Environment & Social Assessment Report - World Bank & Social Assessment Report APRIL 2004 Public Disclosure Authorized E888 V. 2 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

MADHYA PRADESH WATER SECTOR RESTRUCTURING PROJECT [MPWSRP]

WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENTGOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH

Environment & Social Assessment Report

APRIL 2004

E888 V. 2

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

LEA ASSOCIATES SOUTH ASIA PVT LTDNEW DELHI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS – ESA……………………………………………………………………..I 1. INTRODUCTION & PROJECT DESCRIPTION...................................................................1-1 1.1 PART-A: MADHYA PRADESH WATER SECTOR RESTRUCTURING PROJECT ..............1-1 1.2 PART-B: MPWSRP - ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL ASSESSMENT STUDY ....................1-7 2. INSTITUTIONAL, REGULATORY, LEGAL & POLICY FRAMEWORK .......................2-1 2.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK...............................................................................................................2-1 2.2 POLICY FRAMEWORK..............................................................................................................2-2 2.3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MP STATE POLICY ON REHABILITATION AND OP 4.12 OF THE WORLD BANK......................................................................................2-7 2.4 WATER SECTOR, ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ..................................2-10 2.5 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................2-12 3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE....................................................................3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................3-1 3.2 BASIN DETAILS .......................................................................................................................3-17 3.3 CHAMBAL BASIN ....................................................................................................................3-18 3.4 SINDH BASIN............................................................................................................................3-22 3.5 BETWA BASIN..........................................................................................................................3-26 3.6 KEN BASIN................................................................................................................................3-30 3.7 TONS BASIN..............................................................................................................................3-32 3.8 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................3-37 4. ESA OF SELECTED SUB PROJECTS....................................................................................4-1 4.1 SELECTION OF SUB-PROJECTS ..............................................................................................4-1 4.2 SELECTION PROCESS...............................................................................................................4-2 4.3 SELECTED SUB PROJECTS SURVEY FINDINGS..................................................................4-7 4.4 CHAMBAL BASIN ......................................................................................................................4-8 4.5 SINDH RIVER BASIN...............................................................................................................4-10 4.6 BETWA RIVER BASIN.............................................................................................................4-11 4.7 KEN BASIN................................................................................................................................4-15 4.8 TONS RIVER BASIN.................................................................................................................4-21 4.9 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................4-30 5. STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTATIONS & SUB PROJECT ISSUES..................................5-1 5.1 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................5-1 5.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED ....................................................................................................5-1 5.3 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY FINDINGS ..........................................................................................5-3 5.4 ISSUES IDENTIFIED THROUGH CONSULTATIONS ............................................................5-8 5.5 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................5-12

6. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .....6-1 6.1 PROJECT INTERVENTIONS......................................................................................................6-1 6.2 SCOPING OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL ISSUES..................................................6-2 6.3 SPECIFIC CONCERNS. IMPACTS &OPPORTUNITIES OF PROJECT COMPONENTS......................6-2 6.4 OVERALL IMPACT ON NATURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS ................................6-7 6.5 APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARD POLICIES............................................................................6-9 6.6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................6-11 6.7 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................6-20 7. BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN GUIDELINES......................................................................7-1 7.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................7-1 7.2 BMP PREPARATION STEPS......................................................................................................7-2 7.3 ROLE OF NGOS...........................................................................................................................7-3 7.4 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................7-4 8. MONITORING, EVALUATION & INFORMATION MANAGEMENT.............................8-1 8.1 OVERVIEW..................................................................................................................................8-1 8.2 MONITORING & EVALUATION - MPWSRP...........................................................................8-1 8.3 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MPWSRP ..................................................8-2 8.4 ROLE OF NGOS...........................................................................................................................8-5 8.5 KEY MONITORING INDICATORS...........................................................................................8-6 8.6 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................8-10 9. INSTITUTIONAL & TRAINING NEEDS...............................................................................9-1 9.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................9-1 9.2 INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS...........................................................................................................9-1 9.3 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING................................................................................9-3 9.4 TRAINING AND AWARENESS DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................9-4 9.5 TRAINING INSTITUTIONS........................................................................................................9-6 9.6 TRAINING PROGRAMME .........................................................................................................9-9 9.7 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................9-10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Water Sector Institutions and Functions Table 2.2: State Water Sector Associations, Boards & Committees Table 3.1 Salient Features of Study Basins Table 3.2: Land Use / Land cover Classification Map of Chambal Sub Basin Table 3.3: SC/ST population in the Chambal Sub Basin Table 3.4 Land use / Land cover classification – Sindh Basin Table 3.5 ST/SC population in Sindh Basin Table 3.6 Land use / Land cover classification – Betwa Basin Table 3.7 SC/ST population – Betwa Basin Table 3.8 SC/ST population Ken Basin Table 3.9 Land use / Land cover Classification – Tons Basin Table 3.10 ST/SC population in Tons Basin Table 4.1: Screening Matrix for Sub-Projects Table 4.2: Screening Matrix of Districts Table 4.3: List of Selected Sub-Projects for Detailed ESA Table 4.5: Key Issues & Impacts in Selected Schemes Table 5.1: Households Surveyed in Project Basins Table 8.1: Use of various indicators Table 8.2: Component B – Recommended Mitigation Measures & Monitoring Indicators Table 8.3: Component C – Pre-Planning Stage Monitoring Indicators & Agencies Table 8.4: Component C –Planning, Implementation & Post Implementation Stages Monitoring

Indicators & Agencies Table 9.1: Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of Environmental & Social Issues Table 9.2 Training needs of Major Stakeholders

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Major River Basins of Madhya Pradesh Figure 3.1: Location of the Study Sub Basins Figure 3.2: Climatic Data and Topographic Zones Figure 3.3 Broad Land use / Land cover classification map of Madhya Pradesh Figure 3.4: Land Use / Land Cover Classification for the Study Basins Figure 3.5: Distribution of Wild life Sanctuaries in Project Basins Figure 3.6: Soil Classification Map of the State of Madhya Pradesh Figure 3.7: Major Rivers in the Study Basins Figure 3.8 Ground Water Status Madhya Pradesh Figure 3.9: Ground Water Potential of the State Figure 3.10 Crop Zones in the Study Basins Figure 3.11 Soil Fertility status – Madhya Pradesh Figure 3.12: Decadal Growth Rates – Study Basins Figure 3.13: Towns and urban agglomerations in the State Figure 3.14: Source of Water Supply for Towns in Study Basins Figure 3.15: Best use classification of major Streams and Status of ETP in Water Polluting

