ENVIRONMENTAENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESL STUDIES

Key Terms: Ecology Key Terms: Ecology Environment Environment

Environmental Studies Environmental Studies

Why Environmental Studies? Why Environmental Studies?

Objectives, Scope & Importance of Objectives, Scope & Importance of the coursethe course

ECOLOGYECOLOGY

Ecology is the science studying the Ecology is the science studying the interactions of organisms with their interactions of organisms with their EnvironmentEnvironment and with one another. and with one another. It comes from the Greek words It comes from the Greek words ‘oikos’‘oikos’ (home/habitat) and (home/habitat) and ‘logos’‘logos’ (study/science).(study/science).

What is Environment ?What is Environment ?

• The term is derived from a French The term is derived from a French word word ‘Environ’‘Environ’ which means which means ENCIRCLE.ENCIRCLE.

Scientifically Environment means all Scientifically Environment means all of the outside forces, events, and of the outside forces, events, and things that act on a thing. things that act on a thing. The The environment is everything that is environment is everything that is around something. around something.

It is the complex set of physical, geographic, It is the complex set of physical, geographic, biological, social, cultural and political biological, social, cultural and political conditions that surround an individual or conditions that surround an individual or organism and that ultimately determines its organism and that ultimately determines its form and nature of its survival. form and nature of its survival. – from World – from World Bank report on educationBank report on education

It includes:It includes:1) All factors living and nonliving that affect an 1) All factors living and nonliving that affect an

individual organism or population at any point individual organism or population at any point in the life cycle.in the life cycle.

2) Set of circumstances surrounding a 2) Set of circumstances surrounding a particular occurrence.particular occurrence.

3) All the things that surrounds us3) All the things that surrounds us..

Environmental Studies ?Environmental Studies ? Environmental studies deals with every Environmental studies deals with every

issue that affects an organism living on the issue that affects an organism living on the earth. earth.

It is an applied science as its It is an applied science as its seeks seeks practical answerspractical answers to making human to making human civilization sustainable on the earth’s finite civilization sustainable on the earth’s finite resources. resources.

It is essentially a It is essentially a multidisciplinary approachmultidisciplinary approach Its Its componentscomponents include Biology, Geology, include Biology, Geology,

Chemistry, Physics, Engineering, Sociology, Chemistry, Physics, Engineering, Sociology, Health Sciences, Anthropology, Economics, Health Sciences, Anthropology, Economics, Statistics and Philosophy.Statistics and Philosophy.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Not just collection of informationNot just collection of information For For awarenessawareness – social and individual – social and individual ConflictConflict between development and between development and

environmental conservationenvironmental conservation BALANCEBALANCE

At one end it studies how the life process of a At one end it studies how the life process of a tribal community protects the environment tribal community protects the environment surrounding it; On the other hand it probes what surrounding it; On the other hand it probes what will be the effect of state of the art technology on will be the effect of state of the art technology on human environment! Thus the scope of human environment! Thus the scope of environmental studies is extremely wide and environmental studies is extremely wide and covers some aspects of nearly every major covers some aspects of nearly every major discipline.discipline.

Objective of this CourseObjective of this Course

Develop Develop CONCERNCONCERN for our for our own environment.own environment.

The concern leads us to The concern leads us to ACTACT at your own level to protect at your own level to protect the environment we all live the environment we all live in.in.

The three reasons for The three reasons for studying the state of the studying the state of the

environmentenvironment There is the need for informationThere is the need for information - the - the

need to use resources more equitably. need to use resources more equitably. There is a need to change the wayThere is a need to change the way - -

based on observation and self learning. based on observation and self learning. pro-environmental actionpro-environmental action - including - including

activities we can do in our daily life to activities we can do in our daily life to protect it.protect it.

????????WHY WE HAVE TO WHY WE HAVE TO

STUDY A COURSE IN STUDY A COURSE IN

‘ENVIRONMENTAL ‘ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES’ ???STUDIES’ ???

1. Is there any way out ! If I want 1. Is there any way out ! If I want degree I got to do it!!degree I got to do it!!

It is prescribed in the Syllabus and It is prescribed in the Syllabus and carries 3 Credits. If I want to get carries 3 Credits. If I want to get through 1through 1stst year and finish my year and finish my degree in 4 years, I have to do it!!degree in 4 years, I have to do it!!

  

Supreme Court in it’s judgment has made learning of the subject mandatory at under graduate level (1991).

University Grants Commission has directed all affiliated institutions to compulsorily teach the subject, for all the branches of engineering (2004).

M.I.T. has introduced the subject at I year level as a core subject, in compliance with UGC directive (2005).

2. Legal Obligations

3. We are Victims of our own acts

Indiscriminate Use of

Natural Resources

Pollution from production

Of Artificial Resources

Our Consumption

pattern & Lifestyles

Degradation of Our Environment

We ourselves are Victims

4. You are going to be Modern day 4. You are going to be Modern day ProfessionalsProfessionals

Being Modern day Professionals, You will be Being Modern day Professionals, You will be required to encounter Environment related required to encounter Environment related problems at all levels- Most importantly as problems at all levels- Most importantly as Technical Managers directly facing the Technical Managers directly facing the Society at large.Society at large.

  What do You Mean by this ? In what way What do You Mean by this ? In what way

we are responsible ?we are responsible ?

Industrial Investors

Technical Professionals

SOCIETAL PYRAMID

OH! We are a class of our own!!

Society in General

Industrial Usage

BasicSocietal Usage

RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION PYRAMID

But our base is shaky!! We got to face the music !!

Bosses will ask you to face the public !!

WHY SHOULD WE TEACH WHY SHOULD WE TEACH !!

““If you plan for one year, plant If you plan for one year, plant paddy.paddy.

If you plan for ten years, plant If you plan for ten years, plant trees.trees.

But if you plan for hundred But if you plan for hundred years, educate people.”years, educate people.”

No Water? Drink Thanda!No Water? Drink Thanda!Case Study of PlachimadaCase Study of Plachimada

A Soft Drink bottling unit of company X was A Soft Drink bottling unit of company X was established in Plachimada, a village in Kerala state, in established in Plachimada, a village in Kerala state, in the year 2000. Company dug bore wells to extract the year 2000. Company dug bore wells to extract clean drinking water for soft drink. Company had clean drinking water for soft drink. Company had obtained clearance from the state’s Environment obtained clearance from the state’s Environment Monitoring Authority and had been permitted by the Monitoring Authority and had been permitted by the local body to start the production.local body to start the production.

