EOC Review: Biochemistry, Enzymes, Cell, and Cell

TransportChristopherson

Monomer

• Single molecule• One subunit

• Example: Single bead for a necklace

Polymer

• Many molecules• More than one subunit

• Example: Beads making up a necklace

Four Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

Monomer of a Carbohydrate

Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide

Polymer of a Carbohydrate

Complex sugar

Type of Carb: Monosaccharide• Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar

• Example: Glucose or Fructose

Indicator: Benedict’s Solution

Positive Test: Turns Green to Red

Type of Carb: Polysaccharide

Explanation: Many Sugars

Example of a PolysaccharidesCellulose:Provides structure for plants

Example of a Polysaccharide

Starch: Stored Energy in plants

Examples of a Polysaccharide

Chitin: Structure and support for insects and mushrooms

Indicator: Iodine

Positive Test: Turns Black

Example of a Polysaccharide

Glycogen: Stored energy in animals

Carbohydrate Functions #1

•Short term energy source

•Burn quickly

•Glucose

Carbohydrate Function #2

•Stored Energy

•Organisms store what they don’t use

•Glycogen and Starch

Carbohydrate Function #3

Provide structure for plants,

fungus, and

insects

Four Macromolecules: Lipids

Lipids

• Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel

Positive Test: Grease Spot

Lipids Function #1

Long term energy storage

Lipids Function #2

Provide Insulation

Lipids Function #3

Regulate water movement in and

out of the cell

Four Macromolecules: Proteins

Protein Monomers and Polymers

Indicator: Biuret’s

Positive Test: Turns Purple

Proteins Function #1

Make up the structure and

function of muscles

Proteins Function #3

Blood has hemoglobin (protein) which helps

transport oxygen

Proteins Function #4

Insulin (protein) helps glucose

move from our bloodstream to

our cells

Protein Function - #5

Enzymes (Protein) fuel every chemical reaction in

organisms.

Helps form bonds and break things down

Four Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

• Elements present: Only one with P

• Monomer: Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Function #1

Responsible for an organisms genetic

make-up (DNA)

Nucleic Acid Function #2

Usable form of energy (ATP)

Nucleic Acid – Function #3

Makes Proteins: RNA

Chemical ReactionOccurs when bonds are broken or formed to create a new substance

Reactants Products

Characteristics of Enzymes #1

Enzymes are biological catalysts;

speed up the rate of

reaction

Example of Enzymes as Catalysts

Characteristics of Enzymes #2

Enzymes are site specific

One enzyme = One job

How Enzymes Work

Environmental Effects on Enzymes

1. Temperature*• High

Temperatures can denature

enzymes

• Denature means lose

shape (active site).

http://lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

Environmental Effects on Enzymes

1. pH• Dramatic

changes in the pH of a

solution can denature an

enzyme

• Decreasing enzyme activity

Eukaryotic Cell Definition

Complex cells that have “membrane-

bound” organelles.

“Membrane-bound” means that they have

an outer layer.

Two main types of Eukaryotic Cells

1. Animal Cell 2. Plant Cell

NucleusLocation: Large circle typically in the

middle of the cellFunction: Control center of the cell;

location of DNA

Ribosomes

Location: Small dots all over the cellFunction: Location of protein synthesis; where proteins are made

MitochondriaFunction: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of

the cell

Location: Throughout the cell

ChloroplastLocation: Green “beans” throughout a

plant cellFunction: Location of photosynthesis;

process by which plants make food

VacuoleLocation: Throughout an animal cell; makes up the majority of a plant cellFunction: Stores water, food, waste, etc.

Location: Outer layer of the cellFunction: Control what comes in and out

of the cell; gatekeeper

Cell/Plasma Membrane

HomeostasisThe ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable.

Cell WallLocation: Layer outside of the cell

membrane in some organismsFunction: Provide structure and support

Plants

Cell Wall

BacteriaCell Wall

Cell Wall

Fungus

Phytoplankton

Cell Wall

Prokaryotic Cell Definition

Simple cells that lack “membrane-

bound” organelles.

“Membrane-bound” means

that they have an outer layer.

Examples of Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria

Differences between

Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Specialization

Nerve Cell: Conducts messages

throughout organisms

Cell Specialization

Muscle Cell:Stretches and

contracts like a rubber band;

allows muscles to work

Cell SpecializationBlood Cell:

Shaped like flat discs; Allows for more surface area for oxygen attachment

Cell SpecializationSperm Cell:

Possesses a tail; allows for movement to the egg

Cellular Transport

Christopherson

Where are WE?

Organism

Tissue

Cell Transport is fueled by the

need of the cell to maintain

homeostasis

DiffusionMovement of particles from an high

concentration to a low concentration; reach homeostasis

High Low

What is concentration?The amount of a substance

High concentration means there is a lot present

Substances that can diffuse across the cell membrane

OsmosisMovement of WATER from a high to a low

concentration

Hint:a. Water will ALWAYS move to the higher

concentration of dissolved substances.

Hint:b. Solute SUCKS solvent (water)!!!!

Solute

Water

Isotonic Solution

• Cell remains same size• Water moves in and

out at same rate (time)

• The concentration of dissolved substances is equal in and out of cell.

Hypotonic Solution

• Cell swells• Water moves in• The higher

concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.

Hypertonic Solution

• Cell shrinks• Water moves out• The higher

concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.

Two types of transport in cellsPassive Transport: Movement of particles from a high to a low concentration

Two types of transport in cellsActive Transport: Movement of particles from a low to a high concentration; ATP is needed

ATP

LOW HIGH