Industries. Figure 3.16: Block wise ST population in the State Figure 3.17: ST Population Concentrations to Total Population in Different Blocks Figure 3.18: Tribal Population Programs under implementation in the State Figure 3.19: Land use / Land cover classification Map of Chambal Sub-Basin Figure 3.20: Percentage ST population to total population Block wise in Chambal Basin Figure 3.21: Percentage Agricultural Work Force Distribution to total population in Chambal

Basin – Block wise Figure 3.22: Land use / Land cover classification – Sindh Basin Figure 3.23: Percentage Agricultural Work Force to Total Population – Sindh Basin, Block wise Figure 3.24: Land use / land cover classification map of Betwa Basin Figure 3.25: Percentage ST population – Betwa Basin Figure 3.26: Agricultural work Force (%age) – Betwa Basin Figure 3.27: Percentage ST population – Ken Basin Figure 3.28 : Agri Work Force to Main workers – Ken Basin Figure 3.29: Land use / Land cover map of Tons Basin Figure 3.30: Percentage ST Population in Tons Basin Figure 3.31: Agri Work Force to Main workers – Tons Basin Figure 5.1 : Location of Household Survey Villages Figure 5.2 : Location of Primary Stakeholder Consultation Villages Figure 8.1: Process Structure of Information Management System

LIST OF ANNEXURES

ANNEXURE-1: SURVEYED IRRIGATION PROJECT DETAILED MAPS

ANNEXURE-2: SALIENT FEATURES OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS

ANNEXURE-3: MANPOWER AVAILABILITY AT STUDIED IRRIGATION PROJECTS

ANNEXURE-4: IMPACTS, MITIGATION MEASURES & INDICATORS

ANNEXURE-5: TYPICAL MITIGATION MEASURES OF I&D WORKS

ANNEXURE-6: AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION

ANNEXURE-7: FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT

ANNEXURE-8: TOR FOR BASIN MANAGEMENT PLANS

ANNEXURE-9: TRAINING COURSES

ANNEXURE-10: LIST OF TOWNS AND URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS IN THE STUDY BASINS

ANNEXURE-11: DETAILS OF PRIMARY VILLAGES SURVEYS CONDUCTED

ANNEXURE-12: PROPOSED TYPES OF MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT MEASURES FOR SCHEMES STUDIED

ANNEXURE-13 : LIST OF GIS DATA PROVIDED

ANNEXURE-14 : PHOTOGRAPHS OF SELECTED SCHEMES

ANNEXURE-15: CULTURAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT

ANNEXURE-16: ANNEXURE COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

ANNEXURE-17: DAM SAFETY

ANNEXURE-18: TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

ANNEXURE-19: GENDER ACTION STRATEGY

ANNEXURE-20: PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN

ANNEXURE- 21: MP STATE POLICY ON REHABILITATION, 2002

ANNEXURE-22: MP PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ACT, 1999

ANNEXURE-23: MP POLICY ON WOMEN

Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project ,

AbbreviationS - ESA AHD Animal Health Department CAIT Computer Application and Information Technology CBO Cast Based Occupation CCA Culturable Command Area CWC Central Water Commission DC Distributory Committee DMT’s District Master Trainers DPIP Drought Prone Integrated Programme DPR Detailed Project Report EA Environmental Assessment ENV Environment EPA Environment Protection Act ESA Environmental and Social Assessment FYM Farm Yard Manure GDI Gender Development Index GIS Geo Graphic Information System GOI Government of India GOMP Government of Madhya Pradesh GW Ground Water HA Hectare HDI Human Development Index HLC High Level Canal HLC High Level Canal HQ Head Quarter HYV High Yielding Variety I & D Irrigation and Drainage IAS Indian Administrative Services ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research IGA Income Generation Activity IMC Indian Major Carps IPDT Indigenous People Development Plan IPM Integrated Pest Management IPNS Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply ISI Indian Standard Institution IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JFM Joint Forest Management KM Kilometre LBC Left Bank Canal LLC Low Level Canal LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas LUN Laghu Udyog Nigam M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MCM Million Cubic Meter MDT Multi-Disciplinary Teams MFP Minor Forest Produce MIP Minor Irrigation Project MIS Management Information system

ESA Final Report

Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project ,,

MP Madhya Pradesh MPEB Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board MPSEB Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board

MPWSRP Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project

NA Not Available NGO Non-Government Organisation NIH National Institute of Hydrology NIRD National Institute of Rural Development NPK Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium NVDA Narmada Valley Development Authority NVDD Narmada Valley Development Department NWDT Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal O&M Operation & Maintenance OBC Other Backward Class OTC Orientation Training Centre PAF Project Affected Family PAP Project Affected Persons PC Project Committee PESA Panchyats Extension to Scheduled Areas PHED Public Health Engineering Department PICU Project Implementation Coordination Unit PIM Participatory Irrigation Management PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana R&D Research and Development R&R Rehabilitation & Resettlement RAP Resettlement Action Plan RBC Right Bank Canal RL Reduced Level R&R Policy

Rehabilitation & Resettlement Policy

SC Scheduled Cast SDO Sub Divisional Officer SDU Social Development Unit SEMF Social & Environmental Management Framework SHG Self Help Group SPIG Scheme Productivity Improvement Group SPOR State Policy on Rehabilitation 2002 ST Scheduled Tribe SWaRA State Water Resources Agency SWaRDAC State Water Resources Data and Analysis Centre SWaTReC State Water Tariff Regulatory Committee TC Territorial Committees TOT Training of Trainers TV Television VRS Voluntary Retirement Scheme WALMI Water and Land Management Institute WRD Water Resources Department

ESA Final Report

Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project ,,,

WRDTC Water Resources Development Training Centre WRM Water Resources Management WUA Water User Association

Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project �

1. INTRODUCTION & PROJECT DESCRIPTION The present Chapter is in two parts. Part A presents an introduction to the Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project, its objectives and the various intervention measures proposed to be taken up in this project. Part B presents the introduction to the Environmental and Social Assessment Study of 5 Project Basins. It lays down the Methodology undertaken for the Study and the manner in which the Study Outputs shall be incorporated into the main project.