Production unit was extracting water to an extent of Production unit was extracting water to an extent of 3,50,000 Liters Per Day (LPD) { 3,50,000 LPD means 3,50,000 Liters Per Day (LPD) { 3,50,000 LPD means per capita daily consumption of 5,000 people.} Unit per capita daily consumption of 5,000 people.} Unit in it’s full production capacity had planned to draw in it’s full production capacity had planned to draw 15,00,000LPD of water { Equal to LPCD of 21,430 15,00,000LPD of water { Equal to LPCD of 21,430 people.}people.}

No Water? Drink Thanda!No Water? Drink Thanda!Case Study of Plachimada Case Study of Plachimada

(Cont…)(Cont…) By 2002, all the open wells- they were the main By 2002, all the open wells- they were the main

source of water for the people- not only in the village source of water for the people- not only in the village , but surrounding 10 villages dried out. With most , but surrounding 10 villages dried out. With most common life sustaining resource not available, common life sustaining resource not available, people were pushed to desperation. people were pushed to desperation.

They started mass protests against the company and They started mass protests against the company and demanded immediate closure of the unit. The local demanded immediate closure of the unit. The local body sensing the heat of people’s anger, withdrew body sensing the heat of people’s anger, withdrew the permission to run the unit.the permission to run the unit.

The company has sought the intervention from the The company has sought the intervention from the court of law and the litigation is in Highest court of court of law and the litigation is in Highest court of the land. Mean while, there is no respite for company the land. Mean while, there is no respite for company from protesting public. The protest has spread not from protesting public. The protest has spread not just across the region but across the world !just across the region but across the world !

HENCE THERE IS AN URGENT HENCE THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE

PROBLEMS WE ARE FACING AND PROBLEMS WE ARE FACING AND FORESEE THE CALAMITIES THAT FORESEE THE CALAMITIES THAT MAY FALL ON US IF WE DO NOT MAY FALL ON US IF WE DO NOT

HEED THE RATIONAL WARNINGS.HEED THE RATIONAL WARNINGS.

WISE PEOPLE SAYBETTER TO BE LATE THAN NEVER

Scope and ImportanceScope and Importance

Natural and Man made EnvironmentNatural and Man made Environment When we look around the area we live When we look around the area we live

in (natural surrounding) it was originally in (natural surrounding) it was originally a forest, a river, a mountain, a desert or a forest, a river, a mountain, a desert or a combination of these – the natural a combination of these – the natural landscape. landscape.

Modified heavily by human Modified heavily by human beings! beings!

Web of life?Web of life?

We use water – drink and other We use water – drink and other activitiesactivities

We breath airWe breath air We use resources – food is madeWe use resources – food is made We depend on community of living We depend on community of living

plants and animals – forms the web! plants and animals – forms the web!

- we are a part it.- we are a part it.

Our dependence on nature is so Our dependence on nature is so great that we can’t continue to live great that we can’t continue to live without protecting earth’s resourceswithout protecting earth’s resources

Most traditions refer our Most traditions refer our environment as environment as “Mother Earth” “Mother Earth” and learned and learned respecting naturerespecting nature is is vital vital for their livelihoods.for their livelihoods.

AgriculturistAgriculturist industrialistindustrialist Application of technological innovations.Application of technological innovations. eg: BT cotton, megadams, industries, fertilizers eg: BT cotton, megadams, industries, fertilizers

and pesticides.and pesticides. Natural resources: use of large amount of natural Natural resources: use of large amount of natural

resourses like water, minerals, wood, petroleum resourses like water, minerals, wood, petroleum products etc.products etc.

Exhaustion of nonrenewable resources: minerals, Exhaustion of nonrenewable resources: minerals, oils etc if used extensively with out any thought oils etc if used extensively with out any thought for present and future generations.for present and future generations.

Natural resources can be compared with money Natural resources can be compared with money in our bank.(Sustainable utilisation).in our bank.(Sustainable utilisation).

Consumer oriented societyConsumer oriented society

Limited Natural ResourcesLimited Natural Resources Added to this is misuse of resources. We Added to this is misuse of resources. We

waste or pollute large amounts of nature’s waste or pollute large amounts of nature’s clean water.clean water.

Water Pollution (Gastro-intestinal diseases Water Pollution (Gastro-intestinal diseases and many pollutants are known to cause and many pollutants are known to cause cancer)cancer)

We create more and more materials like We create more and more materials like plastic that we discard after a single use; plastic that we discard after a single use; and we waste colossal amounts of food, and we waste colossal amounts of food, which is discarded as garbage.which is discarded as garbage.

Air Pollution (Respiratory diseases)Air Pollution (Respiratory diseases) Industries – Fertilizers, waste generationIndustries – Fertilizers, waste generation Way of life – vehicles, plasticsWay of life – vehicles, plastics

Manufacturing processes create solid Manufacturing processes create solid waste byproducts that are discarded, waste byproducts that are discarded, as well as chemicals that flow out as as well as chemicals that flow out as liquid waste and pollute water, and liquid waste and pollute water, and gases that pollute the air. gases that pollute the air. Increasing Increasing amounts of waste cannot be amounts of waste cannot be managed by natural processes. managed by natural processes. These These accumulate in our environment, accumulate in our environment, leading to a variety of diseases and leading to a variety of diseases and other adverse environmental impacts other adverse environmental impacts now seriously affecting all our lives.now seriously affecting all our lives.

In such a alarming state of affairs, In such a alarming state of affairs, Improving this situation will only happen Improving this situation will only happen if if each of useach of us begins to take actions in our begins to take actions in our daily lives that will help preserve our daily lives that will help preserve our environmental resources. environmental resources. We cannot We cannot expect Governments alone to manage expect Governments alone to manage the safeguarding of the environment,the safeguarding of the environment, nor can we expect other people to prevent nor can we expect other people to prevent environmental damage. We need to do it environmental damage. We need to do it ourselves. It is a responsibility that each of ourselves. It is a responsibility that each of us must take on as ones own.us must take on as ones own.

