi
tat.
Fis
h
can
with
stan
d
high
turb
idity
for
shor
t
perio
ds,
but
such
cond
ition
s
may
indu
ce
anadde
d
phys
iolo
gica
l
stre
ss
whi
ch
mak
es
fish
susc
eptib
le
toinfe
ctio
n
bydise
ase-
caus
ing
mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
s.
lb
Fig
ure
A-i:
Aed
al
viewofsi
ltatio
n
toawat
er
supp
ly
lake
due
to
upst
ream
cons
truc
tion
activ
ities
.
8b
Fig
ures
4-2
and
4-3:
Hig
h
conc
entr
atio
n
ofsedi
men
t
pum
ped
outofa
cons
truc
tion
proj
ect
intoast
ream
smot
here
d
this
smal
l
fishinm
inut
es.
Larg
er6in.
trou
t
suffo
cate
d
soon
afte
r.
Hig
h
turb
idity
leve
ls
redu
ce
light
pene
trat
ion
and
inhi
bit
phot
osyn
-
thes
is,
ther
eby
affe
ctin
g
the
food
chai
n
and
diss
olve
d
oxyg
en
cont
ent.
Str
eam
s
thatfill
with
sedi
men
t
have
few
er
suita
ble
habi
tats
for
fish
and
prov
ide
less
shel
ter.
Eve
ntua
lly,
popu
latio
ns
ofspor
t
fish
like
salm
on
and
trou
t
decl
ine
and
less
desi
rabl
e
spec
ies
prol
ifera
te.
Dec
line
offish
stoc
ksinturn
affe
cts
the
natu
ral
food
chai
n
ofwat
erfo
wl,
smal
l
mam
mal
s
and
furb
earin
g
anim
als.
Som
e
ofthe
mos
t
prom
inen
t
type
sofsedi
men
t-pr
oduc
ing
activ
ities
are
farm
ing,
fore
stry
oper
atio
ns,
high
way
cons
truc
tion,
urba
n
deve
lopm
ent,
and
othe
r
mas
s
grad
ing
proj
ects
.
One
mai
n
reas
onfor
exce
ssiv
e
eros
ion
and
tran
spor
t
ofsedi
men
t
isthat
the
peakofland
clea
ring
ofte
n
coin
cide
s
withahe
avy
rain
fall
seas
on.
Stu
dies
have
indi
cate
d
that
succ
essi
ve
chan
ges
inland
use
with
inawat
ersh
ed
are
acco
mpa
nied
bychan
ges
insedi
men
t
yiel
d.
For
exam
ple,
sedi
men
t
yiel
ds
can
vary
from38tonn
es
per
squa
re
kilo
met
re
per
year(1
00
tons
per
squa
re
mile
per
year
)
from
fore
sted
area
s
to304
tonn
es
per
squa
re
kilo
met
re
per
year(8
00
tons
per
squa
re
mile
per
year
)
from
agric
ultu
ral
land
s,
andinex
cessof38,0
00
tonn
es
per
squa
re
kilo
met
re
per
year
(100
,000
tons
per
squa
re
mileper
year
)
from
expo
sed
cons
truc
tion
area
s.
AP
PE
ND
IX
B
ER
OS
ION
AN
D
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N
PR
OC
ES
SE
S
GE
OLO
GIC
AN
D
AC
CE
LER
AT
ED
RA
TE
S
OF
ER
OS
ION
&
SE
DIM
EN
TA
TIO
N
Soi
l
eros
ion
isthe
grad
ual
wea
ring
awayofthe
land
surf
ace
bywat
er,
win
d,
ice
and
grav
ity.
The
tran
spor
tatio
n,
depo
sitio
n
and
accu
mul
atio
n
ofsoiliskn
own
assedi
men
tatio
n.
The
natu
ral
orgeol
ogic
eros
ion
ofthe
Ear
th's
crus
t
take
s
plac
e
grad
ually
,
over
thou
sand
s
ormill
ionsofye
ars
andis,
ther
efor
e,
not
read
ily
disc
erni
ble.
How
ever
,
geol
ogic
norm
soferos
ion
prov
ide
guid
elin
es
for
limitsofpr
actic
al
eros
ion
cont
rol
mea
sure
s,
andaba
sis
for
mea
surin
g
the
acce
lera
tion
ofsoil
eros
ion.
Man
's
activ
ities
can
spee
d
upthe
natu
ral
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
proc
esse
s
cons
ider
ably
thro
ugh
the
rapi
d
rem
oval
ofsoilinam
atte
r
of
days
orwee
ks.
fib
Fig
ure
B-i:
Astab
le,
natu
ral
stre
am
envi
ronm
ent.
Geo
logi
c
eros
ion
isunno
ticea
hie.
