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ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI)
2014 MALAYSIA EPIwww.epi.utm.my
Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre
22nd April 2015
By
Prof. Dr. Rahmalan bin Ahamad
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Stream C: Sustainable Environment and Protection
2
http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6341/1764/1600/pemandangan.jpg
Introducing EPI
*a comprehensive environmental performance
profiling system to rank how well countries
perform on high-priority environmental issues
in protecting ecosystems and human health
from environmental harm.
Environmental indicators
Environmental Performance Index
3
Angel Hsu (2015)
Why EPI?
• better understanding on the environmental challenges faced at local, national
and global levels;
• access to important environmental data organized in a way that is easily
understandable, useful, and drives productive motivation for improvement.
To provide an insight of the existing environmental data and
information:
4
GLOBAL EPI
Global EPI was initiated by the Yale University (YCELP)
and Columbia University (CIESIN) in collaboration with
The Joint Research Centre of the European Commission
and published at the World Economic Forum in Davos,
Switzerland in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014.
http://epi.yale.edu
5
UTM-Columbia University MOU signing ceremony at NYAS, 16th May, 2012
MALAYSIA EPI
� Collaboration between UTM and NRE
� MOU and cooperation between UTM with
Columbia University and Yale University
� Past reports:
� A Self Assessment of Malaysia in EPI 2010
� Development of Malaysia EPI, 2012
� Second Malaysia EPI release, 2014
From left to right:
� Prof Dato’ Seri Ir. Dr. Zaini Ujang
� YAB Dato’ Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin
� YAB Dato' Seri Mohd. Najib Tun Abdul Razak
� Mr Ellis Rubinstein, President and CEO of NYAS
� Dr Rober Chen, Director of CIESIN, Columbia University
66
6
Malaysia EPI
Framework
Selection of Policy
Categories and
Indicators
Parameters and data
verification
Data collection
and analysis
Indicator’s
Target
Computation of
Proximity-to-Target
(PTT) score for each
indicator
Weight
assignmentAggregation of
indicators
States profiling
Overall result and
trends
1 2 3
6 5 4
78 9
STEPS IN MALAYSIA EPI
7
Three Overarching Objectives
7
1 2
3
8
Policy Category under Environmental Health
8
1.11
1.2
1.3
1.4
9
Policy Category under Ecosystem Vitality
9
2
2.1
2.2 2.3
2.4
2.52.6
2.7
10
Policy Category under Socioeconomic Sustainability
10
33.1 3.2
3.3
1111
INDEX OBJECTIVE POLICY CATEGORY INDICATOR
EPI
Climate Change
Resource Efficiency
Environmental Awareness &
Behaviour
Socioeconomic
Sustainability
Environmental
Health
Forest & Urban Green Areas
Fisheries
Agriculture & Landuse
Ecosystem
Vitality
Environmental Behaviour
Environmental Compliance Environmental Governance
Environmental Burden of Disease
Water Effects on Human
Air Pollution Effects on Human
Waste
Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystem
Water Effects on Ecosystem
Biodiversity & Habitat
Transportation GHG Emissions
Solid waste GHG Emissions
Electricity Intensity Energy per GDP
Non-domestic Water Consumption per GDP
Domestic Water Consumption per Capita
Environmental Awareness
Industrial GHG Emissions
Marine Water Quality Index
Terrestrial Protected Areas
Marine Protected Areas
Forest Cover
Urban Green Areas
Urban Tree Planting
Fish Stock Overexploited
Coastal Fishing Pressure
Pesticide Regulation Compliance
GHG Emissions per Capita
River Water Quality
Incidents of Dengue Fever
Toddler Mortality Rate
Access to Connected Water Supply
Access to Clean Water for Rural Areas
Access to Sewerage Facilities
Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas
Population Weighted PM10 Concentration
Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone Concentration
Air Quality Index
Municipal Waste Generation per Capita
Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per Industrial GDP
Sulfur Dioxide Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxides Concentration
12
MALAYSIA EPI FRAMEWORK
www.epi.utm.my
13
1.1.1 Incidents of Dengue Fever (IDF)
1.1.2 Toddler Mortality Rate (TMR)
1.2.1 Access to Connected Water Supply (CSW)
1.2.2 Access to Clean Water For Rural Areas (RWS)
1.2.3 Access to Sewerage Facilities (ASF)
1.2.4 Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas (ISR)
1.3.1 Population Weighted PM10 Concentration (PM10)
1.3.2 Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone concentration (GLO)
1.3.3 Air Quality Index (AQI)
1.4.1 Municipal Waste Generation Per Capita (MWG)
1.4.2 Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per Industrial GDP (HWG)
Environmental Health
1.1 Env. Burden
of Disease
1.2 Water Effects
on Human
