ERAWATCH COUNTRY REPORTS 2010: Algeria - Europa · COUNTRY REPORTS 2010: Algeria ... The implementation of the LMD ... English) are also to be taken into account. 4 Enhance research

ERAWATCH COUNTRY REPORTS 2010:

Algeria

ERAWATCH Network

Abdelhakim Bensaoula

COUNTRY REPORTS 2010: Algeria

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Acknowledgements and further information:

This analytical country report is one of a series of annual ERAWATCH reports which cover the EU Member States, Countries Associated to the EU Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7) and, since 2011, selected third countries (ERAWATCH International).

ERAWATCH is a joint initiative of the European Commission's Directorate General for Research and Innovation and Joint Research Centre - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS). The reports are produced, under contract, by the ERAWATCH Network.

The analytical framework and the structure of the reports have been developed by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the Joint Research Centre (JRC-IPTS) with contributions from Directorate General for Research and Innovation and the ERAWATCH Network.

The report is only published in electronic format and is available on the ERAWATCH website (http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/). Comments on this report are welcome and should be addressed to [email protected].

The opinions expressed are those of the authors only and should not be considered as representative of the European Commission’s official position.


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Executive Summary

Algeria is the largest country in the African continent with an area of about 2.4 million square kilometres (7% of the area of the continent). With its estimated 35m inhabitants (est. 2010), Algeria is home to 4% of the total African population (1b – est. 2009). Oil and gas industry accounts for 58% of budget revenues and 32% of GDP (est. 2010). Past decade growth rate averages 5% (6% est. 2010). Fossil fuels energy sector accounts for 94% of export earnings. Energy industry accounts for 4% and the remaining 1% stems from the growing private sector enterprises contributions. While considerable investment in agricultural economic activity is sustained, it is expected that contributions from this sector will kick-in within two to five years.

Foreign debt is virtually inexistent and ongoing international association treaties are setting the stage for increased trade relations with the European Union, the Russian Federation, South-East Asian countries and North and South American states. Regional instability and strained relations with neighbouring countries (especially Morocco) keeps regional economic activity to a minimum.

In 2010, effective GERD to GDP is estimated at 0.4% and it is expected to reach 0.5% in 2011. Public financing is the predominant contributor to the GERD. However, it should be noted that business enterprise contribution to R&D is hard to evaluate since such expenditures are usually integrated under general operations costs (Algerian accounting system does not provide a separate line item for R&D expenditures). Independently performed surveys (sample of domestic businesses) set the BERD correction of the GERD at 0.1% (est. 2010). In terms of performance, research centres come as the most important players followed by universities. This structure stems from limited R&D efforts within public sector enterprises (pharmaceuticals are the exception) and a private sector still in its infancy. We should stress that, to date, provisional R&D budgets are never spent in their totality. Budget spending difficulties are a major concern for R&D managers. Acquisition of scientific equipment is further complicated by tedious bureaucratic procedures and import limitations. The acquisition of equipment originating from EU states is further complicated by procedural difficulties and incompatibilities between Algerian and EU rules and regulations. Lengthy visa procedures for scientists and researchers are other limiting factors affecting the speedy recovery of Algerian science and technology activities.

Despite the many difficulties, significant progress has been achieved in a very short time. Within 7 years, through a focussed political determination, science and technology infrastructure has been rebuilt and strengthened, the socio-professional situation of scientists and researchers has been tremendously improved and new instruments (legal and structural) have been put in place to promote a closer collaboration between the scientific community and national business actors. It is too early to evaluate the effectiveness of the new measures on RTDI governance. Centres for Innovation and Technology Transfer and Industry-University Liaison Offices within universities are in their first year of operation. They are however viewed as cornerstones of the knowledge triangle. They are expected to be catalysts for strong and close


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collaborations between industry, businesses, research centres, and universities.

The restructuring of S&T institutions under the newly created Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development coupled with the sizable increase in S&T budgets and the improved socio-professional situation of scientists and researchers, set the stage for a renewed interest in the fields of education and R&D. Innovation will however depend on the successful two-ways transfer of the acquired knowhow to and from business partners for implementation and further development. A close monitoring of the effectiveness of university-research centres-business collaborations will be necessary and policy adjustments will have to be implemented as needed. Long term planning will need to be sustained and a change of culture will have to be engaged.

Knowledge Triangle

Recent policy changes Assessment of strengths and weaknesses

Research policy

• Creation of the Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development (DGSRTD) in charge of coordinating national research activities.

• Definition of national research priority domains under the National Research Programmes (NRP) initiative.

• Creation of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (NCSTR) chaired by the Prime Minister.

• The creation of this central research governing body at the Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research facilitates communication between scientists and researchers, and the different governmental bodies.

• Headed by the Prime Minister, the NCSTR coordinates national research efforts, defines national research priorities and ensures effective collaboration between the different ministries

• Collaboration between the MHESR and the different ministries has traditionally been weak and lacked mutual respect, trust, and functional transparency. Weak long-term sustainability of the newly implemented research management model is a concern.

Innovation policy

• Requirement to include business partners in NRP project submissions.

• Creation of Centres for Innovation and Technology Transfer.

• Strengthening of the prerogatives of the National Agency for the Valorisation of Research and Technology Development (NAVRTD).

• Proposals submitted for funding under the NRP initiative are required, to be considered, the inclusion of business partners

• Successful projects will be, if needed, offered space and resources within the Centres for Innovation and Technology Transfer to further develop the idea into a prototype and proceed with pre-commercialisation development efforts.

• The NAVRTD plays the role of knowledge depository and helps researchers and innovators in the process of intellectual property protection procedures.

• The main barrier to success for planned and implemented policies remains culture. Open information exchange, trust, mutual respect, and team building are at


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the heart of the enacted policies.

Education policy

• Implementation of the Licence, Master, Doctorate (LMD) system. The aim is to facilitate degree curricula adaptation to economic needs.

• Creation of the University-Industry Liaison Offices (UILO) at the University level to receive feedback from business partners as to the employability of university graduates. Sizable increase in educators’ salaries to attract better quality human resources.

• The implementation of the LMD system coupled with heavy investment in education and research infrastructure aligns the national education structure with its European counterparts.

• The UILO’s facilitate interaction between universities and educators, and businesses’ human resource departments.

• The improved socio-professional status of educators and scientists is expected to attract high quality human resources.

Other policies

Several mechanisms have been put in place to promote the creation of SME’s by university graduates. Such mechanisms include;

• State guaranteed loans for young entrepreneurs and free housing for technology spin-offs and start-ups.

• Tax incentives for recruitment of university graduates. The incentives include full salaries for new recruits in science and technology for up to 3 years.

• Low success rate of these initiatives. 9 in 10 SME’s created under the programme file for bankruptcy within the first two years of existence.

• The statistics show that 7 in 10 recruits under the state supported programme leave their positions for positions in state owned enterprises (if offered). Culturally, it is shown that new graduates prefer job security over job growth.

• Several initiatives to include management, finance and accounting courses in science and engineering curricula are being tested.

The Algerian government has adopted national strategic objectives in line with ERA objectives. While Algeria is not part of the European Union, it has traditionally maintained close science and research ties with Europe. Active collaborations are ongoing with partner universities and research centres in France, Spain, Italy and Germany. A shared language and historical cultural ties with France facilitate collaborations with French institutions. A bilateral agreement with the EU has been signed in 2011; it is expected that Algeria’s participation in EU programmes will intensify.

However, mobility of academics and scholars is still minimal. EU visa requirements for Algerian nationals are hindering factors and render effective collaborations extremely difficult. Priority is given to internal mobility between higher education institutions and business partners. This is expected to increase BERD’s share in GERD by renewing interest in domestic science and technology research efforts. Investment in ITC infrastructure is a priority. Information and e-learning platforms are being deployed to facilitate information dissemination and exchange, as well as provide distant learning venues.

European Research Area

Assessment of the national policies/measures which correspond to ERA objectives1

1 Of course non-ERA countries do not strive to achieve ERA objectives. This part of the report

is simply to allow a comparison with the activities of ERA countries on these issues


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ERA objectives Main policy changes Assessment of strengths and weaknesses

1 Ensure an adequate supply of human resources for research and an open, attractive and competitive labour market for male and female researchers

• Algerian universities produce sufficient graduates to fulfil the needs of new science and technology policies.

• Sizable salary increases for academics and researchers (FY 2010) are expected to attract high quality HR.

• Foreign professors and researchers are permitted to participate in research and education projects.

• MOU’s with foreign institutions (especially European) are in effect.

• Despite the latest salaries increases, they remain relatively low compared to their European counterparts. This fact, coupled with the Algerian social environment, make north-south mobility less attractive.

• The current situation is more adapted to short term stays rather than long term recruitment.

• High unemployment among the educated makes recruitment of foreign nationals socially risky.

2 Increase public support for research

• Nominal research expenditures objective is set at 1% of GDP. Effective expenditures are around 0.3% of GDP (0.4% est. 2010).

• Budget spending difficulties are still major hindering factors.

3 Increase coordination and integration of research funding

• Collaborations with European institutions are ongoing.

• Implication of Algerian institutions in EU research programmes (such as FP7) are encouraged and supported through NCP networks.

• EU visa requirements for Algerian nationals still pose major problems.

• Language barriers (esp. English) are also to be taken into account.

4 Enhance research capacity

• Strong investment in national R&D infrastructure.

• Incentives for joint academic programmes (esp. Doctorate level) and research collaboration between Algerian HEIs and PROs.

• Joint degree programmes and joint research projects with European institutions are encouraged.

• Joint funding schemes are provisioned by present policies.

• Mobility of academics and researchers is still a limiting factor.

• Closer collaborations with EU partners would ensure resources sharing and optimal use of available funds.

5 Develop world-class research infrastructures (including e-infrastructures) and ensure access to them

• 2009-2013 government planning provides sizable investment (1b Euros) in science and research infrastructure.

• New policies require the building of efficient scientific networks (thematic networks) and the promotion of information exchange, resource sharing and team building.

• Thematic research network are proving difficult to establish.

6 Strengthen research institutions, including notably universities

• New policies provide for the creation of private higher education institutions.

• The creation of centres of excellence is being pursued.

• Some universities have implemented honours’ programmes for top tier students.

• Some small private institutions have been established, but mainly in the fields of management and finance.

• Private science and technology educational institutions require heavy investments beyond the capacity of present businesses.

7 Improve framework conditions for private investment in R&D

• Inclusion of the private sector in the NRP programmes.

• Tax incentives for private investment in R&D.

• Accounting procedures should be adapted to properly account for private R&D (better statistics).


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• Recruitment of S&T graduates is supported by the state for up to 3 years.

• Change of culture among new graduates is required. Job growth should be promoted over job security.

8 Promote public-private cooperation and knowledge transfer

• Inclusion of private entities in publicly funded national research programmes.

• The creation of Centres for Innovation and Technology Transfer (CITT).

• The creation of University-Industry Liaison Offices (UILO).

• The new policies and structures provide for renewed interest in public-private collaboration and knowledge sharing.

• More effort has to be put in trust building.

• A clear intellectual property ownership policy is lacking.

