Environmental IA 2

8/17/2019 Environmental IA 2

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Project done by : AARON RAMKHALWHAN

PROJECT TITLE

An investigation into the impact of rbanisation on severa! "ater corses in

#rinidad$

PROBLEM STATEMENT

%rbanisation has a negative impact on the "ater corses in deve!oping areas in#rinidad$

PURPOSE OF PROJECT

#his project "as condcted to conc!de "hether or not rbani&ation has a negative

impact on "ater corses and "ater 'a!ity in deve!oping areas of #rinidad$ (t a!so

aims to assess factors "hich adverse!y affect or "ater corses$


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INTRODUCTION

Water 'a!ity refers to the chemica!) physica! and bio!ogica! characteristics

of "ater $ (t is a measre of the condition of "ater re!ative to the re'irements of

one or more biotic species and or to any hman need or prpose$ #he most

common standards sed to assess "ater 'a!ity re!ate to hea!th of ecosystems)

safety of hman contact and drin*ing "ater $ Water po!!tion refers to the

contamination of "ater bodies sch as rivers) oceans) !a*es) and grond"ater

cased by hman activities$ #his can be harmf! to p!ants and organisms "hich

!ive in these "ater bodies$$ Water po!!tion occrs "hen po!!tants are discharged

direct!y or indirect!y into "ater bodies "ithot proper treatment to remove harmf!

componds$

+or this stdy , sites "ere visited and information "as co!!ected at each of these

sites$ -ipero River ) .aracara River ) /t$ Ann0s River) 1!e River ) -aparo River )

.ran -ova River and the 2iego Martin River$ Many factors "ere tested at each of

the sites visited sch as :3 sa!inity ) pH ) condctivity ) temperatre ) disso!ved

o4ygen in the "ater ) disso!ved nitrates in the "ater ) disso!ved phosphates in the

"ater and the biochemica! o4ygen demand 51O26$

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water


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LITERATURE REVIEW

According to EPA (2012) urbanisation can be referred to as the

concentration of human populations into discrete areas. It can

lead to the transformation of land for residential, commercial,industrial and transportation purposes

#he Water Resorces Management condcted a case stdy in po!!tion in a major

river catchment in #rinidad$.anapo River sho"ed conditions indicating high

"ater 'a!ity as is e4pected of a near pristine stream"ith forest cover dominating

the pper "atershed$ Ntrient !eve!s "ere !o" and 2O "as high$/easona!

differences in "ater 'a!ity "ere not great$#he pper sites "ere fond to be mi!d!y

po!!ted and co!dn0t be c!assified as severe!y impacted$ On the other hand

s!ight!y e!evevated !eve!s of ntrients "ere observed at /an 7an and /t$ 7oseph$$

#his "as de to the significant residentia! deve!opment and rbani&ation in the

catchment$ On the pper site of the Aripo river it sho"ed a s!ight!y higher !eve! of

tota! nitrates$Lo"er sites sch as #acariga and /t$7oseph Rivers "ere gross!y

po!!ted de to the fact that they "ere !ocated soth of the major residentia! and

commercia! areas of the river system "hich sbjected them to inpts of srface

rn3off ) grey "ater and se"age$$ .enera!!y) !o"er sites are characterised by !o"er

"ater 'a!ity$+or most of the dry season and parts of the "et season these rivers

had a srficia! ano4ic !ayer$ #he Arima River site) do"nstream of the to"n of

Arima) had better "ater 'a!ity) possib!y a res!t of a higher percentage of forest

cover$ #he Aripo River had a s!ight!y higher average nitrate !eve! in both seasons

