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ENVS402 – Environmental Impact Assessment
Chapter 1: Introduction to EIA
1
a. Definitionb. History of developmentc. Objectivesd T f EIAd. Types of EIAe. Difference between effect and impact
D A Y 1 T I M E 1 . 5 H R
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Introduction: Definition of EIA
Is it about doing the right thing
2
Is it about doing the right thing and/or
doing things the right way ?
“ Impact assessment, simply defined, is the process of identifying the future consequences of a current or proposed action ”.
(International Association for Impact Assessment)( f p )
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Introduction: Definition of EIA3
Munn (1979) defines EIA as a need “to identify and di h i h i d ’ predict the impact on the environment and on man’s
health and well being of legislative proposals, policies, programs, projects and operational procedures and to p g , p j p pinterpret and communicate information about the impact”
Wathern (1988) defines EIA as “a process having the Wathern (1988) defines EIA as a process having the ultimate objective of providing the decision-makers with an indication of the likely consequences of their actions”
Canter (1996) defines EIA as “the physical-chemical, biological, cultural and socio-economic components of the
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
g , ptotal environment”
Introduction: Definition of EIA4
“ Environmental impact assessment means an orderly and systematic process for evaluating a proposal including its alternatives and objectives and its effect on the environment alternatives and objectives and its effect on the environment including the mitigation and management of those effects.
Th t d f th i iti l t f th l The process extends from the initial concept of the proposal through implementation to commissioning and operation, and where appropriate, decommissioning. “
(Environmental Protection Authority 1993; Environmental Protection Act 1986; Western Australia)Protection Act 1986; Western Australia)
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Introduction: EIA Defined?
“ l f d f
5
“ Environmental impact assessment is a process of identifying,
predicting, evaluating, and mitigating the biophysical, social,
and other relevant effects of proposed projects and physicaland other relevant effects of proposed projects and physical
activities prior to major decisions and commitments being
made ”made .
(Sadler, B. 1996, International Study of the Effectiveness of(Sadler, B. 1996, International Study of the Effectiveness of
Environmental Assessment)
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
History of Development of EIA6
The use of EIA began in 1970 in the USA and spread rapidly throughout the world.
It was first introduced in the USA within the framework of the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA) in 1969 which became a law on Jan 1 1971(NEPA) in 1969 which became a law on Jan 1, 1971
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
NEPA 1971: Key provisions7
1 Established environmental quality as a leading national priority by stating 1. Established environmental quality as a leading national priority by stating
a national policy for the environment.
2. Made environmental protection part of the mandate of all federal
agencies , establishing procedures for the incorporation of environmental
concerns into agency decision making.
l f d l l 3. In particular it requires federal agencies to prepare an environmental
impact assessment for major actions or projects that can affect the
environment.environment.
4. Established a council on environmental quality in the executive office of
the President to oversee and coordinate all federal environmental effort
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
NEPA 1971: Key provisions8
Impact statements must contain:
1. A description of the proposed action, its purpose, and the description of
the environment affected;
2. The relationships to land use plans, policies, and controls for the affected
areas;
3 Th b bl i t l i t iti d ti di t d 3. The probable environmental impacts, positive and negative , direct and
indirect, and possible international implications;
4 A discussion of alternatives;4. A discussion of alternatives;
5. The probable negative impacts that cannot be avoided or mitigated;
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
NEPA 1971: Key Provisions
9
6. The relat ionship between loca l and short
term use and long term cons iderat ions;