9 Enhance knowledge circulation

• Investment in e-network infrastructure.

• Public funding of subscription to major scientific journals databases.

• Active scholar exchange programmes.

• Modest participation in EU programmes.

• Efficient use of existing e-infrastructure is still lacking and will require a change of culture and some adaptation of mode of operation.

• Scholars exchange is also limited by language barriers (esp. English).

10 Strengthen international cooperation in science and technology

• New policies support the implication/inclusion of EU partners in national research programmes.

• The design of new degree programmes is completed in line with EU requirements to facilitate future exchange.

• Collaboration with EU, USA, Canada and South-East Asia will strengthen once new research infrastructure is completed.

• South-North scholars and researchers mobility is still limited due to EU visa requirements.

11 Jointly design and coordinate policies across policy levels and policy areas, notably within the knowledge triangle

• HEIs and PROs are strongly encouraged to build strong relations with the business sector to adapt academic curricula to fit the needs of the employment market and provide for a venue for technology transfer.

• It is too early to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly implemented policies.

• Low knowledge demand renders this task extremely difficult..

• Low trust and non converging priorities are a strong concern.

12 Develop and sustain excellence and overall quality of research

• Elaboration of a long term research strategy is underway. New governance instruments are being put in place by the DGSRTD.

• It is too early to evaluate the effectiveness of the new research structure.

• Lack of coordination between different governmental bodies is still a concern.

13 Promote structural change and specialisation towards a more knowledge - intensive economy

• Public financing of knowledge intensive start-ups and SMEs is available through youth job creation initiatives.

• Limited knowledge of management techniques among new graduates is the leading cause of failure of new SMEs and start-ups.

• New projected structures are expected to provide adequate coaching of technology SMEs and start-ups.

14 Mobilise research to address major societal challenges and contribute to

• Research proposal submitted under the NRP initiatives are required to address societal priorities.

• Some lack of coordination between the MHESR and other ministries is creating effort duplication yielding wasted


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sustainable development

• Environment protection and tourism, water conservation, energy efficiency, housing (sustainable urban development) are defined as national priorities.

resources, and operational confusion.

15 Build mutual trust between science and society and strengthen scientific evidence for policy making

• The DGSRTD promotes and supports the creation of educational information platforms.

• Public sensitisation to science and technology is a high priority. Youth organisations are especially targeted.

• The Algerian socioeconomic situation does not promote such high value propositions.

• Evaluation of such actions lacks focus and clear set of measurables.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 3

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 11

2 Performance of the national research and innovation system and assessment of recent policy changes ............................................................... 12

2.1 Structure of the national research and innovation system and its governance ................................................................................................. 12

2.2 Resource mobilisation ................................................................................. 18

2.2.1 Resource provision for research activities ........................................... 19

2.2.2 Evolution of national policy mix geared towards the national R&D investment targets ............................................................................... 19

2.2.3 Providing qualified human resources .................................................. 20

2.3 Knowledge demand .................................................................................... 20

2.4 Knowledge production ................................................................................. 21

2.4.1 Quality and excellence of knowledge production ................................ 21

2.4.2 Policy aiming at improving the quality and excellence of knowledge production ........................................................................................... 22

2.5 Knowledge circulation ................................................................................. 23

2.5.1 Knowledge circulation between the universities, PROs and business sectors; ................................................................................ 23

2.5.2 Cross-border knowledge circulation .................................................... 24

2.5.3 Main societal challenges ..................................................................... 24

2.6 Overall assessment ..................................................................................... 24

3 National policies which correspond to ERA objectives ...................................... 26

3.1 Labour market for researchers .................................................................... 26

3.1.1 Stocks and mobility flows of researchers ............................................ 26

3.1.2 Providing attractive employment and working conditions .................... 27

3.1.3 Open recruitment and portability of grants .......................................... 27

3.1.4 Meeting the social security and supplementary pension needs of mobile researchers .............................................................................. 27

3.1.5 Enhancing the training, skills and experience of researchers ............. 27

3.2 Research infrastructures ............................................................................. 28

3.2.1 National Research Infrastructures roadmap ........................................ 28

3.3 Strengthening research institutions ............................................................. 29

3.3.1 Quality of National Higher Education System...................................... 30

3.3.2 Academic autonomy ............................................................................ 31

3.3.3 Academic funding ................................................................................ 31

3.4 Knowledge transfer ..................................................................................... 31

3.4.1 Intellectual Property Policies ............................................................... 31

3.4.2 Other policy measures aiming to promote public-private knowledge transfer ................................................................................................ 32

3.5 Cooperation, coordination and opening up national research programmes with the EU ............................................................................. 33

3.5.1 National participation in intergovernmental organisations and schemes .............................................................................................. 33


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3.5.2 Bi- and multilateral RDI agreements with EU countries ....................... 33

3.5.3 Other instruments of cooperation and coordination between national R&D programmes .................................................................. 33

3.5.4 Opening up of national R&D programmes .......................................... 33

3.6 International science and technology cooperation ...................................... 34

3.6.1 International cooperation (beyond EU) ................................................ 34

3.6.2 Mobility schemes for researchers from third countries ........................ 35

4 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 36

4.1 Effectiveness of the knowledge triangle ...................................................... 36

4.2 Comparison with ERA 2020 objectives - a summary .................................. 38

References ............................................................................................................... 42

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. 43


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1 Introduction

The main objective of the ERAWATCH International Analytical Country Reports 2010 is to characterise and assess the evolution of the national policy mixes for the non-EU countries in the perspective of the Lisbon goals and of the 2020 post-Lisbon Strategy, even though they do not pursue these policies themselves. The assessment will focus on the national R&D investments targets, the efficiency and effectiveness of national policies and investments into R&D, the articulation between research, education and innovation. In doing this, the 15 objectives of the ERA 2020 are articulated.

Given the latest developments, the 2010 Country Report has a stronger focus on the link between research and innovation, reflecting the increased focus of innovation in the policy agenda. The report is not aimed to cover innovation per se, but rather the 'interlinkage' between research and innovation, in terms of their wider governance and policy mix.


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2 Performance of the national research and innovation system and assessment of recent policy changes

The aim of this chapter is to assess the performance of the national research system, the 'interlinkages' between research and innovation systems, in terms of their wider governance and policy as well as the most recent changes that have occurred in national policy mixes in the perspective of the Lisbon goals. Each section identifies the main societal challenges addressed by the national research and innovation system and assesses the policy measures that address these challenges. The relevant objectives derived from ERA 2020 Vision are articulated in the assessment for comparison reasons.

2.1 Structure of the national research and innovation system and its governance

This section gives the main characteristics of the structure of the national research and innovation systems, in terms of their wider governance.

Algeria is the largest country in the African continent with an area of about 2.4 million square kilometres (7% of the area of the continent). With its estimated 35 million inhabitants (est. 2010), Algeria is home to 4% of the total African population (1Billion – est. 2009). These values yield an average population density of about 15 inhabitants per square kilometer. It should be noted that an estimated 90% of the population lives in the northern coastal region (about 10% of the total area).

Oil and gas industry accounts for 58% of budget revenues and 32% of GDP (est. 2010). Fossil fuels energy sector accounts for 94% of export earnings. Past decade growth rate averages 5% (6% est. 2010). Energy industry accounts for 4% and the remaining stems from the growing private-sector enterprises contributions. While considerable investment in agricultural economic activity is sustained, it is expected that contributions from this sector will kick in within two to five years (2012-2015).

Foreign debt is virtually nil and ongoing international association treaties are setting the stage for increased trade relations with the European Union, the Russian Federation, south-east Asian countries, and north and south American states. Regional instability and strained relations with neighbouring countries (especially Morocco) keep regional economic activity to a minimum.

Revitalisation of the research system has proved to be the most difficult to achieve. Loss of highly qualified human resources is a major concern. Actions aimed at ensuring higher retention rates of qualified scientist and researcher have been put in place (enacted in 2010). Such actions included sizable increases in salaries for scientists and educators and a huge budget increase for science and technology infrastructure (research centres and university research laboratories). University and research centres scientists are strongly encouraged to collaborate with business partners to ensure proper technology and knowledge transfer. Innovative project are more readily financed through calls for proposals within the National Research Programme (NRP) initiative or outside of the periodically published calls for proposals


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by the Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development (DGSRTD). Tax incentives are under consideration to encourage private and public sectors businesses to invest in R&D infrastructure. Such incentives include tax credits for all ICT investment (fiscal policy 2010) and removal of customs dues and VAT on all acquisitions aimed at increasing R&D capacity (under consideration for fiscal year 2011 policies).

For 2010, effective GERD to GDP is estimated at 0.4% and it is expected to reach 0.5% in 2011. Public financing is the predominant contributor to the GERD. However, it is to be noted that business enterprise contribution to R&D is hard to evaluate since such expenditures are usually listed under general operations costs (Algerian accounting system does not provide for a separate R&D expenditures line item). Independently performed surveys (sample of domestic businesses) set the BERD correction of the GERD at 0.1% (est. 2010). In terms of performance, research centres single out as the most important S&T research actors, closely followed by universities. This structure stems from limited R&D efforts within public sector industries (pharmaceuticals are the exception) and a private sector still in its infancy. We should stress that, to date, provisional R&D budgets are never spent in their totality. Budget spending difficulties are a major concern for R&D managers. Acquisition of scientific equipment is further complicated by tedious bureaucratic procedures and import limitations. The acquisition of equipment originating from EU states is further complicated by procedural difficulties and incompatibilities between Algerian and EU rules and regulations. A lengthy visa procedure for scientists and researchers is another limiting factor affecting the speedy recovery of Algerian science and technology activities.

Despite the many difficulties, significant progress has been achieved in a very short length of time. Within 7 years, through a focussed political determination, science and technology infrastructure has been rebuilt and strengthened, the socio-professional situation of scientists and researchers has been tremendously improved, and new instruments (legal and structural) have been put in place to promote a closer collaboration between the scientific community and business players.

It is too early to evaluate the effectiveness of the new measures on RTDI governance. Centres for Innovation and Technology Transfer (CITT) and Industry-University Liaison Offices (IULO) within universities are in their first year of operation. They are however viewed as cornerstones of the knowledge triangle. They are expected to be catalysts for strong and close collaborations between industry, research centres, and universities.

The restructuring of the S&T institutions under the newly created DGSRTD coupled with the sizable increase in S&T budget and the improved socio-professional situation of scientists and researchers sets the stage for a renewed interest in the fields of education and R&D. Innovation will however depend on the successful two-ways transfer of the acquired knowhow to and from business partners for implementation and further development. A close monitoring of the effectiveness of university-research centres-industry collaborations will be necessary and policy adjustments will have to be implemented as needed. Long term planning will need to be sustained and a change of culture will need to be engaged.