1.3 Air Pollution
Effects on
Human
1.4 Waste
14
Ecosystem Vitality
2.1.1 Sulfur Dioxide Concentration (SO2)
2.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (NOX)
2.2.1 River Water Quality (RWQ)
2.2.2 Marine Water Quality Index (MWQI)
2.3.1 Terrestrial Protected Areas (TPA)
2.3.2 Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
2.4.1 Forest Cover (FOC)
2.4.2 Urban Green Areas (UGA)
2.4.3 Urban Tree Planting (UTP)
2.1 Air Pollution Effects on
Ecosystem
2.2 Water Effects on Ecosystem
2.3 Biodiversity & Habitat
2.4 Forest & Green Areas
15
Ecosystem Vitality
2.5.1 Fish Stocks Overexploited (FSO)
2.5.2 Coastal Fishing Pressure (CFP)
2.6.1 Pesticide Regulation Compliance (PRC)
2.7.1 GHG Emissions per Capita (GHGC)
2.7.2 Industrial GHG Emissions (GHGI)
2.7.3 Transportation GHG Emissions (GHGT)
2.7.4 Solid Waste GHG Emissions (GHGW)
2.5 Fisheries
2.6 Agriculture & Landuse
2.7 Climate Change
16
Socioeconomic Sustainability
3.1.1 Electricity Intensity per GDP (EIG)
3.1.2 Non-domestic Water Consumption per GDP (NDWC)
3.1.3 Domestic Water Consumption per Capita (DWC)
3.2.1 Environmental Awareness (ENA)
3.2.2 Environmental Behaviour (ENB)
3.3.1 Environmental Compliance (ENC)
3.1 Resource Efficiency
3.2 Environmental
Awareness &
Behaviour
3.3 Environmental
Governance
17
Type A: high value equates good performance (16 indicators)
Type B: high value equates bad performance (17 indicators)
18
Sources of indicator’s target:• Government policy documents
• International references
• Best performance
Plot of relative performance by all
states for the determination of
policy target and low benchmark for
Access to Sewerage Facilities (ASF)
Source: SPAN, 2014
Example:
Access to Sewerage
Facilities (ASF)
Target 2,300 PE per 1,000 population
Low benchmark
100 PR per 1,000 population
19
Indicators’ Target
Unit EPI 2014 TYPE EPI 2014
1.1.1 Incidents of Dengue Fever IDF Rate per 100,000 population 0 B 450
1.1.2 Toddler Mortality Rate TMR Rate per 1000 births 0.0007 B 1.0
1.2.1 Access to Connected Water Supply CSW % of population with access 100% A 50
1.2.2 Access to Clean Water For Rural Areas RWS % coverage 100% A 75
1.2.3 Access to Sewerage Facilities ASF PE per 1000 population 2,300 A 100
1.2.4 Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas ISR % coverage 100% A 80
1.3.1 Population Weighted PM10 Concentration PM10 ug/m3 20 B 70
1.3.2Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone
concentrationGLO ug/m
30 B 130
1.3.3 Air Quality Index AQI Probability of Good AQI 1 A 0.03
1.4.1 Municipal Waste Generation Per Capita MWG kg/day/cap 0.823 B 2.5
1.4.2Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per
Industrial GDPHWG Metric tonnes per industrial GDP 1.1 B 75
2.1.1 Sulfur Dioxide Concentration SO2 ppm 0 B 0.014
2.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration NOX ppm 0 B 0.04
2.2.1 River Water Quality RWQ WQI score 84.6 A 45
2.2.2Marine Water Quality (MWQ) / Marine Water
quality IndexMWQI 100% (index) A 40
LOW BENCHMARKINDICATOR CODE
TARGETNO.
20
Indicator’s Target Cont’d
Unit EPI 2014 TYPE EPI 2014
2.3.1 Terrestrial Protected Areas TPA Protected forest area (%) 17% A 0.2
2.3.2 Marine Protected Areas MPA Protection Achieved (%) 10% A 4
2.4.1 Forest Cover FOC Forested land area (%) 50% A 0.2
2.4.2 Urban Green Areas UGA m2 per cap 20 A 0.45
2.4.3 Urban Tree Planting UTP % of tree planting 100% A 1
2.5.1 Fish Stocks Overexploited FSO FSO Score 0 B 30
2.5.2 Coastal Fishing Pressure CFP CFP Score 0 B 2,720
2.6.1 Pesticide Regulation Compliance PRC % of compliance 100% A 90
2.7.1 GHG Emissions per Capita GHGC GHG Emissions (kg/cap) 1,260 B 10,500
2.7.2 Industrial GHG Emissions GHGITonnes/ Industrial GDP (RM
Million)187.01 B 700
2.7.3 Transportation GHG Emissions GHGT CO2 per Cap (Kg per capita) 1,149.40 B 6,100
2.7.4 Solid Waste GHG Emissions GHGW kg CO2 eq/day/cap 0.380225 B 0.47
3.1.1 Electricity Intensity per GDP EIG GWh/GDP (RM Million) 0.1584 B 0.25
3.1.2 Non-domestic Water Consumption per GDP NDWC m3/GDP (RM Million) 2,000 B 3,550
3.1.3 Domestic Water Consumption per Capita DWC liter/cap/day 200 B 470
3.2.1 Environmental Awareness ENA % of environmental awareness 100% A 45
3.2.2 Environmental Behaviour ENB % of environmental behaviour 100% A 35
3.3.1 Environmental Compliance ENC % of compliance 100% A 75
LOW BENCHMARKINDICATOR CODE
TARGETNO.
21
NO
2co
nce
ntr
ati
on
(p
pm
)
Type B - maximum value
e.g.: NO2 concentration
Type A - minimum value
e.g.: Accessed to connected
water supply
22
• Reflects relative importance of each index metric • each indicator has different impact, importance and policy
implications
• Change of impotance over time• environmental indicators are not equal in importance at all
times
• No commonly accepted methodology to assign weights• Based on expert opinion
Why Assign Weight?