7. An irrevers ib le commitment of resources;
8. A descr ipt ion of federal act ions to
mit igate and offset adverse effects, and
9. Comments from rev iewers.
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European Implementation ofEuropean Implementation ofEnvironmental Impact Assessment
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Council of the European communities directive of 27th June 1985 on the
f h ff f i bli assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/337/EEC), ( 5/337/ ),
Official journal of the European i i /communities, no. L, 175/40
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EIA (85/337/EEC): Key Provisions
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Applies to the assessment of the ppenvironmental effects of those public and private projects which are likely to have significant effects on the genvironment
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
EIA (85/337/EEC): Key Provisions
Project means:
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Project means:• The execution of construction
works or of other installations or schemes
• Other interventions in the natural di d l d surroundings and landscape
including those involving the extraction of mineralse t act o o e a s
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EIA (85/337/EEC): Key Provisions
13
Development consent means:the decision of the competent authorities which
i l h d l d i h h jentitles the developer to proceed with the project ………………….have significant effects on the environment by virtue inter alia of their:environment by virtue inter alia, of their:nature, size and location
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
EIA (85/337/EEC): Key Provisions
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………direct and indirect effects of a project on the following factors;
• human beings, fauna and flora;• soil, water, air, climate and the landscape,soil, water, air, climate and the landscape, • the interactions between the factors • material assets and the cultural heritage.
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
EIA (85/337/EEC): Key Provisions
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information to be provided by the developer;information to be provided by the developer;• a description of the project: site, design, size• a description of the measures to avoid, p ,
reduce, and if possible remedy significant adverse effects
• data required to identify and assess the main effects on the environment, anda non technical summary of this information
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• a non technical summary of this information
History of EIA in Nepal16
• In the planning history of Nepal, the Sixth Plan p g y p ,(1980-'85), for the first time recognized the need for EIA integration for major infrastructure projects.
• The government of Nepal enunciated environment conservation related policies in theenvironment conservation related policies in the Seventh Plan (1985-90).
• Environmental Assessment Guideline 1993 wasEnvironmental Assessment Guideline 1993 was the first “lesson learnt” document in Nepal which has played facilitation role in the EIA process.
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Bhatta & Khanal, 2009
EIA Legislation in Nepal17
• Environment Protection Act (EPA; 1996) and Environment Protection
g p
Rules (EPR; 1997; first amended in 1999): The EPA and EPR are the two main legal documents mandatory for environmental assessment of the infrastructure development projects.
(The section 4 of EPA states that no one shall implement a proposal without approving IEE and EIA from the concerned body (the ministry related to local infrastructures i.e. MLD).
• Local Self-Governance Act (LSGA) (1999) and Local Self-Governance Regulation (LSGR) (1999)
• The Forest Act (1993) and Forest Regulations (1995)• The National Parks and Wildlife and Conservation Act (1973; as amended 1993)• The Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982)• The Water Resources Act (1992) and Water Resources Regulations (1993)• The Explosive Material Act, (1973)
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EIA – The Philosophy18
Impact assessment is designed as a preventive measurea preventive measure.It should give environmental
id ti l i ht ithconsiderations equal weight with technical and economic aspects.
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EIA – The Philosophy
19
• Environmental considerations should be introduced early on in the planningintroduced early on in the planning processes.
• Broad and public participation shouldBroad and public participation should ensure wide acceptance of projects implemented
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implemented.
EIA – Objectives20
Principle 1 : Focus on the main issuePrinciple 1 : Focus on the main issue.
Principle 2: Involve the appropriate persons and groups.
Principle 3: Link information to decisions about the project Principle 3: Link information to decisions about the project.
Principle 4: Present clear options for the mitigation of impacts and
for sound environmental managementfor sound environmental management.
Principle 5: Provide information in a form useful to the decision
makers
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makers.
(UNEP, 1988)
EIA TYPES
21
1 IEE d EIA f h j1. IEE and EIA for the projects
2. REA (Regional Environmental Assessment ) for the proposals of regional scale
3. SeEA (Sectoral Environmental Assessment) for a sector level proposals3. SeEA (Sectoral Environmental Assessment) for a sector level proposals
4. CIA (Cumulative Impact Assessment) for the past, present and reasonably
forseeable future actions (proposals) in the given area
5. SEA (Strategic Environmental Assessment) for a policy, or plan or programme;
and
6 SIA (Social Impact Assessment) for in depth analysis of the social aspects of a
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
6. SIA (Social Impact Assessment) for in-depth analysis of the social aspects of a
proposal.