PPPAAARRRTTT---AAA::: MMMAAADDDHHHYYYAAA PPPRRRAAADDDEEESSSHHH WWWAAATTTEEERRR SSSEEECCCTTTOOORRR RRREEESSSTTTRRRUUUCCCTTTUUURRRIIINNNGGG PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTT

Overview Madhya Pradesh, which is also called the heart of India, is located between longitudes 74°E to 82°45’ E and latitudes 21° N to 27° N has geographical area of 308,245 sq km with 48 administrative districts. The state is landlocked and is surrounded by the states of Uttar Pradesh in the north, Maharashtra in the south, Chhattisgarh to the east and Gujarat and Rajasthan in the west. Undivided Madhya Pradesh came into existence on November 1, 1956 when states of the Indian Union were reorganized on the basis of the languages. The geographically largest state of the country M.P. was reorganised in November 2000 and a new state of Chhattisgarh was created out of it. Despite this reorganisation the new state of Madhya Pradesh is still the second largest state of the Indian Union. The population of Madhya Pradesh is almost 60 Million as per Census of 2001. The figure recorded in the 1991 census was 48 million, representing a decennial growth of 24.34%.

Water Resources of Madhya Pradesh The State of Madhya Pradesh has ten river basins/ sub basins, three of them Mahi, Narmada and Tapti are west flowing, while Wainganga is east flowing and joins river Godavari in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The remaining six rivers namely Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Tons and Sone flow northwards and join Yamuna-Ganga river system. Figure 1.1 illustrates river system and major basins of the state. The annual rainfall of the state ranges from 800 mm in the west to 1600 mm in the east. Most of the rainfall is concentrated in the three to four monsoon months between June to September. Most of the streams remain dry from January to June. Many surface water storage structures have been constructed to augment water availability during non–monsoon months. Over the years, performance of the Surface Water Storages has been declining substantially, largely due to degradation of infrastructure caused by poor maintenance. Ground water storages have experienced large-scale withdrawals leading to widespread decline in the groundwater table across the state. Water quality is also emerging as an important issue with increase in salinity of deep aquifers and deterioration in surface water quality. In future it is expected that increasing demands of various sub sector water users would call for systematic management of sub-sector demands vi-a-vis supply. This calls for immediate action for enhancing water sector efficiency and productivity.

ESA Final Report


Figure 0-1: Major River Basins of Madhya Pradesh

Project Description The Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project (MPWSRP) plans a holistic development with an integrated vision for water sector development and management and user participation in planning and management to achieve a demand driven process. The strategy emphasises an environmentally and socially sustainable basin approach for water resources planning and management, including conjunctive use of water. Agricultural intensification and diversification to be supported under this proposed intervention would contribute to creation of both on-farm & off-farm employment and create enabling environment for private sector participation. Thus the project would contribute to poverty alleviation and environmentally sustainable growth. The GOI National Water Policy and the draft Water Policy of Madhya Pradesh emphasize the need to base water resources development in a river basin/sub-basin context. The Bank’s strategy in this sector also follows the same principle. The proposed assistance to MP would be based on a holistic approach to water resources management in each of the river basins/sub-basins of the State. All water uses (irrigation, hydropower, domestic, industrial, fisheries, livestock, recreation) would be taken into account. In the initial phase of the program, five basins/sub-basins located north of the Vindhya Range namely, Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Dasan-Ken and Tons have been selected in consultation with the WRD senior management based on (i) high incidence of poverty (the MP DPIP operates in these five basins); (ii) existence of ageing systems that need rehabilitation and modernization; (iii) presence of different types of water resources management challenges (major, medium, minor irrigation projects, small hydropower developments, fisheries, potential public private partnerships); and (iv) contiguity of the basins. River basin management entities would be developed in two basins together with necessary decision support system development capabilities. It is envisaged that these entities would be the basin level organizations performing similar tasks as the State Water Resources Agency proposed at the State-level.

ESA Final Report


Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) techniques would be implemented in Sindh and Tons basins. The Project is a multi-level hierarchical programme, which attempts to address the existing deficiencies through a mix of institutional reforms and rehabilitation of physical assets. The Project comprises of the following four components and their related activities: The proposed project components provide support for institutional reforms in water resources management as well as for irrigation service delivery and complementary investments in improving and modernizing physical assets as described below: Component A: Water Resources Management – Institutions and Instruments (US$ 11.73 Million)

This component would support the establishment and operationalization of the proposed planning, allocation and regulatory institutions and instruments at the State and basin-levels. At the State-level: An institution (State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA), would be developed for environmentally and socially sustainable inter-sectoral water allocation with optimal water resources management in a basin context throughout the State. The project would support the development of mechanisms to establish, administer and monitor water rights/entitlements. This agency would be carved out of the existing Water Resources Department with multi-disciplinary skills in the fields of hydrology, hydrogeology, engineering, economics, social sciences, environment, agriculture, surveying, computing, water law and planning. SWaRA would be supported by a technical unit (State Water Resources Data and Analysis Center (SWaRDAC)), which would collate, verify, analyze and disseminate information needed for integrated water resources management and basin planning. The project would provide the necessary hardware, software, consultants, initial operating costs, and related training and study tours. A central autonomous agency (State Water Tariff/Rights Regulatory Commission (SWaTReC)), would be established to review and monitor water sector costs and revenues, and to rationalize and set bulk water user fees to enable the sector institutions to be financially self-sustaining. Legal expertise required to set up such a commission together with support for hardware, software and initial operating costs would be provided by the project. At the Basin-level: The Sind Basin Development and Management Board and Tons Basin Development and Management Board (SBDMB & TBDMB)would be created (under the umbrella of SWaRA) and strengthened to operationalize the concept of integrated water resources management in a basin framework with decentralized basin development and management. These Boards are expected to be focal points for “shared vision” water resources planning and management in the selected basins. Support would be provided for infrastructure, technical advisory services and initial operating costs. The structure and work methodology of these Boards would be outlined during appraisal and later modified as required based on experience gained during implementation.

