Environmental Management Sustainable Development Practice in
China
Slide 2
Observation (general situation) The legal systemThe legal
system Characteristics From project EIA to Planning EIA EIA
storming
Slide 3
General Situation Chinas economy was negligible during Cultural
Revolution so as environmental pollution; It was thought
environmental pollution is the result only of capitalism and
marketing economy China firstly noted environment in 1972. The next
year in Beijing, the 1st national conference on environmental
protection was organized. ~~~ the milestone of China in
environmental protection, but actions were taken only after
1978;
Slide 4
Current situation of environmental management Hierarchy of
administration on environmental protection; Comprehensive legal
system with numerous laws, regulations, provisions, guidelines,
standards, and methods ; Monitoring on air and water quality, and
polluting sources; Annual status report, from central government to
large cities; Standards and monitoring; Features Polluter pays;
Three simultaneities; and EIA; EIA storming, from EIA to PEIA;
Regular measures taken: close/stop/combine/change/move, knocking
down stacks, pollution control zones; Special programs: Zero Point
actions, 33211 project, Water Projects Weak points? General
weakness, contradiction between development and environment; MoEP
is a part of the government; Who support? Public participation,
effectiveness of EIA, unlawful and illegal activities
Slide 5
Administration Two important events happened in 1972: China
sent a delegation and attended the Stockholm Conference on Human
Environment. A large number of fishes died in GuanTing Reservoir.
There was rumor said due to class enemy. Later it was found due to
water pollution. A leading panel was set up on water resource
protection for the reservoir that was the earliest government unit
on environment 1973, in State Council, Office of Environmental
Protection 1982, Environmental Protection Bureau, under Ministry of
Urban and Rural Development and Environmental Protection (MURDEP);
1984, National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), under
MURDEP; 1988, State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA),
directly under State Council; 2008, Ministry of Environmental
Protection Corresponding departments are set up in local
governments
Slide 6
Laws, regulations, provisions, standards, guidelines, methods,
and programs 1979-07-01 Administrative Punishment Law (excerpt)
1982-08-23 Marine Environmental Protection Law 1982-12-04
Constitution of China (environmental protection provisions)
1986-03-19 Mineral Resources Law (1996 Revision) 1986-06-25 Land
Management Law (amended in 1998) 1988-11-08 Wild Animal Protection
Law 1989-12-26 Environmental Protection Law 1991-06-29 Soil and
Water Conservation Law 1993-07-02 Agriculture Law (excerpt)
1996-10-29 Law on the prevention and control of environmental noise
pollution 1999-12-25 Marine Environmental Protection Law (revised)
2000-03-20 Water Pollution Prevention Law 2000-04-29 Air Pollution
Control Act 2000-10-31 Fisheries Law 2001-10-29 Law on management
of sea area use For example, laws:
Slide 7
Continued 2002-10-01 Water Law 2002-12-28 Grassland Law
2002-12-28 Environmental Impact Assessment Law 2003-06-28
Radioactive pollution prevention and control law 2003-08-27 Law of
Administrative Permission 2003-12-03 Law of Sand Prevention and
Management 2004-12-29 Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Law
2005-02-28 Renewable Energy Law 2006-11-29 Law of Administrative
Reconsideration (renewed) 2006-11-29 Law of Administrative
Procedural Law (renewed) 2006-11-29 Law of Administrative
Punishment (renewed) 2007-10-30 Law of Energy Conservation
2007-10-31 Law of Urban and Rural Planning 2008-02-29 Law of Water
Pollution Prevention 2008-09-01 Law of Circular Economy Promotion
2012-01-01 Law of Administrative Enforcement 2012-06-07 Law of
Clean Production Promotion
Slide 8
Air Quality Monitoring, daily reporting by 120 cities
http://data center.me p.gov.cn/
Slide 9
Surface water quality monitoring, weekly report on the web of
MoEP SongHuaJiang River ( ) LiaoHe River ( ) HaiHe River ( ) HuaiHe
River ( ) HuangHe River ( ) ChangJiang River ( ) ZhuJiang River ( )
Rivers in HaiNan Island ( ) Rivers in ZheJiang and FuJian ( )
Southwest rivers ( ) Taihu Lake and rivers ( ) CaoHu Lake and
DianChi Lake ( ) Other large lakes ( )
Slide 10
Slide 11
Onsite monitoring for heavy polluting sources are installed and
controlled by local EPBs
Slide 12
Features Three key policies Prevention the priori, the measures
to eliminate pollution and protect environment should be brought
into consideration before the development actions is put into
practice; Polluters pay principle; and Strengthening environmental
management to practice harmonic approach of social economic
development and environmental sustainability.