WEIGHT ASSIGNMENT
23
Weight Assignment
Note: all indicators in a policy category carry equal weight
Objective Policy Category
24
Raw data Set Target and Low Benchmark
Calculation of proximity-to-target (PTT)
Aggregation of Indicators to Policy Category
Policy category score = ∑(PTT score)/ (number of indicators in the policy category)
Materiality Filter (e.g Landlocked states): for an indicator where data is not applicable, the weight is transferred to other indicators in the same policy category and the total PTT score is divided by total number of applicable indicators.
Aggregation of Policy Category to Objective
Objective score = ∑ [(policy category score) x (policy category weight/100)]
Aggregation of Objective to Index
EPI score = ∑ (Objective score)
Aggregation of Indicators
25
Weight
(%)
PTT
Score
Weight
(%)
Aggregation of
Indicators into Policy
Category Score
1 1.1.1 Incidents of Dengue Fever 3.59 89.8
2 1.1.2 Toddler Mortality Rate 3.59 50.0
3 1.2.1 Access to Connected Water Supply 1.86 96.0
4 1.2.2 Access to Clean Water For Rural Areas 1.86 95.4
5 1.2.3 Access to Sewerage Facilities 1.86 62.2
6 1.2.4 Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas 1.86 91.4
7 1.3.1 Population Weighted PM10 Concentration 2.53 61.4
81.3.2 Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone
Concentration2.53 37.7
9 1.3.3 Air Quality Index 2.53 71.8
10 1.4.1 Municipal Waste Generation Per Capita 3.59 90.1
111.4.2 Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per
Industrial GDP3.59 90.1
No.
INDICATOR POLICY CATEGORY
Name of Indicator Name of Policy Category
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
7.18
7.44
7.60
7.18
69.90
86.24
56.97
90.10
Environmental Burden of Disease
Water Effects on Human
Air Pollution Effects on Human
Waste
AGGREGATION OF INDICATORS SCORE
INTO POLICY CATEGORY SCORE
(2014 Malaysia EPI)
Note: State of Pahang
Policy category score = ∑(PTT score)/ (number of indicators in the policy category)
26
AGGREGATION OF POLICY CATEGORY
SCORE INTO OBJECTIVE SCORE
(2014 Malaysia EPI)
Note: State of Pahang
Objective score = ∑ [(policy category score) x (policy category weight/100)]
Weight
(%)
Aggregation of
Indicators into Policy
Category Score
Objective
Aggregation of Policy
Category into
Objective Score
Objective
Score
POLICY CATEGORY OBJECTIVE
Name of Policy Category
1. Environmental
Health (29.41%)22.24
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
7.18
7.44
7.60
7.18
69.90 5.02
86.24 6.42
56.97 4.33
90.10 6.47
Environmental Burden of Disease
Water Effects on Human
Air Pollution Effects on Human
Waste
27
OBJECTIVE
EPI ScoreObjective Objective Score
1. Environmental Health (29.41%) 22.24
82.012. Ecosystem Vitality (48.89%) 40.07
3. Socioeconomic Sustainability (21.70%) 19.71
AGGREGATION OF OBJECTIVE SCORE
INTO THE EPI SCORE
(2014 Malaysia EPI)
Note: State of Pahang
EPI score = ∑ (Objective score)
28
2014 Malaysia EPI
Results
• States ranking and star-rating
• States profile (bar-chart)
• States profile (spider’s web)
• Overall performance and trend
• Indicators performance and trend
29
2014 Malaysia EPI Results
STATES RANKING AND STAR-RATING
� States are ranked based on scores for each level:� EPI (index)
� Objective
� Policy Category
� Indicators
� Star Rating based on range of scores:
PTT Score Star Rating Colour Status
90.0 ≤ PTT ≤ 100.0 5 Excellent
80.0 ≤ PTT < 90.0 4 Good
60.0 ≤ PTT < 80.0 3 Fair
40.0 ≤ PTT < 60.0 2 Poor
0 ≤ PTT < 40.0 1 Very Poor
30
State
2014 Malaysia
EPI
Objective
Environmental
Health
Ecosystem
Vitality
Socioeconomic
Sustainability
Score
(%)Rank
Score
(%)Rank
Score
(%)Rank
Score
(%)Rank
Pahang 82.01 1 75.65 5 81.93 2 90.81 1
Sabah 78.84 2 79.47 2 78.01 4 79.87 8
Sarawak 78.81 3 82.12 1 74.48 7 84.07 4
Kedah 78.80 4 76.49 4 81.06 3 76.83 14
Johor 75.74 5 71.90 7 77.11 5 77.84 11
Terengganu 74.39 6 59.30 16 82.38 1 76.86 13
Negeri Sembilan 74.23 7 70.76 8 76.36 6 74.16 15
F.T. Labuan 72.56 8 78.56 3 64.35 10 82.95 5
Selangor 71.41 9 63.39 14 69.68 8 86.18 3
Kelantan 69.46 10 65.81 12 63.74 12 87.27 2
Perak 68.78 11 64.85 13 65.80 9 80.82 7
Melaka 68.45 12 67.79 11 64.30 11 78.69 10
F.T. Putrajaya 68.04 13 70.16 9 61.72 13 79.41 9
Pulau Pinang 66.14 14 72.92 6 57.12 15 77.28 12
Perlis 65.26 15 67.99 10 59.85 14 73.76 16
F.T. Kuala Lumpur 55.87 16 60.57 15 41.13 16 82.70 6
Score Target 100 29.4 48.9 21.7
Note: Scores are shown in two decimal points to differentiate States ranking.