DR. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 's DR. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 's Speech Speech

Once in an interview, the famous Ex-municipal commissioner of Once in an interview, the famous Ex-municipal commissioner of Bombay, Mr. Tinaikar, had a point to make.Bombay, Mr. Tinaikar, had a point to make. 'Rich people's dogs are 'Rich people's dogs are walked on the streets to leave their affluent droppings all over the walked on the streets to leave their affluent droppings all over the place,' he said. 'And then the same people turn around to criticize place,' he said. 'And then the same people turn around to criticize and blame the authorities for inefficiency and dirty pavements. and blame the authorities for inefficiency and dirty pavements. What do they expect the officers to do? Go down with a broom What do they expect the officers to do? Go down with a broom every time their dog feels the pressure in his bowels?every time their dog feels the pressure in his bowels?In America every dog owner has to clean up after his pet has done In America every dog owner has to clean up after his pet has done the job. Same in Japan.the job. Same in Japan.Will the Indian citizen do that here?' He's right. We go to the polls Will the Indian citizen do that here?' He's right. We go to the polls to choose a government and after that forfeit all responsibility.to choose a government and after that forfeit all responsibility.We sit back wanting to be pampered and expect the government to We sit back wanting to be pampered and expect the government to do everything for us whilst our contribution is totally negative. We do everything for us whilst our contribution is totally negative. We expect the government to clean up but we are not going to stop expect the government to clean up but we are not going to stop chucking garbage all over the place nor are we going to stop to chucking garbage all over the place nor are we going to stop to pick a up a stray piece of paper and throw it in the bin. We expect pick a up a stray piece of paper and throw it in the bin. We expect the railways to provide clean bathrooms but we are not going to the railways to provide clean bathrooms but we are not going to learn the proper use of bathrooms.learn the proper use of bathrooms.We want Indian Airlines and Air India to provide the best of food We want Indian Airlines and Air India to provide the best of food and toiletries but we are not going to stop pilfering at the least and toiletries but we are not going to stop pilfering at the least opportunity.opportunity.This applies even to the staff who is known not to pass on the This applies even to the staff who is known not to pass on the service to the public. service to the public.

An Overview of Present state An Overview of Present state of Affairsof Affairs

In order to appreciate the vast areas of In order to appreciate the vast areas of Environmental Concerns which this subject Environmental Concerns which this subject aims to address, it is needed to have a aims to address, it is needed to have a bird’s eye view of the present state of bird’s eye view of the present state of Environment at both National and Environment at both National and International levels.International levels.

He are some quick points:He are some quick points:

PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF GLOBAL CONCERNISSUES OF GLOBAL CONCERN

The main environmental issues today are wide The main environmental issues today are wide ranging and all-encompassing: deforestation, ranging and all-encompassing: deforestation, biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change, biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change, pesticide build-up, industrial and municipal pesticide build-up, industrial and municipal pollution.pollution.

Main cause: anthropogenic interventions in the Main cause: anthropogenic interventions in the natural and self-sustaining cycles. natural and self-sustaining cycles. All these All these problems can be categorized into three main problems can be categorized into three main issues:issues:

1.1. Population explosionPopulation explosion2.2. Land degradationLand degradation3.3. Environmental pollution: Industrialization, Environmental pollution: Industrialization,

agriculture/fertilizer/pesticide/green house agriculture/fertilizer/pesticide/green house gases, air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, gases, air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, green house effect, water pollution, green house effect, water pollution, deforestation.deforestation.

Environment Problems in Environment Problems in

IndiaIndia Environment problems in India can be put into Environment problems in India can be put into

three classes:three classes:

PovertyPoverty

Problems arising as negative effects of the Problems arising as negative effects of the very process of development.very process of development.

Problems arising from improper Problems arising from improper implementation of the directives and laws of implementation of the directives and laws of Environmental protection.Environmental protection.

Unsustainable use:Unsustainable use:

Over draft/use, Misuse/Unwisely use, Wastage, Over draft/use, Misuse/Unwisely use, Wastage, Greed/Need, etc. – leads to stress!Greed/Need, etc. – leads to stress!

Short term economic benefit – indicator of Short term economic benefit – indicator of progress!progress!v/s Long term ecological benefitv/s Long term ecological benefit

Result:Result:Forests – disappearForests – disappearRivers – run dryRivers – run dryDeserts – spreadDeserts – spreadAir, Water, Soil – pollutedAir, Water, Soil – polluted

Conclusion: Conclusion: Human well being seriously affected!Human well being seriously affected!

For every resource to use, we must ask For every resource to use, we must ask questions ourselves:questions ourselves:

For every resource to use, we must ask For every resource to use, we must ask questions ourselves:questions ourselves:

Where does it originate?Where does it originate? Who uses it most intensively?Who uses it most intensively? What is the value of resource?What is the value of resource? How is it over used / misused?How is it over used / misused? Who is responsible for its improper use? Who is responsible for its improper use?

(Resource collector/middleman/enduser)(Resource collector/middleman/enduser) How can we help to conserve it and How can we help to conserve it and

prevent its unsustainable use? prevent its unsustainable use?

ASSIGNMENT – I

 Activity 1

• Take any article that you use in daily life –a bucket full of water, or an item of food, a table, or a book.

• Trace its components journey backwards from your home to their origins as natural resources in our environment.

• How many of these components are renewable resources and how many non-renewable?

Activity 2

Try to answer the following questions for one of the components in the article you chose in activity 2:

• Are you using that resource unsustainably?

• In what ways could you reduce, reuse and recycle that resource?

• Is there an unequal distribution of this resource so that you are more fortunate than many others who have less access to it?

SyllabusSyllabus

Unit 1 : Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental StudiesUnit 1 : Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies

Unit 2 : Natural ResourcesUnit 2 : Natural Resources

Unit 3 : EcosystemsUnit 3 : Ecosystems

Unit 4 : Biodiversity and its ConservationUnit 4 : Biodiversity and its Conservation

Unit 5 : Environmental PollutionUnit 5 : Environmental Pollution

Social issues and the EnvironmentSocial issues and the Environment

Human Population and the EnvironmentHuman Population and the Environment

METHOD OF EVALUATIONMETHOD OF EVALUATION In Semester – 50 marksIn Semester – 50 marks End Semester – 50 marksEnd Semester – 50 marks

(added together and cutoff for grades A+, (added together and cutoff for grades A+, A, B, C, D, E and F will be decided)A, B, C, D, E and F will be decided)

Make up examination – for F grade onlyMake up examination – for F grade only In Semester evaluation :In Semester evaluation :

3 tests (I test – 8 weeks, II test – 12 3 tests (I test – 8 weeks, II test – 12 weeks, III test – 16 weeks) – best two will weeks, III test – 16 weeks) – best two will be considered – 40 marks.be considered – 40 marks.