"ith severa! pea*s in the !eve!s dring the dry season$

As e4p!ained above the research done proved that rbani&ation does in fact affect

"ater 'a!ity bt hman activities a!so !ead to "ater corses being po!!ted$ (n a

report by Rahanna A$ 7man 5Wet!ands 8co!ogist6 and 2eanesh Ramse"a*

5Remote /ensing Officer6 9;)stated that -aroni /"amp) the !argest mangrovedominated "et!and in #rinidad and #obago) has been impacted by hman activities

since the ear!y


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from (ndstries and agric!tra! rn3off a!so po!!tes this s"am $ #he 8MA had

institted measres imp!oring persons to assist in preventing ha&ardos materia!s

from entering "ater "ays$

A stdy "as done by the 8nvironmenta! Management Athority 58MA6 dring the

"et season in


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M8#HO2/ O+ 2A#A -OLL8-#(ON

+irst!y appropriate arrangements "ere made to the different sites sch as finances

and transport$ Methods of the varios tests "ere "ritten do"n prior to the site visit

so it "o!d be fami!iar on the day$ 2ata sheets "ere made so the res!ts "o!d be

easi!y recorded "hen the tests "ere carried ot$

On the , different sites "ere visited$ #ests for pH

) sa!inity ) disso!ved o4ygen ) temperatre ) condctivity ) phosphates ) nitrates )

1io!ogica! o4ygen demand and disso!ved nitrite nitrogen$

2ata "as not on!y obtained on the fie!ds bt it "as a!so obtained via artic!es )

boo*s and the internet and research reports and they "ere compared to the

findings$


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Entry Number: 1

Date:


7/38

and has been the capita! since


8/38

-omments:

#he river "as !ocated in a high!y rbani&ed area$

(t f!o"ed a!ong a paved path"ay

#he "as !itt!e amont of !itter observed "hich sho"ed that the "atercorse

"as re!ative!y "e!! maintained$$

#he "ater itse!f "as re!ative!y c!ear)

F!**!+ u, A"t'te(: #he c!ass proceeded to another site to condct more "ater

'a!ity tests$

Entry Number :-

Date:

/ite Location: -ipero River !ocated in /an +ernando in #rinidad$

Ba"#$r!un%:

(n the !ate


9/38

-arried ot by c!ass:

$ Observations of +!ora ) fana ) co!or of the "ater and the srronding

environment "ere made$

Farios #ests "ere carried ot on "ater samp!es at different points in the

river to test "ater 'a!ity

Ste u(e% )!r:

Waste disposa! from service stations

WA/A "aste "ater disposa! for the p!ant on Riverside 2rive

Waste disposa! for bsinesses in the area

Live!ihood dependent on catching crab

Ob(er'at!n(:

#he "ater in the river "as bro"n in co!or and fo! odor "as sme!t in the area$ As

"e "a!*ed a!ong the !ength of the river vegetion "as observed and "ere main!y

ta!! grasses) trees and bamboos$ Many crabs "ere seening rnning and crab ho!es

"ere present in the grond$ At certain Points a!ong the river it "as concreteand

many pipe!ines and drains ran a!ong and into the river ban*$ (n the genera! area of

the river there "ere residentia! areas ) sma!! bissnesse and the .!f Fie"

(ndstria! Par*$

C!mment(:


#he "ater "as bro"n in co!or$

#here "as !itter fond in c!ose pro4imity to the river$


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#here "as c!ear anthropogenic inf!ence as pipe!ines "ere seen !eading into

the river$


'a!ity tests$$

Entry: ./

Date:

Ste L!"at!n: -aparo River sitated in -aroni #rinidad$

Ba"#$r!un%:

(n the vicinity of caroni the -aparo River is !ocated$ (t is appro4imate!y < metre

above sea !eve! and is a!so a tribtary of the .!f of Paria$ (t is !ocated in the

conty of caroni "hich has an area of EE, *m9 ) the "est centra! part of #rinidad$ (t

!ies soth and soth"est of the -onty of /aint .eorge) "est of the Nariva -onty

and north of the Fictoria -onty$ #o the "est is is bonded bt h .!f of Paria$

Ob&e"t'e(:

#o observe the natra! and@or anthropogenic activities that may inf!encethe river$

#o observe f!ora and fana present at the river$

#o determine the effect of rbani&ation on the river by condcting "ater

'a!ity tests$

A"t'te(:



11/38

Observations of +!ora ) fana ) co!or of the "ater and the srronding



river to test "ater 'a!ity$

Ste u(e% )!r:

Water being sed for the disposa! of "aste by both residents and commercia!

activities

Residentia! Areas a!ong the river ban*s

2rains and se"er !ines f!o"ing into the river

/ite for re!igios practices and dmping of re!igios artifacts

Location of ato shops arond and a!ong the river

Ob(er'at!n:

A "ater "as a pa!e bro"n co!or$ Anthropogenic signs "ere c!ear!y observed as

deeyas "ere seen at the bottom of the river$ A!ong the !ength of the river there "as

a high presence of vegetation main consisting of grass) trees and bamboo sta!*s$

Many pipe!ines "ere observed rnning into the river from a nearby temp!e$ 1irds )crabs and tiny insects "ere observed and on the srface of the "ater it had a

ref!ective srface "hich "as assmed to be oi!$

C!mment(

#he "ater "as pa!e bro"n in co!or


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#here "as high presence of vegetation and "i!d!ife

#here "as signs of hman inf!ence eg$ #he deeyas ) fi!m of oi! on the

srface

(t "as !ocated in a residentia! area


'a!ity tests$

Entry .0

Date:

Ste L!"at!n: .aracara River

Ba"#$r!un%:

#he .aracara River "as one of the rivers that "as sed to transport sgar in the

!ate


13/38






Ste u(e% )!r:

Waste disposa!@ rnoff from an oi! refinery at Pointe3a3Pierre$

Waste "ater disposa! from the nearby commnity$

Recreationa! fishing

Ob(er'at!n:

#he river "as dar* bro"n in co!or$ On the srface of the river a thin !ayer of ann*no"n shiny sbstance "as observerd$ /!ight vegetation "as observed as "e

"a!*ed a!ong the !ength of the river$ #he effect of hman activities great!y affected

the "ater as it !oo*ed po!!ted$ A fe" empty bott!es and food containers "ere

observed f!oating on the srface of the "ater and there "as a fo!d scent emanating

from the river "ater$

$

C!mment(:

#his river "as high!y po!!ted$

#here "as srface rnoff from a commnity and refinery p!ant in c!ose

pro4imity to and !eading into the river$

#he "ater "as opa'e and dirty bro"n in co!or$


+o!!o" p Activities: #he c!ass proceeded to another site to condct more "ater

'a!ity tests$


14/38

Entry .

Date:

Ste L!"at!n: 2iego Martin River$

Ba"#$r!un%:

#he 2iego Martin River is a stream and is !ocated in 2iego Martin ) #rinidad$ (t is

appro4imate!y 9= metres above sea !eve! and a!so it is another tribtary of the .!f

of Paria$ (nitia!!y the 2iego Martin River had hge mangrove de!tas "est of

-ocorite "hich co!d accommodate the !arge vo!mes of "ater bt recent!y the

area "as rbani&ed "ith concrete bi!dings and aspha!t "hich are nab!e to contain

"ater and therefore casing f!ooding 2ieogo Martin is an rban commercia!

centre and is in the refion jst "est of the capita! city of #rinidad ) Port of /pain

and east of the to"n of -arenage$ (n


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16/38

#he "ater "as co!or!ess

Litt!e "i!d!ife "as observed arond the river itse!f some a'atic !ife "as

seen$

Pipe!ines "ere seen rnning into the river that co!d have been se for

disposa!$ +rom the graphs it "as observed that the 2iego Martin river "as not

severe!y po!!ted and on!y did not meet internationa! standards for !eve!s of

sa!inity$ #his co!d be becase of the amont of detergents and contaminants

from hose ho!d prodcts) coming from drains and se"er !ines a!ong the

river$

F!**!+ u, A"t'te(: #he c!ass proceeded to another site to condct more "ater'a!ity tests$

Entry .2

Date:

Ste L!"at!n: 1!e River@Aripe River

Ba"#$r!un%:

1!e River is a!so referred to as the Aripe River and is a stream fond in /an

7an@Laventi!!e ) #rinidad$ #he estimate terrain e!evation is appro4imate!y E metres

above seas !eve! and is a!so another tribtary of the .!f of Paria$

Ob&e"t'e(:

#o observe the natra! and@or anthropogenic activities that may inf!ence

the river$



'a!ity tests$


17/38

A"t'te(:



environment "ere made$ Farios #ests "ere carried ot on "ater samp!es at different points in the


Ob(er'at!n:

#he "ater "as pa!e bro"n in co!or and s!ight vegetation "as observered at

specific points a!ong the river0s !ength "hi!e some areas "ere c!eared do"n and

vegetation removed to faci!itate deve!opment$ /ome "i!d!ife "as seen) main!y

birds and at one point in the river a pipe!ine "as seen rnning from a sma!!

bsiness into the river$ /ome degree of po!!tion "as seen ad there "ere some

bott!es and p!astics f!oating in the river$

C!mment(:

#he "ater "as pa!e in co!or$

Wi!d!ife and vegetation "ere seen as "e "a!*ed a!ong the river0s !ength

#he river "as !ocated in an rbani&ed area$

Pipe!ines "ere seen !eading into the river from a sma!! bsiness

Water "as stagnant "hich !ed to a high presence of mos'itoes$


'a!ity test$


18/38

Entry.3

Date:

Ste L!"at!n: .ran -ova River

Ba"#$r!un%:

#he .ran -ova River can be !ocated in .ran -ova #rinidad and is a tribtary ofthe .!f of Paria$ .ran -ova is internationa!!y *no" for its #rinitario -ocoa and

is part of the Montserrt hi!!s in the -entra! Range of #rinidad "here the

combination of the trinitatrio cocoa ) the "eather and the soi! coverage it ma*es the

finest cocoa in the "or!d$ Fa!rhona ) a +rench choco!ate sorces it cocoa from

.ran -ova in order to manfactre their choco!ate bars$

Ob&e"t'e(:

#o observe the natra! and@or anthropogenic activities that may inf!ence

the river$



'a!ity tests$


19/38

A"t'te(:



environment "ere made$ Farios #ests "ere carried ot on "ater samp!es at different points in the


Ste u(e% )!r:

Recreationa! +ishing$

Ob(er'at!n:

#he "ater "as co!or!ess$ #here "as a high presence of vegetation sch as grass)

trees and bamboo) there "as a!so an abndance of "i!d!ife sch as birds) insects

and sma!! !and anima!s as even a possm "as seen$ (t appeared as thogh there "as

"as no anthropogenic inf!ence as no pipe!ines "ere sited$

C!mment(:

#he river "as sitation in a rra! vi!!age

#he "ater "as co!or!ess

#here "as an abndance of vegetation

#here "as an abndance of "i!d!ife

(t had an absence of anthropogenic inf!ence

F!**!+ u, a"t'te(: #he res!ts from a!! the sites visits "ere co!!ated andorgani&ed into !ab reports$


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TITLE: LA1 <

AIM: #O #8/# +OR /AL(N(#) PH) #8MP) -ON2%-#(F(#) 2(//OLF82

O9) %/(N. #H8 /(EE 2(.(#AL M8#R8$

MATERIALS: 1c*et) /(EE metre ) 2isti!!ed "ater$

MET4OD:

$/teps


21/38

/a!inity ppm


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DIE6O MARTIN RIVER

PARAMETE

R

TEST

1

TEST

-

TEST

/

AVERA6

E

INTERNATION

AL STANDARD#emperatre ᵒ

- 9,$> 9>$C 9E$< 9E$,, 9;3;

pH I$= ,$,< ,$E ,$;, I$E3=$

-ondctivity

/


23/38

PARAMETE

R

TEST

1

TEST

-

TEST

/

AVERA6

E

INTERNATION

AL STANDARD

#emperatre ᵒ

- ; 9=$9 ; >$9 E$E

at 9E degrees

-e!sis C$;

DISCUSSION9







cased by hman activities$ #his can be harmf! a'atic !ife in these "ater bodies$$

Water po!!tion occrs "hen po!!tants are discharged direct!y or indirect!y into

"ater bodies "ithot proper treatment to remove harmf! componds$/a!inity

refers to the tota! concentration of sa!t ions in the "ater$ #he pH of "ater is ho"

acidic or a!*a!i it "ith , being netra! and anything be!o" , being acidic and above