States ranking in 2014 Malaysia EPI
31
State
2014 Malaysia EPI
Objective
Environmental
HealthEcosystem Vitality
Socioeconomic
Sustainability
Score
(%)
Star
Rating
Score
(%)
Star
Rating
Score
(%)
Star
Rating
Score
(%)
Star
Rating
Pahang 82.0 4 75.6 3 81.9 4 90.8 5
Sabah 78.8 3 79.5 3 78.0 3 79.9 3
Sarawak 78.8 3 82.1 4 74.5 3 84.1 4
Kedah 78.8 3 76.5 3 81.1 4 76.8 3
Johor 75.7 3 71.9 3 77.1 3 77.8 3
Terengganu 74.4 3 59.3 2 82.4 4 76.9 3
Negeri Sembilan 74.2 3 70.8 3 76.4 3 74.2 3
F.T. Labuan 72.6 3 78.6 3 64.3 3 83.0 4
Selangor 71.4 3 63.4 3 69.7 3 86.2 4
Kelantan 69.5 3 65.8 3 63.7 3 87.3 4
Perak 68.8 3 64.9 3 65.8 3 80.8 4
Melaka 68.4 3 67.8 3 64.3 3 78.7 3
F.T. Putrajaya 68.0 3 70.2 3 61.7 3 79.4 3
Pulau Pinang 66.1 3 72.9 3 57.1 2 77.3 3
Perlis 65.3 3 68.0 3 59.8 2 73.8 3
F.T. Kuala Lumpur 55.9 2 60.6 3 41.1 2 82.7 4
Score Target 100.0 29.4 48.9 21.7
STAR RATING PROFILE
32
2014 Malaysia EPI Results
STATES PROFILE (BAR-CHART)
Pahang
Sabah
Sarawak
Kedah
Johor
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan
Labuan
Selangor
Kelantan
Perak
Melaka
Putrajaya
Pulau Pinang
Perlis
Kuala Lumpur
33
2014 Malaysia EPI Results
Policy Category
and
Indicators Performance
34
Pahang
(100 {TPA: 100; MPA: 100})
(77.1 {RWQ: 100;
MWQI: 54.2})
(41.5 {FOC: 100; UGA: 10.3; UTP: 14.2})
(89.7 {SO2: 92.9;
NOX: 86.4})
(90.1 {MWG: 90.1;
HWG: 90.1})
(57.0 {PM10: 61.4;
GLO: 37.7; AQI: 71.8})
(93.5 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 80.4;
DWC: 100})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(86.2 {CWS: 96.0; RWS: 95.4;
ASF: 62.2; ISR: 91.4})
(69.9 {IDF: 89.8; TMR: 50.0})
(97.6 {ENC: 97.6})
(81.3 {ENA: 92.7;
ENB: 69.9})
(89.9 {GHGC: 81.7;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 77.8})
(75.2 {FSO: 56.7; CFP: 93.7})RETURN
35
Sabah
(63.2 {TPA: 100; MPA: 26.4})
(79.4{RWQ: 100;
MWQI: 58.7})
(39.3 {FOC: 100; UGA: 13.8; UTP: 4.2})
(89.3 {SO2: 91.6;
NOX: 87.0})
(99.8 {MWG: 100;
HWG: 99.5})
(74.2 {PM10: 64.8;
GLO: 66.8; AQI: 91.0})
(100 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 100})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(57.2 {CWS: 72.0; RWS: 64.8;
ASF: 67.9; ISR: 24.3})
(87.7 {IDF: 95.3; TMR: 80.1})
(71.5 {ENC: 71.5})
(68.4 {ENA: 77.0;
ENB: 59.7})
(97.7 {GHGC: 94.2;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 96.8})
(76.3 {FSO: 53.3; CFP: 99.3})RETURN
36
Sarawak
(50.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 0.1})
(58.8 {RWQ: 80.6;
MWQI: 37.1})
(66.7 {FOC: 100; UGA: 100; UTP: 0.0})
(88.6 {SO2: 94.0;
NOX: 83.1})
(98.9 {MWG: 100;
HWG: 97.8})
(66.9 {PM10: 62.1;
GLO: 57.1; AQI: 81.4})
(100 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 100})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(84.0 {CWS: 87.6; RWS: 89.3;
ASF: 85.7; ISR: 73.5})
(79.5 {IDF: 88.9; TMR: 70.0})
(89.5 {ENC: 89.5})
(62.8 {ENA: 76.4;
ENB: 49.2})
(85.7 {GHGC: 73.9;
GHGI: 81.4; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 87.4})
(71.1 {FSO: 43.3; CFP: 98.9})RETURN
37
Kedah
(100 {TPA: 100; MPA: 100})
(78.7 {RWQ: 96.8;
MWQI: 60.7})
(27.9 {FOC: 72.9; UGA: 6.8; UTP: 3.8})
(88.9 {SO2: 96.1;
NOX: 81.6})
(81.1 {MWG: 85.6;
HWG: 76.7})
(56.7 {PM10: 58.6;
GLO: 45.2; AQI: 66.2})
(82.0 {EIG: 75.8;
NDWC: 79.4;
DWC: 90.7})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(88.3 {CWS: 96.6; RWS: 92.7;
ASF: 67.9; ISR: 95.9})
(80.6 {IDF: 91.1; TMR: 70.0})
(81.6 {ENC: 81.6})
(66.9 {ENA: 75.9;
ENB: 57.9})
(90.0 {GHGC: 86.2;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 73.6})