Assignments/Tutorials/Project works/Case Assignments/Tutorials/Project works/Case study – 10 marks !!study – 10 marks !!

REFERENCESREFERENCES

1.1. Bharucha, E. 2004, Environmental Studies, University Bharucha, E. 2004, Environmental Studies, University Grants Commission, New Delhi. Grants Commission, New Delhi.

2.2. Joseph, B. 2006, Environmental Science and Joseph, B. 2006, Environmental Science and Engineering, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company, Engineering, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.New Delhi.

3.3. Anjaneyalu, Y, 2004 Introduction to Environmental Anjaneyalu, Y, 2004 Introduction to Environmental Science, Rao P.N. (Editor), BS Publications, Science, Rao P.N. (Editor), BS Publications, Hyderabad, A.P. India.Hyderabad, A.P. India.

4.4. Rajagopalan, R. 2005, Environmental Studies: From Rajagopalan, R. 2005, Environmental Studies: From Crisis to Cure, Oxford University Press, London.Crisis to Cure, Oxford University Press, London.

5.5. Anil Kumar DE and Arnab Kumar DE., Anil Kumar DE and Arnab Kumar DE., Environmental Studies, New AGE International Environmental Studies, New AGE International Publishers, New Delhi.Publishers, New Delhi.

6.6. Anubha Kauishik and Kaushik CP., Environmental Anubha Kauishik and Kaushik CP., Environmental Science and Engineering, New AGE International Science and Engineering, New AGE International Publishers, New Delhi.Publishers, New Delhi.

7.7. Santosh Kumar Garg et.al., Ecology and Santosh Kumar Garg et.al., Ecology and Environmental studies, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.Environmental studies, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.

Other references:Other references:1. Agarwal, K.C. 2001, Environmental biology, Nidi Publ. Ltd. 1. Agarwal, K.C. 2001, Environmental biology, Nidi Publ. Ltd.

Bikaner.Bikaner.2. Bharucha Erach, The biodiversity of India, Mapin publishing 2. Bharucha Erach, The biodiversity of India, Mapin publishing

Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad – 380 013, India, Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad – 380 013, India, email:mapin@icenet.Net (R)email:mapin@icenet.Net (R)

3. Brunner R.C., 1989, Hazardous waste incineration, McGraw 3. Brunner R.C., 1989, Hazardous waste incineration, McGraw hill inc. 480phill inc. 480p

4. Clark R.S., Marine pollution, Clanderson press oxford (TB)4. Clark R.S., Marine pollution, Clanderson press oxford (TB)5. Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, E & Hepworth, 5. Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, E & Hepworth,

M.T. 2001, environmental encyclopedia, Jaico Publ. House, M.T. 2001, environmental encyclopedia, Jaico Publ. House, Mumabai, 1196p.Mumabai, 1196p.

6. De A.K., Environmental chemistry, Wiley eastern ltd.6. De A.K., Environmental chemistry, Wiley eastern ltd.7. Down to earth, centre for science and environment (R)7. Down to earth, centre for science and environment (R)

8. Gleick, H.P. 1993. Water in crisis, pacific institute for studies in 8. Gleick, H.P. 1993. Water in crisis, pacific institute for studies in dev., Environment & security. Stockholm Env. Institute oxford dev., Environment & security. Stockholm Env. Institute oxford Univ. Press. 473pUniv. Press. 473p

9. Hawkins R.E., Encyclopedia of Indian natural history, Bombay 9. Hawkins R.E., Encyclopedia of Indian natural history, Bombay natural history society, Bombay (R)natural history society, Bombay (R)

10. Heywood, V.H & Waston, R.T. 1995. Global biodiversity 10. Heywood, V.H & Waston, R.T. 1995. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge Univ. Press 1140p.assessment. Cambridge Univ. Press 1140p.

11. Jadhav, H & Bhosale, V.M. 1995. Environmental protection and 11. Jadhav, H & Bhosale, V.M. 1995. Environmental protection and laws. Himalaya pub. House, Delhi 284 p.laws. Himalaya pub. House, Delhi 284 p.

12. Mckinney, M.L. & School, R.M. 1996. Environmental Science 12. Mckinney, M.L. & School, R.M. 1996. Environmental Science systems & Solutions, Web enhanced edition. 639p.systems & Solutions, Web enhanced edition. 639p.

13. Mhaskar A.K., Matter Hazardous, Techno-Science Publication 13. Mhaskar A.K., Matter Hazardous, Techno-Science Publication (TB)(TB)

14. Miller T.G. Jr. Environmental Science, Wadsworth Publishing 14. Miller T.G. Jr. Environmental Science, Wadsworth Publishing Co. (TB)Co. (TB)

15. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co. 15. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co. USA, 574pUSA, 574p

16. Rao M N. & Datta, A.K. 1987. Waste Water treatment. Oxford & 16. Rao M N. & Datta, A.K. 1987. Waste Water treatment. Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd. 345p.IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd. 345p.

17. Sharma B.K., 2001. Environmental Chemistry. Geol Publ. House, 17. Sharma B.K., 2001. Environmental Chemistry. Geol Publ. House, MeerutMeerut

18. Survey of the Environment, The Hindu (M)18. Survey of the Environment, The Hindu (M)

19. Townsend C., Harper J, and Michael Begon, Essentials of 19. Townsend C., Harper J, and Michael Begon, Essentials of Ecology, Blackwell Science (TB)Ecology, Blackwell Science (TB)

20. Trivedi R.K., Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules 20. Trivedi R.K., Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules Guidelines, Compliances and Stadards, Vol I and II, Enviro Media Guidelines, Compliances and Stadards, Vol I and II, Enviro Media (R)(R)

21. Trivedi R. K. and P.K. Goel, Introduction to air pollution, 21. Trivedi R. K. and P.K. Goel, Introduction to air pollution, Techno-Science Publication (TB)Techno-Science Publication (TB)

22. Wanger K.D., 1998 Environmental Management. W.B. Saunders 22. Wanger K.D., 1998 Environmental Management. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, USA 499pCo. Philadelphia, USA 499p

Values of NatureValues of Nature

Productive valueProductive value

Aesthetic value, recreational valueAesthetic value, recreational value

Option valueOption value

Productive Value of NatureProductive Value of Nature

Biotechnology is fast advancing in this modern Biotechnology is fast advancing in this modern world.world.