Component B: Service Delivery – Irrigation and Drainage Institutions (US$ 41.17 Million) This component would support measures related to delivering reliable irrigation services at reasonable cost by financially self-sustaining entities. Irrigation line agency reforms: The current Water Resources Department would be restructured to handle irrigation and drainage operations using modern techniques and business processes. Equipment and training (including technical as well as change management capacity building) would be provided to assist GoMP in improving and modernizing the functioning of irrigation and drainage sub-sector institutions. The project would support rightsizing and right-skilling of the department and the implementation of a comprehensive Information Management

ESA Final Report


System and decision support tools, building on a good computer and communications network. Management of I&D Schemes: Support would be provided for piloting various management options which would include but are not limited to (i) leasing part or a whole scheme to a private sector operator; (ii) transfer to WUAs and their federations; (iii) transfer to a financially-decentralized irrigation/drainage/fisheries entity; and (iv) specialized crop zone management by the private sector. GoMP is already moving ahead with experimentation on bringing the private sector into its irrigation and drainage operations. Support would be provided for measures to introduce, encourage and strengthen public-private partnerships to reduce costs and attract investments in the sector. A special focus would be on equipping the existing WUAs in the project areas with the skills necessary to perform more effectively. Special studies would be supported to develop workable institutional models for the unbundled operations. Component C: Improving productivity of selected existing irrigation and drainage assets in five basins (US$ 313.11 Million) This component would operationalize the concepts and provide the necessary investments in five basins (Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken and Tons) for (i) reliable delivery of water measured and supplied on an appropriate volumetric basis in the irrigation systems of these basins to improve system performance, cost recovery and accountability of the service provider; (ii) an outcome-oriented approach with integrated sustainable agricultural intensification and diversification; and (iii) improved operation and management of the irrigation and drainage schemes, including participatory user management and private sector participation. Asset Modernization: Most of the assets created for utilizing the water resources of these five basins for irrigation are in a dilapidated condition with an increasing gap between the potential created and utilized. In the minor schemes, the gap is 70% and in the medium and major schemes the gap is about 50%. Investment support would be provided to rehabilitate and modernize irrigation and drainage infrastructure in 640 minor schemes, 20 medium schemes and 5 major schemes that would close the gap and provide irrigation for about 300,000 ha. Support would be provided to design and install volumetric delivery mechanisms, electronic and other measuring devices, and computerized operations and management information systems required for real-time operations. Prior to carrying out the improvements, an appropriate knowledge base would be built (detailed topographic and asset surveys and GIS development), and detailed consultations with WUAs and fisherfolk and other stakeholders together with social and environmental analyses would be carried out. Asset rehabilitation would be on a demand-driven basis and community involvement would be ensured through extensive consultations with the already-operational WUAs. Such upgraded systems can be operated and maintained by a well-trained organizational set-up of water user associations, fishermen’s cooperatives and private sector operators in addition to line agency operations and management. It is proposed to rehabilitate and modernize all irrigation assets in the five basins on a demand-driven basis with 10 to 15% of the investment cost (at the appropriate level) contribution from the stakeholders which would be kept in a fund and utilized by the WUAs for the maintenance of the schemes at appropriate levels after modernization. The schemes would be rehabilitated in a phased manner sub-basin by sub-basin within a basin. The schemes would only be finally selected for modernization after a substantial pre-planning and planning process where consultative designs are developed and agreed with the WUAs through an MOU and the schemes individually appraised (from technical, environmental & social and economic & financial viewpoints). Agricultural intensification and diversification (including extension services for intensification and diversification, horticulture, livestock, integrated pest and nutrient management): through collaboration of line agencies and the private sector would be

ESA Final Report


supported under a farming systems approach. In Madhya Pradesh, even though substantial diversified cropping systems are already in place, there is considerable scope for intensification and further diversification to horticulture and other high value crops. Fodder crops coupled with breed upgradation would improve the milk production in the villages located in the irrigation commands. Support for extension, study tours and other training for farmers and on-farm trials for agriculture and horticulture, and promotion of environmentally sustainable techniques, improvements in livestock management and knowledge dissemination/outreach through village kiosks would be provided. Livestock improvement as part of agricultural diversification efforts would be supported under the project. It is proposed to provide assistance to improve inter-agency coordination amongst various line agencies operating in the APC Branch and the WRD. Fisheries development: In Madhya Pradesh several of the waterbodies created by WRD assets are already being utilized for fisheries under different arrangements. It is possible to improve the production considerably from these and other village ponds located in the commands of the schemes. It is proposed to provide technical assistance and investment support required for this purpose. Component D. Project Management Support (US$ 8.23 Million) A multi-disciplinary Project Activities Coordination Unit (PICU) would coordinate the project activities. Support would be provided to assist the PICU with its role in facilitating and guiding the implementation and monitoring of all project activities, ensuring synergy and coordination amongst activities and agencies implementing these activities, preparing consolidated reports and facilitating training. PICU would be responsible for baseline surveys, the overall quality (including appraising the consideration of environmental, social and other aspects in the scheme modernization plan starting from the pre-planning stage all the way through the post-implementation stage) and update of such information throughout project implementation and be responsible for project monitoring and evaluation in addition to guiding implementing agencies for technical, social, institutional and economic issues. Appropriate financing for project coordination, monitoring and evaluation and reporting would support project implementation. Consultancy services required for the implementation of the project components and for the preparation of feasibility studies and designs of further irrigation and drainage infrastructure have been budgeted under this component.

Project costs The major costs of the project include civil works for scheme rehabilitation and modernization and buildings; equipments and vehicles; and agriculture, horticulture, fisheries and livestock related inputs, consultants, training and incremental operating costs. The financial and economic analyses quantified the impact of project investments and for this purpose following project costs are considered. Project costs (inclusive of price and physical contingencies) are designed for five components of the project namely; Institutional reforms in water sector (Rs 607.3 million), Service delivery improvement in irrigation and drainage sector (Rs 2112.3 million), Scheme productivity improvement (Rs 16802.2 million) and Project management (Rs 424.7 million). Annual operation and maintenance cost is provided in the project cost during the project implementation period ranging from Rs 2.27 to 50.46 million. For the remaining period O&M cost is maintained at Rs 153.33 million per annum.