(82.0 {FSO: 80.0; CFP: 84.0})RETURN
38
Johor
(100 {TPA: 100; MPA: 100})
(61.0 {RWQ: 68.8;
MWQI: 53.3})
(53.3 {FOC: 48.9; UGA: 11.1; UTP: 100})
(74.2 {SO2: 74.2;
NOX: 74.1})
(90.4 {MWG: 95.7;
HWG: 85.1})
(43.6 {PM10: 43.7;
GLO: 36.0; AQI: 51.1})
(76.9 {EIG: 39.3;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 91.5})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(89.9 {CWS: 99.6; RWS: 98.5;
ASF: 63.6; ISR: 98.0})
(64.6 {IDF: 69.1; TMR: 60.0})
(92.3 {ENC: 92.3})
(64.2 {ENA: 73.6;
ENB: 54.7})
(84.2 {GHGC: 67.3;
GHGI: 92.6; GHGT:
93.8; GHGW: 83.0})
(67.1 {FSO: 43.3; CFP: 90.9})RETURN
39
Terengganu
(100 {TPA: 100; MPA: 100})
(69.4 {RWQ: 99.1;
MWQI: 39.7})
(49.6 {FOC: 100; UGA: 11.7; UTP: 37.0})
(91.3 {SO2: 92.5;
NOX: 90.1})
(42.2 {MWG: 72.2;
HWG: 12.2})
(44.2 {PM10: 33.5;
GLO: 48.0; AQI: 50.9})
(71.8 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 19.4;
DWC: 95.9})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(81.8 {CWS: 92.0; RWS: 90.0;
ASF: 54.7; ISR: 90.7})
(69.0 {IDF: 88.0; TMR: 50.0})
(99.9 {ENC: 99.9})
(58.7 {ENA: 69.3;
ENB: 48.0})
(86.5 {GHGC: 84.8;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 61.2})
(79.9 {FSO: 70.0; CFP: 89.9})RETURN
40
Negeri Sembilan
(79.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 58.1})
(75.1 {RWQ: 88.4;
MWQI: 61.8})
(22.1 {FOC: 47.4; UGA: 7.3; UTP: 11.6})
(75.4 {SO2: 78.0;
NOX: 72.9})
(88.2 {MWG: 80.5;
HWG: 95.9})
(28.3 {PM10: 42.0;
GLO: 15.4; AQI: 27.5})
(71.1 {EIG: 69.2;
NDWC: 54.2;
DWC: 90.0})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(95.4 {CWS: 99.8; RWS: 99.4;
ASF: 85.7; ISR: 96.9})
(72.6 {IDF: 75.1; TMR: 70.0})
(95.1 {ENC: 95.1})
(56.1 {ENA: 68.5;
ENB: 43.6})
(83.7 {GHGC: 65.7;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 68.9})
(100 {FSO: 100; CFP: 100})RETURN
41
Labuan
(50.0 {TPA: 0.0; MPA: 100})
(56.4 {RWQ: N/A;
MWQI: 56.4})
(3.9 {FOC: 0.0; UGA: 11.7; UTP: 0.0})
(95.8 {SO2: 97.3;
NOX: 94.3})
(98.6 {MWG: 100;
HWG: 97.1})
(70.4 {PM10: 70.6;
GLO: 49.4; AQI: 91.2})
(73.0 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 19.0;
DWC: 100})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(62.9 {CWS: 100; RWS: 64.8;
ASF: 62.4; ISR: 24.3})
(83.4 {IDF: 96.7; TMR: 70.0})
(97.5 {ENC: 97.5})
(78.2 {ENA: 88.6;
ENB: 67.8})
(97.7 {GHGC: 94.2;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 96.8})
(44.6 {FSO: 83.3; CFP: 5.8})RETURN
42
Selangor
(50.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 0.0})
(62.5 {RWQ: 79.4;
MWQI: 45.7})
(56.9 {FOC: 63.1; UGA: 7.6; UTP: 100})
(63.5 {SO2: 76.0;
NOX: 50.9})
(98.3 {MWG: 100;
HWG: 96.5})
(32.6 {PM10: 37.9;
GLO: 26.0; AQI: 34.0})
(95.7 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 87.0})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(89.7 {CWS: 99.6; RWS: 100;
ASF: 68.6; ISR: 90.6})
(33.7 {IDF: 7.4; TMR: 60.0})
(96.8 {ENC: 96.8})
(66.0 {ENA: 76.7;
ENB: 55.4})
(90.0 {GHGC: 71.8;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 88.1})
(64.3 {FSO: 53.3; CFP: 75.3})RETURN
43
Kelantan
(50.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 0})
(65.8 {RWQ: 100;
MWQI: 31.5})
(36.4 {FOC: 100; UGA: 0.1; UTP: 9.1})
(91.1 {SO2: 94.3;
NOX: 87.9})
(93.3 {MWG: 88.9;
HWG: 97.7})
(57.2 {PM10: 57.2;
GLO: 63.1; AQI: 51.3})
(100 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 100})
(83.5 {PRC: 83.5})
(48.4 {CWS: 23.0; RWS: 56.8;
ASF: 21.3; ISR: 92.4})
(65.5 {IDF: 81.0; TMR: 50.0})
(96.8 {ENC: 96.8})
(65.0 {ENA: 74.2;
ENB: 55.8})
(86.8 {GHGC: 94.4;
GHGI: 76.2; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 76.7})