Nature has species which contain an incredible and Nature has species which contain an incredible and uncountable number of complex chemicals that are uncountable number of complex chemicals that are raw material and can be used for developing new raw material and can be used for developing new medicines and industrial products.medicines and industrial products.

Destruction of these species due to human activity Destruction of these species due to human activity is happening rapidly and hence these species might is happening rapidly and hence these species might become extinct in near future.become extinct in near future.

Hence there is an urgent need to protect these Hence there is an urgent need to protect these speciesspecies

Protection of these species by individual or group Protection of these species by individual or group efforts. efforts.

Aesthetic and Recreational Aesthetic and Recreational Value of NatureValue of Nature

Nature encompasses every aspect of living Nature encompasses every aspect of living (biodiversity: flora and fauna) and non-living (sea, (biodiversity: flora and fauna) and non-living (sea, forest, desert) part of the earth.forest, desert) part of the earth.

Nature enlivens our existence on earth.Nature enlivens our existence on earth. Developing national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in Developing national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in

relatively undisturbed areas.relatively undisturbed areas. Enjoy the wilderness – nature tourism or wildlife Enjoy the wilderness – nature tourism or wildlife

tourism – pleasurable experience and also creates a tourism – pleasurable experience and also creates a deep respect and love for nature.deep respect and love for nature.

Urban setting there will be green spaces and gardens – Urban setting there will be green spaces and gardens – psychological and physical health of city dwellers and psychological and physical health of city dwellers and provides aesthetic value and visual appeal. It also provides aesthetic value and visual appeal. It also gives access to certain amount of peace and gives access to certain amount of peace and tranquility.tranquility.

The Option Values of NatureThe Option Values of Nature

Day-to-day activities have adverse impacts on nature’s Day-to-day activities have adverse impacts on nature’s integrity.integrity.

Present generation’s lifestyles and economies are Present generation’s lifestyles and economies are based on unsustainable pattern which can lead to based on unsustainable pattern which can lead to destruction of biodiversity and will leave nothing for destruction of biodiversity and will leave nothing for future generations.future generations.

Option value: nature provides us with options to utilize Option value: nature provides us with options to utilize it resources which we can use it either greedily it resources which we can use it either greedily (destroy its integrity and long term values) or (destroy its integrity and long term values) or sustainably and reducing our impacts on environment.sustainably and reducing our impacts on environment.

Allows us to use its resources sustainably and preserve Allows us to use its resources sustainably and preserve its goods and services for the future.its goods and services for the future.

Need for public awarenessNeed for public awareness

Sustainable use of natural resourcesSustainable use of natural resources Join an environmental group (YISF)Join an environmental group (YISF) Prevention is better than cure (Prevention of Environmental Prevention is better than cure (Prevention of Environmental

degradation)degradation) Mass media (News papers, Radio, T. V. etc.,)Mass media (News papers, Radio, T. V. etc.,) Activities concerned with studentsActivities concerned with students

Be a volunteer in environmental organizations that fight Be a volunteer in environmental organizations that fight for saving the Earthfor saving the Earth

Reading news papers or articles which emphasizes on Reading news papers or articles which emphasizes on environmental issuesenvironmental issues

Practice and promote 3 R principle (Reduce, Reuse and Practice and promote 3 R principle (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)Recycle)

Practice and promote good civic sense (No smoking and Practice and promote good civic sense (No smoking and no spitting in public places)no spitting in public places)

Spend time in natural habitatSpend time in natural habitat Take part in events – world environmental day etc.,Take part in events – world environmental day etc.,

Institutions and Head quarterInstitutions and Head quarter

BNHS (The Bombay Natural History Society):- MumbaiBNHS (The Bombay Natural History Society):- Mumbai Publications:- Hornbill and international journal on Publications:- Hornbill and international journal on

Natural History.Natural History.

WWFN (World Wild Fund for Nature):- New DelhiWWFN (World Wild Fund for Nature):- New Delhi Emphasizes on wild life education and awarenessEmphasizes on wild life education and awareness

CSE (Centre for Science and Environment):- New DelhiCSE (Centre for Science and Environment):- New Delhi Activities: Holding workshops and conferences on Activities: Holding workshops and conferences on

environmental isssuesenvironmental isssues Publications:- Down to Earth Publications:- Down to Earth

EEC (Environmental Education Center):- ChennaiEEC (Environmental Education Center):- Chennai Promotes conservation of nature and natural resourcesPromotes conservation of nature and natural resources

CEE (Center for Environmental Education):- HyderabadCEE (Center for Environmental Education):- HyderabadTraining and environmental education programmeeTraining and environmental education programmee

Institutions and Head quarterInstitutions and Head quarter

Bharathiya Vidyapeet Institute of Environmental Bharathiya Vidyapeet Institute of Environmental Education Research:- PuneEducation Research:- PuneOffers PG programme and Diploma on environmental Offers PG programme and Diploma on environmental education. Developed a text book for UG course.education. Developed a text book for UG course.

The Salim Ali Center for Ornithology and Natural The Salim Ali Center for Ornithology and Natural History:- CoimbattoreHistory:- Coimbattore

Wild life Institute of India:- DehradhunWild life Institute of India:- DehradhunPublication:- Planning wild life and protected area Publication:- Planning wild life and protected area network for India.network for India.It has environment impact assessment cell.It has environment impact assessment cell.

Zoological Survey of India:- Calcutta.Zoological Survey of India:- Calcutta.

Madras Crocodile Bank Trust:- Madras.Madras Crocodile Bank Trust:- Madras.

WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)-New Delhi.WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)-New Delhi.

Institutions in EnvironmentInstitutions in Environment

Bombay Natural History Society (BHNS), Bombay Natural History Society (BHNS), MumbaiMumbai

An NGO founded in 1883. An NGO founded in 1883. Wildlife policy building, research, popular publications Wildlife policy building, research, popular publications

and peoples action have been unique features of this and peoples action have been unique features of this multifaceted society. multifaceted society.

Works towards conservation of wildlife species and Works towards conservation of wildlife species and ecosystems.ecosystems.

