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Environmental Management Systems1st part Autumn Semester 2009Jenő Miklós SUDA, PhD ([email protected])Dept. Fluid Mechanics („AE” building)Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
2nd lecture
2009.09.21.
The 2nd EMS lecture focuses on:- „sustainable development”, definition - Earth’s atmosphere- greenhouse effect- GHG: greenhouse gases- climate on Earth, influencing parameters as:- temperature, change of ~- water, resources, temperature, precipitation- potential climate changes impact (temp., see level, precipitation)- inpacts on : health, agriculture, forests, water resources, coastal areas, species and natural areas- impact of mankind on environment- population growth, population vs. GDP, industrial aspects
Environmental Management Systems
Introduction to Sustainable development:
Scientific background
Prof. Ruben Mnatsakanian,
Central European University
Budapest, Hungary
12 October 2004
Definitions of “Sustainable Development”
• Most sustainability definitions originate from the relationships between humans and the resources they use. Students at Oregon State University collected 75 definitions of sustainability, 65% of them explicitly identified sustainability as resource management and use practices
• In many cases the sustainability goal is being applied only to the economic/social part of the development process, while the ecological part is considered as a background on the stage where economy is developing
From: Voinov, Smith, www.uvm.edu/giee/AV/PUBS/DS/Sust_Dim.html
Classical definition:
” Economic and social development that meets the needs of the current generation without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
(formulated in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), otherwise known as the Brundtland Commission)
Rio Conference, 1992:
• Agenda 21 - Principle 1
– Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature
Comparison of Earth with neighboring planets
What makes Earth unique planet in our Solar system:
• Range of temperatures which allows water to be present in all three forms (solid, liquid and gaseous), which is essential for cycles of elements
• Presence of oxygen in the atmosphere which is due to functioning of living organisms during billions of years
• Oxygen allows formation of ozone layer, protecting life forms from deadly ultra-violet radiation
• Presence of Moon which stabilizes Earth’s orbit.
Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere
The atmosphere begins at sea level, and its first layer, the troposphere, extends from 8 to 16 km from Earth’s surface. The air in the troposphere consists of the following proportions of gases: 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, 0.03 percent carbon dioxide, and the remaining 0.07 percent is a mixture of hydrogen, water, ozone, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, and other trace components.
Climate on Earth is subject to cyclic changes• There were at least four major glacial periods during
the last half million years, with interglacial periods lasting about 20-30 000 years
• During the periods of maximum cooling glaciers were covering huge areas in North America and Europe
• Sea level at the peaks of glaciations was nearly 100 meters lower than present
• Currently we are living in interglacial period that ended roughly 8000-10000 years ago
• There is certain evidence that changes between glacial and interglacial periods in the past took place over relatively short periods of time (50-100 t years)
Why worry about human intervention?
Never in the past CO2 concentration was at such a high level !
Maximum level of past fluctuations
Atmospheric lifetime of pollutants
• Crucial factor for assessment of air pollution is so-called atmospheric lifetime (how long single molecule of a particulate pollutant can stay in the atmosphere before it is removed)
• For many pollutants which are causing global effects (like global warming or ozone depletion atmospheric lifetime may be as long as 75-120 years)
• It means that even if we stop all pollution at once negative effects of accumulated pollutants can be felt decades later. There is a lot of inertia in the system.
Role of human factor in carbon cycle
Significant climatic anomalies and events in 2003. Average global temperature was third warmest on record. There has been a rise in
global temperature of 0.6°C since 1900.
(Sources: National Climatic Data Center, NOAA, United States and WMO)
Combined annual land (near surface) and sea-surface temperature anomalies from 1861-2003 (departures in degrees Celsius from the average in the 1961-1990 base period) for
(a) the globe; (b) the northern hemisphere north of 30°N; (c) the Tropics (30°N-30°S); and (d) the southern hemisphere south of 30°S. The solid red curves have had subdecadal
time scale variations smoothed with a binomial filter. Anomalies (in degrees Celsius) for 2003 are: +0.46 (a); +0.71 (b); +0.45 (c); and +0.15 (d).