(30.4 {FSO: 30.0; CFP: 30.8})RETURN
44
Perak
(50.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 0.0})
(67.7 {RWQ: 98.5;
MWQI: 37.0})
(40.0 {FOC: 99.7; UGA: 6.8; UTP: 13.4})
(84.7 {SO2: 92.2;
NOX: 77.3})
(76.1 {MWG: 88.3;
HWG: 63.9})
(35.1 {PM10: 40.5;
GLO: 13.7; AQI: 51.1})
(84.5 {EIG: 66.1;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 87.4})
(88.3 {PRC: 88.3})
(85.6 {CWS: 99.2; RWS: 89.2;
ASF: 58.8; ISR: 95.0})
(63.5 {IDF: 77.0; TMR: 50.0})
(89.1 {ENC: 89.1})
(68.8 {ENA: 80.6;
ENB: 57.0})
(81.4 {GHGC: 76.9;
GHGI: 72.8; GHGT:
99.6; GHGW: 76.2})
(47.1 {FSO: 63.3; CFP: 31.0})RETURN
45
Melaka
(10.1 {TPA: 17.4; MPA: 2.9})
(40.4 {RWQ: 74.4;
MWQI: 6.4})
(37.9 {FOC: 6.2; UGA: 7.6; UTP: 100})
(76.4 {SO2: 75.8;
NOX: 77.1})
(94.5 {MWG: 90.6;
HWG: 98.4})
(24.8 {PM10: 26.3;
GLO: 31.5; AQI: 16.7})
(67.9 {EIG: 77.5;
NDWC: 39.8;
DWC: 86.3})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(93.0 {CWS: 100; RWS: 100;
ASF: 71.9; ISR: 100})
(60.4 {IDF: 60.8; TMR: 60.0})
(98.2 {ENC: 98.2})
(69.8 {ENA: 72.8;
ENB: 66.8})
(85.4 {GHGC: 66.4;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
96.9; GHGW: 78.2})
(100 {FSO: 100; CFP: 100})RETURN
46
Putrajaya
(0.2 {TPA: 0.2; MPA: N/A})
(87.6 {RWQ: 87.6;
MWQI: N/A})
(62.8 {FOC: 13.7; UGA: 100; UTP: 74.8})
(69.6 {SO2: 81.2;
NOX: 58.0})
(100 {MWG: 100;
HWG: N/A})
(33.6 {PM10: 56.0;
GLO: 14.1; AQI: 30.5})
(95.7 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 87.0})
(75.4 {CWS: 100; RWS: N/A;
ASF: 50.9; ISR: N/A})
(73.5 {IDF: 67.0; TMR: 80.1})
(63.2 {ENA: 70.5;
ENB: 56.0})
(86.7 {GHGC: 71.8;
GHGI: N/A; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 88.1})
(N/A)
(N/A)
(N/A)
RETURN
47
Pulau Pinang
(16.9 {TPA: 33.8; MPA: 0.0})
(49.0 {RWQ: 65.3;
MWQI: 32.8})
(6.0 {FOC: 14.7; UGA: 3.3; UTP: 0.0})
(77.3 {SO2: 85.9;
NOX: 68.8})
(85.9 {MWG: 84.3;
HWG: 87.4})
(38.7 {PM10: 48.2;
GLO: 24.1; AQI: 43.8})
(70.7 {EIG: 58.8;
NDWC: 88.9;
DWC: 64.4})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(90.6 {CWS: 99.8; RWS: 92.4;
ASF: 73.0; ISR: 97.1})
(77.8 {IDF: 85.6; TMR: 70.0})
(99.3 {ENC: 99.3})
(61.6 {ENA: 71.2;
ENB: 52.0})
(74.3 {GHGC: 46.4;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
78.2; GHGW: 72.5})
(76.0 {FSO: 66.7; CFP: 85.4})RETURN
48
Perlis
(39.8 {TPA: 79.7; MPA: 0.0})
(59.8 {RWQ: 99.0;
MWQI: 20.5})
(12.2 {FOC: 28.7; UGA: 7.9; UTP: 0.0})
(93.1 {SO2: 97.9;
NOX: 88.3})
(82.1 {MWG: 70.6;
HWG: 93.6})
(56.8 {PM10: 58.1;
GLO: 47.3; AQI: 65.0})
(79.5 {EIG: 53.9;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 84.4})
(52.2 {FSO: 50.0; CFP: 54.4})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(83.5 {CWS: 99.0; RWS: 93.6;
ASF: 49.2; ISR: 92.3})
(49.6 {IDF: 79.2; TMR: 20.0})
(81.1 {ENC: 981.1})
(60.7 {ENA: 71.6;
ENB: 49.9})
(61.2 {GHGC: 83.0;
GHGI: 2.2; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 59.7})
RETURN
49
(0.2 {TPA: 0.2; MPA: N/A})
(39.0 {RWQ: 39.0;
MWQI: N/A})
(13.2 {FOC: 13.7; UGA: 24.4; UTP: 1.4})
(69.2 {SO2: 84.0;
NOX: 54.3})
(53.2 {MWG: 7.6;
HWG: 98.8})
(24.5 {PM10: 45.8;
GLO: 6.7; AQI: 21.1})
Kuala Lumpur
(95.7 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 87.0})
(N/A)
(100 {PRC: 100})
(96.8 {CWS: 100; RWS: N/A;
ASF: 93.5; ISR: N/A})
(68.5 {IDF: 67.0; TMR: 70.0})
(93.21 {ENC: 93.21})
(59.3 {ENA: 65.1;
ENB: 53.3})
(25.6 {GHGC: 0.2;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
0.8; GHGW: 1.4})
RETURN
50
2014 Malaysia EPI Result
OVERALL
PERFORMANCE AND
TRENDS
51
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