12h
SH
EE
T,
RIL
L
AN
D
GU
LLY
ER
OS
ION
She
et
eros
ion
iscaus
ed
byrain
drop
impa
ct
and
spla
sh,
and
refe
rs
to
the
rem
oval
ofafairl
y
unifo
rm
laye
r
ofsoil
byshal
low
shee
ts
ofwat
er
with
out
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofcons
picu
ous
chan
nels
.
She
et
eros
ion
is
ofte
n
unob
serv
ed,
but
maybeev
iden
ced
bythe
accu
mul
atio
n
of
fres
hly-
erod
ed
mat
eria
l
atthe
footofsl
opes
.
Rill
eros
ion
isthe
crea
tion
ofcons
picu
ous
shal
low
chan
nels
due
to
the
deta
chm
ent
and
rem
oval
ofsoil
byrunn
ing
wat
er
asthe
shee
t
flow
beco
mes
conc
entr
ated
.
Whi
le
shee
t
eros
ion
isnot
grea
tly
influ
ence
d
by
slop
e
stee
pnes
s
orloca
tion
onaslop
e,
nIl
eros
ion
resu
lts
prim
arily
from
the
effe
cts
ofruno
ff,
andisgr
eatly
influ
ence
d
byslop
e
and
flow
rate
.
Forthe
purp
oseofim
plem
entin
g
eros
ion
cont
rols
,
shee
t
and
nIl
eros
ion
are
usua
lly
cons
ider
ed
and
trea
ted
asone,
rath
er
than
two
sepa
rate
proc
esse
s.
Gul
ly
eros
ion
occu
rs
asover
land
flowinrills
com
bine
s
into
incr
easi
ngly
larg
er
chan
nels
.Itinvo
lves
mor
e
sign
ifica
nt
eros
ion
than
doesnIl
eros
ion.
The
refo
re,
heav
y
equi
pmen
t,
spec
ially
desi
gned
stru
ctur
es
orthe
cost
ly
impo
rtofnew
mat
eria
l
are
requ
ired
torepl
ace
the
erod
ed
soil
andtoco
ntro
l
orrepa
ir
gulli
es
and
thei
r
trib
utar
y
rivul
ets.
Fig
ure
8-2:
Acc
eler
ated
eros
ion
ofalarg
e
cons
truc
tion
area
upst
ream
caus
edadram
atic
build
-up
ofsedi
men
t
in
this
stre
aminafew
wee
ks.
13h
Fig
ure
8-3:
She
et
and
nil
eros
ion
occu
ning
onanexpo
sed
high
way
emba
nkm
ent
quic
kly
tillin
ginthe
drai
nage
ditc
h
with
sedi
men
t.
Fig
ures
8-4
and
8-5:
The
adva
ncem
ent
ofgully
eros
ion
ataland
fill
site
overatwo
mon
th
perio
d.
For
scal
e,
notic
e
the
man
stan
dinginthe
gullyinthe
phot
ogra
ph,
onthe
right
.
14b
PH
YS
ICA
L
PR
OC
ES
SE
S
AN
D
CA
US
ES
OF
ER
OS
ION
Ero
sion is in
fluen
ced
prim
arily
by four
fact
ors:
clim
ate,
soil
type
,
topo
grap
hy,
and
vege
tatio
n.
Soi
l
eros
ion is of
ten
diffi
cult
to cont
rol
beca
use
of the
varia
bilit
y
of each
fact
or,
and
the
com
plex
inte
r-
rela
tions
hips
amon
g
them
.
Con
trol
ling
eros
ion
can be ac
com
plis
hed
thro
ugh
unde
rsta
ndin
g
the
natu
re of the
rela
tions
hips
or by deriv
ing
som
e
suita
ble
met
hod
of ratin
g
the
fact
ors
in orde
r
of impo
rtan
ce.
CLI
MA
TIC
FA
CT
OR
S
Rai
nfal
l
is the
maj
or
clim
atic
fact
or
whi
ch
cont
ribut
es
to eros
ion. It
caus
es
eros
ion
in two
way
s:
by rain
drop
impa
ct,
and
by runo
ff.
The
capa
city of ra
indr
ops
to deta
ch
soil
part
icle
s
upon
impa
ct
is a func
tion
of the
size
and
velo
city
of each
drop
and
the
rain
fall
inte
nsity
.
For
exam
ple,
fine
mis
t
falls at abou
t
25 mm (1 in.)
per
seco
nd,
whe
reas
the
velo
city of la
rger
drop
s
appr
oach
es
9.0
m per
seco
nd
(30 ft. per
seco
nd)
like
min
iatu
re
bom
bs!
The
rain
fall
inte
nsity
and
ener
gy is
impo
rtan
t
whe
n
com
parin
g
the
eros
ive
capa
city
of a shor
t
dura
tion
thun
ders
torm
cont
aini
ng
larg
e
drop
s,
and a fine
driz
zle
occu
rrin
g
over
a long
er
perio
d
of time.
The
seco
nd
phas
e
of eros
ion
caus
ed
by rain
fall
occu
rs
as runo
ff
begi
ns
and
rills
begi
n
to form
.