Main actors and institutions in research governance

The Algerian RTDI system underwent major restructuring during the last two decades. The first law #98/11 provided the initial framework by setting the stage for fundamental changes in RTDI governance. It also defined science and technology


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research as a national priority. It provided for representation of RTDI policy at the highest levels of government by establishing the National Council for Scientific and Technology Research (NCSTR) chaired by the Prime Minister. It also provided for the reinforcement of the National Fund for Scientific Research and Technology Development (NFSRTD) managed by the Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR). The established fund financed infrastructure rebuilding and provided support for University laboratories and research centres (equipment, operational budgets and research projects grants). Periodic progress evaluation was performed by the National Evaluation Council (NEC). While 98/11 provided a framework for rapid recovery of Science and Technology Research infrastructure, it lacked the necessary focus and enabling flexibility for long term research policy implementation and evaluation. The research activity was managed by the Directorate for Scientific Research and Technology Development (DSRTD) while effective financing was managed by the Directorate for Infrastructure, Prospective and Planning (DIPP) both represented at the MHESR level and with limited autonomy.

In August 2008, a new law (#08/05) was passed to effectively establish the Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development (DGSRTD) as the central autonomous body in charge of national research policies implementation and as the coordinator of all science and technology research performed nationally. The creation of the DGSRTD gave a clearer vision of the national research governance model which allowed for the effective organisation of the NCSTR and NEC as well as other sectoral governing bodies. Below we list the different bodies in charge of S&T research governance;

• The National Council for Science and Technology Research (NCSTR): Chaired by the Prime Minister, the NCSTR is the supreme S&T research governing body. It establishes long term goals and ensures coordination between different ministries validates a plan of action and allocates, through the ministry of finance, appropriate funding levels.

• The Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR): In charge of national higher education and research policies, the MHESR ensures proper coordination between education and research. It plans long term S&T HR availability, through the design and validation of educational curricula and degrees, manages university and research infrastructure, and provides for the legal framework aimed at reaching set goals and at completing defined missions.

• The Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development (DGSRTD): It came into being in September 2009, after law #08/05 (February 23, 2008) was enacted. This law makes of the DGSRTD, an autonomous executive body, and the principal enabler of National Scientific Research and Development. The DGSRTD is responsible for putting into action the Law’s directives related to: the planning, the evaluation, the institutional structuring, the development of Human Resources, Academic Research, technology and engineering, social and human sciences Research, scientific and technical Information systems, scientific collaboration, the valorisation of research activities, the infrastructure and major equipments. The GDSRTD manages the programme’s financing within the five-year plan (2009-2013). In this context, the DGSRTD must mobilize existing knowledge sources, develop and sustain the creativity which leads to innovation, and point towards a knowledge-based societal model founded on creative knowledge and its diffusion, renewal and absorption within society (http://www.nasr-dz.org).


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The responsibility of the General Director is to manage, motivate and coordinate the activities performed by the various structures under his jurisdiction. The central administration of the General Directorate is structured around four Offices:

� The Directorate for Research Programming, Evaluation and Prospective Study;

� The Directorate for Administration and Funding of Scientific Research; � The Directorate for Development, and Scientific & Technical Services; � The Directorate for Research Valorisation, Innovation and Technology Transfer.

• The National Evaluation Council (NEC): The strategic and scientific evaluation of the publicly funded research programmes and enacted policies is entrusted to the NEC. Operating under the auspices of the MHESR and composed of chosen field experts, the NEC is a consultative body in charge of proposing policy adjustments and provides periodic evaluation reports to the Minister for Higher Education and Scientific Research.

• Intersectoral Committee (ISC): The ISC is composed of several experts from the various ministries. The ISC assists the DGSRTD in promoting, coordinating and evaluating calls for proposals in relevant NRP subjects and provides socioeconomic feedback as to efficiency of adopted policies.

• Permanent Sectoral Committees (PSC): The PSC is a ministerial body. Each ministry organises a PSC to promote, coordinate and evaluate sectoral research activities. Each PSC evaluates the efficiency of adopted S&T research policies within its own sector. It provides periodic reports to the DGSRTD for policy evaluation and correction.

• Thematic Research Agencies (TRA): Presently there are three thematic research agencies; two in charge of thematic research evaluation and the third in charge of the exploitation of research results and their economic valorisation.

� National Agency for the Development of University Research (NADUR): It supports the DGSRTD in fundamental science NRP proposal evaluations as well as follow-up supervision. It provides small grants for short term research in fundamental sciences.

� National Agency for the Development of Research in Health (NADRH): It supports the DGSRTD in health science NRP proposal evaluations as well as follow-up supervision. It provides small grants for short term research in health sciences.

� The National Agency for Research Valorisation and Technology Development (NARVTD): It is in charge of research data gathering, the promotion of University-Industry collaboration, the commercialisation of applied research results through industrial partnerships and, guides and supports scientists and researchers during intellectual property protection procedures.

While still under “construction” two novel structures are being introduced. The Thematic Research Networks (TRNs) aimed at promoting team building and joint research efforts, and the Centres for Innovation and Technology Transfer (CITTs) in charge of promoting Business-S&T research institutions collaborations, Start-up coaching and SMEs incubation.

• Research Centres (RC): RC’s are independent autonomous research entities. RC’s are established by the MHESR or by other ministries in specific fields of


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research (i.e. ITC RC’s are established by the Ministry of Telecommunication and Information Technology, Oil and Gas RC’s are established by the Ministry of Energy and Mines etc..). Operational structures of RC’s are established by the DGSRTD ensuring organisational and functional compatibility among all RC’s. Each RC is composed of a minimum of four RU’s. They are managed by an appointed director who is responsible for research programmes within the institution and is accountable for financial transparency.

• Research Units (RU): RU’s are University or RC dependent institutions. They are managed by an appointed director who is responsible for research programmes under his supervision. RUs obtain independent budgets which are managed by the financial director of the University or the RC. New policies encourage other institutions (including businesses) to create RU’s as the basis of their R&D departments. Structurally, RU’s are required to include a minimum of four laboratories.

• Research Laboratories (RL): RL’s are University or RU dependent institutions. They are managed by an elected director who is responsible for research programmes under his supervision. RL’s obtain independent budgets which are managed by the financial director of the University or the RU. New policies encourage other institutions (especially smaller SMEs) to structure their R&D departments around RLs. Structurally RLs are required to include a minimum of four research teams.

• Research Teams (RT): Could be considered an RT a team of researchers composed of a minimum of four members and working on a specific subject or theme. An RT can be a permanent part of an RL (as its fundamental composing unit) or created ad-hoc for a specific purpose of study. When part of an RL, RTs receive funding from their related RL, RU or RC. A team of researchers can establish an RT and apply directly for small grants form one of the TRAs. RTs are managed by an elected team leader, when part of a structure, or a project leader, in case of ad-hoc establishment.

Under new directives by the DGSRTD, mixed RTs (university-RC-business) are encouraged. The last NRP call (December 2010) gave priority to projects submitted by mixed RTs. These directives aim at encouraging collaboration between Universities, RCs and business partners. The published results (9th of June 2011) show that the directive was, mostly, respected, and that, except for fundamental science proposals, all funded proposals were carried by, apparently, mixed research teams. A large fraction of these also included foreign researchers and expatriates.

The application of the new directive, redefines the RT as the building bloc of the national research system. It is the first effective action with direct consequences. However, efficiency of such mixed RTs will have to be proven.

Figure 1: Overview of the Algerian research system governance structure


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The institutional role of regions in research governance

There are no regional institutions in charge of research governance. All decisions are centralised and managed by national bodies. At the university level, the Vice Rector for Scientific Research (VRSR) is in charge of collecting and communicating research information to the DGSRTD for evaluation and follow-up. The VRSR is responsible for budget disbursement monitoring for RUs, RLs and RTs within his jurisdiction.

Budget disbursement for infrastructure expenses are managed and monitored by the regional governor’s (Wali) office through the regional comptrollers’ office. Regional Science and Technology research activity is dependent on the existence of universities and research centres in the considered region. Presently there are 48 universities and university centres distributed across the 48 districts (Wilayas). These are staffed by close to 16,000 professors, associate professors and assistant professors spending part of their time in RUs, RLs or as part of an RT. In addition there are presently 23 RCs and 6 theme specific RUs staffed by about 2,000 full time researchers.

The National Committee for Science and Technology NCSTR

The Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research MHESR

The Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development DGSRTD

The National Evaluation Council NEC

Other Ministries

Permanent Sectoral Committees PSCs

Intersectoral Committees ISC

Thematic Research Agencies TRAs

Thematic Research Networks TRNs

Centres for Innovation and Technology Transfer CITTs

Research Centres RCs

Research Units RUs

Research Laboratories RLs

Research Teams RTs

Research Units RUs

Research Laboratories

RLs

Research Teams RTs

Research Teams RTs

Research Teams RTs

Research Laboratories

RLs

Regulatory Body Consultative Body Executive Body Autonomous institutions University/Centre/Industry dependent body


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Regional extramural science and technology research aimed at involving the regional economic actors are local initiatives dependent upon personal affinities and relations. Initiatives aimed at establishing close relationships with regional economic players are still highly localised and strongly dependent on prevailing personal relationships.

Main research performer groups

Main research performer groups are highly regional and are dependent on the prevailing regional research tissue. In the central region where most RCs are located, RCs account for a majority of S&T publications, patens and research activity. Populated eastern Algeria has a high concentration of universities and few RCs. Most of the research activity is found within university RLs and RUs. The case is comparable in the less populated western Algeria, although in absolute national S&T research visibility, western Algeria institutions contribute less. In southern Algeria, where the population is sparse, we find few research institutions. S&T research contributions are limited to regionally specific concerns such as water resource management, renewable energy (esp. Solar –thermal or photovoltaic) and desertification issues.

This distribution stems from the fact that most research activity is publicly funded (negligible BERD contribution to the GERD). Taking this into account, and considering the fact that eastern Algeria economic growth is the most active in the nation (thanks to a dynamic private sector and large inflow of foreign investment), it is to be expected that eastern Algeria S&T research activity will grow at above national average rate with increasing BERD contributions.

Reliable data on numbers of publications and patents by institution are inexistent. Figures related to effective expenditures on S&T research are highly inaccurate since they are based on provisional budgets rather than actual spending. The DGSRTD is working on establishing a national database for this specific purpose. Independent surveys are also in progress (for this Erawatch project and through business initiatives) and should yield more accurate data.

2.2 Resource mobilisation

This section will assess the progress towards national R&D targets, with particular focus on private R&D and of recent policy measures and governance changes and the status of key existing measures, taking into account recent government budget data. The assessment will include also the human resources for R&D. Main assessment criteria are the degree of compliance with national targets and the coherence of policy objectives and policy instruments.

At the political level, it is now widely recognised that sustainable national development requires renewed and focus interest in the promotion of S&T research activities. Law 98/11 provided the framework for increased “allocated” public funding to the sector, set at 1% GERD to GDP ratio. However, it became clear that existing infrastructures were not capable of absorbing such levels of investments. Funds allocated, by the MHESR to RCs, RUs and RLs in 1998 are, to date, only partly spent in many cases (est. 2010). The creation of the DGSRTD in 2008 and its effective establishment in 2010 set the stage to a more focussed S&T research policies. The new Research Framework law of 2008 provides for a 1b Euros infrastructure and research capability spending (2009 – 2013). This measure is aimed at increasing S&T research environment attractiveness for national and international partnerships.