EPI EH EV SS
68.872.1
68.664.8
71.8 70.568.7
80.6
Sco
re
2012 EPI 2014 EPI
Comparison of 2012 and 2014 Malaysia EPIs
EPI: Environmental Performance Index;
EH: Environmental Health
EV: Ecosystem Vitality
SS: Socioeconomic Sustainability)
* Comparison based on 2014 Malaysia EPI targets, weight
assignment and low benchmark values
52
Performance comparison of
Policy Category for 2012 and
2014 Malaysia EPI
EBD: Environmental Burden of Disease; WEH: Water Effects on Human; APH: Air Pollution Effects on Human; WST: Waste; APE: Air
Pollution Effects on Ecosystem; WEE: Water Effects on Ecosystem; B&H: Biodiversity and Habitat; FUG: Forest and Urban Green Areas; FIS:
Fisheries; A&L: Agriculture and Landuse; CLC: Climate Change; RSE: Resource Efficiency; EAB: Environmental Awareness & Behaviour; ENG:
Environmental Governance
53
Comparison of indicators proximity-to-
target (PTT) performance between 2012
Malaysia EPI and 2014 Malaysia EPI
IDF: Incidents of Dengue Fever; TMR: Toddler Mortality rate; CWS: Access to connected water supply; RWS: Access to clean water for rural areas; ASF: Sewerage facilities;
ISR: Improved sanitation for rural areas; PM10: Population weighted PM10 concentration; GLO: Population weighted ground level ozone concentration; AQI: Air Quality
Index; MWG: Municipal waste generation per capita; HWG: Hazardous waste generation per industrial GDP; SO2: Sulfur dioxide concentration; NOX: Nitrogen oxides
concentration; RWQ: River water quality; MWQI: Marine Water Quality Index; TPA: Terrestrial protected areas; MPA: Marine protected areas; FOC: Forest cover;
UGA:Urban Green Areas; UTP: Urban Tree Planting; FSO: Fish Stock Overexploited ; CFP: Coastal Fishing Pressure; PRC: Pesticide Regulation Compliance; GHGC: GHG
Emissions per Capita; GHGI: Industrial GHG emissions; GHGT: Transportation GHG emissions; GHGW: Solid waste GHG emissions; EIG: Electricity Intensity per GDP; NDWC:
Non-domestic water consumption per GDP; DWC:Domestic water consumption per capita; ENA: Environmental awareness; ENB: Environmental behaviour; ENC:
Environmental compliance
54
Performance PTT ScoreStar
Rating
Environmental
Health
Ecosystem
Vitality
Socioeconomic
SustainabilityTotal
Excellent 90.0 ≤ PTT ≤ 100.0 5 1 3 2 4
Good 80.0 ≤ PTT < 90.0 4 4 2 2 9
Fair 60.0 ≤ PTT < 80.0 3 3 6 1 10
Poor 40.0 ≤ PTT < 60.0 2 2 2 1 5
Very poor 0 ≤ PTT < 40.0 1 1 3 0 5
Total 11 16 6 33
Distribution of indicators
performance in each Objective
of 2014 Malaysia EPI
55
Objective Policy Category Indicator CodePTT Score and
Star Rating
Environmental
Health
Air Pollution effects on
Human
PM10 Concentration PM10 50.4
Ground Level Ozone GLO 36.4
Air Quality Index AQI 52.8
Ecosystem
Vitality
Water Effects on
EcosystemMarine Water quality Index MWQI 42.5
Biodiversity & Habitat Marine Protected Areas MPA 42.0
Forest & Green Areas
Forest Cover FOC 56.8
Urban Green Areas UGA 20.7
Urban Tree Planting UTP 29.3
Socioeconomic
Sustainability
Environmental
Awareness &
Behaviour
Environmental Behaviour ENB 56.1
Poor* and very poor performing
indicators in 2014 Malaysia EPI
*Note: poor and very poor performance refer to two star rating and one star rating performance, respectively.
56
Environmental Health indicator
performance trends during 2005 - 2013
• AQI: Air Quality Index
• ASF: Sewerage facilities (2009 – 2013)
• CWS: Access to connected water supply
• GLO: Population weighted ground level ozone
concentration
• HWG: Hazardous waste generation per industrial GDP.