Run
off
occu
rs
whe
n
the
rate of ra
infa
ll
exce
eds
the
com
bine
d
infil
trat
ion
capa
city of the
soil
and
surf
ace
wat
er
dete
ntio
n.
Whe
n
rain
drop
s
strik
e
the
bare
soil
surf
ace,
a slur
ry
quic
kly
deve
lops
.
As
rain
wat
er
infil
trat
es
the
soil,
clay
part
icle
s
are
was
hed
belo
w
the
surf
ace,
ther
eby
seal
ing
the
surf
ace.
Thi
s
seal
ing
proc
ess
usua
lly
occu
rs
with
in
min
utes of the
begi
nnin
g
of an aver
age
rain
fall,
and
even
mor
e
quic
kly
durin
g
heav
y
rain
falls
.
The
seal
ing
proc
ess
caus
es
shee
t
flow
to deve
lop.
Alth
ough
shee
t
flow
can
tran
spor
t
susp
ende
d
part
icle
s, it has
little
capa
city
to deta
ch
soil
part
icle
s.
The
eros
iven
ess
of runo
ff
incr
ease
s
with
an incr
ease in
wat
er
velo
city
whi
ch
occu
rs
as the
wat
er
flow
s
dow
nslo
pe.
The
velo
city
of flow
also
incr
ease
s
with the
amou
nt of runo
ff
and
the
conc
entr
atio
n
of runo
ff
in rills
.
As
the
velo
city
incr
ease
s,
grea
ter
volu
mes of se
dim
ent
and
larg
er
soil
part
icle
s
are
tran
spor
ted.
Fre
ezin
g
and
thaw
ing
can
be
a caus
e of gully
enla
rgem
ent,
espe
cial
ly
whe
n
slum
ping
occu
rs
afte
r
sprin
g
thaw
.
Mat
eria
l
that
has
accu
mul
ated
in gulli
es
due
to slum
ping
and
othe
r
caus
es is usua
lly
tran
spor
ted
from the
gully
durin
g
perio
ds
of
sprin
g
runo
ff
or heav
y
rain
fall.
Alth
ough
the
amou
nt
and
inte
nsity
of rain
fall
are
criti
cal
para
met
ers
affe
ctin
g
eros
ion,
the
seas
onal
dist
ribut
ion
is ofte
n
mor
e
criti
cal.
The
seas
on of heav
iest
eros
ion is ch
arac
teriz
ed
by a com
bina
tion
of the
mos
t
unst
able
grou
nd
cond
ition
and
the
mos
t
inte
nsiv
e
rain
fall.
In
area
s
like
Nov
a
Sco
tia,
this
occu
rs in the
sprin
g
and
fall,
whi
ch
are
also
busy
cons
truc
tion
perio
ds.
The
amou
nt of soil
eros
ion
depe
nds
on the
soil
moi
stur
e
cond
ition
s
and
cond
ition
of the
cons
truc
tion
site at the
time of in
tens
ive
rain
fall.
)
SO
IL
FA
CT
OR
S
The
rate of soil
eros
ion
may be in
fluen
ced
by land
siop
e,
rain
stor
m
char
acte
ristic
s,
cove
r,
and
soil
man
agem
ent,
but
even
with all
fact
ors
bein
g
equa
l,
som
e
soils
erod
e
mor
e
read
ily
than
othe
rs.
Com
plex
inte
ract
ions
amon
g a num
ber
of phys
ical
and
chem
ical
prop
ertie
s
of
the
soil
can
affe
ct
its infil
trat
ion
capa
city
,
as wel
l
as the
resi
stan
ce
of
soil
part
icle
s
to deta
chm
ent
and
tran
spor
t.
No
sing
le
para
met
er is
capa
ble
of pred
ictin
g
a soil'
s
resi
stan
ce
to rain
fall
and
runo
ff.
Soi
l
erod
ibili
ty
tend
s
to incr
ease
with a gr
eate
r
cont
ent
of silt
and
very
fine
sand
,
and
decr
ease
with a grea
ter
cont
ent
of coar
se
sand
,
clay
and
orga
nic
mat
ter.
Cla
y
part
icle
s
have a low
erod
ibili
ty
beca
use
they
are
diffi
cult
to deta
ch,
but
once they do beco
me
deta
ched
,
they
are
easi
ly
tran
spor
ted
and
rem
ain
in susp
ensi
on a long
time,
ther
eby
prol
ongi
ng
envi
ronm
enta
l
prob
lem
s.
Coa
rse
sand
s,
on the
othe
r
hand
,
are
easi
ly
deta
ched
,
but
have a low
erod
ibili
ty
beca
use
they
are
diffi
cult
to tran
spor
t.
Exc
ept
for
clay
soils
,
a high
er
perc
enta
ge of orga
nic
mat
ter
in soil
tend
s
to incr
ease
infil
trat
ion
rate
s
and
soil
perm
eabi
lity,
thus
decr
easi
ng
erod
ibili
ty.