Publications: HORNBILL, journal on natural history, Publications: HORNBILL, journal on natural history, Salim Ali handbook on birds, JC Daniel’s book on Salim Ali handbook on birds, JC Daniel’s book on Indian reptiles, SH Prater’s book of Indian mammals Indian reptiles, SH Prater’s book of Indian mammals and PV bole’s book of Indian trees. and PV bole’s book of Indian trees.

Assisting government in framing of wildlife related Assisting government in framing of wildlife related laws. laws.

‘‘SAVE THE SILENT VALLEY’ campaign.SAVE THE SILENT VALLEY’ campaign.

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-I), I),

New DelhiNew Delhi

Initiated in 1969 in Mumbai and then moved to Initiated in 1969 in Mumbai and then moved to new Delhi with several branch offices all over new Delhi with several branch offices all over India. India.

Wildlife education and awareness. Wildlife education and awareness.

Organizes nature clubs of India program for Organizes nature clubs of India program for children. Works as a think tank and lobby force for children. Works as a think tank and lobby force for environment and development issues.environment and development issues.

Center for Science and Environment Center for Science and Environment (CSE), New Delhi (CSE), New Delhi

Organizing campaigns, holding Organizing campaigns, holding workshops/conferences and producing workshops/conferences and producing environment related publications are some of its environment related publications are some of its activities. activities.

It published ‘State of India’s Environment’, the It published ‘State of India’s Environment’, the first of its kind to be produced as a Citizen’s first of its kind to be produced as a Citizen’s Report on the Environment. Report on the Environment.

It publishes popular magazine ‘DOWN TO It publishes popular magazine ‘DOWN TO EARTH’ a Science and Environment fortnightly. EARTH’ a Science and Environment fortnightly.

It is also involved in publication of material in the It is also involved in publication of material in the form of books, posters, video films and also form of books, posters, video films and also conducts workshops and seminars on biodiversity conducts workshops and seminars on biodiversity related issues.related issues.

CPR Environmental Education CPR Environmental Education Centre, MadrasCentre, Madras

CPR EEC was set up in 1988. CPR EEC was set up in 1988.

Conducts variety of programs to spread Conducts variety of programs to spread environmental awareness and creates an interest environmental awareness and creates an interest in conservation among the general public. in conservation among the general public.

It focusses attention on NGOs, teachers, women, It focusses attention on NGOs, teachers, women, youth and children to generally promote youth and children to generally promote conservation of nature and natural resources. conservation of nature and natural resources.

Its programs include components on wildlife and Its programs include components on wildlife and biodiversity issues. It also produces a large biodiversity issues. It also produces a large number of publications.number of publications.

Centre for Environment Education Centre for Environment Education (CEE), Ahmedabad(CEE), Ahmedabad

It was initiated in 1989. It was initiated in 1989. It has wide range of programs on the It has wide range of programs on the

environment and produces a variety of environment and produces a variety of

educational material. CEE’s training in educational material. CEE’s training in

Environment Education (TEE) program has Environment Education (TEE) program has

trained many environment educators.trained many environment educators.

Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research Environment Education and Research

(BVIEER), Pune(BVIEER), Pune

This institute is a part of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed This institute is a part of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University and has a Ph.D, masters and Bachelors University and has a Ph.D, masters and Bachelors program in Environmental Sciences. program in Environmental Sciences.

Also offers an innovative Diploma in Environment Also offers an innovative Diploma in Environment Education for in-service teachers. Education for in-service teachers.

It implements a large outreach programme that has It implements a large outreach programme that has covered over 135 schools in which it trains teachers covered over 135 schools in which it trains teachers and conducts fortnightly Environment Education and conducts fortnightly Environment Education Programs. Programs.

Biodiversity Conservation is a major focus of its Biodiversity Conservation is a major focus of its research initiatives. research initiatives.

It develops low cost Interpretation Centres for Natural It develops low cost Interpretation Centres for Natural and Architectural sites that are highly locale specific as and Architectural sites that are highly locale specific as well as a large amount of innovative environment well as a large amount of innovative environment educational material for a variety of target groups. educational material for a variety of target groups.

Its unique feature is that it conducts environment Its unique feature is that it conducts environment education from primary school level to the the post education from primary school level to the the post graduate level. graduate level.

It has produced several EE aids, developed a teacher’s It has produced several EE aids, developed a teacher’s handbook linked to school curriculum, a textbook for handbook linked to school curriculum, a textbook for UGC for its undergraduate course on environment .UGC for its undergraduate course on environment .

Its director has developed a CD ROM on India’s Its director has developed a CD ROM on India’s biodiversity published by Mapin Publishers, biodiversity published by Mapin Publishers, Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad.

Uttarkhand Seva Nidhi (UKSN), Uttarkhand Seva Nidhi (UKSN), AlmoraAlmora

A Nodal Agency and supports NGOs in need of A Nodal Agency and supports NGOs in need of funds for their environment related activities. funds for their environment related activities.

Major program is organising and training school Major program is organising and training school teachers to use its locale specific Environment teachers to use its locale specific Environment Education Workbook Program. Education Workbook Program.

The main targets are linked with sustainable The main targets are linked with sustainable resource use at the village level through training resource use at the village level through training school children. school children.

Its environment education program covers about Its environment education program covers about 500 schools. 500 schools.

Kalpavriksh, Pune Kalpavriksh, Pune

It is an NGO and works on variety of fronts: It is an NGO and works on variety of fronts: education and awareness;investigation and research; education and awareness;investigation and research; direct action and lobbying; and litigation with regard direct action and lobbying; and litigation with regard to environment and development issues. to environment and development issues.

Its activities include talks and audio-visuals in Its activities include talks and audio-visuals in schools and colleges, nature walks and outstation schools and colleges, nature walks and outstation camps, organizing student participation in ongoing camps, organizing student participation in ongoing campaigns including street demonstrations, pushing campaigns including street demonstrations, pushing for consumer awareness regarding organic food, for consumer awareness regarding organic food, press statements, handling green alerts, and press statements, handling green alerts, and meetings with the city’s administrators. meetings with the city’s administrators.

It is involved with the preparation of site-specific, It is involved with the preparation of site-specific, environmental manuals for school teachers. environmental manuals for school teachers.

Kalpavriksh was responsible for developing India’s Kalpavriksh was responsible for developing India’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in 2003. 2003.

Salim Ali Center for Ornithology and Salim Ali Center for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Natural History (SACON),

Coimbatore Coimbatore

Dr.Salim Ali wished to support a group of Dr.Salim Ali wished to support a group of committed conservation scientists on permanent committed conservation scientists on permanent basis and that dream became a reality only after basis and that dream became a reality only after his demise. his demise.