• IDF: Incidents of Dengue Fever (2009 – 2013)
• ISR: Improved sanitation for rural areas
• MWG: Municipal waste generation per capita
• PM10: Population weighted PM10 concentration
• RWS: Access to clean water for rural areas
• TMR: Toddler Mortality rate (2005 – 2011)
57
Ecosystem Vitality
indicators performance
trend during 2005 - 2013
• CFP: Coastal Fishing Pressure
• FOC: Forest cover
• FSO: Fish Stock Overexploited (2010 – 2013)
• GHGC: GHG Emissions per Capita (2010 – 2013)
• GHGI: Industrial GHG emissions (2010 – 2013)
• GHGT: Transportation GHG emissions (2010 – 2013)
• GHGW: Solid waste GHG emissions
• MPA: Marine protected areas
• MWQI: Marine Water Quality Index (2011 – 2013)
• NOX: Nitrogen oxides concentration
• PRC: Pesticide Regulation Compliance
• RWQ: River water quality
• SO2: Sulfur dioxide concentration
• TPA: Terrestrial protected areas
• UGA: Urban Green Areas (2011 – 2013)
• UTP: Urban Tree Planting (2006 – 2013)
58
Socioeconomic Sustainability
indicators performance trend
during 2005 - 2013
• DWC: Domestic water
consumption per capita
• EIG: Electricity Intensity per GDP
(2010 – 2013)
• ENA: Environmental awareness
(2012 – 2014)
• ENB: Environmental behaviour
(2012 – 2014)
• ENC: Environmental compliance
• NDWC: Non-domestic water
consumption per GDP
59
2014 Malaysia EPI Result
INDICATORS PTT
RESULT AND
TRENDS
60
1.1.1 Incidents of Dengue Fever (IDF)
1.1.2 Toddler Mortality Rate (TMR)
1.2.1 Access to Connected Water Supply (CSW)
1.2.2 Access to Clean Water For Rural Areas (RWS)
1.2.3 Access to Sewerage Facilities (ASF)
1.2.4 Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas (ISR)
1.3.1 Population Weighted PM10 Concentration (PM10)
1.3.2 Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone concentration (GLO)
1.3.3 Air Quality Index (AQI)
1.4.1 Municipal Waste Generation Per Capita (MWG)
1.4.2 Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per Industrial GDP (HWG)
Environmental Health
61
Ecosystem Vitality
2.1.1 Sulfur Dioxide Concentration (SO2)
2.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (NOX)
2.2.1 River Water Quality (RWQ)
2.2.2 Marine Water Quality Index (MWQI)
2.3.1 Terrestrial Protected Areas (TPA)
2.3.2 Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
2.4.1 Forest Cover (FOC)
2.4.2 Urban Green Areas (UGA)
2.4.3 Urban Tree Planting (UTP)
62
Ecosystem Vitality
2.5.1 Fish Stocks Overexploited (FSO)
2.5.2 Coastal Fishing Pressure (CFP)
2.6.1 Pesticide Regulation Compliance (PRC)
2.7.1 GHG Emissions per Capita (GHGC)
2.7.2 Industrial GHG Emissions (GHGI)
2.7.3 Transportation GHG Emissions (GHGT)
2.7.4 Solid Waste GHG Emissions (GHGW)
63
Socioeconomic Sustainability
3.1.1 Electricity Intensity per GDP (EIG)
3.1.2 Non-domestic Water Consumption per GDP (NDWC)
3.1.3 Domestic Water Consumption per Capita (DWC)
3.2.1 Environmental Awareness (ENA)
3.2.2 Environmental Behaviour (ENB)
3.3.1 Environmental Compliance (ENC)
64
Dissemination of Malaysia EPI
5 February 2015
UTMKL
Dr. Angel Hsu, Director of EPI, YCELP, Yale UNiversity
65
Dissemination of Malaysia EPI
Dr. Alex de Sherbinin, CIESIN,
Earth Institute, Columbia UNiversity
66
THE MALAYSIA EPI WEBSITE
www.epi.utm.my
67
68
The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) for Malaysia
is funded by the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment (NRE) with the cooperation of Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). The Malaysia EPI working
group acknowledges cooperation and support from various
ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysian Government
as well as environmental non-government organizations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
69
MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT
MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS AND
AGENCIES1. Economic Planning Unit Malaysia (EPU)
2. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia (NRE)
3. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry (MOA)
4. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA)
5. Ministry of Environment and Resource Planning Sarawak
6. Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH)
7. Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities
8. Ministry of Rural and Regional Development Malaysia (KKLW)
9. Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)
10. Ministry of Transport Malaysia (MOT)
11. Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
(KPKT)
12. Ministry of Works Malaysia
13. Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE)
14. Department of Agriculture Malaysia
15. Department of Agriculture Sarawak
16. Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID)
17. Department of Fisheries Malaysia
18. Department of National Landscape Malaysia
19. Department of Statistics Malaysia
20. Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia
21. Department of Wildlife Protection and National Parks
22. Biodiversity and Forestry Management Division, NRE
23. Energy Commission (EC)
24. Environment Protection Department, Sabah
25. Federal Town and Country Planning Department
26. Fisheries Development Authority Malaysia (LKIM)
27. Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM)
28. Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM)
29. Forestry Department Sarawak
30. Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd.
31. Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD)
32. Land, Survey and Mapping Division, NRE
33. Malaysian Center for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MaGCDI)
34. Malaysian Green Technology Corporation (MGTC)
35. Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS)
36. Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency
37. Marine Park Department Malaysia
38. Mineral and Geoscience Division, NRE
39. National Hydraulic Research Institute Malaysia (NAHRIM)
40. National Hydrographic Centre (PHN)
41. National Solid Waste Management Department
42. National Water Services Commision (SPAN)
43. Public Works Department (PWD)
44. Road Transportation Department Malaysia
45. Sabah Agriculture Department
46. Sabah Forest Department
47. Sabah State Economic Planning Unit
48. Sarawak State Planning Unit
49. Solid Waste Management and Public Cleasing Corporation
(PPSPPA)
50. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA)
51. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
52. The Nuclear Agency of Malaysia
53. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
54. Water Resources Drainage and Hydrology Division, NRE
70