TO
PO
GR
AP
HIC
FA
CT
OR
S:
SLO
PE
LEN
GT
H
AN
D
ST
EE
PN
ES
S
The
leng
th
and
stee
pnes
s
of slop
es
affe
ct
the
velo
city
of runo
ff
wat
er,
and
ther
efor
e
are
the
prin
cipa
l
surf
ace
feat
ures
affe
ctin
g
eros
ion
on a
site
.
For
prac
tical
field
wor
k,
the
com
bine
d
effe
cts
of leng
th
and
stee
pnes
s
shou
ld
be cons
ider
ed.
The
slop
e
shap
e
is impo
rtan
t
to
cons
ider
too
beca
use
natu
ral
slop
es
may
cons
ist
of conv
ex,
stra
ight
,
and
conc
ave
sect
ions
— all
of whi
ch
erod
e
at diffe
rent
rate
s.
Con
cave
slop
es
are
thos
e
that
flatte
n
tow
ards
the
toe, or low
er
end,
whe
re
the
erod
ed
soil
part
icle
s
beco
me
depo
site
d,
whe
reas
conv
ex
slop
es
beco
me
stee
per
at the
toe.
Dep
endi
ng
on thei
r
size
and
velo
city
,
rain
drop
s
can
spla
sh
soil
part
icle
s
as far
as 1 .5 m (4.9
ft.)
away
.
On a le
vel
surf
ace
of bare
eart
h,
soil
part
icle
s
spla
shed
away from
one
area
are
norm
ally
repl
aced
by
soil
part
icle
s
spla
shed
away from an adja
cent
area
.
On a sl
ope,
how
ever
,
rain
drop
spla
sh
on bare
eart
h
sim
ply
disp
lace
s
soil
by
tran
spor
ting it
dow
nhill
,
with
out
the
acco
mpa
nyin
g
repl
acem
ent
that
occu
rs
on leve
l
grou
nd.
The
stee
per
the
slop
e,
the
grea
ter
the
amou
nt
of soil
tran
spor
ted
dow
nhill
. If rain
fall
is acco
mpa
nied
by stro
ng
win
d
blow
ing
in the
dow
nhill
dire
ctio
n,
the
amou
nt of soil
disp
lace
d
incr
ease
s
even
furt
her.
The
slop
e
leng
th is defin
ed
as the
dist
ance
from the
poin
t
of orig
in
of
over
land
flow to the
poin
t
whe
re
eith
er
the
slop
e
grad
ient
decr
ease
s
and
thus
caus
es
depo
sitio
n,
or the
runo
ff
wat
er
ente
rs a wel
l-def
ined
chan
nel.
Sed
imen
t
that is not
ultim
atel
y
depo
site
d
in a stre
am will
not
have
sign
ifica
nt
envi
ronm
enta
l
effe
cts
but
coul
d
caus
e
serio
us
dam
age
to prop
erty
adja
cent
to the
cons
truc
tion
site
.
1 5b
1Gb
VE
GE
TA
TIO
N
AN
D
SU
RF
AC
E
CO
VE
R
Acc
eler
ated
soil
eros
ion
oncons
truc
tion
site
sisgene
rally
caus
ed
by
the
rem
oval
ofa
prot
ectiv
e
vege
tativ
e
cove
r.
Con
sequ
ently
,
artif
icia
l
aids
then
beco
me
nece
ssar
y
torepl
ace
the
natu
ral
cont
rols
.
The
re
are
seve
ral
way
s
thatave
geta
tive
cove
r
can
affe
ct
soil
eros
ion:
1.Avege
tativ
e
cano
pyoftree
s,
bush
es
and
gras
s
inte
rcep
ts
rain
fall,
grea
tly
redu
cing
the
impa
ct
forc
e
ofrain
drop
s.Itisalso
effe
ctiv
e
in
redu
cing
the
amou
ntofwat
er
that
reac
hes
the
soil,
beca
use
som
eof
the
rain
wat
er
inte
rcep
ted
onthe
leav
esoftree
s
orblad
esofgras
s
evap
orat
es
befo
re
drop
ping
onto
the
soil,
orreac
hes
the
soil
inthe
form
ofsmal
ler
drop
lets
.
The
typeofve
geta
tion
and
the
amou
ntofcove
rit
prov
ides
will
have
diffe
rent
effe
cts.Ade
nse
cove
r
will
redu
ce
eros
ion
byexpo
sing
less
soil
todire
ct
rain
fall.
For
this
reas
on,
shor
t
sod
gras
ses
are
mor
e
effe
ctiv
e
inredu
cing
spla
sh
eros
ion
than
talle
r
shru
bs
or
wee
ds.