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2.2.1 Resource provision for research activities

While officially provisioned at 1% GDP, effective GERD to GDP is estimated at 0.4% and it is expected to reach 0.5% in 2011. Public financing is the predominant contributor to the GERD. However, it is to be noted that business enterprise contribution to R&D is hard to evaluate since such expenditures are usually listed under general operations costs. Independently performed surveys (sample of domestic businesses) set the BERD correction of the GERD at 0.1% (est. 2010). In terms of performance, research centres come as the most important players followed by universities. This structure stems from limited R&D efforts within public sector businesses and a private sector still in its infancy. We should stress that, to date, provisioned R&D budgets are never spent in their totality. Budget spending difficulties are a major concern for R&D managers. Acquisition of scientific equipment is further complicated by tedious bureaucratic procedures and import limitations. The acquisition of equipment originating from EU states is further complicated by procedural difficulties and incompatibilities between Algerian and EU rules and regulations. Lengthy visa procedures for scientists and researchers, is another limiting factor affecting the speedy recovery of Algerian science and technology activities.

Despite the many difficulties, significant progress has been achieved in a very short length of time. Within 7 years, through a focussed political determination, science and technology infrastructure has been rebuilt and greatly strengthened, the socio-professional situation of scientists and researchers has been tremendously improved, and new instruments (legal and structural) have been put in place to promote a closer collaboration between the scientific community and business actors.

2.2.2 Evolution of national policy mix geared towards the national R&D investment targets

At the political level, it is now widely recognised that sustainable national development requires renewed and focus interest in the promotion of S&T research activities. Law 98/11 provided the framework for increased “allocated” public funding to the sector, set at 1% GERD to GDP ratio. However, it became clear that existing infrastructures were not capable of absorbing such levels of investments. Funds allocated, by the MHESR to RCs, RUs and RLs in 1998 are, to date, only partly spent in many cases (est. 2010). The creation of the DGSRTD in 2008 and its effective establishment in 2010 set the stage to more focussed S&T research policies. The new Research Framework law of 2008 provides for a 1b Euros infrastructure and research capability spending (2009 – 2013). This measure is aimed at increasing S&T research environment attractiveness for national and international partnerships.

Despite the recognition of the facts stated above, there are no specific measures geared towards achieving national R&D investment targets. Presently, applied tax measures only consist of imposing lower VAT and customs taxes on scientific research equipment. BERD contributions are not significantly encouraged and, despite latest (2010) salary increases for academics and researchers, living standards for S&T research professionals are still deemed low by the general population (considering that investing in education does not yield high returns).

The regulatory framework introduced in 2006, providing for the legal basis for the creation of companies of capital investment, has not been successful.


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In addition to the active implication of the business sector in publicly funded R&D programmes, more stimulating measures are announced for FY2011. No clear information has been made available as of yet.

In terms of technology investment, the DGSRTD has earmarked close to 400m Euros in equipment expenditures in its 2009-2013 programme. To date it is estimated that less than 10% has been spent or committed.

2.2.3 Providing qualified human resources

In 1962, Algeria counted two Higher Education Institutions. Today, Algerian Higher Education Structure includes more than 96 HEIs. This was achieved through sustained public investment. Algerian HEIs produce 100,000 graduates a year (est. 2010), 60% of which are in S&T fields The transition to the new academic system (LMD) has rendered the gathering of more reliable data more difficult (at this time the two systems coexist, and managing data is proving more difficult than initially thought) .

Quantity over quality was the prevailing trend for most of the past 50 years. Today, global integration dictates a change of paradigm. The development of quality assurance mechanisms is at the heart of reforms initiated by the MHESR. These reforms aim at supporting Algerian international drive for mutual recognition of HEI conferred qualifications and degrees. One such mechanism is the creation of the National Accreditation Committee (NAC) and the Regional Evaluation Committees (REC). These are responsible for validating Bachelor and Master degree curricula and authorising the award of corresponding degrees. Doctorate degrees are validated by ad-hoc committees established by the Directorate for Postgraduate Studies and Educational Research (DPSER) at the MHESR.

Additionally, bilateral agreements are in affect and allow for publicly supported short and medium term stays of Algerian doctorate degree candidates in partner EU states (esp. France, Spain, Italy and Germany) for the completion of their degree requirements. Agreements with French HEIs also provide for conferring joint degrees. Similar agreements are in effect with non EU states (USA and Canada are active examples).

Part of Doctorate degree requirements is the publication of at least two scientific papers in internationally recognised journals. This measure provides for an external validation of the chosen research subject. Additionally, acceding to the associate professor level requires an additional evaluation of scientific contributions to the field of expertise during the period following the completion of the doctorate (excluding work performed prior to doctorate defence).

No data is available as to the retention rates of new graduates and the effectiveness of the newly redesigned curricula. Several evaluation studies are being performed.

2.3 Knowledge demand

This section focuses on structure of knowledge demand drivers and analysis of recent policy changes.

Knowledge demand is extremely low in Algeria. During the past 50 years the Algerian economy was structured around publicly owned enterprises. Privately owned businesses were limited to commerce. The move toward a market economy (1988) has triggered some private initiatives in various economic fields. Materials transformation, electronics (mostly assembly), pharmaceuticals (generic


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pharmaceuticals) and, food processing were among the most attractive. During the past two decades some of these activities have grown to a level requiring some in-house technology development.

New policies promoting the creation of technology based SMEs, and the creation of technology start-ups, spin-offs and SMEs incubators, as a way to create job opportunities for the masses of new S&T graduates, are expected to increase knowledge demand.

The last NRP proposal call (Dec. 2010) is the first concrete initiative capable of providing clear measurables as to the effectiveness of the new policies. The first evaluation round of the 2,800 funded research proposal is planned for Dec. 2011. Results will be included in the next country report.

2.4 Knowledge production

The production of scientific and technological knowledge is the core function that a research system must fulfil. While different aspects may be included in the analysis of this function, the assessment provided in this section focuses on the following dimensions: quality of the knowledge production, the exploitability of the knowledge creation and policy measures aiming to improve the knowledge creation.

2.4.1 Quality and excellence of knowledge production

At the operational level, Article 10 of the Law 08-05 defines 34 National Research Programmes (NRP) which specify the National policies, goals and priorities for the National Scientific Research and Technological Development. The official launching of the NRPs has been a major task for DGSRTD; 600 experts of different economic sectors have been identified and involved in the evaluation of scientific contents of the programmes. Initiated during Q1 2009, the evaluation was completed in Q2 2010. This led to the official launch of the first NRP proposal call (ending Q4 2010). Meetings were held in many regional groupings of experts in January 2009, with the physical or virtual participation of the national elite established abroad, in order to define themes and policies best fitting the needs of the national S&T development. The main reports are available online (http://www.nasr-dz.org/call_pnr.php). The titles of the 34 NRPs are given below;

1. Agriculture, food, forests, natural and rural areas 2. Fishing and aquaculture 3. Environment and the promotion of sustainable development 4. Water resources 5. Prevention of natural disasters and major risks 6. Hydrocarbons 7. Valorisation of raw materials and manufacturing 8. Fundamental sciences 9. Nuclear energy and techniques 10. Renewable energies 11. Exploration and exploitation of raw materials 12. Industrial technologies 13. Information and communication technologies 14. Biotechnology 15. Space technologies and their applications 16. Public works 17. Habitat, construction and urbanism


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18. Health 19. Arabic language and linguistics 20. Education and training 21. Youth and sport 22. Transport 23. Tamazight language and culture 24. Transplantation 25. Culture and civilisation 26. Communication 27. History of the resistance and the war of national liberation 28. Economy 29. Prehistory, archaeology and history 30. Law and justice 31. Human sciences and Islamic studies 32. Population and society 33. Development of arid regions and anti-desertification 34. National land management

Data on national scientific productivity is hard to come by. Available scientific production statistics put the Algerian scientific contribution at around 1,400 peer reviewed scientific publications (est. 2009) with about 80% in science and technology. The most active fields are chemistry, physics and materials science. The evaluation of patents held by Algerian institutions/nationals is even harder to complete. Between individual filling through the USPTO and PCT, and other institutional filling through the different national institutions, there is no consensus as to what should be counted. The GDSRTD is performing several statistical analysis studies through the proper agencies (NAVRTD and NIIP) with the aim to collect reliable data and to use it as one of the evaluation indicators for the newly implemented policies.

2.4.2 Policy aiming at improving the quality and excellence of knowledge production

The DGSRTD is in charge of improving the research environment through a greater availability of equipment, infrastructure and document resources. In doing so, the DGSRTD proposes texts for decrees and legislative bills on the organisation and the optimisation of the material and human resources. Measures motivating the researcher to valorise his/her research results are considered of great priority. The stated goal is to create statutory conditions and logistical environment capable of renewing interest in S&T research careers. Among the proposed texts (http://www.nasr-dz.org/projets_arretes.php) the following have a direct impact on improving the quality and excellence of knowledge production;

� The establishment and recognition of doctoral and post-doctoral status, � The implementation of a National Laboratory Notebook as way to promote scientific memory and research continuation, � Improving mechanisms for the creation of mixed research teams, � The establishment of research contracts (business-research community), � The Creation of the National Council for the Evaluation of Research, � The creation, organisation and operation of a Research Laboratory law which recognizes excellence (quality over quantity) (modifications to the executive Decree # 99-244 of 31.10.1999), � The creation of the scientific excellence award (for most active researchers).


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In addition to the 34 NRP, the DGSRTD has identified more than one hundred required policy changes. These are clearly described on the Institution’s website (www.nasr-dz.org). Below there is a list of the most important planned policy changes;

� Stronger implication of higher education institutions in knowledge production: Specific actions will be taken to make the research profession financially attractive. The proposed policies envision financial incentives for patent applications for commercially viable technological processes, methods and products.

� Promotion of scientific exchange: Recognition that the mastering of the production and distribution cycles of information is of a strategic importance. Tools to allow proper statistics and credits will be launched and put at the researcher’s disposal. The building and maintenance of up to date databases will promote knowledge production and provide for much needed national and international visibility.

� Promotion of national and international scientific cooperation: The DGSRTD recognizes cooperation as an essential element in the national research system. Part of the proposed policy is to establish stronger and more diversified collaborative links between Algerian and EU institutions. This is expected to create the necessary synergy for high value knowledge production.

� Economic valorisation of S&T research activities: Knowledge transfer to and from the business sector is essential for the sustainability of knowledge production efforts. Instruments and institutions are planned to promote Business-Research cooperation. The creation of CITTs and UILO are the immediate bridges. These will be reinforced by additional measures (yet to be announced).

� Financial sustainability of S&T research initiatives: 2009-2013 programme provides for a 1b Euros spending on NPR projects and supporting infrastructure. Measures are being implemented to closely follow the progress of the funded projects and to implement policy corrections as needed.

2.5 Knowledge circulation

This section provides an assessment of the actions at national level aiming to allow an efficient flow of knowledge between different R&D actors and across borders.

