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Ergonomics & Biomechanics (PSY 552). History. 4 th Century BC Hippocrates – Father of Medicine Studied lead poisoning among miners and metallurgists 1 st Century BC Pliny, a Roman historian, wrote of the dangers of cinnabar. History (cont). 2 nd Century AD - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ergonomics & Biomechanics (PSY 552)
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History 4th Century BC
Hippocrates – Father of Medicine Studied lead poisoning among miners and
metallurgists
1st Century BC Pliny, a Roman historian, wrote of the dangers of
cinnabar
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History (cont) 2nd Century AD
Galen wrote about various occupational diseases.
15th Century AD Ulrich Ellenborg published a treatise on toxic
fumes and vapors and their control
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History (cont) 16th Century
Phillipus Aureolous Theophratus Bombastus von Hohenheim (AKA Paracelsus
16th Century Agricola wrote De Re Metallica
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History (cont) 18th Century AD
Ramazzini published De Morbis Artificum Diatriba
England – an epidemiological study revealed a condition called Devonshire Colic
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History (cont) 18th Century AD
Percival Pott – recognized
19th Century Industrial revolution Health & Morals of Apprentices Act Factory Acts in England Child labor laws in Massachusetts (1848) Federal Safety Appliance Act
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History (cont) 19th Century
Germany created a social security system that included:
British workers’ compensation act (1897)
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History (cont) 20th Century
States in USA begin to implement workers’ compensation programs Federal workers’ compensation (1908) New Jersey, Wisconsin (1911)
US Social Security Act (1935)
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History (cont) 20th Century
Occupational Safety & Health Act (1970) Creates two new government agencies
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OSHA Focused primarily on acute and airborne
safety hazards.
In the mid 1980s back injuries accounted for 30% of workplace injuries
In 1993, cumulative trauma disorders accounted for 62% of new workplace injuries.
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OSHA (cont) Ergonomics became a focus in the 1990’s
Has attempted several times to implement ergonomic standards.
Recent standards implemented by President Clinton were repealed by President Bush.
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OSHA (cont) OSHA’s new program (see
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/) relies on a 4-pronged approach: Guidelines Enforcement Outreach & assistance National Advisory Committee
Individual states have ergonomic standards (e.g., CA, WA).
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NIOSH Has published research based lifting
guidelines, among other things, to reduce back injuries.
The new limit is 51 lbs in the under the best conditions (1993).
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Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) Today Are difficult to define
Are affected by a variety of factors Mechanical Physiological Psychological Contextual
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Mechanical
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Physiological
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Psychological
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Contextual
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Scope of MSDs Difficult to define the scope because:
What is known
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Workers’ Compensation Master-Servant Relationship
Master-Stranger Relationship