Project benefits The project focuses on maximizing water productivity in all its uses in 495,000 ha of designed potential in five basins (in a culturable command area of about 620,00 ha), out of which, only half of the area is currently serviced. 61% of the 193,000 farms in the project area are small farms with an average holding size of less than one ha. At the current low levels of water

ESA Final Report


productivity in its every use in the project area, even 2 ha farm can support only half of its family in the project area to be above poverty line. Agriculture intensification and diversification with horticulture, livestock and fisheries are targeted through improved service delivery in irrigation and drainage sector supported with asset modernization programmes in the selected schemes. Production Impact: Improved service delivery is expected to close the gap of 49% in the irrigated area observed across all selected schemes in the focus basins. Thus, incremental area to be brought under irrigated cultivation at the end of the project period is assessed at 242300 ha. Agriculture intensification and diversification programmes designed in the project are expected to; improve the cropping intensity by 35%, enhance the crop yields by 50% over a period of 5 to 10 years in the project schemes.

Summary of anticipated Project Impacts Project impact Unit All irrigation schemes

Increased irrigated area Ha 242277 Farm households benefiting directly Number 192863 Farm households to go above poverty line Number 73637 Increased production Tons/yr

Cereals1 383000 Soybean 100000 Oilseeds 30000

Pulses 90000 Fruits 575000

Vegetables 750000 Spices 115000

Incremental benefits from increased agricultural production per year beyond completion

Billion Rs 8.65

Increased rural farm jobs2 Jobs/year 122100 1 include wheat, paddy and maize; 2estimated at 300 days per job

Enhanced irrigation coverage and service delivery with scheme productivity improvement interventions in the selected schemes is expected to increase the annual production of major crops such as cereals (383,000 t), soybean (100,000 t), pulses (90,000 t), oilseeds (30,000 t), fruits (575,000 t), vegetables (750,000 t) and spices (115,000 t) beyond project completion. Annual incremental financial benefits arising from these incremental agricultural production will be Rs 8.65 billion in January, 2004 prices. It is estimated that the project would positively impact 73637 farm families beyond project completion, moving them above poverty line, constituting 38% of the total number of farm families presently living below poverty line in the project area. Employment Impact: After project completion period, the impact on agriculture through intensification and diversification in farming activities in the irrigation schemes will generate additional employment opportunities quantified as 36.63 million person days which is equivalent to 122,100 rural farm jobs per year within the project area. This represents 25% increase in rural farm employment from the existing level in the project area. Since most of this incremental demand would be met from hired labour, the project has the potential of enhancing the employment and income opportunities for the landless people in and around the project schemes. Actual impact on employment and income would only be higher than the above levels in view of off-farm employment likely to be generated in marketing and agro-processing through diversified farming activities as envisaged in the project. Implementation of this project involving civil works will further add, temporarily, to the employment opportunities during the project execution phase.

ESA Final Report

Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project ��

PPPAAARRRTTT---BBB::: MMMPPPWWWSSSRRRPPP --- EEENNNVVVIIIRRROOONNNMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL &&& SSSOOOCCCIIIAAALLL AAASSSSSSEEESSSSSSMMMEEENNNTTT SSSTTTUUUDDDYYY

Need for ESA Although the physical investments will be primarily of a rehabilitation type, an environmental category “A” classification has been adopted given the spatial scale of investments and possible cumulative impact of multiple interventions in a project / sub-project1 area, of some of the activities. Need for conducting an ESA for the MPWSRP arises on account of the following reasons: • Vast Spatial Scale of Investment covering almost half of the state, • Multitude of Sub-Sector Water Users with conflicting interests in a water scarce environment,

• Pre-existing Environmental & Social Problems due to lack of information & sensitisation,

• Impacts of Intervention Measures in the light of pre-existing problems,

• Possible Alternative Measures to be identified through demand driven process

Scope of the Study The scope of work for the ESA study comprises of carrying out a set of ten tasks in the 5 selected basins, and wherever applicable for i.e. state as a whole. Which are as follows: • Compile Existing Knowledge Base in GIS for use in planning, implementation, monitoring and

information dissemination,

• Identify & Consult Key Stakeholders to water resources in the context of the 5 study basins,

• Analysis of Legal & Institutional Arrangements in terms of their capacity to implement environmental and social safeguard measures,

• Analysis of Alternatives to achieve poverty alleviation in environmentally and socially sustainable manner through judicious use of water,

• Impact Assessment of the various alternatives in the context of project interventions envisaged,

• Develop Social & Environmental Management Framework to screen sub-projects, identify possible impacts and necessary action to be taken for environmental and social compliance,

• Develop Participatory Framework & Consultation Strategy to involve demand side, supply side and facilitators of water related stakeholders in planning, implementation, operation and management and monitoring of intervention measures,

• Develop Information Management Strategy for regular updation and easy use of information by all stakeholders,

• Training the Staff of CE, BVPP so that capacity augmentation and skill development is ensured in the nodal agency to adequately address environmental and social concerns related to the water sector.

• Develop ToR for Basin Environmental & Social Management Plans to be undertaken for putting in place basin management guidelines in a multi-sectoral context,

Study Objectives The objective of the ESA study is to provide inputs into the MPWSRP in accordance with the World Bank Operational Guidelines OP 4.01, through identification of key environmental and social issues related to the project and devise opportunities to enhance the benefits and mitigate potential concerns. The integration of such issues within the project planning and implementation processes shall help minimize post design mitigation measures. The main objectives are summarized as follows:

1 The words sub-project and schemes have been used interchangeably in this document

ESA Final Report


• To assess the social and environmental status within which a project area intervenes, and Identify the key stakeholders and their interactions;

• To design the social and environmental provisions needed in the project area to help achieve the project’s development objectives;

• To formulate the social and environmental framework for participatory implementation based on the above envisaged functions of the ESA.

• Identify key stakeholders, specially poor and vulnerable groups and through consultation with them to formulate a participation framework to ensure that these groups benefit from the project.

• Identify and assess the social and environmental impacts of the project and where adverse impacts are identified, determine how they can be avoided, minimized or substantially mitigated.

• Identify capacity building measures that would enable effective participation and mitigation measures.

• Ensure compliance with Government of India, Government of Madhya Pradesh and World Bank safe guard policies on social and environmental issues.