Effe
ctiv
e
soil
prot
ectio
n
can
also
beobta
ined
durin
g
cons
truc
tion
byusin
g
mul
ches
tocove
r
expo
sed
soil
orbysim
ply
leav
ing
all
orstra
tegi
c
part
sofasite
unde
r
natu
ral
cove
r
for
the
grea
test
amou
ntoftime
poss
ible
.
Fig
ures
B-6
and
B-i:
The
sam
e
site
,
view
ed
from
oppo
site
dire
ctio
ns,
show
s
along
.
stee
p
slop
e
mul
ched
toprev
ent
shee
t
and
nIl
eros
ion.
2.Veg
etat
ion
redu
ces
the
velo
city
ofover
land
runo
ff
and
tend
s
to
disp
erseitsothatitdoes
not
conc
entr
ate.
As
the
velo
cityisre
duce
d,
soil
part
icle
s
intran
spor
t
are
rede
posi
ted
orfilte
red
amon
g
the
vege
tatio
n.
3.Veg
etat
ion
prev
ents
pudd
ling
and
seal
ing
ofthe
soil
surf
ace,
ther
eby
mai
ntai
ning
infil
trat
ion.
4.The
root
s
ofplan
ts
incr
ease
the
stab
ilityofsoil
gran
ules
,
impr
ove
soil
stru
ctur
e,
and
add
tothe
orga
nic
mat
ter
cont
ent
ofthe
soil.
Itisimpo
rtan
t
to
rem
embe
r
that
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s
ofavege
tativ
e
cano
py
can
chan
ge
betw
een
seas
onsofthe
year
,
and
even
freq
uent
ly
betw
een
stor
ms.
Eve
n
with
out
chan
ges
inthe
cano
py,
diffe
rent
amou
nts
ofrain
drop
inte
rcep
tion
can
occu
r.
An
open
cano
pyoftall
vege
tatio
n
may
inte
rcep
t
mor
e
than90pe
rcen
t
ofthe
rain
drop
sifa
high
win
d
driv
es
theminatanangl
e,
whi
le
the
sam
e
cano
py
may
inte
rcep
t
less
than50pe
rcen
t
ofthe
drop
siftheyfall
vert
ical
ly.
Fig
ures
B-8
and
8-9:
Asubd
ivis
ion
stre
et
whi
ch
has
been
grub
bed.
but
not
deve
lope
d
for
seve
ral
mon
ths.
has
been
com
plet
ely
cove
red
with
stra
w
mul
ch.
The
clos
eup
view
show
s
that
alth
ough
som
eofthe
stra
w
has
been
blow
n
away
,ithas
been
very
effe
ctiv
e
inkeep
ing
this
erod
ible
soil
onthe
cons
tnjc
tion
site
.
I7b
1 8b
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
Bar
nes,
R.C
.
"Ero
sion
Con
trol
Str
uctu
res"
.
Soi
l
Ero
sion
:
Cau
ses
and
Mec
hani
sms;
Pre
vent
ion
and
Con
trol
.
Spe
cial
Rep
ort
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ighw
ay
Res
earc
h
Boa
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Was
hing
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D.C
.,
1973
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8.
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ne,
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mer
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Geo
phys
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1950
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eric
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1953
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er
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1966
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a
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w
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l
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sion
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Infil
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ion"
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nsac
tions of the
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eric
an
Geo
phys
ical
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on,
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1945
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1
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l
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ent
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sion
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nsac
tions
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eric
an
Geo
phys
ical
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on,
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tche
r.
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sion
Con
trol
Sys
tem
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An
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luat
ion
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Uni
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l
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Equ
atio
n".
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l
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r
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l
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nsac
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eric
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l
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l
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er
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atio
n
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ual
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t
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eric
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.,
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eric
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eric
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1971
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n
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l
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er
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Vol
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27(6
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1972
,
PP
.
264-
269.
Mor
antz
,
D.
and B.
Sab
ean.
"Tro
ut,
Sal
mon
and
Silt
".
N.S
.
Con
serv
atio
n,
Vol
.
6(1)
,
1982
.
Mos
ley,
M.P
.
"Exp
erim
enta
l
Stu
dy of Rill
Ero
sion
".
Tra
nsac
tions
of Am
eric
an
Soc
iety
ofA
gric
uftu
ra/E
ngin
eers
,
Vol
.
17(5
),
1974
,
PP
.
909-
913,
916.
Mur
ray,
G.E
.
and
G.R
.
Low
ry.
"SC
S
and
Wat
er
Qua
lity:
An
Ove
rvie
w".
Soi
l
Con
serv
atio
n,
Vol
.
42(4
),
1976
,
PP
.
13-1
7.
Nat
iona
l
Cru
shed
Sto
ne
Ass
ocia
tion.
"Qua
rrie
d
Sto
ne
for
Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
t
Con
trol
".
N.C
.S.A
.,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.,
1978
.
Ont
ario
Con
serv
atio
n
Aut
horit
ies.
Con
serv
atio
n
Ser
vice
s
Man
ual.