It is an independent organization and is based at It is an independent organization and is based at Coimbatore since 1990. Coimbatore since 1990.

It has instituted a variety of field programs that It has instituted a variety of field programs that have added to the country’s information on our have added to the country’s information on our threatened biodiversity. threatened biodiversity.

Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Wildlife Institute of India (WII), DehradunDehradun

This institution was established in 1982 as a major This institution was established in 1982 as a major training establishment for Forest Officials and Research training establishment for Forest Officials and Research in in Wildlife Management. in in Wildlife Management.

Its most significant publication has been ‘Planning A Its most significant publication has been ‘Planning A Wildlife Protected Area Network for India’ (Rodgers Wildlife Protected Area Network for India’ (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988). and Panwar, 1988).

The organization has over the years added an enormous The organization has over the years added an enormous amount of information on India’s biological wealth. amount of information on India’s biological wealth.

It has trained a large number of Forest Department It has trained a large number of Forest Department Officials and Staff as Wildlife Managers. Officials and Staff as Wildlife Managers.

Its M.Sc. Program has trained excellent wildlife Its M.Sc. Program has trained excellent wildlife scientists. It also has an Environment Impact scientists. It also has an Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) cell.Assessment (EIA) cell.

It trains personnel in ecodevelopment, wildlife biology, It trains personnel in ecodevelopment, wildlife biology, habitat management and Nature interpretation.habitat management and Nature interpretation.

Botanical Survey of India (BSI)Botanical Survey of India (BSI) It was established in1890 at the Royal Botanic It was established in1890 at the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Calcutta. Gardens, Calcutta.

However it was closed for several years after However it was closed for several years after 1939 and was reopened in 1954. 1939 and was reopened in 1954.

It carries out surveys of plant resources in It carries out surveys of plant resources in different regions.different regions.

Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) It was established in 1916.It was established in 1916. Its mandate was to do a systematic survey of fauna in Its mandate was to do a systematic survey of fauna in

India. India. It has over the years collected ‘type specimens’ on the It has over the years collected ‘type specimens’ on the

bases of which our animal life has been studied over bases of which our animal life has been studied over the years. Its origins were collections based at the the years. Its origins were collections based at the Indian Museum at Calcutta, which was established in Indian Museum at Calcutta, which was established in 1875. 1875.

Older collections of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Older collections of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which were made between 1814 and 1875, as well as which were made between 1814 and 1875, as well as those of the Indian Museum made between 1875 and those of the Indian Museum made between 1875 and 1916 were then transferred to the ZSI. 1916 were then transferred to the ZSI.

Today it has over a million species!. This makes it one Today it has over a million species!. This makes it one of the largest collections in Asia. of the largest collections in Asia.

It has done an enormous amount of work on taxonomy It has done an enormous amount of work on taxonomy and ecology.and ecology.

People in EnvironmentPeople in EnvironmentInternationalInternational

Charles Darwin: Origin of Species. Charles Darwin: Origin of Species.

Rachel Carson: Silent Spring.Rachel Carson: Silent Spring.

Ralph EmersonRalph Emerson

Henry Thoreau: Wilderness should be preservedHenry Thoreau: Wilderness should be preserved

Indian Indian Salim Ali: Fall of SparrowSalim Ali: Fall of Sparrow

Smt. Indira Gandhi: Wild life protection act was formulated during Smt. Indira Gandhi: Wild life protection act was formulated during her tenure.her tenure.

M. S. Swaminathan: Worked on conservation of biological diversity.M. S. Swaminathan: Worked on conservation of biological diversity.

M. C. Metha: Initiated the Government to implement Environmental M. C. Metha: Initiated the Government to implement Environmental education in schools and colleges, struggles for protection of Taj education in schools and colleges, struggles for protection of Taj Mahal and cleaning of Ganga water.Mahal and cleaning of Ganga water.

Sunder Lal Bahuguna: Chipko movement.Sunder Lal Bahuguna: Chipko movement.

Medha Patker: Narmada Bhachavo Andolan.Medha Patker: Narmada Bhachavo Andolan.

Individuals who have been instrumental in shaping the Individuals who have been instrumental in shaping the environmental history in our country:- environmental history in our country:-

Salim AliSalim Ali

He has written several great books including the He has written several great books including the famous ‘Book of Indian Birds’. famous ‘Book of Indian Birds’.

His autobiography,’Fall of a Sparrow’ should be His autobiography,’Fall of a Sparrow’ should be read by every nature enthusiast. read by every nature enthusiast.

He was our country’s leading conservation He was our country’s leading conservation scientist and influenced environmental policies in scientist and influenced environmental policies in our country for over 50 years. our country for over 50 years.

People in Environment

Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi

As a PM, she has played a highly significant role in As a PM, she has played a highly significant role in the preservation of India’s wild life. the preservation of India’s wild life.

It was during her period as a PM, that the network It was during her period as a PM, that the network of protected areas (Pas) grew from 65 to 298!. of protected areas (Pas) grew from 65 to 298!.

The Wildlife Protection Act was formulated during The Wildlife Protection Act was formulated during the period when she was PM and the Indian Board the period when she was PM and the Indian Board for Wildlife was extremely active as she personally for Wildlife was extremely active as she personally chaired all its meetings. chaired all its meetings.

India gained a name for itself by being a major India gained a name for itself by being a major player in CITES and other International player in CITES and other International Environmental Treaties and Accords during her Environmental Treaties and Accords during her tenure.tenure.

SP GodrejSP Godrej One of India’s greatest supporters of wildlife One of India’s greatest supporters of wildlife

conservation and nature awareness programs.conservation and nature awareness programs. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1999 and He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1999 and

several other awards between 1975 and 1999. several other awards between 1975 and 1999.

MS SwaminathanMS Swaminathan One of India’s foremost agricultural scientists and One of India’s foremost agricultural scientists and

has also been concerned with various aspects of has also been concerned with various aspects of biodiversity conservation both of cultivars and biodiversity conservation both of cultivars and wild biodiversity. wild biodiversity.

Founder of the MS Swaminathan Research Founder of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, which does work on the Foundation in Chennai, which does work on the conservation of biological diversity. conservation of biological diversity.