• Improve decision making by mainstreaming environmental and social objectives and safeguards

• Assess capacity of existing and proposed institutions and determine sustainable and appropriate institutional arrangements

Study Methodology The methodology adopted for this study comprised of the activities as mentioned in the following paragraphs. Some of the projects mentioned in the Screening Report were substituted after basin level discussions to enrich the variation of case studies in terms of their type and the nature of problems inherent in them.

• Database compilation of the various basins Secondary Information consisting of both spatial and non-spatial data was collected from various line agencies and compiled into a GIS database. This information consisting of environmental and social parameters was analysed to establish the basin baseline status and issues. Annexure 13 presents the information available in the GIS database. Base line data compiled and reviewed included both basin level and specific project level data. To appreciate the water sub sector issues at the basin level visits were made to different line departments at the state and district levels. The issues discussed and relevant data, as was made available, has been used to assess the basin baseline status. The aspects covered include Agriculture, Horticulture, Fisheries, Drinking water, Forests and Animal Husbandry.

• Selection of sample irrigation schemes through Screening As per the ToR 20 sample irrigation schemes were to be identified (1 Major, 1 Medium and 2 Minors from each basin) for detailed assessment. The basin baseline information along with sub project engineering information were utilised to select these projects tentatively. The final selection was undertaken after consultations with the WRD officials at the basin and divisional levels. However, sub projects in which additional issues were identified through consultations were taken up in place of some earlier selected sub-project. For the selected projects information regarding the following aspects were collected. 1. Salient features

2. Hydrology

3. Dam and its appurtenances

4. Head works

5. Canal network

ESA Final Report


6. Command area details

7. Planned potential and potential utilized

8. Performance of the project

9. Institutional arrangement

10. Infrastructure within the project area

11. Communication network for the project area

12. Information systems for the project

• Initial Consultations to identify stakeholders and key issues Initial consultations were undertaken with various line agencies to identify various stakeholders in this projects and their level of stakes. These consultations also helped in Scoping of key environmental and social issues related to the water sector.

• Reconnaissance visit to the project area Subsequent to the review of the baseline data reconnaissance visits to the project area were conducted. During these visits status of the various components of the irrigation system were observed. The team moved from head works to the tail of the project area to get a first hand appreciation of the condition of the canal network, control structures, regulatory structures, cross drainage structures, outlets and distribution system below the outlets. During these visits the team interacted with farmers and the WRD officials at the field level to assess the deficiencies in the operation and the maintenance of the canal network. This visit also helped in assessing the pre-existing environmental problems such as water logging, salinity, soil erosion and reservoir siltation within the project area.

• Discussion with the WRD Staff Based on the analysis of the baseline data and the reconnaissance visit to the project area further discussions were held at the Executive Engineers office. The topics covered during the discussions were: • Pre existing deficiencies in the project,

• Impact of these deficiencies on the performance of the project,

• Proposed activities for overcoming these deficiencies.

These discussions also focused on the sample villages to be covered for the household survey.

• Household and Village surveys In the selected villages two types of surveys were carried out namely, the village survey and the household survey. Village Survey:The village survey comprised of collecting baseline data of the selected villages with a pre-designed questionnaire. Number of villages surveyed was: • 10 for Major Project,

• 6 for Medium Project (8 each if no major project selected in the selected river basin) and

• 4 for each Minor Project

The villages were selected from the sub project command, catchment, submergence and / or area adjoining the reservoir. The basis of selection was existence of typical issues identified through consultations with the WRD site officials of the respective sub projects. The information collected in each of the surveyed village comprised of the following. 1. Geographical area,

ESA Final Report


2. Population,

3. Socio-economic pattern,

4. Land resources & Agriculture,

5. Infrastructure facilities,

6. Water resources,

7. Village institutions,

8. Problems of the village, and

9. Other activities.

The survey supervisor through village Panchayat members canvassed the village schedule. Household Survey: The household survey comprised of collecting baseline information about the status of selected households in the village. About 20% of the households in the selected villages were covered in this survey. The survey households were selected based on stratified sampling of the all socio-economic groups present in the selected villages, with special emphasis on vulnerable groups like SC, ST, Women headed households, etc. The information collected in these households comprised of the following. 1. Household composition & typology,

2. Household assets,

3. Household occupation and annual income,

4. Water utilisation by the household for various purposes,

5. Agricultural practices,

6. Horticultural practices,

7. Animal resources,

8. Pisciculture,

9. Household economy and indebtedness,

10. Women’s status and their participation in economic activities & decision making process,

11. Household health,

12. Access to media (electronic print and audio),

13. Level of awareness about water use, and

14. Government schemes etc.

The household information was collected from individual households through the head of the household by trained & experienced investigators.

• Consultations with stakeholders The broad understanding of the issues during preliminary consultations for Household surveys formed the basis of selection of villages for Primary Level (Village level) Stakeholder Consultations. In depth consultations were conducted with three different types of stakeholders, namely primary stakeholders, secondary stakeholders and tertiary stakeholders. The consultations were conducted by a team of professionals comprising of Irrigation specialist, Agriculture & rural development specialist, Institutional expert, Sociologist, Environmental expert and Gender Specialist. The various issues covered under these consultations were as following: Primary Stakeholders: In some of the selected villages discussions were held with groups of farmers. Separate meetings and group discussions were held with women, landless labourers etc by sociologist and gender specialist. Discussions were also held with key informants like

ESA Final Report


Gram Panchayat president & secretary, WUA president or member, anganwadi worker, schoolteacher etc. The various issues that were discussed during these consultations were 1. Crops grown in different seasons,