(Sources: IPCC, 2001 and Hadley Centre, The Met Office, and Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UK).
Monthly sea-ice extent anomalies for 1973- 2003 (departures in millions of km2 from the average in the 1973-2003 base period) for (a) the Arctic and (b) the Antarctic. The values
are derived from satellite passive microwave sounder data.
(Source: Hadley Centre, The Met Office, UK)
Arctic Ice in 1979
Arctic Ice in 2003
IMPACT on HEALTH
dengue = tropical (or „africal”) feaver
IMPACT on HEALTH
Diseases, potentially affected by climate change
IMPACT on HEALTH
IMPACT on AGRICULTURE
IMPACT on WATER RESOURCES
IMPACT on COSTAL AREAS
IMPACT on COSTAL AREAS
-The Maldives
-The Maldives is one of the lowest lying countries in the world and is threatened by sea level rise and other climate change impacts like increased sea temperatures. It was the first country to sign the Kyoto protocol in 1997.
IMPACT on COSTAL AREAS
The Netherlands
In the last years it seems to be an agreed upon fact that sea levels are certainly on the rise due to global climate change. Over the past 100 years, the seas have been climbing approximately 1.8mm per annum. Scientists have more recently been recording a rise of approximately 3.1mm per year (over the past 15 years) indicating that this rate is increasing.
IMPACT on COSTAL AREAS
The Netherlands
IMPACT on COSTAL AREAS
The Netherlands, more
-largely built on reclaimed land,
-sits in a delta (where the Rhine and Meuse Rivers flow into the North Sea.
-a massive flood (1953) caused severe damage – killing nearly two thousand people and flooding over 150,000 hectares of land.
-Ii the aftermath of this devastation – just twenty days later – the Delta commission was born. The Delta commission was conceived to increase the safety of the Delta area of Holland without shutting down the seaways De Niuwe Waterweg and the Western Schelde (which connect to the prosperous ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp).
-creating the best defensive system of natural barriers, levees, dams, storm surge barricades, dunes, etc.,
-the Delta Commission was successful at ‘climate proofing’ (their term for resisting flooding) the Netherlands for 1:10,000 year floods (for comparison, New Orleans is striving for 1:100 year levels by 2011).
-although the risk seems low, the land below sea level in the Netherlands accounts for sixty-five percent of its GDP (approximately $450 billion per year), not to mention a population of 11 Million residents.
IMPACT on COSTAL AREAS
Find on YOUTUBE:
-New York City Under a 3-5 metre Sea Level Rise
(3-5 meter sea level rise;
Population: 1,537,195)
3 meter sea level rise
5 meter sea level rise
IMPACT on COSTAL AREAS
Find on YOUTUBE:
-New York City under see level….
IMPACT on COSTAL AREAS
Find more virtual see level rise simulations on YOUTUBE:
examples:
-Amazon basin
-US Gulf cost (see level 40m higher)
-Northern Europe (see level 40m higher)
Impact of mankind on the environment
I = P . A . T
where:
I- impact
P- population
A- affluence
T- technology
(Ehrilch & Holdren, 1971)
Evolution of “sustainable development” ideas
• I = P A T
• P- we should limit population growth! (Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) and his followers)
• A- we should stop consumption! (Limits to Growth report, 1972)
• T – we should develop, but in sustainable way! (CSD, 1987)
Anamorphoses of Global GDP and Population
POPULATION
POPULATION
Population growth since 10000 BC
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
Stages of demographic transition
•
Population Growth
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
Population Pyramid in Group 1 Country
POPULATION
Population Pyramid in Group 2 Country
POPULATION
Population Pyramid in Group 3 Country
POPULATION
Russian Population Pyramid, 1989 and 2002
POPULATION
Duration of demographic transition
Country Beginning End Duration M
France 1785 1970 185 1.62
Sweden 1810 1960 150 3.83
Germany 1876 1965 89 2.11
f. USSR 1895 1965 70 2.05
India 1920 2010 90 3.67
Mexico 1920 2000 80 2.95
China 1930 2000 70 2.46
Egypt 1946 2010 64 3.88
World 1960 2050 90 3.0
Source: S.Kapitsa, 2001
POPULATION
Population pyramids in France, Sweden, Germany and Italy at various stages of Demographic Transition
POPULATION
Population Pyramids for Developed and Developing Countries, 1985 and 2025
POPULATION
A population growing at a constant 1% per year would double in 70 years (69.3 years, to be exact). 2% annual growth means 35 years doubling time, etc.