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment


24/38

it being a!*a!ine$$ -ondctivity is the measre of the abi!ity of "ater to carry an

e!ectrica! crrent$ 2 is a measre of the amont of disso!ved o4ygen in "ater$

CONCLUSION9

#he e4periment "as carried ot and sccessf!!y comp!eted and the res!ts "ere

compared "ith their internationa! standard$ +rom the comparison it "as conc!ded

that the .aracara river "as fond to be the most po!!ted) not meeting any of the

internationa! standards$

TITLE:LA1 9

AIM : #8/# +OR N(#RA#8/

MATERIALS: test tbe) mi4ed acid reagent) nitrate redcing agent) nitrate3N

phosphate comparator bar) $$>$#his "asrecorded as ppm nitrate$

DATA COLLECTION5 RESULTS

TEST FOR NITRATES

R'er

Te(t

1 Te(t- Te(t/ A'era$e

Internat!na*

Stan%ar%


25/38

-ipero $I $> $ $; < m! @L

.aracar

a $E $9 $ppm or in

concentration of ppm then the "ater becomes nsafe for

drin*ing and cannot sstain a'atic !ife$

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment


26/38

CONCLUSION9

#he e4periment "as carried ot and sccessf!!y comp!eted and the res!ts "ere

compared "ith their internationa! standard +rom the comparison it "as conc!ded

that a!! rivers "ere be!o" the internationa! standard$

TITLE: LA1;

AIM: #8/# +OR PHO/PHA#8/

MATERIALS: test tbe) pipette) phosphate redcing reagent) !o" range

comparator) Nitrate3 N Phosphate !o" range comparator bar$

MET4OD:

$ -ap "as removed and p!aced into the !o" range comparator "ith the nitrate3N

Phosphate !o" range comparator bar$ #he samp!e co!or "as then matched to a

co!or standard) and recorded as ppm phosphate$


TEST FOR P4OSP4ATES

R'er

Te(t


Internat!na*

Stan%ar%


27/38

-ipero


28/38

Rainfa!! can case varying amonts of phosphates to "ash from farm soi!s into

nearby "ater"ays$ Phosphate "i!! stim!ate the gro"th of p!an*ton and a'atic

p!ants "hich provide food for fish$ #his may case an increase in the fish

pop!ation and improve the overa!! "ater 'a!ity$ Ho"ever) if an e4cess of

phosphate enters the "ater"ay? a!gae and a'atic p!ants "i!! gro" "i!d!y) cho*e pthe "ater"ay and se p !arge amonts of o4ygen$ #his condition is *no"n as

etrophication or over3ferti!i&ation of receiving "aters$ #his rapid gro"th of

a'atic vegetation eventa!!y dies and as it decays it ses p o4ygen$ #his process

in trn cases the death of a'atic !ife becase of the !o"ering of disso!ved o4ygen

!eve!s$

CONCLUSION9

#he e4periment "as sccessf!!y carried ot and comp!eted and the res!ts

co!!ected "ere compared to those of the internationa! standard va!e$ +rom the

comparison it "as conc!ded that a!! rivers "ere fond to be over the internationa!

standard for phosphates and it "as de to the amont of rbani&ation ta*ing p!ace$


29/38

TITLE: LA1>

AIM: #8/# +OR 2(//OLF82 N(#R(#8 N(#RO.8N

MATERIALS: test tbe) mi4ed acid reagent) $


30/38

=$ #he res!ts "ere m!tip!ied by ;$; to convert to nitrite) and recorded as ppm

Nitrite$

DATA COLLECTION5RESULTS

TEST FOR DISSOLVED NITRITE NITRO6EN

R'er

Te(t


Internat!na*

Stan%ar%

-ipero $E $E $E $E $9 [email protected]

a $E $E $E $E $9 5mg@L6

2iego

Martin $E $E $E $E $9 5mg@L6

-aparo $E $E $E $E $9 5mg@L6

/t$ AnnBs $E $E $E $E $9 5mg@L6

.ran

-ova $E $E $E $E $9 5mg@L6

1!e

River $E $E $E $E $9 5mg@L6

DISCUSSION9




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water


31/38




cased by hman activities$ #his can be harmf! to p!ants a'atic !ife in these

"ater bodies$$ Water po!!tion occrs "hen po!!tants are discharged direct!y orindirect!y into "ater bodies "ithot proper treatment to remove harmf!