2. Crops irrigated & reasons for the choice,

3. Difficulties in accessing irrigation supply,

4. Level of agriculture technology used,

5. Input practices,

6. Interaction with WUA’s and PR institutions,

7. Status of horticulture, fisheries, animal husbandry,

8. Opinion regarding village infrastructure,

9. Gender issues,

10. Alternatives for rehabilitation of physical & institutional systems

These consultations were followed up with transit walk along the canal network or to the damaged canal segment or an outlet point. Secondary stakeholders: Prior to the field level consultations discussions were held with the officials of WRD department at the State and Basin and Executive Engineers office. The issues discussed were deficiencies in the irrigation system, performance of the project, causes for the poor performance of the project, institutional deficiencies, difficulties in the collection of irrigation cess, lack of supporting infrastructure, alternatives for the rehabilitation of physical & institutional systems. These consultations were carried out both in the State and Basin offices. Tertiary stakeholders: Besides consultations with the stakeholders directly connected with the functioning of the selected irrigation schemes, attempts were made to ascertain the role and impact of other water users in the river basins. For this, as mentioned earlier, various institutions and departments at district level were contacted and consultations were held with their senior officials. Some of the institutions and government departments that were consulted in different districts were Public Health Engineering Department, Agricultural Department, Horticulture Department, Fisheries Department, District Statistical Officer, Agriculture Training Institute, PHED water testing laboratory, Project Director, Panna National Forest, and the Forest Department Focus Group Discussionswere held with these stakeholders. Some of the issues discussed in these meetings included role of these institutions in utilization of water resources of the basin, current activities of these departments, limitations with in their institutions, any concerns regarding low water productivity, plans for future development.

• Analysis of Information Data and information collected from different sources were compiled and analysed as following: Village & Household Survey data: The data collected through village survey by using structured questionnaire were compiled using appropriate computer data base management programs. From the computerised database a wide variety of data tabulations were generated and analysis/inferences gathered. Basin wise data: Basin wise information was compiled from State, district and block level data and salient features of the selected basins were analysed in GIS. Baseline data of the selected projects: The baseline data collected from various projects, both from secondary sources and also from the consultations conducted in the field were compiled and used for assessment of the deficiencies with in these projects. The performance of the

ESA Final Report


projects as indicated by the output of the project (e.g. area irrigated in different seasons, prevailing cropping pattern, agricultural technologies that are being used by the farmers etc.) was compared with those envisaged in the original/revised project reports. Through the discussions with primary and secondary stakeholders the causes for the under performance of the projects were recorded.

• Impact Assessment and Analysis of Alternatives Existing concerns and their implications were assessed through stakeholder consultation and surveys and project interventions were identified for all the three components of the MPWSRP. Based on likely impacts a set of alternative approaches for implementation of the Component C: Asset Improvement, measures have been identified. Analysis of Impacts:Impacts of the project deficiencies on different stakeholders like, individual farmer, farmer households, land less labourers, women, artisans, WRD staff, other departments etc were examined based on the consultations held at various levels. Legal, regulatory and Institutional deficiencies were identified. Analysis of Alternatives:Based on the impact analysis set alternative strategies for the enhancement of the performance of the project were formulated. These alternatives were compared with each other and the “ no intervention” strategy to identify the various positive and negative implications. These issues provided the guidelines for preparation of the SEMF.

• Preparation of Social and Environmental Management Framework Mitigation and Management measures were identified for minimising project impacts. The outputs from the above steps were utilised to formulate Social and Environmental Management Framework in lieu of a standard Management Plan. The components of the SEMF are Description of step-by-step procedures for incorporating environmental and social safeguard measures from Pre-Planning to Post Implementation (Sustainability) stages, Check list and Formats for clearing the requirements of each stage and identifying future course of action and additional Action Plans to be implemented as per the requirements stated in the Check list. The Action Plans consist of Dam Safety, Pest Management, Resettlement, Cultural Property Management, Tribal Development, Gender Issues and Participatory Framework.

• Identifying Institutional Arrangements & Training Needs Based on assessment of existing institutional capacity of the implementing agency and the kind of issues that need to be addressed during project implementation, institutional strengthening measures have been proposed. Training requirements for up gradation of skills to effectively manage adverse impacts have also been laid out.

• Preparation of Monitoring & Information Management System Framework Identification of benchmark indicators and their effective monitoring process to ensure compliance with the directives of GoI / GoMP and the World Bank have been recommended. In addition an Information Management System has been suggested to ensure proper storage, quick retrieval and easy dissemination and sharing of information among the various stakeholders for effective management of environmental and social issues during entire cycle of the project

Study Outputs The output of the study consists of the following:

ESA Final Report


Social and Environmental Management Framework (SEMF)2: An SEMF is a road map to be followed by the Project Implementing Agency and their staff for incorporation of environmental and social safeguard measures into the main project planning, execution and operation. It lays down a step-by-step methodology for activities that have to be undertaken parallel to the engineering and institutional intervention measures of the main project. The document contains relevant Formats and Checklists to be utilised for the abovementioned works. It also contains Framework and Action Plans for various key issues like Dam Safety, Pest Management, Cultural Property Management, Resettlement & Rehabilitation, Tribal Issues, Gender Issues and Community Sensitisation that need to be addressed. Since the project is being implemented through the Water Resources Department, it is the prime responsible agency for implementing the recommendations and procedures laid down in the SEMF under the guidance of the PICU. The SPIG officials are responsible for complying with the procedures of the SEMF throughout the project cycle. Terms of Reference for Basin Environmental and Social Management Plans: The ToRs for the 5 Basins are prepared as part of ESA and contain the scope of tasks necessary to prepare Social and Environmental Management Plans at Basin and Sub-Basin levels that are intended to be an integral part of the basin plans for these basins and sub-basins.

2 This SEMF, based on survey findings of 20 sample schemes, will be applied on all the schemes to be taken up in MPWSRP through processes laid down in the document. The SEMF will be further modified and fine-tuned based on the lessons learnt from the modernization of first year and subsequent schemes


2. INSTITUTIONAL, REGULATORY, LEGAL & POLICY FRAMEWORK This Chapter describes the Legal and Policy Framework for the Water Sector and Environmental and Social Issues. Institutions that have a stake in the Water Sector have also been described.

LLLEEEGGGAAALLL FFFRRRAAAMMMEEEWWWOOORRRKKK

Constitutional Provisions India has a federal structure of government and legislative powers are distributed between the Central Government and the State Governments. A law made by Parliament may extend to the whole of India or for a part of India, whereas a law made by Sate legislature will be applicable to whole or part of the state. There is a threefold distribution of power between the Union and the States. The Seventh Schedule to the constitution includes three lists of subjects, namely the Union List (List I), the State List (List II) and the Concurrent List (List III). Parliament has the exclusive powers to make laws for the subjects included in List I. The State legislature has the exclusive powers to make laws for the subjects included in List II, that are applicable to the respective states. List III enumerates subjects over which both the Parliament and the State Legislatures have concurrent powers to make laws.