2.5.1 Knowledge circulation between the universities, PROs and business sectors;

For most part of the last four decades Universities and PROs evolved independently from the business sector. Collaboration between these entities is negligible and when present is highly dependent on personal relations. Under this scheme, collaborations are punctual and short lived.

New policies pertaining to NRP initiatives are aimed at changing this behaviour by encouraging long term collaborative engagements (providing a contractual framework for collaborative initiatives). As mentioned previously, the most important initiative is to require business sector partnerships and involvement in research projects submitted for funding under the NRP and NFSRTD programmes. It is too soon to evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted policies. A survey has been initiated to measure the implementation and effectiveness of these policies. Results will be available for the next country report.


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2.5.2 Cross-border knowledge circulation

Due to political instability between 1988 and 1998, Algerian research institutions have somewhat stagnated. During the same period, large numbers of academics and researchers moved to EU and non EU states to pursue their careers. Today, cross border knowledge circulation is largely promoted by these Algerian nationals living abroad. Implemented policies in S&T research performance evaluation strongly calls on the Algerian Diaspora for major contributions. Since 2008, a renewed international interest in Algerian research activities is ongoing. Large investments in S&T research infrastructure is a major contributing factor. Foreign (esp. EU) equipment manufacturers are becoming increasingly interested in the Algerian market; multiple visits, joint organisation of S&T seminars, trade shows, and scientific manifestations etc., are providing increased visibility for Algerian S&T research activities.

2.5.3 Main societal challenges

Research priorities are set for international cooperation. Energy conservation technologies, renewable energies, water conservation, biotechnology, nanotechnology, ICT, and sustainable development technologies are the most important priority fields. Cooperation agreements with southern EU states are ongoing. Precise data on activity intensity is not available.

2.6 Overall assessment

Based on the level of allocated resources, political engagement is clear and real. The multiplicity of funding sources, the inter-sectoral implication and mobilisation through the different S&T research governing bodies is a clear indicator of increased interest in S&T research development. The enactment of the Research law (08/05) with the creation of the DGSRTD gave a new impulse to the research organisational structure and allowed for a clear vision to be defined. The creation of the CITTs and the implication of business partners in the NRP initiatives are expected to bear fruit and establish long lasting, mutually beneficial collaborations between HEIs, RIs and the business sector.

The major concern comes in terms of cultural adaptation and societal mutations to knowledge intensive type behaviour. While sizable investment is allocated, it is not clear that knowledge demand will increase accordingly.

Table 1: Summary of main policy related opportunities and risks

Domain Main policy opportunities Main policy-related risks

Resource mobilisation

� Real and present funding allocated to the projected efforts.

� Public funding of planned research initiative seems to be sufficient.

� Not clear how the infrastructures will be managed and maintained.

� While large numbers of graduates are produced by national HEIs, the quality needed to effectively perform planned actions remains doubtful.

Knowledge demand

� The creation of technology intensive SMEs, Start-ups and Spin-offs are publicly supported.

� Structures are planned with the specific mission to promote knowledge demand.

� Business sector has to be encouraged to get implicated in such actions.

� Risk aversion among young graduates is a major concern.

� More should be done to promote business acumen among young scientists.

Knowledge production � Knowledge production is � Financial incentives for patent


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encouraged through many incentive based policies.

� International collaborations are present but need to be increased.

filing and publications could turn to be counterproductive. They can promote quantity over quality.

� Too much national funding might hinder a more aggressive search for outside sources of funding.

� Too much funding might promote isolation and future stagnation.

Knowledge circulation

� The planned creation of the CITTs and UILOs are good initiatives.

� Initiatives to promote international collaborations are a plus.

� The implication of Algerian nationals active in foreign institutions could prove to be a strategic choice.

� If not properly managed CITTs and UILOs could become part of the problem rather than provide solutions.

� International collaborations as well as mobility should be encouraged and sustained.

� More implication in international research projects should constitute a priority and be considered in performance evaluation for academics and researchers to prevent isolation and stagnation.

Table 2: Main barriers to R&D investments and respective policy opportunities and risks

Barriers to R&D investment Opportunities and Risks generated by the policy mix

� Private sector business sector still in its infancy.

� Many incentives policies are announced. Tax reductions for R&D investments should be quickly implemented to allow for urgently needed private sector business growth.

� Public support of young graduates recruitment should be rethought and refocused to prevent excessive use of policies as a way to lower operational costs.

� Risk averting society does not encourage risky investment schemes.

� A change in culture should be implemented and initiated in early stages of the educational process (primary, middle and high school programmes).

� Targeted public support should be envisioned and implemented to lower the risk.

� Support and coaching systems should be designed and put in place.

� Unrealistic public sector recruitment as a way to lower unemployment, especially among young college graduates.

� Long terms strategies should prevail over short term policies.

� Lowering taxes on private businesses traditionally creates more long term jobs.

� Lack of trust between public HEIs and RIs, and the private business sector.

� Trust building mechanisms should be put in place.

� Intellectual property issues should be clearly addressed and implemented.

� Unrestricted financial public support to a failing public industry.

� A more pragmatic economic approach should be adopted. Failing industries will fail unless a clear redeployment strategy is implemented.


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3 National policies which correspond to ERA objectives

3.1 Labour market for researchers

3.1.1 Stocks and mobility flows of researchers

Algeria suffers from severe brain drain. It is constantly losing trained personnel to Europe and the USA. University graduates or PhD students who acquire state funded scholarships to pursue their education in a foreign University seldom return. This is due to lower than average salaries for academics and researchers as well as extremely difficult working conditions. In 2010 sizable salary increases have fixed some of the problems.

Currently, the number of Algerian researchers is estimated at around 18000 (est. 2010). 16,000 university professors work part time on research projects (within RUs, RLs, and RTs), and 2000 full-time researchers work in RCs.

One of the measures supporting human resources development and retention is the implementation of the statute of the doctoral candidate. This statute grants PhD students (of all faculties) a scholarship paid on a monthly basis and provides for their active participation in lectures, classes, and NRP research activities. These measures will enter into effect starting University year 2011-2012.

Algerian programmes provide for financial support of foreign researchers and academics within Algerian institutions. There are no clear regulations preventing or encouraging long term recruitment of foreign nationals. However, Algerian living standards and overall environment render such opportunities largely unused. Lately, few collaborative opportunities with Spanish and German HEIs have allowed for foreign students to complete their degree requirements within Algerian HEIs (the universities with the strongest collaborative programmes are the University of Oran and University of Tlemcen). No data on the success rates of such exchange is available.

Algeria supports large numbers of students from the Arab world and sub-Saharan African nations in all fields of studies. These students often benefit from dual support (Algerian-Arab League, Algerian-African Union programmes). Data on the retention rates of these students is not available.

Since 2009, it seems that efforts are concentrated on the involvement of Algerian expatriates in national research programmes. Algerian nationals working within foreign HEIs are often invited to participate in academic programmes within Algerian HEIs. To date it is not clear how these efforts will be sustained. Reports on the creation of the visiting scholar, visiting professor and associate professor status for Algerian nationals willing to participate in Algerian programs have been widely discussed; however, no case where such status has been granted was found. Participating Algerian nationals do however benefit from coverage of travel expenses and lodging during their short stays (by the inviting institution).


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3.1.2 Providing attractive employment and working conditions

Besides the lately (2010) adopted salary increases for academics and researchers there are no specific measures aimed at improving employment attractiveness and/or working conditions. Permanent academics and researchers working within public HEIs, RCs, RUs, RLs and RTs are public servants, as such, career plan, promotions and growth are highly restrictive and do not provide the necessary ingredients to attract best elements. The absence of private sector R&D efforts does not provide a competitive environment.

Women represent 60% of the student population in HEIs. Women are estimated to represent 40% of the academic and research workforce. Available data is contradictory and it is unclear where current ratios stand since most of the HR loss is deemed to affect the male population. It is worth noting at this point that Algerian employment law provides for salary equality guarantees (this is strongly enforced in the public sector and civil services).

New policies are announced.

3.1.3 Open recruitment and portability of grants

There are no specific laws facilitating or blocking the recruitment of foreign nationals in research positions. This taken into account, we should mention that researchers working in public institutions are public servants. In general, permanent recruitment of public servants follows a tedious administrative process (difficult for nationals as well). Highly competent (non citizens) scientist do hold positions in several Algerian universities and research centres. These are often portrayed as the exception, nonetheless it is proof that mechanisms do exist while not adequately publicised. Nevertheless, Algerian regulation does promote the temporary recruitment of foreign scientists for short stays to work on specific projects.

The implication of SMEs in the national research initiatives should provide alternative venues for foreign nationals’ recruitment and integration.

Internal portability of grants is not an issue for NRP funded projects. The funds are managed by a central institution and mobility within the country does not necessitate for the grant to be portable.

3.1.4 Meeting the social security and supplementary pension needs of mobile researchers

Social security is provided for every working citizen. Students of all levels are included in the programme. Health services are free in Algeria; social security reimburses the majority of other health related expenses (medicine and medical acts). Graduate students enrolled in doctorate degrees are de-facto enrolled in social security and are eligible for all benefits.

Algerian laws provide for the recruitment of foreign nationals on a temporary residency card basis. There are no specific work visa provisions for foreign national researchers.

3.1.5 Enhancing the training, skills and experience of researchers

Strong connectivity between Algerian and EU HEIs (esp. France,), as well as non EU states such as USA and Russia, dates back to the early 70’s. The promulgation of the National Research law #08/05 specifically encourages academics exchange and joint educational and research programmes with EU and non EU states. Focus is


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especially placed on states with which Algerian institutions have maintained long term exchange programmes. The novelty in newly implemented policies is a strong implication and reliance on Algerian nationals living abroad. It is estimated that more than 10,000 academics and researchers are active within foreign institutions. Some are the product of Algerian study abroad programmes dating back to the late 60s to early 80’s, while others are due to the more recent migration due to the political instability experienced between late 80’s to late 90’s. Nonetheless, the potential participation of Algerian nationals living abroad is viewed as a major resource lever capable of rapidly rejuvenating national research activities.

There are not any reliable statistics available as to the veracity of these claims. The true effects of these policies are yet to be defined, quantified and analysed.

3.2 Research infrastructures

Research infrastructures (RIs) are a key instrument in the creation of new knowledge and, by implication, innovation, in bringing together a wide diversity of stakeholders, helping to create a new research environment in which researchers have shared access to scientific facilities.

3.2.1 National Research Infrastructures roadmap

Presently, the Algerian research infrastructure relies primarily on approximately 640 University research laboratories and 17 research centres, 10 of which are under the MHESR and 7 are managed by various ministries. A listing of RCs and related RUs is provided below;

Centres coordinated by MHESR are:

� The Centre for Development of Advanced Technologies Algiers (CDTA), to which the Unit for Development of Silicon Technology (UDTS) is attached. � The Research Centre in Welding and Control (CSC) in Algiers to which the Unit of Industrial Research in Iron and Steel Industry and Metallurgy (URASM) in Annaba is attached, � The Development Centre of Renewable Energies (CDER) in Algiers to which 3 research units on applications of renewable energies are included (Bousmail, Ghardaia, Adrar) � The Research Centre in Physicochemical Analysis (CRAPC) in Bousmail, � The Research Centre in Applied Economics for Development (CREAD) in Algiers, � The Scientific and Technical Research Centre for the Development of the Arabic Language (CRSTDLA) in Algiers, � The Research and Studies Centre in Scientific and Technical Information (CERIST) in Algiers, � The Research Centre in Biotechnologies in Constantine, � The Anthropological, Sociological and Cultural Research Centre (CRASC) in Oran, � The Scientific and Technical Research Centre on Arid Areas in Biskra.