Ont
ario
Min
istr
y
of Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es,
Tor
onto
,
Ont
ario
,
1981
.
Pet
erso
n,
J.B
.
"The
Rel
atio
n
of Soi
l
Fer
tility
to Soi
l
Ero
sion
",
Jour
nal
of Soi
l
and
Wat
er
Con
serv
atio
n,
Vol
.
19(1
),
1964
,
pp.
15-1
9.
Pie
st,
R.E
,
J.M
.
Bra
dfor
d,
and
G.M
.
Wya
tt.
"Soi
l
Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
t
Tra
nspo
rt
from
Gul
lies"
.
A.S
.C.E
.
Jour
nal
of the
Hyd
raul
ics
Div
isio
n,
Vol
.
101
(HY
1),
1975
,
Pp.
65-8
0.
19b
20b
Poc
he,
D.J
.,
and
WC
.
She
rwoo
d.
"Sed
imen
t
Tra
ppin
g
Effi
cien
cy
of Str
aw
and
Hay
Bal
e
Bar
riers
and
Gab
ions
".
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Res
earc
h
Rec
ord,
No.
594,
1975
,
pp.
10-1
4.
Ree
d,
L.A
.
"Effe
ctiv
enes
s
of Sed
imen
t-C
ontr
ol
Tec
hniq
ues
Use
d
Dur
ing
Hig
hway
Con
stru
ctio
n
in Cen
tral
Pen
nsyl
vani
a".
U.S
.
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey,
Wat
er-S
uppl
y
Pap
er
2054
.
U.S
.
Gov
ernm
ent
Prin
ting
Offi
ce,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.,
1978
.
Ritc
hie,
J.C
.
"Sed
imen
t,
Fis
h,
and
Fis
h
Hab
itat"
.
Jour
nal
of Soi
l
and
Wat
er
Con
serv
atio
n,
Vol
.
27(3
),
1972
,
pp.
124-
125.
Sam
sel,
G.L
.
"Effe
cts
of Sed
imen
tatio
n
on the
Alg
al
Flo
ra of a Sm
all
Rec
reat
iona
l
Impo
undm
ent"
.
Wat
er
Res
ourc
es
Bul
letin
,
Vol
.
9(6)
,
1973
,
pp.
1145
-115
2.
Sar
les,
R.L
.,
and
D.M
.
Em
anue
l.
"Har
dwoo
d
Bar
k
Mul
ch
for
Rev
eget
atio
n
and
Ero
sion
Con
trol
on Dra
stic
ally
Dis
turb
ed
Site
s".
Jour
nal
of Soi
l
and
Wat
er
Con
serv
atio
n,
Vol
.
32(5
),
1977
,
pp.
209-
214.
She
rwoo
d,
WC
.,
and
D.C
.
Wya
nt.
"Ins
talla
tion
of Str
aw
and
Fab
ric
Filt
er
Bar
riers
for
Sed
imen
t
Con
trol
".
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Res
earc
h
Rec
ord,
No.
705,
1979
,
pp.
23-2
9.
Sm
ith,
D.D
.
and
WH
.
Wis
chm
eier
.
"Fac
tors
Affe
ctin
g
She
et
and
Rill
Ero
sion
".
Tra
nsac
tions
of the
Am
eric
an
Geo
phys
ical
Uni
on,
Vol
.
38(6
),
1957
,
pp.
889-
896.
Sw
anso
n,
NP
.,
A.R
.
Ded
rick,
and
A.E
.
Dud
eck.
"Pro
tect
ion
of Ste
ep
Con
stru
ctio
n
Slo
pes
Aga
inst
Wat
er
Ero
sion
".
Hig
hway
Res
earc
h
Rec
ord,
No.
206,
1967
.
Sw
enso
n,
H.A
.
"Sed
imen
t
in Str
eam
s".
Jour
nal
of Soi
l
and
Wat
er
Con
serv
atio
n,
Vol
.
19(6
),
1964
,
pp.
223-
226.
The
a
ksto
n,
J.A
.
Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
t
Con
trol
with
Ref
eren
ce
to the
Mar
itim
e
Pro
vinc
es.
M.E
ng.
Rep
ort,
Dep
artm
ent
of Civ
il
Eng
inee
ring,
Uni
vers
ity
of
New
Bru
nsw
ick,
Fre
deric
ton,
N.B
.,
1981
.
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Res
earc
h
Boa
rd.
"Des
ign
of Sed
imen
tatio
n
Bas
ins"
.
Syn
thes
is
of Hig
hway
Pra
ctic
e,
No.
70,
Nat
iona
l
Aca
dem
y
of Sci
ence
s,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.,
1980
.
Tru
th,
P.G
.
Pre
dict
ion
and
Con
trol
of Soi
l
Ero
sion
from
Land
Dev
elop
men
t.