Slide 13
Eight systems were developed in late 1970s for environmental
management, when the socialism- planned economy was dominant in the
country, in three categories. Administrative commanding, including
Three synchronous implementation, Responsibility of the
environmental protection objects, Zero point action ~ pollutant
emission control within prescribed time, 33211 ~ 3 rivers+3 lakes+2
control+1 Bay+ 1 City, and Quantitative examination on
comprehensive rectification and harness of the city environment.
Economic tools, including Polluters pay principles, and License for
pollutant discharge/emission. Technological approaches, including
Environmental impact assessment and Mass loading control.
Management programs
Slide 14
Environmental Impact Assessment in China
Slide 15
About EIA EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment EIA is a legal
system to incorporate environmental consideration into decision
making. For this reason, EIA is a proactive management strategy.
The goal of the system is to prevent significant negative impact
caused by any development actions, including project, product,
program, plan, policy and even legislative proposal.
Slide 16
Levels of Environmental Assessment # Project EIA (environmental
impact assessment) # Product EIA (environmental impact assessment)
Program plan Policy Strategic environmental Assessment (SEA)
Slide 17
The Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Environmental
impact assessment (EIA) was approved in Oct. 2002, and put into
practice on Sep. 1, 2003. The law provides the requirements of EIA
for construction projects and plans (including the development
plans of land utilization, regional development, river basins, and
marine areas, and ten sectoral plans), as shown in the figure. The
sectoral plans include ten categories of plans e.g. industrial,
agricultural, energy, transport, urban construction, natural
resource exploitation, etc.
Slide 18
EIAConstruction projects may generate negative impacts to the
surrounding (natural and social), so that the main objectives of
Project EIA modify and improve project design; ensure efficient
resource use; enhance social aspects; identify key impacts and
measures for mitigate them; inform decision making and condition
setting; avoid serious and irreversible damage to the environment;
protect human health and safety.
Slide 19
Main contents of a detailed EIA report Introduction: project
description, legal documents, scale and scope, key factors to be
analyzed; Project analysis: industrial process, material, energy
and water flows, pollutant generation Analysis on current
environmental situation; Key environmental factor analysis and
prediction; Methods and models; Data collection and analysis:
natural conditions, pollutant source (surrounding and the project),
ambient environment, social, and economic; Model predictions;
Analysis on proposed countermeasures on pollution control;
Environmental monitoring and management system Social issues and
public participation; Alternatives for site selection and
countermeasures Conclusion
Slide 20
Legal actions related to EIA 1972: China attended the Stockholm
UN Conference on Human Environment 1978: EIA concept was introduced
in the report Key Issues in Environmental Protection by the State
Council of China 1979: EIA for construction project was firstly
included in the Environmental Protection Law of P. R. China (For
Trial Implementation) 1981: In Regulations on Environmental
Protection Management for Infrastructure Construction Projects by
the State Council of China, the scope, tasks, and procedure of EIA
were described, and with the Three Simultaneities (design,
construction, and evaluation) principle enhanced EIA regulation.
1982: In Law of Infrastructure Construction, EIA regulations were
improved; 1984: In Law of Water Pollution Prevention and Control,
aquatic environmental impact assessment was juristically
emphasized.
