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Tendons, Ligaments, and Joints

DenitionsTendon: Strong white brous tissue that connects a muscle to abone or other structure.Ligament: A band of brous tissue connecting bones or cartilages,serving to support and strengthen joints.

TendonsSupercial digital exorDeep digital exorCommon digital extensor

LigamentsNuchal ligamentSuspensory ligament

Tendon and Ligament InjuriesDisruption of the connective tissue bersClot formationGranulation tissueLoss of mobility

Classication of JointsFibrous

CartilagenousSynovialSplint bone, sacroiliacAdjacent vertebraeFetlock, stie, hock

Development of the Joint

Anatomy of the Synovial Joint

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Articular surfaceJoint capsuleLigamentsTendonsSynovial uidMenisci

Movement of the Synovial JointGliding/slidingFlexionExtensionHyperextensionRotationAbduction/adductionCircumduction

The Joints of the ForelimbShoulderElbowCarpus

RadiocarpalIntercarpalCarpometacarpal

Fetlock

Pastern

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CofnThe Joints of the Hindlimb

Sacro-iliacCoxo-femoral (hip)Stie

FemoropatellarFemorotibial

HockTibiotarsalIntertarsalTarsometatarsal

FetlockPasternCofn

Joint Disease in the Equine AthleteLamenessPerformance limitingResale value

"Young Horse" DiseasesDevelopmental Orthopedic DiseaseOsteochondrosisLimb DeformitiesEpiphysitisJuvenile Arthritis

"Old Horse" DiseasesTraumatic Event

Single InjuryBlunt Trauma - Sprains/FracturesPenetrating Wounds

Repetitive MovementFetlocks and knees in racing horsesHocks in jumping or dressage horses

Degenerative Joint DiseaseDamage to joint capsuleChronic InmmationReactive CartilageBony changes (splints)