ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Environmental POLLUTION

Definition

• Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change, in the form of killing of life ,toxicity of environment , damage to ecosystem and aesthetics of our surrounding .

(Wikipedia)

Definition (contd)

• An unwanted change in the environment which involves the physical, biological and chemical changes involving air, water and land which affects the human life in one way or the other”.

• Pollution has become a serious issue after World War II in developing countries due to unchecked rapid industrialization. Pollution is the root cause of many diseases that kill and disable living organisms.

A Broader View of Pollution

Contamination by Industries

Pollution is everywhere.....

TypesAir Pollution.Water Pollution.Noise Pollution.Littering (spilling of oils in oceans)Soil contamination (by lead, heavy metals) Radioactive contamination.Thermal pollution.Visual Pollution.

AIR POLLUTION

Air Pollution…

Air Pollution

• Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.

Sources & Pollutants

Sources Of Air Pollution• Natural sources :

– Forest fires– Sea salt sprays– Volcanic eruption– Biological decay– Pollen grains of flowers– Radio active minerals present in earthetc.

• Man made sources:– Thermal plants– Automobiles – Industries– Agricultural activities etc.

Classification of air pollutants

• Primary pollutants– These are directly emitted by the point source e.g. CO2 oxide of

nitrogen, hydrocarbons etc.

• Secondary pollutants: – These are formed by interaction of primary pollutants example

ozone, photochemical smog etc.

Pollutants causing Air Pollution……

• Include particulate matter.• Carbon monoxide.• Ozone. • Nitrogen dioxide .• Sulfur dioxide

Effects of Air Pollution

Air Pollution affects???

• Human health• Animals • Plants• The atmosphere as a whole

Acid Rain

How to control air pollution?

How to control air pollution?

• Maintaining a healthy distance between the industrial and residential areas.

• The chimneys should be constructed tall in size so that the emissions must be released higher up in the environment

• The sulphur must be removed after burning.

• The gasoline must have anti knocking agents.

• The mining area should be planted with trees.

How to control air pollution?

• The coal fuel should be replaced with gas fuel to control the air pollution.

• The automobiles must be designed with emission control system.

• The wastes must be removed and recycled in the industrial plants and refineries.

• Plants like pine and ribes need to be planted to metabolize the nitrogen oxides and other pollutants.

How to control air pollution?

• Timely servicing of the car helps to keep it in a good condition, and also minimizes fuel exhaustion

• Using public transportation helps to prevent the air pollution

• Using alternative energy sources like solar energy, hydroelectric energy, and wind energy

WATER POLLUTION

Water Pollution….

Water Pollution…

• Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater).

• Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

• Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities

Polluted Water…

Sources of water pollution

• Surface water pollution:– Domestic sewage.– Industrial effluents– Synthetic detergents– Agrochemicals– Oil– Waste heat etc

• Ground water pollution:– Deep well injections– Mining etc

Water Pollutants….

• Petroleum hydrocarbons• Plastics• Pesticides• Heavy metals• Sewage• Radioactive waste• Thermal effluents

Water Pollutants…

• Detergents• Chloroform• Food processing waste, (fats and grease)• Insecticides and herbicides.• Petroleum hydrocarbons, (gasoline, diesel

fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil). • Lubricants (motor oil). • From stormwater runoff.

Effects of Water Pollution

• Diseases like Cholera• Malaria• Typhoid (spread during the rainy season )• Aquatic life gets destroyed

Preventing Water Pollution…

• Conserve water by turning off the tap.• Mind what you throw down your sink or toilet.• Don’t throw paints and oils in water channels.• Use environment friendly household products, such as washing

powder, household cleaning agents etc.• Take great care not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers.• Don’t throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans. Help clean up any

litter you see on beaches or in rivers and lakes, make sure it is safe to collect the litter and put it in a nearby dustbin.

Treating Polluted Water...

• Suspended, solid particles and inorganic material can be removed by the use of filters.

• Use of biological filters and processes can naturally degrade the organic waste material.

• After above two steps chemical additives are supplied to get rid of any left-over impurities.

Treating Polluted water…

NOISE POLLUTION

Noise Pollution..

Noise Pollution

• Noise pollution is displeasing or excessive noise that may disrupt the activity or balance of human or animal life.

• Noise means disgust or discomfort hearing from environment.

Sources of Noise Pollution…

• Machines.• Transportation systems.• Motor vehicles.• Aircrafts. • Trains. • Poor urban planning.• Traffic Noise• Air craft Noise• Noise from construction and civil engineering works.• Noise from the Industries.• Noise from other sources.

Effects of Noise Pollution

• Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. • Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health.• Noise pollution can cause • Annoyance • Aggression .• Hypertension . • High stress levels . • Hearing loss.• sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects.

Effects of Noise Pollution

• Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. • Older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate

significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers.

Controlling noise..

Control of noise pollution

• Reduction in sources of noise• Use of sound absorbing silencers.• Through law• Planting more trees having broad leaves• Proper oiling will reduce the noise from machinery

SOIL POLLUTION

Land pollution pictures

Soil Pollution..