Tec
hnic
al
Rep
ort
No. 5 pr
epar
ed
for
the
Shu
bena
cadi
e
—
Ste
wia
cke
Riv
er
Bas
in
Boa
rd,
Hal
ifax,
Nov
a
Sco
tia,
1978
.
U.S
.
Env
ironm
enta
l
Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy.
Pro
cess
es,
Pro
cedu
res,
and
Met
hods
to Con
trol
Pol
lutio
n
Res
ultin
g
from all
Con
stru
ctio
n
Act
ivity
.
E.P
.A.
430/
9-
73-0
07,
234
pgs.
U.S
.
Gov
ernm
ent
Prin
ting
Offi
ce,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.,
1973
.
U.S
.
Soi
l
Con
serv
atio
n
Ser
vice
.
Con
trol
ling
Ero
sion
on Con
stru
ctio
n
Site
s.
Agr
icul
ture
Info
rmat
ion
Bul
letin
347,
U.S
.
Dep
artm
ent
of Agr
icul
ture
.
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.,
1970
.
U.S
.
Soi
l
Con
serv
atio
n
Ser
vice
.
Env
ironm
enta
l
Do'
s
and
Don
'ts
on
Con
stru
ctio
n
Site
s.
Mis
c.
publ
icat
ion
1291
,
U.S
.
Dep
artm
ent
of Agr
icul
ture
,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.,
1974
.
)
U.S
.
Soi
l
Con
serv
atio
n
Ser
vice
.
Sta
ndar
ds
and
Spe
cific
atio
ns
for
Soi
l
Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
t
Con
trol
in Dev
elop
ingA
reas
.
U.S
.
Dep
artm
ent
of Agr
icul
ture
,
Col
lege
Par
k,
Mar
ylan
d,
1975
.
U.S
.
Soi
l
Con
serv
atio
n
Ser
vice
.
Gui
delin
es
for
Soi
l
and
Wat
er
Con
serv
atio
n
in
Urb
aniz
ing
Are
as of Mas
sach
uset
ts.
U.S
.
Dep
artm
ent
of Agr
icul
ture
,
Am
hers
t,
Mas
sach
uset
ts,
1975
.
Van
oni,
VA
.,
ed.
Sed
imen
tatio
n
Eng
inee
r/ng
.
Pre
pare
d
by the
AS
CE
Tas
k
Com
m.
Man
ual
on Sed
imen
tatio
n
of the
Sed
imen
tatio
n
Com
m.,
Hyd
raul
ics
Div
.,
Am
.
Soc
.
Civ
il
Eng
inee
rs,
New
Yor
k,
N.Y
.,
1975
.
Van
Vlie
t,
L.J.
P.
and
G.J
.
Wal
l.
"Com
paris
on
of Pre
dict
ed
and
Mea
sure
d
She
et
and
Rill
Ero
sion
Loss
es in Sou
ther
n
Ont
ario
".
Can
adia
n
Jour
nal
of Soi
l
Sci
ence
,
Vol
.
59,
1979
,
pp.
211-
213.
Virg
inia
Soi
l
and
Wat
er
Con
serv
atio
n
Com
mis
sion
.
Com
preh
ensi
ve
Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
t
Con
trol
Tra
inin
g
Pro
gram
for
Eng
inee
rs,
Arc
hite
cts,
and
Pla
nner
s.
Nat
iona
l
Ass
ocia
tion
of Con
serv
atio
n
Dis
tric
ts,
Leag
ue
City
,
Tex
as,
1976
.
Wal
l,
G.J
.,
L.J.
P.
van
Vlie
t,
and
WI.
Dic
kins
on.
"The
Uni
vers
al
Soi
l
Loss
Equ
atio
n
— a Met
hod
for
Pre
dict
ing
Soi
l
Loss in C
anad
a".
Pre
sent
ed
at the
Ann
ual
Mee
ting,
Can
adia
n
Soc
iety
of Soi
l
Sci
ence
,
St.
Mar
y's
Uni
vers
ity,
Hal
ifax,
Nov
a
Sco
tia,
1976
.
Web
er,
WG
.
"Fac
tors
that
Affe
ct
Wat
er
Ero
sion
from
Con
stru
ctio
n
Are
as".
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Res
earc
h
Rec
ord,
No.
642,
1977
,
pp.
62-6
7.
Wis
chm
eier
,
WH
.,
and
J.V
.
Man
nerin
g.
"Rel
atio
n
of Soi
l
Pro
pert
ies
to its
Ero
dibi
lity"
.
Soi
l
Sci
ence
Soc
iety
of Am
eric
a
Pro
ceed
ings
,
Vol
.
33(1
),
1969
,
pp.1
31-1
37.
____
___ an
d
L.D
.
Mey
er.
"Soi
l
Ero
dibi
lity
on Con
stru
ctio
n
Are
as".
Soi
l
Ero
sion
:
Cau
ses
and
Mec
hani
sms:
Pre
vent
ion
and
Con
trol
.