compond$ Nitrates and nitrites are nitrogen3o4ygen chemica! nits "hich combine

"ith varios organic and inorganic componds$ (nfants be!o" si4 months "ho

drin* "ater containing nitrite in e4cess of the ma4imm contaminant !eve! 5M-L6

co!d become serios!y i!! and) if ntreated) may die$ /ymptoms inc!de shortness

of breath and b!e baby syndrome$ Nitrite is a potentia! prob!em in a'atic

environments$ +resh"ater fish active!y ta*e p nitrite across the gi!!s) !eading to

high interna! concentrations$ /ea"ater fish are !ess ssceptib!e bt do ta*e pnitrite across intestine and gi!!s$ Nitrite has m!tip!e physio!ogica! effects$ (ts

pta*e is at the e4pense of ch!oride) !eading to ch!oride dep!etion$ Nitrite a!so

activates eff!4 of potassim from s*e!eta! msc!e and erythrocytes) distrbing

intrace!!!ar and e4trace!!!ar K5Q6 !eve!s$ Nitrite transfer across the erythrocytic

membrane !eads to o4idation of haemog!obin to methaemog!obin 5metHb6)

compromising b!ood O596 transport$ Other haem proteins are a!so o4idised$

Hyperventi!ation is observed) and eventa!!y tisse O596 shortage becomes

ref!ected in e!evated !actate concentrations$ Heart rate increases rapid!y) before any

significant e!evations in metHb or e4trace!!!ar potassim occr$

CONCLUSION :

#he e4periment "as carried ot sccessf!!y comp!eted and the res!ts co!!ected

"ere compared to the internationa! standard va!es$ +rom the comparison it "as

conc!ded that a!! rivers "ere above the internationa! standard$

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment


32/38

TITLE: LA1 E

AIM: #8/# +OR 1(OLO.(-AL O.8N 28MAN2 51O26

MATERIALS: , "ater bott!es) foi!) /(EE metre

MET4OD:#he seven ;mL "ater bott!es "ere fi!!ed "ith "ater) each from one of the test

sites$ #he bott!es "ere "rapped in foi! to prevent photosynthesis and stored in the

dar* for E days at appro4imate!y 9 degrees -e!sis$ After day E) the samp!es "ere

tested for disso!ved o4ygen sing the /(EE$ #he fina! reading for 2O after day E

"as sbtracted from the initia! reading for 2O at each site to give a va!e for

bio!ogica! o4ygen demand$


TEST FOR BIOLO6ICAL O;6EN DEMAND

R'er

Inta*

DO

DO a)ter

Day BOD

Internat!na*

Stan%ar%

-ipero ,$,>


33/38

.aracar

a >$CI $; >$C;

E mi!!igrams

per !iter

2iego

Martin I$C ;$I9

E mi!!igrams

per !iter

-aparo ;$C $>< ;$;= E mi!!igrams per !iter

/t$ AnnBs E$E


34/38

#he e4periment "as carried ot and sccessf!!y comp!eted and the res!ts

co!!ected "ere compared "ith their internationa! standard va!es$ +rom the

comparison it "as conc!ded that on!y the cipero river "as above the internationa!

standard$

$

2(/-%//(ON O+ +(N2(N./

Of a!! the sites visited and tested .aracara river "as proved to have the highest

sa!inity !eve!$ #his is becase the .aracara river is bordered by the Pont a Pierre

oi! refinery and many rban districts sch as Marabe!!a and .aspari!!o$ #he presence of these rban districts case the high sa!inity !eve!s de to the fact that

se"er !ines ) pipes and drains from these rban areas a!! !ead to the river "hereby

re!easing hoseho!d prodcts ) oi! from cars and detergents$ #he factors combined

"ith the refinery in c!ose pro4imity to the river e4p!ains "hy sa!inity !eve!s in the

.aracara River are so high$ At the gran cova river the !o"est sa!inity !eve! "as

recorded and this "as becase the srrond area "asn0t rbani&ed compared to a!!

the other areas visited and since there is !ess rbani&ation the effect of po!!tion

from chemica!s from hoseho!d prodcts and detergents "o!d !eave sa!inity !eve!s!o"$