Madhav GadgilMadhav Gadgil

A well known ecologist in India. A well known ecologist in India. His interests range from broad ecological issues His interests range from broad ecological issues

such as developing Community Biodiversity such as developing Community Biodiversity Registers and conserving sacred groves to Registers and conserving sacred groves to studies on the behavior of mammals, birds and studies on the behavior of mammals, birds and insects. insects.

Anil AgarwalAnil Agarwal

He was a journalist who wrote the first report on He was a journalist who wrote the first report on the ‘State of India’s Environment’ in 1982. the ‘State of India’s Environment’ in 1982.

He founded the Center for Science and He founded the Center for Science and Environment which is an active NGO that Environment which is an active NGO that supports various environmental issues.supports various environmental issues.

MC MehtaMC Mehta

India’s most famous environmental lawyer. India’s most famous environmental lawyer.

Since 1984, he has filed several Public Interest Since 1984, he has filed several Public Interest Litigation (PIL) for supporting the cause of Litigation (PIL) for supporting the cause of environmental conservation. environmental conservation.

Protecting the Taj Mahal, cleaning up the Ganges Protecting the Taj Mahal, cleaning up the Ganges River, banning intensive shrimp farming on the River, banning intensive shrimp farming on the coast, initiating Government to implement coast, initiating Government to implement environmental education in schools and colleges, environmental education in schools and colleges, and a variety of other conservation issues.and a variety of other conservation issues.

Medha PatkarMedha Patkar

She is known as one of India’s Champions who has She is known as one of India’s Champions who has supported the cause of downtrodden tribal people supported the cause of downtrodden tribal people whose environment is being affected by the dams on whose environment is being affected by the dams on the Narmada river.the Narmada river.

Sunderlal BahugunaSunderlal Bahuguna

His Chipko Movement has become an internationally His Chipko Movement has become an internationally well-known example of a highly successful well-known example of a highly successful conservation action program through the efforts of conservation action program through the efforts of local people for guarding their forest resources. local people for guarding their forest resources.

His fight to prevent the construction of the Tehri His fight to prevent the construction of the Tehri Dam in a fragile earthquake prone setting is a battle Dam in a fragile earthquake prone setting is a battle the he continues to wage. the he continues to wage.

The Garhwal Hills will always remember his The Garhwal Hills will always remember his dedication to the cause for which he has walked over dedication to the cause for which he has walked over 20 thousand kilometers20 thousand kilometers..

Internationally known environmental thinkers who have made Internationally known environmental thinkers who have made landmarks and whose names are frequently mentioned are:-landmarks and whose names are frequently mentioned are:-

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin Author of “Origin of Species” which brought to light the Author of “Origin of Species” which brought to light the

close relationship between habitats and species. close relationship between habitats and species. It also brought about a new thinking of man’s It also brought about a new thinking of man’s

relationship with other species that was based on relationship with other species that was based on

evolution. evolution. Alfred Wallace came to the same conclusions during his Alfred Wallace came to the same conclusions during his

work. work.

Henry ThoreauHenry Thoreau In 1860, he wrote that the wilderness should be In 1860, he wrote that the wilderness should be

preserved after he lived in the wild for a year. preserved after he lived in the wild for a year. He felt that most people did not care for nature and He felt that most people did not care for nature and

would sell it off for a small sum of money.would sell it off for a small sum of money.

Ralph EmersonRalph Emerson He spoke of the dangers of commerce to our He spoke of the dangers of commerce to our

environment way back in the 1840s.environment way back in the 1840s.

John MuirJohn Muir He is remembered as having saved the great He is remembered as having saved the great

ancient sequoia trees in California’s forests. ancient sequoia trees in California’s forests. In the 1890s he formed the Sierra club, which is In the 1890s he formed the Sierra club, which is

a major conservation NGO in the USA.a major conservation NGO in the USA.

Aldo LeopoldAldo Leopold He was a forest official in the US in the 1920s. He was a forest official in the US in the 1920s. He designed the early policies on wilderness He designed the early policies on wilderness

conservation and wildlife management.conservation and wildlife management.

Rachel CarsonRachel Carson In the 1960s Rachel Carson published several In the 1960s Rachel Carson published several

articles that caused immediate worldwide concern articles that caused immediate worldwide concern on the effects of pesticide on nature and mankind. on the effects of pesticide on nature and mankind.

She wrote a well-known book called ‘Silent Spring’ She wrote a well-known book called ‘Silent Spring’ which eventually led to a change in Government which eventually led to a change in Government policy and public awareness. policy and public awareness.

EO WilsonEO Wilson An entomologist who envisioned that biological An entomologist who envisioned that biological

diversity was a key to human survival on earth. diversity was a key to human survival on earth. He wrote ‘Diversity of Life’ in 1993, which was He wrote ‘Diversity of Life’ in 1993, which was

awarded a prize for the best book published on awarded a prize for the best book published on environmental issues. environmental issues.

His writings brought home to the world the risks to His writings brought home to the world the risks to mankind due to man made disturbances in natural mankind due to man made disturbances in natural ecosystems that are leading to the rapid extinction ecosystems that are leading to the rapid extinction of species at the global level.of species at the global level.

SAVE (Society for Awareness and Vision SAVE (Society for Awareness and Vision on Environment)on Environment)

10 point agenda on Environment Protection10 point agenda on Environment Protection

To implement prog on environment To implement prog on environment protection and water conservation special protection and water conservation special ministry need to be created at state level ministry need to be created at state level like in developed countries.like in developed countries.

GOI approved policy on development and GOI approved policy on development and conservation of forests 30 years ago for conservation of forests 30 years ago for 33% of area to be under forests. But !!33% of area to be under forests. But !!

AIDS, A Disease, may kill one person, AIDS, A Disease, may kill one person, Environmental pollution may kill lakhs of Environmental pollution may kill lakhs of people; so top priority should be given to people; so top priority should be given to increase awareness on Environment increase awareness on Environment pollution.pollution.

All lakes should be declared as protected All lakes should be declared as protected areas.areas.

Water harvesting pit even in residences Water harvesting pit even in residences (250sq. yards)(250sq. yards)

Walta law, indiscriminate use of ground Walta law, indiscriminate use of ground water.water.

Awareness at school levelAwareness at school level

Vocational education on gardening, clean Vocational education on gardening, clean and green activitiesand green activities

Spend few hours a week in Environmental Spend few hours a week in Environmental prog.prog.

Environment EmergencyEnvironment Emergency