Hig
hway
Res
earc
h
Boa
rd,
Spe
cial
Rep
ort
135,
1973
,
pp.
20-2
9.
Wis
chm
eier
,
WH
.,
and
D.D
.
Sm
ith.
Pre
dict
ing
Rai
nfal
l
Ero
sion
Loss
es, A
Gui
de
to Con
serv
atio
n
Pla
nnin
g.
Agr
icul
ture
Han
dboo
k
No.
537,
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Dep
artm
ent
of Agr
icul
ture
,
Sci
ence
and
Edu
catio
n
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.,
1978
.
Wol
man
,
M.G
.,
and
A.P
.
Shi
ck.
"Effe
cts
of Con
stru
ctio
n
on Flu
vial
Sed
imen
t,
Urb
an
and
Sub
urba
n
Are
as of Mar
ylan
d".
Wat
er
Res
ourc
es
Res
earc
h,
Vol
.
3(2)
,
1967
,
pp.
451-
464.
21 b
22b
AC
KN
OW
LED
G EM
EN
TS
The
Han
dboo
k
was
com
pile
d
by a com
mitt
ee
esta
blis
hed
by the
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
ironm
ent,
cons
istin
g
of John
The
akst
on,
P.E
ng.,
Don
Gre
y,
Ger
ald
Por
ter,
and
Gra
nt
Bre
nnan
.
The
com
mitt
ee
appr
ecia
tes
the
assi
stan
ce
of
man
y
othe
r
engi
neer
ing
and
tech
nica
l
staf
f
of the
Dep
artm
ent
who
revi
ewed
and
com
men
ted
on the
earli
er
draf
ts.
The
com
mitt
ee
wis
hes
to ackn
owle
dge
inpu
t
from
othe
rs
outs
ide of th
e
depa
rtm
ent,
incl
udin
g
cons
ultin
g
engi
neer
s,
who
have
an inte
rest
in both
the
prob
lem
s
of eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n,
and
the
impl
emen
tatio
n
of prop
er
cont
rols
.
Sig
nific
ant
revi
ew
was
prov
ided
by:
The
Dar
tmou
th
Lake
s
Adv
isor
y
Boa
rd,
nota
bly
Mrs
.
Aud
rey
Man
zer,
Cha
irman
,
and
mem
bers
Don
ald
Gor
don,
Mar
k
Ber
nard
,
P.E
ng.,
and
W.
Rob
erts
on;
The
Adv
isor
y
Pan
el
on Ero
sion
and
Sed
imen
t
Con
trol
at the
Tec
hnic
al
Uni
vers
ity
of Nov
a
Sco
tia,
chai
red
by Lee
Lew
is,
P.E
ng.;
Mr.
Rod
ger
Aib
right
,
P.E
ng.,
and
staf
f
of the
Env
ironm
enta
l
Ass
essm
ent
Sec
tion
of Env
ironm
ent
Can
ada,
E.P
.S.
Atla
ntic
Reg
ion;
The Cap
e
Bre
ton
Dev
elop
men
t
Cor
pora
tion;
Sta
ff
of the
Fre
shw
ater
and
Ana
drom
ous
Div
isio
n,
Fis
herie
s
and
Oce
ans
Can
ada,
Sco
tia-F
undy
Reg
ion.
All
phot
ogra
phs
used in the
Han
dboo
k,
show
ing
vario
us
aspe
cts
of eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n
aris
ing
from
cons
truc
tion
on Nov
a
Sco
tian
proj
ects
,
wer
e
take
n
by staf
f
of the
N.S
.
Dep
artm
ent
of the
Env
ironm
ent
or by Fis
herie
s
and
Oce
ans
Can
ada.
The
Com
mitt
ee
wis
hes
to than
k
Bria
n
Jolly
mor
e,
P.E
ng.,
Jim
Lead
bette
r,
Reg
Sw
eene
y,
and
Don
ald
J. Cox for
thei
r
cont
ribut
ions
.
Per
mis
sion
to publ
ish
info
rmat
ion
abou
t
the
use of gabi
on
bask
ets
was
grat
eful
ly
rece
ived
from
Mac
cafe
rri
Gab
ions of C
anad
a
Ltd.
We
grat
eful
ly
ackn
owle
dge
the
assi
stan
ce of Ela
ine
Fra
mpt
on
and
the
N.S
.
Dep
artm
ent
of Gov
ernm
ent
Ser
vice
s
in the
desi
gn
and
prod
uctio
n
of the
Han
dboo
k.
The
prof
essi
onal
writ
ing
and
editi
ng
serv
ice
prov
ided
by Cha
rmai
ne
Gau
det
was
very
help
ful
in pres
entin
g
the
info
rmat
ion
in the
text in a m
ore
usef
ul
form
at
and
mak
ing it un
ders
tand
able
to a wid
er
audi
ence
.
The
com
mitt
ee
than
ks
her
for
her
wor
k
on the
Han
dboo
k.