Slide 21
1986: Regulations on Environmental Protection Management for
Infrastructure Construction Projects revised; Regulations on
Environmental Protection Management for Construction Projects was
issued, extended EIA requirements to all construction projects with
environmental impacts; Regulations on EIA Practitioner
Qualification was designed; EIA for economy open areas required in
Provisional Regulations on Environmental Management for
Economically Open Areas. 1987: In Law of Air Pollution Prevention
and Control, atmospheric environmental impact assessment was
juristically emphasized 1988: Comments on Construction Project
Environmental Management and Regulations on Environmental
Protection Design for Construction Projects were issued. 1989: In
Law of Environmental Protection EIA system was juristically
included; Principles and Methods for Making Charge Standards for
Construction Project EIAs was issued and Regulations on EIA
Practitioner Qualification was improved.
Slide 22
1990: Procedure of Construction Project Environmental
Protection Management was issued. 1993: In On Improving
Environmental Management for Construction Projects by NEPA, REIA
(regional EIA) for economic development zones was officially
required. 1994: Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact
Assessment was issued by NEPA 1995: Chinas 21st Century Agenda, EIA
concept, theory, and REIA 1996: Law of Solid Waste Environmental
Pollution Prevention and Control, EIA for solid waste 1998:
Regulations on Construction Project Environmental Protection
Management promulgated by State Council; 1999: Classification of
Construction Project Environmental Protection Management was issued
by SEPA 2002: Law of Environmental Impact Assessment enforced on
Sept 1, 2003, Plan EIA (PEIA) was included 2003: Technical
Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: General Guidelines;
Technical Guidelines for Plan Environmental Impact Assessment (On
trial) were issued.
Slide 23
2009: Regulations on Plan Environmental Impact Assessment,
approved by the State Council of China
Slide 24
EIA Storms 2005-2009 However, EIA does not solve all problems.
Therefore there were:
Slide 25
EIA Storms 2005: Jan 18, 30 large scale construction projects
were suspended. Almost all were power stations with billions RMB
investments, distributed in 13 provinces, including a hydraulic
power station on JinSha River. 2006: Feb 7 SEPA ordered
environmental inspection for 11 petrochemical enterprises located
along large rivers; environmental risk analysis for 127 projects,
and suspended 10 projects. 2007: Jan 10 regional suspension of EIA
approvals, regional controls, involving Hebei's Tangshan, Shanxi's
Luliang, Guizhou's Liupanshui, and Shandong's Laiwu cities; and
industrial groups such as large power firms Da Tang International,
Huaneng Power International, China Huadian, and China Guodian
Corporation, steel and iron, electricity, and metallurgy. 2007:
July 3, In view of the severe water pollution, SEPA ordered basin
suspension of EIA approvals for the development projects of six
cities, 2 counties and 5 industrial gardens in the basins of
Changjiang River, Yellow River, Huai River, and Hai River. 2009:
June 11, Ludila hydraulic power station of Huadian and Longkaikou
hydraulic power station of Huaneng were suspended.
Slide 26
Observation: EIA is the most important tool to regulate
economic development; and the most important measure for MoEP to
implement its duty However, conflicts exists between environmental
protection and development What can we do the next? Implement PEIA
Promote Ecological Civilization
Slide 27
2009: Regulations on Plan Environmental Impact Assessment,
approved by the State Council For plans: Land use plans,
development plans for regions, basins, and coastal sea areas, and
sectoral plans for industry, agriculture, stock raising,
forestation, energy, irrigation, transportation, city
infrastructure, tourism, and natural resource etc. made by: state
departments, governments and departments of cities administrating
prefectures to assess: Integrated impacts on the ecological system
of the region, basin and coastal sea areas; Long-term impacts on
the environment and human health; Relationship of economic, social
and environmental benefits, and the relationship of short-term and
long-term benefits. 3 PEIA
Slide 28
From Project EIA to SEA, or PEIA In Law of Environmental Impact
Assessment, plan EIAs are required for city master plan, and
various sectoral plans Construction Project EIA Regional
Development Zone EIA Strategic EIA but currently PEIA, including
city master plan and Sectoral plans
Slide 29
Environmental Impact Assessment for Mid and Long Term
Development Plan of Petroleum Chemical Industry at Guangxi Coastal
Area Case Study:
Slide 30
background Petroleum industry development offers a good
opportunity for the development in Guangxi. In the plan, not only
the coastal cities are involved, but also three inland cities:
Baise, Hechi, and Liuzhou. Petroleum industry induces threats to
the environment and ecological system, and the natural conditions
are somewhat vulnerable. PEIA is therefore important to identify
and analyze the impacts, and recommend alternative
designs/arrangements (schemes) of the plan. This PEIA is
highlighted by MoEP. The draft report is under reviewing
procedure.