Research centres supervised by other Ministries:

� The National Institute of Agronomic Research in Algeria (INRAA) and the National Institute of Research in Forestry, Algiers (INRF), by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.


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� The Research Centre in Earthquake and Seismic Engineering (CGS) and the National Centre for Integrated Building (CNERIB) by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. � The Research Centre in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Geophysics (CRAAG), by the Ministry of the Interior. � The Institute for Educational Research (INRE), by Ministry of Education. � The National Centre of Space Technologies, Oran, by the Ministry of Posts, Information and Communications Technologies. � The National Research Centre in Archaeology (CNRA) and the National Research Centre for Studies in Prehistory and History (CNERPH), by the Ministry of Culture.

Plans are in effect to bring the number of University research structures to 1,000 RLs through additional investment as part of the 2009-2013 research programme.

The choices described in the DGSRTD plan of action define the domains that the General Directorate intends to strengthen and prioritize in order to face the 2020 challenges. The construction of new Research Centres, the recruitment of new permanent researchers, the integration of a large number of educators in the Research activity are in the process of being completed.

The priority themes selected for the 2009-2013 plan are: culture, society and education, environment and sustainable development, organisational sciences, materials sciences, life and health, major risks prevention, information and communication technologies, nanotechnologies, and fundamental sciences.

In order to consolidate these strategic actions the DGRSTD plans to create specialised Research Centres, and in particular:

� A centre for social and human sciences. � A centre for sustainable development of the environment. � A centre for research on green chemistry. � Three regional centres for innovation and technology transfer. � A national centre for nanomaterials and nanotechnologies. � A national centre for biotechnology research. � A national centre for agro-food technology. � An observatory against major risks. � A pilot station for the fight against desertification and sand invasion. � A research centre on materials and electronic methods for micro- and nano-photonics. � A supercomputing centre for advanced studies in science and technology

Moreover, 3 regional centres of physicochemical analysis, 17 technical support centres within universities, and an observatory in Astronomy are planned. Estimated or final budgets as well as the time of reception of these infrastructures are not known.

3.3 Strengthening research institutions

This section gives an overview of the main features of the national higher education system, assessing its research performance, the level of academic autonomy achieved so far, dominant governing and funding models.


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3.3.1 Quality of National Higher Education System

The Algerian Higher Education system is structured around;

� Universities: They are multidisciplinary and provide degree granting curricula covering human and social sciences, Science and Technology, Engineering and medical science. 36 such HEIs are actually presently active.

� University Centres: These are created on regional needs basis and are organisationally dependent on a University. There are 12 such HEIs distributed across the nation. At their creation, University centres concentrate on high regional demand fields of study. Students and instructors’ population growth, and increased regional demand promote these centres into Universities, usually after 6 to 10 years of existence.

� Higher Education Institutes: Usually built around specialised fields of study. There are 15 such entities distributed across the nation. Industrial security, environmental safety and petroleum technologies are among their most common fields of excellence.

� National Higher Education Colleges: There are 16 such institutions distributed mainly in central Algeria (Algiers region). They are historically recognised establishment with proven excellence in strategic fields.

� Teachers’ Education Colleges: 5 such colleges are responsible for the production of school teachers and high school professors. They are also in charge of continuous training for active educators.

� 12 Preparatory Schools: These were established to groom new high school graduates for National Higher Education Colleges. These represent the backbone of the planned centres of Excellence.

Access to HEIs is exclusively reserved to successful high school graduates (those who obtain their baccalaureate). Enrolment is nationally managed by the MHESR. Students select a field of study “wish list” and a centrally managed orientation is performed. Students are automatically enrolled in an HEI, based on their abilities (high school and baccalaureate grades) and regardless of their regional origin. Education is free and housing is provided for students from remote areas (place of residency exceeding 40KM from the HEI of enrolment).

Student enrolment demand is highest for older more established HEIs. The most important are;

� The University of Algiers, Algiers. � Houari Boumediene Science and Technology University, Algiers. � Mentouri University, Constantine. � Mohamed Boudiaf Science and Technology University, Oran. � The University of Oran, Oran. � Aboubekre Belkaid University, Tlemcen. � Djilali Elyabes University, Sidi Belabbes. � Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba.

It is noted that finding is not based on productivity, efficiency or academic excellence but on numbers (student population and staffing).

80% of national scientific publications are produced within the confines of HEIs. HEIs also receive 90% of national funding allocated to education and research. Research


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funding is allocated based on the number of researchers involved in a project and/or taking part in a HEIs’ RU, RL or RT, with very little regard to scientific productivity. These funding discrepancies create friction between full time researchers active within RCs and their related RUs and part-time researchers active within HEIs’ RUs and RLs, who in addition carry academic functions. Coordination of HEIs activities is performed through the National HEIs Conference, with its three regional structures in the east, west and central Algeria.

Taking aside salaries expenditures, there are no available statistics separating spending on scientific research and education.

In 2010, student population enrolled in all HEIs approached 1.2 million -55% females- (the number is expected to exceed 1.3 million in 2011). These are instructed by close to 38,000 teachers, with an even smaller fraction of Doctorate holding instructors, averaging 28 students per instructor (the average is estimated at close to 40 students per Doctorate holding instructor). This above above-universally-accepted average is putting a huge pressure on the higher education system, affecting the quality of the produced graduates. Qualified advisors are often faced with research supervisory duties of 5 to 10 Master and Doctorate candidates.

3.3.2 Academic autonomy

The law does not provide for academic autonomy with regard to human resources policies. All HEI-related issues are managed centrally by the Ministry. During the academic year and based on the expected student population growth in the following year, each HEI presents an HR recruitment plan to the Ministry. Based on the received requests and the allocated budget the ministry notifies each HEI with the number of open positions allowed. Each HEI then proceeds with a call for candidates and conducts a selection process based on its specific needs. These lengthy procedures coupled with the housing related problems make of the recruitment process a largely local undertaking (further hindering internal mobility of academics and researchers).More often than not, submitted recruitment plans are found to be based on expected (in house) graduating numbers than next year staffing needs. Funding of new infrastructures follows the same process. All allocated budgets are managed by the regional government (Wali –governor- and regional state comptroller’s office).

3.3.3 Academic funding

The budget of HEIs is calculated each year by taking into account the number of academic staff, support staff and registered students. It is completely separated from the research budget, which comes from FNRSDT and is calculated according to the number of research laboratories and research projects implemented by each HEI. In this context, there is not, for the moment, a differentiation between universities on the basis of scientific excellence or educational merit.

3.4 Knowledge transfer

This section will assess the national policy efforts aimed to promote the national and trans-national public-private knowledge transfer.

3.4.1 Intellectual Property Policies

There are two independent and often competing institutions in charge of IP policies. The NARVTD is a TRA under the DGSRTD and, the National Institute for Industrial


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Property (NIIP) under the Ministry of Commerce. The NARVTD organises intellectual property in the S&T research and development field and, proposes policies affecting technology developers within MHESR research institutions. The NIIP is the historical manager of national IP and provides the legal framework for IP registration. A new structure has been announced without providing more details.

Presently, there are no clear policies as to the rights and obligations of researchers or their institutions following a commercially viable discovery. Many researchers are found to proceed with US-patent applications to avoid the legal confusion. Rights and obligations of the patent holder, under this scheme, has not been addressed as of yet.

3.4.2 Other policy measures aiming to promote public-private knowledge transfer

Involvement of private sectors in the governance bodies of HEIs and PROs

The present law does not provide for private sector participation in the governance bodies of HEIs and PROs. The implication of the private sector in steering committees or consultative bodies is being considered (but is not a priority).

Inter-sectoral mobility

The law on research encourages inter-sectoral mobility. To date, no data is available. And there are no programmes set, nor real incentives for opportunity creation and mobility facilitation.

Promoting research institutions - SME interactions

The Algerian government recognizes the need to establish institutions in charge of promoting university-SME interactions. The creation of CITTs and UILO come to fill the gap and establish a bridge between research institutions and businesses. While UILOs are in charge of promoting dialogue between HR providers (Universities and educational institutions) and HR consumers (industries, businesses) to fine tune degree curricula to meet market needs, CITTs come to provide the needed link between researchers and industrial R&D professionals. The last NRP proposal call (Dec. 2010) came to cement this link by requiring that academic researcher work in collaboration with industrial R&D professionals on a joint project with a clear socioeconomic impact (commercial product as final deliverable). Following this call for proposals 2800 projects implicating some 27,000 researchers were funded. The first evaluation is due in Dec. 2011. The data will be made available and will give a clearer idea on the efficiency of the adopted model.

Cohesion policy

Publicly funded SME incubators within and outside of research institutions, the creation of CITTs, techno poles and techno parks are instruments which have been established to provide for adequate support, and enable the creation of knowledge intensive industries. These initiatives are fully supported through public funds and are in line with EU policies.

Spin-offs

Present laws provide for the creation of internally funded spin-offs by autonomous research structures (RCs, TRAs and CITTs) once a commercially viable product is identified. Universities are encouraged to create SME-incubators within their


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premises as a way to promote the creation of spin-offs by their graduate students working on research project with commercial potential. Public funding is also available through the many techno poles established throughout the country. The National Fund for Scientific Research and Technology Development (NFSRTD) provides for spin-off financing and last stage product development for technology SMEs. One example is the Sidi Abdellah techno pole in the Algiers region specializing in ITC start-ups. It is too early to evaluate the efficiency of these instruments created in late 2010.

Initial data coming from the Sidi Abdellah techno pole (ITC Algiers) report the creation of 30 start-ups and 16 spin-offs in the field of information and communication technology (as of Dec. 2010). The results are being studied to evaluate the sustainability of these entities.

3.5 Cooperation, coordination and opening up national research programmes with the EU

This section assesses the effectiveness of national policy efforts aiming to improve the coordination of policies and policy instruments across the EU.

3.5.1 National participation in intergovernmental organisations and schemes

Presently, among the EU member states, France is the preferred partner in all fields. Several HEIs and PROs from Algeria and France have active cooperation agreements. A great number of research projects are implemented within the framework of the Joint Committee of Evaluation and Planning (CMEP). This Committee exists for more than 20 years and meets regularly in Algeria and France. Funding of agreed upon projects is assured by both countries.

3.5.2 Bi- and multilateral RDI agreements with EU countries

Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Italy and Germany have S&T bilateral agreements with Algeria. Cooperation with these countries is gradually gaining in importance. No data on funding levels and the number of researchers benefiting from these initiatives is available.