According to the "ebster0s on!ine dictionary temperatre is a measrement in

degrees sho"ing the heat of something$ #he Oi! refinery and the rban areas that

"as in c!ose pro4imity to the garacara river "as the reason for the river having

the highest temperatre to be recorded from a!! the sites visited as po!!tion from

those areas "ere high$ At the /t$ Ann0s River the !o"est temperatre "as recorded


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bt it "as sspected that this "as so de to the higher !eve! of rain compared to the

other rivers$ A!thogh it is sspected one thing that can be sre is that the the

northern range "hich dispenses it "ater to the river has a higher !eve! of rainfa!!

compared to other areas arond #rinidad$ 2e to the "ater coming from the

northern range the temperatre of the /t Ann0s river "as !o"est$

he ph!sical factors that a"ect the amount of dissol#ed $₂ are

temperature, salinit! and stream structure. As %e loo& at the

results it sho%s that 'ran ou#a i#er has the highest amount of

dissol#ed o*!gen. ompared to the other sites 'ran ou#a ri#er

had much less e#idence of urbani+ation then the other sites

#isited. ue to little urbani+ations the salinit! le#el and

temperature is not a"ected and therefore more o*!gen is able to

be dissol#ed. -ince aparo %as the most urbani+ed area the

lo%est concentration of dissol#ed o*!gen %as recorded due to the

man! pollutants o%ing into the aparo i#er %hereb! a"ecting

the salinit! le#el and temperature and so o*!gen is unable to

dissol#e readil!. /rom the results 'uaracara i#er %as sho%n to

ha#e the highes conducti#it! %hich %as easil! e*plained b! the

high salinit! le#el. he 'ran ou#a i#er on the other hand had

the lo%est salinit! %hich in turn caused it to ha#e the least

conducti#it!. It can be said that the conducti#it! of the ri#ers %as

a"ected b! the salinit! le#el.

According to chemistr!.about.com it sho%s that p is a measure

of acidit! or al&alinit! of a solution. $nce again due to 'uaracarai#er being the most urbani+ed area %ith a rener! , it is

e*posed to a high le#el of pollution ma&ing its %ater is the most

acidic. -t Anns on the other hand had the most al&aline %ater as

it %as urbani+ed %ith a high population therefore there %ould be

a lot of disposal and drainage of household chemicals and


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detergents %hich are al&alis therefore reducing the p of the

%ater.

2isso!ved o4ygen refers to the amont of o4ygen disso!ved in a !itre of "ater$

+rom the res!ts none of the rivers had acceptab!e concentration of disso!vedo4ygen$ 2isso!ved o4ygen depends on the 1iochemica! o4ygen demand of "ater

and a!so the amont of organic decomposers present in the "ater "hich are

necessary to decompose organic materia!$ 1!e river had the highest amont of

disso!ved o4ygen and the !east "as present in the -ipero and -aparo rivers$ #hese

res!ts sho" that 1!e River "as more affected by agric!tra! rnoff and is high!y

inf!enced by po!!tants from agric!tra! practices$ #he res!ts obtained are

important in sho"ing and proving ho" nearby agric!tra! rnoff and hman

activities !eads to decreased o4ygen !eve!s "hich ma*e the river !ess sstainab!efor a'atic !ife$

RECOMMENDATIONS

Development of more adequate water treatment plants - 1etter p!ans

sho!d be enforced at rivers c!ose to rbani&ed areas de to the fact that

rban areas tend to discharge a !ot of po!!tion "hich ma*es the rivers

nsitab!e for any se$

Implementation of new laws- #he ne" !a"s "o!d prevent persons fromdisposing their "aste into these rivers "hereby protecting them from any

harmf! sbstances that co!d affect their 'a!ity and a'atic !ife "o!d be

ab!e to thrive and sitab!e for enjoying recreationa!!y

Educating the population- #he pop!ation sho!d be edcated abot the

effects of po!!tion and "ays to prevent them becase they are the main

contribtors to po!!tion in rivers$

Strict penalties – (f there are strict pena!ties for those caght po!!ting rivers

then everyone "o!d thin* t"ice before po!!ting them$

Registration of all industrial activity in close proximity to rivers -

All industrial acti#it! along %ater %a!s should be registered

and monitored, in accordance %ith local and international

en#ironmental la%s.


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1(1L(O.RAPH

BOO


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O#H8R /O%R-8/

#rinidad and #obago : /tate of the 8nvironment

Documents

Environmental IA 2