0 1 11 1,01 1,022 1,02 1,043 1,03 1,064 1,04 1,085 1,05 1,106 1,06 1,137 1,07 1,158 1,08 1,179 1,09 1,20
10 1,10 1,2211 1,12 1,2412 1,13 1,2713 1,14 1,2914 1,15 1,3215 1,16 1,3516 1,17 1,3717 1,18 1,4018 1,20 1,4319 1,21 1,4620 1,22 1,4921 1,23 1,5222 1,24 1,5523 1,26 1,5824 1,27 1,6125 1,28 1,6426 1,30 1,6727 1,31 1,7128 1,32 1,7429 1,33 1,7830 1,35 1,8131 1,36 1,8532 1,37 1,8833 1,39 1,9234 1,40 1,9635 1,42 2,0036 1,43 2,0437 1,45 2,0838 1,46 2,1239 1,47 2,1640 1,49 2,2141 1,50 2,2542 1,52 2,3043 1,53 2,3444 1,55 2,3945 1,56 2,4446 1,58 2,4947 1,60 2,5448 1,61 2,5949 1,63 2,6450 1,64 2,6951 1,66 2,7552 1,68 2,8053 1,69 2,8654 1,71 2,9155 1,73 2,9756 1,75 3,0357 1,76 3,0958 1,78 3,1559 1,80 3,2260 1,82 3,2861 1,83 3,3562 1,85 3,4163 1,87 3,4864 1,89 3,5565 1,91 3,6266 1,93 3,6967 1,95 3,7768 1,97 3,8469 1,99 3,9270 2,01 4,00
Y 1% 2%
POPULATION
POPULATION
Shape of countries as proportion of their population, 1950 and 2050 (projection)
POPULATION
Size of countries as proportion of their GDP, 2000
Source: UNEP GRID-Arendal, 2004
POPULATION and GDP
Population and GDP, % of world total, by regions
Source: UNEP GRID-Arendal, 2004
POPULATION and GDP
POPULATION and GDP
POPULATION and GDP
POPULATION and GDP
POPULATION and GDP
The IPCC scenarios
Emphasis on sustainability and equityEmphasis on material wealth
Globalisation
Regionalisation
B1
B2A2
A1
“Markets first” “Policy First”
“Security first” “Sustainability first”
What scenarios assume:
• The Markets First scenario envisages a world in which market-driven developments converge on the values and expectations that prevail in industrialized countries
• In a Policy First world, strong actions are undertaken by governments in an attempt to reach specific social and environmental goals
• The Security First scenario assumes a world of great disparities, where inequality and conflict prevail, brought about by socio-economic and environmental stresses
• Sustainability First pictures a world in which a new development paradigm emerges in response to the challenge of sustainability, supported by new, more equitable values and institutions
Economy
SRES- IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios
Population
Development First• Start from development priorities, not from climate
change• Objectives of development / poverty eradication
must be met, but with ... .... Development strategies that aim for:
– climate safe development, i.e. development that leads to low vulnerability to climate change
– climate friendly development, i.e. development that leads to low GHG emissions
• Build international agreements and collaboration to support these national strategies
See also: www.developmentfirst.org