Additionally, there is S&T cooperation with non European countries (i.e. USA, Canada, Brazil, South Africa and South East Asia), however, as of 2010, the level of activity remains below the projected scale of signed bilateral agreements.

3.5.3 Other instruments of cooperation and coordination between national R&D programmes

There are no other instruments of cooperation and coordination between national R&D programmes.

3.5.4 Opening up of national R&D programmes

The NRP initiative provides for international participation in research teams. While no funding provisions are included for foreign institutions, mobility support for foreign participants could be included in the projects’ budget. The NRP initiative also strongly encourages the inclusion of national business partners, this provides for third party financing of foreign participants.


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While French is the prevailing S&T research language, English is usually accepted as a progress reporting language. This opens up new opportunities for English speaking partners.

It is to be noted that EU visa requirements for Algerian nationals greatly affects researchers’ mobility and slows S&T collaborative research activities with EU partners.

3.6 International science and technology cooperation

3.6.1 International cooperation (beyond EU)

Algeria has historically kept close S&T research relations with European states. Joint research projects have always been active between Algeria and institutions from several European institutions. France, Spain, Italy and Germany are the primary contributors to bilateral research efforts. These activities have however stagnated during the Algerian political instability period (1988 to 1998) mainly due to security issues.

A primary mission of the DGSRTD is to renew interest in bilateral collaborations and provide for the right framework allowing Algerian institutions to actively participate in EU research programmes. EU-Algeria bilateral agreement has been signed during the Q1 2011. The Algerian participation in such programmes is supported by a network of NCPs in charge of information dissemination and, proposal writing and submission support. Lack of resource availability to this and other support networks has drastically hindered their effectiveness. To date Algerian participation in the FP7 reached a meagre 16 projects. These were essentially coached by Algerian expatriates established in EU states. Below a quick overview of Algerian participation in selected EU research initiatives.

� Participation in COST, EUREKA, FP7. Participation in FP7 is for the moment very low. The Cordis web site shows that some Algerian research institutions are involved in 16 projects in different research fields (Health, Environment, Infrastructures, Inconet, Energy, transport, agriculture, ICT).The Total Budget of those projects is over 43m Euros. Information about the amount which flows specifically to the Algerian research teams participating in those projects is not available. Information concerning the Algerian participation in COST and EUREKA programmes is not available, but it is very likely that it is negligible or even inexistent.

� Participation in ERA-NETs. ARIM-Net: INRAA (National Institute of Agronomic Research in Algeria) with CIHEAM (International Centre for Higher Studies on Mediterranean Agriculture).

� Participation in European public-private partnerships (European Technology Platforms (ETF) and Joint Technology Initiatives (JTI)): Currently, there is no Algerian participation in European public-private partnerships.

� Joint Programming (JP) Initiatives. The Algerian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development participates in a joint programme with ICARDA (International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas), coordinated by INRAA. Within the framework of this programme, ICARDA will provide technical support on; climate change adaptation, combating desertification, increasing water productivity, agricultural intensification and diversification, capacity


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development, biodiversity conservation and utilisation, and biotechnology applications. The Algerian shares of funding from EuropeAid and the European Development Fund for RTDI development are unknown. For the period 2011-2013, the European Union will engage an envelope of 172m Euros, focusing particularly on the economic growth, employment and sustainable development. The later falls under EU’s programme in the field of the environment and the climatic change.

3.6.2 Mobility schemes for researchers from third countries

The new research policies adopted by the DGSRTD promote internal and external mobility of scientists and researchers. The creation of thematic Research Networks (open to researchers from different institutions –national and foreign- regardless of their nationality) and the implication of non residents in proposal evaluation committees, promote open information exchange and is aimed at increasing international interest in Algerian S&T research activities. First and foremost, these policies will have a direct effect on Algerian expatriates active in the field of S&T research and education. Since their implementation, active participation of foreign nationals in Algerian research and education programmes has increased.


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4 CONCLUSIONS

4.1 Effectiveness of the knowledge triangle

The knowledge triangle is not operating efficiently or effectively despite allocated resources. Success stories are hard to find and business-research institutions collaborations are found to be short lived. This is mainly due to the lack of trust between socioeconomic actors and their S&T researchers counterparts. The Algerian situation is comparable to that encountered in former Soviet Union states where traditionally, researchers did not feel the need to establish closer ties with the business sector and likewise businesses (mostly public sector) did not feel they could trust academics and researcher with their technical problems or innovative ideas. The two spheres evolved separately and neither is, now, aware of capabilities and needs of the other.

New policies are enacted to encourage closer ties between technology developers and consumers. The requirements put on fundable NRP proposals stating the necessity to include business partners in research teams and the creation of the CITTs are aimed at forging long term collaborations. The first batch of proposals funded under this scheme came out on June 9th 2011. The first evaluation is due during December of the same year. The available data will be reported on the next country report (2012). Furthermore, the creation of a public fund to finance technology oriented start-ups and SMEs is expected to promote a knowledge based society and provide for the right environment to increase public interest in S&T research, pushing for higher BERD contributions.

Table 3: Effectiveness of knowledge triangle policies

Recent policy changes Assessment of strengths and weaknesses

Research policy

• Creation of the DGSRTD in charge of coordinating national research activities.

• Definition of national research priority domains under the NRP initiative.

• Creation of the NCSTR chaired by the Prime Minister.

• The creation of this central research governing body at the MHESR facilitates communication between scientists and researchers, and the different governmental bodies (within and outside of the MHESR).

• The DGSRTD facilitates access to funding for projects falling within the NRP initiative and allows for long term planning and retention of acquired knowledge for dissemination and transfer to potential knowledge consumers.

• Headed by the Prime Minister, the NCSTR coordinates national research efforts, defines national research priorities and ensures effective collaboration between the different ministries (Economy, Industry, Commerce, Small and Medium Industries and Finance). Also it ensures that proper funding is allocated to support the established programmes.

• Collaboration between the MHESR and the different ministries has traditionally been weak and lacked mutual respect, trust, and functional transparency. It is a culture that has prevailed for the last 50 years. A change in paradigm is necessary for the stated initiatives to be effective and reach the sought after goals. Algerian institutions are still largely dependent on people rather than rules, laws and regulations. This


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greatly weakens the long term sustainability of the newly implemented research management model. More efforts should be put in trust building and mechanisms aimed at establishing mutual interest scenarios.

Innovation policy

• Requirement to include socioeconomic partners in NRP project submissions.

• Creation of CITTs.

• Strengthening of the prerogatives of the NAVRTD.

The implemented innovation policies rely on the carrot and stick principle. They include mechanisms to force tighter collaboration between technology developers and consumers, and provide for generous benefits for those who subscribe to the new paradigm

• Proposals submitted for funding under the NRP initiative are required, to be considered, the inclusion of socioeconomic partners who express the need for the proposed technology. Under the “Useful Research” dictum, a proposal is eligible for funding if and only if it proposes, as a final goal, a usable, commercial deliverable. The members of the mixed research team will benefit from generous financial fallouts (regardless of affiliation).

• Successful project will be, if needed, offered space and resources within the CITTs to further develop the idea into a prototype and proceed with pre-commercialisation development. High potential projects will be incubated within these centres and coached into technology start-ups.

• The NAVRTD plays the role of knowledge depository and helps researchers and innovators in the process of intellectual property protection procedures (financial and logistic support).

• The main barrier to success of the implemented policies remains culture. Open information exchange, trust, mutual respect, and team building is at the heart of the enacted policies. During the first round of NRP call for proposal completed June 2011, 2800 proposals were funded for a period of 2 years (2011-2013). The allocated funds are expected to reach 100 million Euros. Close monitoring of these efforts will be necessary. A first evaluation is planned in December 2011. Data will be presented in the next report.

Education policy

• Implementation of the Licence, Master, Doctorate (LMD) system. The aim is to facilitate curricula adaptation to economic needs.

• Creation of the UILO at the University level to receive feedback from business partners as to the employability of university graduates. The feedback is used to adapt education programmes and develop new profiles to fit the specific needs of the job market.

• Sizable increase in educators’ salaries to attract better quality human resources.

• The implementation of the LMD system coupled with heavy investment in education and research infrastructure aligns the national education structure with its European counterparts. Inherent to the system is its ability to quickly adapt to the changing needs of the job market.

• The UILO’s facilitate interaction between universities and educators, and human resource departments of business partners. UILO’s frequent meet with regional socioeconomic players establishes a dynamic interaction between qualified-human-resource suppliers and users.

• The improved socio-professional status of educators and scientists is expected to attract high quality human resources to universities and research centres, and yield a renewed interest in education, and science and technology careers.

Other policies

Several mechanisms have been put in place to promote

• So far the success rate of these initiatives does not exceed 10%. 9 in 10 SME’s created under the


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the creation of SME’s by university graduates. Such mechanisms include;

• State guaranteed loans for young entrepreneurs and free housing for start-ups.

• Tax incentives for recruitment of university graduates. The incentives include full salaries for new recruits in science and technology for up to 3 years.

programme files for bankruptcy within the first two years of operations. The results are blamed on lack of business acumen in S&T graduates.

• The statistics show that 7 in 10 recruits under the state supported programme leave their position for a position in a state owned enterprise (if offered). Culturally, it is shown that new graduates prefer job security over job growth. Science and Technology SME’s are inherently high risk, high return type investments.

• Several initiatives to include management, finance and accounting courses in science and engineering curricula are being tested (a Master of Business Engineering has been launched at the University of Tlemcen in collaboration with the University of Houston (Texas, USA) and the first evaluation is planned for late 2011).

4.2 Comparison with ERA 2020 objectives - a summary

The Algerian government has adopted national strategic objectives in line with ERA objectives. While Algeria is not part of the European Union, it has traditionally maintained close science and Technology research ties with Europe. Active collaborations are ongoing with partner universities and research centres in France, Spain, Italy and Germany. A shared language and historical cultural ties with France facilitate collaborations with French institutions. A bilateral agreement with the EU has been signed in 2011; it is expected that Algeria’s participation in EU programmes will intensify.

However, mobility of academics and scholars is still minimal. EU visa requirements for Algerian nationals are hindering factors and render effective collaborations extremely difficult. Priority is given to internal mobility between higher education institutions and industrial partners. This is expected to increase BERD’s share in GERD by renewing interest in domestic science and technology research efforts. Investment in ITC infrastructure is a priority. Information and e-learning platforms are being deployed to facilitate information dissemination and exchange, as well as provide distant learning venues.

Table 4: Assessment of the national policies/measures which correspond to ERA objectives

ERA objectives Main Policy Changes Assessment of strengths and

weaknesses

1 Ensure an adequate supply of human resources for research and an open, attractive and competitive labour market for male and female researchers

• Algerian universities produce sufficient graduates to fulfil the needs of new science and technology policies. The construction of new research infrastructures will offer new opportunities for new graduates.

• Sizable salary increases for academics and researchers (FY 2010) are expected to increase the retention rate of new recruits as well as encourage the return of expatriates.

• Present laws permit the recruitment of foreign nationals, with specific expertise, into universities and research centres.