Slide 31
Plan Description Based on 20 million tons of raw oil processing
(2 phases), to establish a series of projects, including 44 key
projects and many more related projects: 1.2 million tons ethylene
production 0.3 millions tons polyethylene production 0.6 million
tons polypropylene production 0.6 million tons styrene 0.2 million
tons acetic acid 0.1 million tons acetic ester 0.2 million tons
acetic ethylene 0.1 million tons EVA and 0.05 million tons VAE 0.07
million tons polyethylene alcohol 0.75 million tons PTA Period:
from 2006 to 2020, in two phases
Slide 32
Location: The cities and industrial parks involved Beibu Gulf
This is Guangxi
Slide 33
This is the basic scheme (arrangement), park / cities
Slide 34
Features of PEIA Large scale: Large city, province, basin, Long
time period Complicated Environment /economy / social.. Consistency
with other plans, policies Highly uncertain Plan >
schemes/scenarios > projects Source strengths unknown,
distribution uncertain Risk analysis Dependence on source and
receptor distribution so as on schemes
Slide 35
Level Logic framework Reference Analysis Objectives E. Saving
& P. Reduc Petro. Industry Strate. Ind. chain & production
City develop. plan Carrying capacity Industry plan Plan arrangement
State Province City Indus. park Park dev. objectives
Industry/arrangement Infrastructure condition env. sensible issues
Key proj. site Policies/Petro industry plan Scale reasoning How to
develop better ? Develop. acceptable? Objectives of this work
Slide 36
Assessment Road Map Work Plan Current Status Design scenario
Plans Plan Analysis Evaluation Indicator System Impact Predict.
& Assessment Base scheme assessment Circular economy Social
& economic impacts Public participation Environment &
resource impact Environmental risk assessment Comparison and
optimization Conclusion Recommendations to basic scenario Measure
to mitigate impacts Background Assessment objectives and scope
Legislative issues Methods Key issues Petroleum industry
development in China Environment and development in target region
Guangxi Province Relevant cities Relevant industrial parks Limiting
factors 2 levels: cities / parks 5 views: plan consist.; resource;
envir. Capacity & mass loading requirement; industry basis;
natural & geo. conditions 1.Perform production chain analysis,
with processes and current situation, 63 schemes were designed
2.Based on principles on product integrity, local product chain,
plan consistency, resource limiting, pollutant mass loading etc., 9
schemes were selected including a basic scheme. With plan
description Environmental reasonability / feasibility Consistency
with State/Province/City/park Env. Impact identification, pol. src
analysis Clean production indicators National eco-ind. park
indicators Euro. Ind. Sustain. Dev. Indicators Int. well-known
Comp. Env. Indicators Recommended indicators by EIA guidelines
Eco-city/county/district indicators Scope: 6 ind. parks &
surroundings, city / province Sectors: air, water, ecology, solid
waste, resource Subjects: present status, basic scheme, alternative
schemes Methods: quantitative & qualitative Key issues: Beibu
Gulf, marine environ. / ecology Subject: Social/Econ. Inf. to
province, sustainability, policy Methods: investment benefit
analysis, mainly qualitative Cost analysis: market risk,
opportunity cost Methods: questionnaire/interview, internet,
poster, meeting Target group: officers, planners, general public in
plan/assessment Areas Scope: 6 ind. parks, surrounding 10km, road,
sea route Subjects: risk source, sensible targets, comparison