• Soil contamination or soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.

• It is typically caused by• industrial activity.• agricultural chemicals. • improper disposal of waste.

Soil Contaminating Chemicals…..

• Petroleum hydrocarbons. • Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. • Pesticides • Lead and Other heavy metals.

Effects of Land Pollution

• The Land Cannot be construct house• Man cannot be farming• Ground water will gets Affected• House hold Garbage like putting Plastics

How to control soil pollution?

How to control soil pollution?

• Limit the use of fertilizers and pesticides

• Awareness about biological control methods and their implementation

• The grazing must be controlled and forest management should be done properly

• The afforestation and reforestation must take place

• Proper preventive methods like shields should be used in areas of wind erosion and wind breaks• Treating Wastes of industries.• Treating nuclear waste.• Proper disposing of plastics and other garbage materials.

Air Pollution do have….

• Health effects• Effects on cardiovascular health• Effects on breathing (asthma).• Links to cancer• Effects on children• Health effects in relatively "clean" areas

POLLUTION IN GENERAL1

Most Polluted World Cities..

• Cairo, (Egypt)• Delhi, (India)• Kolkata, (India) • Tianjin, (China)• Chongqing, (China)• Kanpur, (India)• Lucknow, (India)• Jakarta, (Indonesia)• Shenyang, (China)

Pollution

A Single Solution…..• Go green.• Reduce

THERMAL POLLUTION

Thermal pollution

• An increase in the water temperature by industrial process may be called as thermal pollution.

• It is rise in temperature of water through human activity.• The sudden rise in temperature of water has very harmful effects on

the aquatic organisms such as fish and algae.

• It is defined as presence of waste heat in the water which can cause undesirable changes in the natural environment .

• Causes of thermal pollution:– Heat producing industries i.e. thermal power plants , nuclear

power plants, refineries, steel mills etc.

Effects of thermal pollution

• The dissolved oxygen content of water is decreased as the solubility of oxygen in water at high temperature.

• High temperature becomes a barriers for oxygen penetration into deep cold waters.

• Toxicity of pesticides , detergents and chemicals in the effluents increases with increase in temperature.

• The composition of flora and fauna changes because the species sensitive to increased temperature due to thermal shock will be replaced by temperature tolerant species.

• Metabolic activities of aquatic organism increase at high temperature and requires more oxygen where as oxygen level falls under thermal pollution

Cont’d……

• Discharge of heated water near the shores can disturb spawning and can even kill young fishes.

• Fish migration is affected due to formation of various thermal zones.

Control of thermal pollution

• Cooling ponds : water from condensers is stored in ponds where natural evaporation cools the water which can than be recalculated or discharged in near by water bodies

• Spray ponds : the water from condensers is received in spray ponds. Here the where is sprayed through nozzles where fine droplets are formed . Heat from these fine droplets is dissipated to the atmosphere.

• Cooling towers : a) Wet cooling tower:

b) Dry cooling tower:

NUCLEAR POLLUTION

Introduction

• Nuclear pollution happens when radioactive elements come in contact with other elements in environment and emits alpha and gamma rays which is a serious threat to living organisms.

• The phenomenon of nuclear fission creates nuclear pollution.

Sources of nuclear pollution

• Natural sources: sources of natural nuclear pollution include:

– Cosmic rays from outer space– Radioactive radon – 222 ,– Soil rocks air water and food which contain one or more radioactive substances

• Anthropogenic sources:– Nuclear power plants– Nuclear accidents – X- rays– Diagnostic kits – Test laboratories etc. where radioactive substances are used

Effects of nuclear pollution

• Genetic damage:• Somatic damage:• Effects On Living Organisms:

– Skin Diseases.– Damages Of Reproductive Organs. – Causes Abnormality In Bone Marrow. – Destroys Retina Of Eyes.– Shortening Of Life Span.

Control of nuclear pollution

• Siting of nuclear power plants should be carefully done after studding long term and short term effects.

• Proper disposal of wastes from laboratory involving the use of radioisotopes should be done.

• Maintenance of nuclear plants.• Preventive nuclear experiments.• Safe transportation.• Ban usage of nuclear weapons.• Proper storage.• Minimize use of nuclear elements.• Extraction of radio active elements from nuclear waste.

Solid Waste Management

• Waste is the by product of matter that is consumed by the livng organizamsand is used in industry as well as agriculture and other fields

• Solid waste are also called as refuse, rubbish or garbage.

• Solid waste can be classified as municipal,industrial, agricultural, medical, mining waste and sewage sldge.

Solid Waste Management

• Domestic Waste• Combustible waste• Biomedical waste• Industrial Waste• Construction/ demolition waste• Horticulture waste/ waste from slaughterhouses• Sewage waste• Power Plant waste• Mining waste

Solid Waste Management

• Waste can be biodegradable• Non Biodegreadable• Management of Solid Waste:

– Reduction – Reuse– Recycle