• Foreign professors and researchers are

• Despite the latest salaries increases, they remain relatively low compared to their European counterparts. This fact, coupled with the Algerian social environment, make north-south mobility less attractive.

• The current situation is more adapted to short term stays rather than long term recruitment.

• High unemployment among the educated makes recruitment of foreign nationals socially risky.


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weaknesses

permitted to participate in research projects and receive financial benefits for their efforts., they can also participate in graduate programmes as visiting professors.

• MOU’s with foreign institutions (especially European) are in effect and represent the basis for joint research and education proposals.

2 Increase public support for research

• Nominal research expenditure are set at 1% of GDP. Effective expenditures are around 0.3% of GDP (0.4% est. 2010). It is estimated that absolute expenditures approached 400m Euros in 2010 (mostly for infrastructure building and equipment acquisitions).

• Budget spending difficulties are still the major hindering factor. Heavy and slow bureaucratic procedures delay acquisition of needed equipment and slow-down infrastructure completion.

3 Increase coordination and integration of research funding

• Collaborations with European institutions are ongoing. The Algerian government supports such collaborations through fund matching mechanisms.

• Implication of Algerian institutions in EU research programmes (such as FP7) are encouraged and supported through NCP networks.

• EU visa requirements for Algerian nationals still pose major problems and hinder the establishment of more dynamic collaborations.

• Language barriers (esp. English) are also to be taken into consideration, especially for older generation Academics and Researchers.

4 Enhance research capacity across Europe

• Joint degree programmes and joint research projects with European institutions are encouraged.

• Joint funding schemes are provisioned by present policies (such schemes are already in effect for collaborations with the US (exp. NSF-Algeria, MOU’s between US and Algerian educational institutions))

• Mobility of academics and researchers is still a limiting factor.

• Closer collaborations would ensure resources sharing and optimal use of available funds.

5 Develop world-class research infrastructures (including e-infrastructures) and ensure access to them

• 2009-2013 government planning provides sizable investment in science and research infrastructure. 1b Euros is earmarked for the building and equipment of new infrastructure, including interconnection of all infrastructures to the internet through high bandwidth FO network, and subscriptions to all major scientific journals databases.

• The new policies requires the building of scientific networks (thematic networks) and the promotion of information exchange, resource sharing and team building. A change of work culture should be encouraged.

• Thematic research network are proving difficult to establish (exception: Photonics network has been active since 2009)

6 Strengthen research institutions, including notably universities

• New policies provides for the creation of private higher education institutions.

• The creation of centres of excellence is being pursued.

• Some universities have implemented honours’ programmes for top tier students (University of Tlemcen, University of Oran etc.)

• Some small private institutions have been established, but mainly in the fields of management and finance.

• Private science and technology educational institutions require heavy investments beyond the capacity of presently existing private individuals and institutions.

7 Improve framework conditions for

• Inclusion of the private sector in the NRP programmes.

• Accounting procedures should be adapted to properly account


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weaknesses

private investment in R&D

• Tax incentives for private investment in R&D.

• Recruitment of S&T graduates is supported by the state for up to 3 years.

for private R&D expenditures (will give better statistics).

• Change of culture among new graduates is required. Job growth should be promoted over job security. Risk aversion among young scientists is a hindering factor.

8 Promote public-private cooperation and knowledge transfer

• Inclusion of private entities in publicly funded national research programmes.

• The creation of CITTs.

• The creation of UILOs.

• The new policies and structures provide for renewed interest in public-private collaboration and knowledge sharing.

• More effort has to be put in trust building.

• A clear intellectual property ownership policy has to be developed and put in place.

9 Enhance knowledge circulation

• Investment in e-network infrastructure.

• Publicly supported subscriptions to major scientific journals databases.

• Open access to science and technology information.

• Scholar exchange programmes.

• Participation EU programmes (FP7, Averroès, CNEPRU etc..)

• Efficient use of existing e-infrastructure is still lacking and will require a change of culture and some adaptation of mode of operation.

• Language barrier (esp. English) is still a major concern.

• Scholars exchange is active but often limited to French speaking countries.

10 Strengthen international cooperation in science and technology

• New policies support the implication/inclusion of EU partners (individuals and institutions) in national research programmes.

• The design of new degree programmes is completed in line with EU requirements to facilitate future exchange (students, scholars and researchers).

• Similar programmes are in effect with other partner countries such as USA and Canada.

• Collaboration with EU, USA, Canada and south-east Asia will strengthen once the new research infrastructure is completed.

• South-North scholars and researchers mobility is still a limiting factor due to EU visa requirements.

11 Jointly design and coordinate policies across policy levels and policy areas, notably within the knowledge triangle

• Algerian institutions participate in EU programmes aimed at improving University-industry partnerships (exp. Averroes). The Algerian government shares EU’s vision and coordinates its actions with European partners.

• It is too early to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly implemented policies.

12 Develop and sustain excellence and overall quality of research

• Elaboration of a long term research strategy is underway. New governance instruments are being put in place by the DGSRTD.

• It is too early to evaluate the effectiveness of the new research structure.

• Presently, lack of coordination between different governmental bodies is still a concern.

13 Promote structural change and specialisation towards a more knowledge -

• Public financing of knowledge intensive start-ups and SMEs is available through youth job creation initiatives, and young entrepreneurs support initiatives.

• Limited knowledge of management techniques among new graduates is the leading cause of failure of new SMEs created under the programme.


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weaknesses

intensive economy • The newly created CITTs are expected to provide adequate coaching of technology SMEs and start-ups.

14 Mobilise research to address major societal challenges and contribute to sustainable development

• Research proposal submitted under the NRP initiatives are required to address societal challenges as defined by the long term government strategy.

• Renewable energy, water management, nanotechnology and environment protection are defined as priority areas.

• Lack of coordination between the MHESR and the other ministries is creating some efforts duplications leading to wasted resources, and confusion.

15 Build mutual trust between science and society and strengthen scientific evidence for policy making

• The DGSRTD promotes and supports the creation of educational information platforms and organises conferences and seminars to introduce science and technology subjects to the general public.

• Public sensitisation to science and technology is a high priority. Youth organisations are especially targeted.

• The Algerian socioeconomic situation does not promote such high value propositions.

• Evaluation of such actions lacks focus and clear set of measurables.


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References

Education infrastructure (2011), Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research. http://www.mesrs.dz/index.php accessed 15 May 2011.

Research infrastructure (2011), Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development. http://www.nasr-dz.org/indexeng.php?Submit2=English accessed 16 May 2011. And verified June 2011.

Research infrastructure projections (2011), Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development. http://www.nasr-dz.org/indexeng.php?Submit2=English Accessed 5 May 2011.

International Cooperation Activities (2011), Directorate General for Scientific research and Technology Development. http://www.nasr-dz.org/pir.php Accessed 20 May 2011 .

First call for Proposal results (June 2011), Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology Development. http://www.nasr-dz.org/pnr_signature.php Accessed 10 June 2011.

Research law 08/05. Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research. http://www.mesrs.dz/text_reglementaires.php Accessed 17 April 2011.

Research Law 98/11. Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research. http://www.mesrs.dz/text_reglementaires.php Accessed 4 April 2011.

General Research Report (May 2007). Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research. http://www.mesrs.dz/document_pub/deja/RG_FRANCAIS.pdf Accessed 2 April 2011.

Research-Business collaboration initiatives (2011). National Agency for Research Valorisation and Technology Development. http://www.anvredet.org.dz Accessed 10 May 2011.

Intellectual Property Issues and Regulations (2011). National Institute for Industrial Property. http://www.inapi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=112 Accessed 14 May 2011.

Financial Statistics (2011 and 2010). Algerian Ministry of Finance. http://www.Finance-Algeria.org/stat .php Accessed 15 May 2011.

Algerian cooperation with EU / europeaid Statistics 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/country-cooperation/algeria/algeria_fr.htm Accessed 28 April 2011.


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List of Abbreviations

Country Specific Abbreviations:

CITT Centre for Innovation and Technology Transfer (remains unchanged –Original French Abbreviation-) DGSRTD Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technology

Development (also known as DG-RSDT – Original French Abbreviation-)

DIPP Directorate for Infrastructure and, Prospective and Planning (remains unchanged –Original French Abbreviation-) DPSER Directorate for Post Graduate Studies and Educational Research (also known as DEPGRE –Original French Abbreviation-) DSRTD Directorate for Scientific Research and Technology Development (also known as DRSDT –Original French Abbreviation-) ISC Inter Sectoral Committee (also known as CIS –Original French Abbreviation-) LMD License Master Doctorate (Newly adopted higher education system) MHESR Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research

(also known as MESRS – Original French Abbreviation-) NAC National Accreditation Committee (also known as CNA –Original French Abbreviation-) NADRH National Agency for the Development of Research in Health (also known as ANDRS –Original French Abbreviation-) NADUR National Agency for the Development of University Research (also known as ANDRU –Original French Abbreviation-) NAVRTD National Agency for the Valorisation of Research and Technology

Development (also known as ANVREDET –Original French Abbreviation-) NCSTR National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (also known as CNRST –Original French Abbreviation-) NEC National Evaluation Council (also known as CNE –Original French Abbreviation-) NFSRTD National Fund for Scientific Research and Technology Development (also known as FNRSDT –Original French Abbreviation-) NRP National Research Programme (also known as PNR –Original French Abbreviation-) PSC Permanent Sectoral Committee (also known as CSP –Original French Abbreviation-) RC Research Centres (also known as CR –Original French Abbreviation-) REC Regional Evaluation Committee (also known as CER –Original French Abbreviation-) RL Research Laboratory (also known as LR –Original French Abbreviation-) RT Research Team (also known as ER –Original French Abbreviation-) RU Research Units (also known as UR –Original French Abbreviation-) TRA Thematic Research Agencies (also known as ART –Original French Abbreviation-)


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TRN Thematic Research Networks (also known as RTR –Original French Abbreviation-) UILO University-Industry Liaison Offices (also known as BLEU –Original French Abbreviation-) VRSR Vice Rector for Scientific Research (also known as VRRS –Original French Abbreviation-) General Document Abbreviations:

BERD Business Expenditures for Research and Development

CERN European Organisation for Nuclear Research

ERA European Research Area

COST European Cooperation in Science and Technology

ERA-NET European Research Area Network

ERP Fund European Recovery Programme Fund

ESA European Space Agency

ESFRI European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures

FP European Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development

EU European Union

EU-27 European Union including 27 Member States

FDI Foreign Direct Investments

FP Framework Programme

FP7 7th Framework Programme

GBAORD Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays on R&D

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GERD Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D

GOVERD Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D

GUF General University Funds

HEI Higher education institutions

HERD Higher Education Expenditure on R&D

HES Higher education sector

IP Intellectual Property

PRO Public Research Organisations

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

R&D Research and development

RI Research Infrastructures

RTDI Research Technological Development and Innovation

SF Structural Funds

SME Small and Medium Sized Enterprise

S&T Science and technology

VC Venture Capital

Documents

ERAWATCH COUNTRY REPORTS 2010: Algeria - Europa · COUNTRY REPORTS 2010: Algeria ... The implementation of the LMD ... English) are also to be taken into account. 4 Enhance research