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Epidemiology
• Is the basic science of preventive & social med
• It began with Adam & eve both tried to investigate the qualities of “forbidden fruit”
• Derived from word epidemicepi = among demos= peoplelogos= study
Epidemiology has been defined as
“ means of learning or asking questions.. and getting answers ,that lead to further questions”
• Epidemiological information is used
to plan strategies to prevent illness
following question can be asked in Epidemiology
What is the event/ problem ?
What is the magnitude of problem?
When did it happen ?
Where did it happen?
Who are affected ?
Why did it happen?
John M. Last in 1988 defined-
• Epidemiology “The Study of the distribution and determinants of health related state or events in specified populations,
And
application of this study to control & prevent the health problems”
Modern epidemiology deals with “facts of life”
What is health related events?
• Are all the conditions of spectrum of health such as---------
• disease,
• injury,
• disability and
• death among the population.
What is distribution?
• It is pattern of occurrence of disease with reference to-
Time .
Place.
Person
Study distribution helps-
• This helps to study trend of diseases.
• Helps to know the magnitude of problem.
• Gives clues of etiology, mode of transmission.
• Helps to formulate etiological hypothesis.
(Descriptive epidemiology)
What is determinants ?
• This is etiological risk factors.
like…..age, sex, obesity, occupation…
• Study helps to test etiological hypothesis.
(this is analytical epidemiology)
What is frequency?
• Means measuring the magnitude /extent of health problems in terms of morbidity and mortality rates,.. that helps for comparison.
• Morbidity rates- Incidence & prevalence.
• Mortality rates- Rates, Ratio, and proportion.
Application of epidemiology-
• To search causes of diseases.
• To determine probability/risk of disease.
• To describe health status of population.
• To control the diseases.
• To plan health programs.
• To evaluate health programs.
Objectives of epidemiology-
• To reduce incidence & prevalence of diseases.
• It help to eradicate/ eliminate the diseases.
• To promote health and well being of society.