Introduction: Environmental Impacts or Effects !p22
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Impacts or EffectsThe term impact is an outcome of two preceding events
Air pollution
23
Air pollution
Leaves of crops Marshy Land
Slow Photosynthesischange Reduces Oxygen
Reduced Crop Yieldeffect
Farmers economic impact
Prevents respiration of mosquitoes
M it kill da e s eco o c
affectedimpact Mosquitoes are killed
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Biosphere – a life support system24
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• LithosphereLithosphere
• Biosphere
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Human depends on biosphere25
Atmosphere…air to breathe
Human depends on biosphere
p
Hydrosphere
Lithospherep
Biosphere
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Human depends on biosphere26
Atmosphere…air to breathe
Human depends on biosphere
p
Hydrosphere …water to drink
Lithosphere p
Biosphere
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Human depends on biosphere
27
Atmosphere…air to breathep
Hydrosphere …water to drink
Lithosphere …food to eat
Days w/o water
p
Biosphere …food to eat
Minutes without air
Months w/o food
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Levels of Organization
Biosphere
Ecosystem
P l
Community
Organism
Population
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Levels of Organization
Best way to delimit modern ecology is to consider it in terms of the concepts of level of organization (Odum 1971)(Odum, 1971)
Diagram Showing Ecological Organization From Odum (1971)
Genes Cells Organs OrganismsPopula-tions
Commun-ities
BIOTICCOMPONENTS
Plus
ABIOTICCOMPONENTS
Matter EnergyCOMPONENTS
Equals
BIOSYSTEMS Genetic Cell Organ Organismic P l ti Ecosystems
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BIOSYSTEMS Genetic Systems
CellSystems
OrganSystems
OrganismicSystems
PopulationSystems
Ecosystems
Photosynthesis - produces food for all life
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9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/photosynthesis.jpg
Food Chain - a closed cycle
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a. Herbivoresb. Carnivoresc Detrivoresc. Detrivores
h // bd i /i / h/f d h i j
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https://www.cbd.int/images/youth/food‐chain.jpg
Ecosystem – a dynamic and self functioning system
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Biosphere contains many ecosystems such as forests, water grasslands marine etcwater, grasslands, marine etc.
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
http://www.fws.gov/invasives/volunteersTrainingModule/images/invasives/ecosystem.jpg
Environment – human in biosphere
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“the natural and social conditions that process around all the i hi h i l d ki d d f i ”organisms which include mankind and future generations”
1. Bio‐physical
2. Social and Economic
3. Cultural
http://www.eaststaffsbc.gov.uk/SiteCollectionImages/Environment%20Image.jpg
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Environment – sink for all wastes
34
•FoodF h
•Climatic l i
•Spritual and li i•Freshwater
•Fuelwood•Fiber
regulation•Diseases regulation
religious•Recreation and ecotourism
•Biochemicals•Genetic Resources
g•Water regulation•Pollination
•Aestheic•Aspirational•EducationalResources Pollination Educational•Sense of place•Cultural heritage
•Soil formation
•Nutrient cycling
•Primary productionhttp://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Ecosystem%20Service%20Categories%20%20MA.gif
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y g
Impact
35
1. Adverse and Beneficial
2 Cumulative (spatial 2. Cumulative (spatial and Temporal)
3. Direct and Indirect4 Sh t M di d 4. Short, Medium and
Long Term5. Environment on
Project and Project on Environment
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Introduction: An Environmental Impact Introduction: An Environmental Impact pp36
Initiation of project With project
Environmental impact
Without projectWithout project
time
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Introduction: An Environmental Impact Introduction: An Environmental Impact
37
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma
Assessment38
• QuantificationP di ti• Prediction
• Evaluation• Monitoring• Auditing• Auditing
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Conclusion39
1 Natural capital provides man made1. Natural capital provides man made capital and human capital
2 E i f t l it l h2. Excessive use of natural capital has affected global ecosystems
3. EIA is a useful instrument for reducing adverse impact on the g penvironment
9/16/2011ENVS402 EIA by Dr. Subodh Sharma