between basic and alternative schemes Methods: qualitative and
semi-quantitative Circular economy capacity analysis for basic and
alternative schemes Method: indicator Indicators: economic, energy,
resource utilization Plan reasonability Plan consistency
Acceptability of plan implementation impacts Public opinion
Comparison based on: Plan reasonability Plan consistency
Acceptability of plan impacts Public opinion Ordering of the 9
schemes
Slide 37
Key issues Method: Regular method to the projects with clear
descriptions Design schemes (scenario) for those with uncertain
descriptions, consider environmental/resource limiting factors for
scheme optimization Analysis: Plan reasonability analysis: industry
policy, project arrangement, site selection, plan consistency,
environmental functioning, environmental infrastructure,
environmental capacity, clean production and circular economy etc.;
Environmental Assessment: identify, predict, and assess
environmental impacts respect to air, water, coastal marine and
ecologic system, risk analysis and limiting conditions. Consider
optimization, mitigation measures. Subjects: Current situation
assessment and limiting factor analysis Plan consistency analysis
Environmental and resource impact analysis Risk analysis and
emergency response suggestions Scheme design, screening comparison
and selection (63 schemes 9 schemes)
Slide 38
(1) Comparative assessment of 6 industrial parks park Plan
compatibility 0.10 Environment quality (0.20) Environment capacity
(0.30) Infrastruc- ture (0.15) Other major factors (0.25) Total
Hechi555364.95 Liuzhou555364.95 Baise553143.55 Nanning533343.45
Beihai531543.15 Qinzhou653534.10 Result: Suitable: Liuzhou (4.95)
and Hechi (4.95); moderate: Qinzhou (4.10) and Baise (3.55)
Unlikely: Nanning (3.45), Beihai (3.15)
Slide 39
(2) Plan consistency analysis PlansWeightRestricted points in
the planConsistency National Industry Policy6 0.8 million tons/a
coke project is under restriction Confliction National oil refinery
development plan and ethylene industry development plan 3
Distributed arrangement of the current plan some what conflict with
the collective principle of the national plan Some confliction 11th
Five-Year Environmental Protection Plan of Guangxi 3 Vulnerable
coastal areas locate at Beihai, Qinzhou, and Fangchenggang.
Sensitive areas near planned project sites Natural Preservation
Plan of Guangxi 6 At Beihai, there are 2 national level protection
areas and 4 provincial level protection areas Some environmental
sensitive sites Marine environmental function of Guangxi 6 Beihai
harbor is located in a area of high marine water quality
requirement. Also with Qinzhou, the harbors are located in 2nd
category water quality aquatic environment Wastewater discharge
should meet high quality requirement 11th Five-Year Industry
Development Plan of Guangxi 1 Hechi 2.5 million tons raw oil
processing, Beihai 2 million tons oil refinery, and Biehai 1
million tons ethylene projects Confliction Energy saving and
pollutant emission reduction plans 6Check major requirements Watch
energy saving and pollutant generation in the plan
Slide 40
(3) Scheme design and screening Based on production chain
analysis and similar project combining principle, and the existing
arrangement, 63 schemes were designed. Based on product grouping,
linking of the local industry, consistency, resource limiting, and
mass loading requirement, 6 schemes emerged after screening. With
the basic scheme and two collective schemes, 9 schemes were selcted
for analysis.
Slide 41
Nine Schemes after screening Scheme 2 Scheme 5 Scheme 19 Scheme
21 Scheme 22 Scheme 24 Original Scheme Scheme 27Scheme 28
Slide 42
Atmospheric environment: SO 2 and HCs Annual average
concentration distribution prediction by modeling Pollutant
emission source strength estimate and mass loading requirement
Comments on acid rain situation Analysis of these factors for the
schemes Marine (coastal) environment: COD and oil Concentration
distribution prediction by POM modeling Pollutant emission source
strength estimate and mass loading requirement Result analysis for
the schemes Water environment: Waste water and COD Sewage network
and waste water treatment plants Impact on surface waters at the
cities Pollutant emission source strength estimate and mass loading
requirement Analysis and comparison between the schemes Solid
waste: Domestic, industrial, and hazardous Generation, management
and disposal Treatment infrastructure Comparison between different
schemes Environmental Analysis
Slide 43
Sample figures of annual SO 2 concentration distribution
Slide 44
Sample coastal marine modeling For Qinzhou For Beihai
Slide 45
Ecological analysis: Land use type, biodiversity, forest cover,
sensible sites, petroleum-specific vulnerability Current situation,
sensible sites, vulnerability Alternative schemes Resource
analysis: Current situation inventory, carrying capacity analysis,
prediction based on schemes; Water Water supply and demand Water
consumption efficiency Requirement and attainment measures Energy
Energy supply and demand Energy consumption efficiency Energy
saving objectives and attainment measures
Slide 46
Ecological analysis: current situation
Slide 47
Ecological impact based on schemes No1 No5 No19 No21 No22 No24
No27 No28 Basic Impact on ecological system The Schemes in which
ecological sensitive projects are put to less sensitive cities are
highly scored and recommended.
Slide 48
Water supply and demand
RegionProvinceQinzhouBeihaiNanningLiuzhouHechiBaise Maximum Water
demand of original scheme (10 9 m 3 ) 2316.53.90.581.61.9 Water
supply amount in 2010(10 9 m 3 ) 38022.315.733.730.626.130.6 Water
Supply amount in 2020(10 9 m 3 ) 40030.716.638.6732.527.632.4 It is
obvious that Qinzhou carries the heaviest burden (nearly 74% of
supply amount in 2010, and 54% in 2020). It is highly recommended
that Qinzhou should increase its water supply ability and keep good
balance in the process of water allocation.
Slide 49
Water consumption efficiency
CitiesQinzhouBeihaiNanningLiuzhouHechiBaisePriovince Water
consumption per 10000 RMB industrial added value m 3 /10000 RMB 175
165 73 195 281 42 284 Water consumption per 10000 RMB industrial
added value in 2005 258332126358450511398 Water consumption per
10000 RMB industrial added value in 2010 370130203230 Water
consumption per 10000 RMB industrial added value in 2020
160125185123 Inefficient use of water resources is not beneficial
to achieve the water-saving goals of Guangxi District.
Slide 50
Energy supply and demand Energy demand in this plan and
possible supply of each city
CitiesQinzhouBeihaiNanningLiuzhouHechiBaise The total energy demand
(million tons of ETC) 25.69.63.413.81.7 1.9 2.9 Energy supply in
2010 million tons of ETC 6533941259766.5450697 Energy supply in
2020 million tons of ETC 7115231423876754737 Energy supply in
relevant parks million tons of ETC 25.536.53614.5 At park level,
the petrochemical energy consumption accounted for 100% and 26.3%
of the available energy in Qinzhou and Beihai park respectively.
Qinzhou parks energy supply can not meet the requirements of
petroleum industry. Whats more, the future development of forest
pulp and paper, steel and other industries which consume a mass of
energy in the Tieshan Port Zone will strengthen the pressure of
energy supply in Bei Hai.
Slide 51
Energy consumption efficiency
QinzhuBeihaiNanningLiuzhouBeiseHechiGuangxi Per 10000 RMB selling
value 0.070.170.280.570.210.330.16 per 10000RMB added value in 2005
2.472.752.033.184.053.443.9 Target, per 10000RMB added value in
2010 1.782.21.622.382.842.552.41 In the plan, the energy
consumption of each city's accounted for no more than 3.6% of the
target value. Thus the highly efficient energy use of petroleum
industry will have great positive impact on the goal of energy
saving in Guang Xi.
Slide 52
Scheme Comparison based on resource impact assessment There is
no big difference among impacts of the nine schemes With regard to
the energy factors, No5 is much better than Scheme 21 and basic
scheme since projects with high water demand are not placed in
cities such as Qinzhou and Beihai, where the freshwater are
relatively not in sufficient. No2 No 5 No19 No 21 No22 No24 No 27
No 28 Basic
Slide 53
Circular economy potential analysis: Input agglomeration Output
agglomeration Energy consumption per million industrial productive
value Fresh water consumption Utilize ratio of local resource
Distance for resource transport Industrial Clustering Environmental
risk analysis: Risk statistics review, both domestic and abroad
Social conditions: population, risk management capacity Natural
conditions: typhoon/storms, geological disasters, sensible sites
Risk source identification Risk valuing Comparison between
schemes
Slide 54
Evaluation Indices No.2No.5No.19No.21No.22No.24No.26No.27No.28
Input agglomeration 0.270.260.28 0.260.25 0.400.36 Output
agglomeration 0.25 0.240.25 0.240.400.38 Energy consumption per
million industrial productive value
0.850.840.880.830.900.870.820.780.80 Fresh water consumption 0.84
0.830.860.850.820.870.86 Percentage of local resource
0.870.900.820.740.900.910.580.89 Utilize ratio of local resource
0.500.64 0.56 0.580.460.630.58 Distance for resource transport
0.640.650.630.61 0.630.561.000.85 Industrial Cluster 0.8 Score in
Total 58.961.360.357.560.2 52.370.266.5 Contribution to circular
economy potential This industrial supply chain is well and
completely designed in this plan. However, the disperse lay-out
will lower the efficiency of resource utilization by increase the
transportation distance.
Slide 55
Environmental Risk Assessment Plan to respond disaster
emergency Recommendation for Plan Defensive measures to natural
disasters Preventive measures for industrial risks Risk statistics,
both domestic and abroadSocial and natural conditions
surveyRegulations and standards Risk Source identification Project
Risks Risks to arouse Secondary disasters Risk level Accident type
Accident effects Accident frequency Scheme score based on project
risk level(P) Sensitivity to geological disaster Sensitivity to
climate disasters Sensitivity to industrial risks Geological
condition of industrial parks Ecologically sensitive place capacity
to respond emergency Weight determined by city sensitivity (W)
Comprehensive ER= P ij W j Nine Schemes Scheme comparison based on
ERA
Slide 56
Typhoon and storm Geologic disaster
Slide 57
57 Risk analysis: scheme comparison 2 1 Though without the
transportation risk, scheme 27 and 28 which put all projects in
weakest place suffers rather higher risk. 2 While Scheme 21, in
which the projects with hazardous chemical are placed in less
sensitive area, wins the highest scores. 3 The original scheme,
which is disperse and poorly organized suffers the highest
environmental risks. No2 No5 No19 No21 No22 No24 No27 No28 Basic
Scheme Score based on ERA
Slide 58
Socio-economic assessment Profit ratio, opportunity costs,
market risk, input/output analysis Advantages on development of
relevant industries, create job opportunities External dependent
economy, benefit and impacts on different groups of people Public
participation: Government officers, experts, general public,
supporting attitude Call for strict environmental and resource
protection Air pollution, surface water pollution, marine
ecological system Market risk
Slide 59
Scheme comparison Res. utilization Optimal Scheme Plan
reasonability ConsistencyEnvir. / resour. Impact Project Allocation
Nine schemes (scenarios) Production scale Production chain
Provincial plans Relevant city plans park plans Water environment
Solid waste Air environment Ecological impacts Risk analysis
Circular economy
Slide 60
Result of scheme comparison Reason ability Consist ency
AirWater Solid waste Eco- syste m Reso urce Risk Circul. econo my
TotalOrder No 2 0.902.280.460.972.330.640.882.080.32 10.88 2 No 5
1.981.800.780.961.611.351.281.381.05 12.19 1 No19
1.980.720.511.010.360.920.800.810.73 7.82 9 No21
0.721.921.980.960.720.310.722.660.22 10.21 3 No22
2.340.721.761.011.070.440.720.520.48 9.06 8 No24
1.261.441.101.081.071.350.881.030.48 9.69 5 No27
3.601.200.180.410.190.161.040.702.62 10.10 4 No28
3.960.480.890.700.140.210.640.491.93 9.44 6
Basic1.261.441.170.910.502.631.040.330.16 9.44 6 12 1
Slide 61
Conclusions Overall evaluation of the original scheme (basic)
Optimization recommendations Recommend scheme No 5