Legal Powers in the Water Sector The Union List (List I) indicates “Regulation and development of inter-state rivers and river valleys to the extent of which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by the Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest”i.The State List (List II) indicates “Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power subject to provision of entry 56 of List I” In addition Article 262 of the Constitution empowers the Parliament to enact laws providing for “adjudication of disputes on complaint relating to distribution or control of water of any inter-state river or river valley”.

Laws made by Parliament

• Water Sector The following laws have been enacted by Parliament on inter-state matters on water under Article 262 of the Constitution. 1. The River Boards Act, 1956 and

2. The Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956

• Environment Sector In addition, other acts have been enacted by the Parliament for protecting the environment and to safeguard against disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes, viz.: 1. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act and

2. Environment Protection Act 1986,

In pursuance of the order of the Supreme Court of India, the Central Government has issued an order constituting the Central Ground Water Authority under Section 3 (3) of the Environment Protection Act. In addition, Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 1994 has been notified under the EP Act. If the project qualifies for ‘Requirement of Environmental Clearance from the Central Government’, an Environmental Impact

ESA Final Report


Assessment Report, an Environment Management Plan and Public Hearing have to be conducted by the implementing authority.

• Social Sector Several legal provisions have been provided within the Indian Constitution and various Legislations to ensure protection and assistance to vulnerable communities and sections of the society. The Constitution of India in its 244 (1) and (2) in part X has listed Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules envisaging special system of administration. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 has made provisions for reservations of Vulnerable Groups such as SC, ST and women for effective participation and involvement in decentralized governance. The tribal population is given opportunity of participation through reservation at three levels of Panchayats. Panchayats. (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) 1996 has given control of land, forests and water in the hands of tribal through institution of Gram Sabha (Village Assembly). Other land tenancy acts control marginalization of tribal household through restriction of transfer of land from tribal to non-tribal person. (Refer Annexure 18 of ESA).

Laws made by State Legislature of Madhya Pradesh The following Acts deal with the subject of water in the state: 1. The Madhya Pradesh Irrigation Act, 1931,

2. The Madhya Pradesh Fisheries Act, 1948,

3. The Madhya Pradesh Fisheries Riverine Rules, 1972,

4. The Madhya Pradesh Pariyojana Ke Karan Visthapit Vyakti (Punashthapan) Act 1985,

5. The Madhya Pradesh Peya Jal Parikshan Adhiniyam, 1986,

6. The Madhya Pradesh Sinchai Prabandhan me Krishakon ke Bhagidari Adhiniyam, 1999.

PPPOOOLLLIIICCCYYY FFFRRRAAAMMMEEEWWWOOORRRKKK

Central Policies Centre State Linkage: Under the Constitution of India, subject to entry 56 of List I, water is astate subject and therefore except for the powers of inter-state rivers and river valleys regulation and development; development, management and regulation of water within the state boundaries are the responsibility of the State government. National Water Policy: Government of India had formulated the NWP in 1987. Based on the experiences through 15years the policy was reviewed and updated and National Water Policy 2002 was adopted. The policy deals with Information System, Water Resources Planning, Institutional Mechanism, Water Allocation Priorities, Project Planning, Ground Water Development, Drinking Water, Irrigation, Resettlement And Rehabilitation, Financial And Physical Sustainability, Participatory Approach To Water Resources Management, Private Sector Participation, Water Quality, Conservation of Water, Flood Control and Management, Drought Prone Area Development, Monitoring of Projects, Water Sharing of Inter-state Rivers among States, Performance Improvement, Maintenance and Modernization, Safety of Structures and Training Aspects.

National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Project Affected Families – 2003:

The NPRR was adopted in February 2004 by the Government of India and published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part-I, Section I dated 17th February, 2004. The Policy is defined as a broad guideline and providing executive instructions for guidance of all

ESA Final Report


concerned and will be applicable to Projects displacing a defined number of families under the policy. The National Policy on the Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Project Affected Families essentially addresses the need to provide succour to the asset less rural poor, support the rehabilitation efforts of the resource poor sections, namely, small and marginal farmers, SCs/STs and women who have been displaced. Besides, it seeks to provide a broad canvas for an effective dialogue between the Project Affected Families and the Administration for Resettlement & Rehabilitation. Such a dialogue is expected to enable timely completion of projects with a sense of definiteness as regards costs and adequate attention to the needs of the displaced persons especially the resource poor sections. The intention is to impart greater flexibility for interaction and negotiation so that the resultant Package gains all-round acceptability in the shape of a workable instrument providing satisfaction to all stakeholders/ Requiring Bodies. The Policy is defined as in the form of broad guidelines and executive instructions for guidance of all concerned and will be applicable to Projects displacing 500 families or more enmasse in plain areas and 250 families enmasse in hilly areas, Desert Development Programme (DDP) blocks, areas mentioned in Schedule V and Schedule VI of the Constitution of India. This policy will ensure that the benefits envisaged under the Policy reaches the Project Affected Families, especially resource poor sections including SCs/STs. The rehabilitation grants and other monetary benefits proposed in the Policy would be minimum and applicable to all project affected families whether belonging to BPL or non-BPL families States where R&R packages are higher than proposed in the Policy are free to adopt their own packages The objectives of the Policy are as follows: (a) To minimize displacement and to identify non-displacing or least-displacing

alternatives, (b) To plan the resettlement and rehabilitation of Project Affected Families, (PAFs)

including special needs of Tribals and vulnerable sections; (c) To provide better standard of living to PAFs, and (d) To facilitate harmonious relationship between the Requiring Body and PAFs through

mutual cooperation The affected families as defined under the policy and falling within the designated Affected Zone of the project involved shall be eligible for the various R&R benefits as defined under the NPRR 2003. The policy also provides special benefits and preferences to the BPL and Schedule Tribe PAFs. This includes not only as compensation, but also as assistances.

State Policies State Water Policy: The State Government of Madhya Pradesh has adopted State Water Policy 2003. It is in line with the National Water Policy and is applicable to the State of Madhya Pradesh. The policy deals with the information system, use of water, project planning, maintenance and modernization, ground water development, water allocation priorities, drinking water and quality control, irrigation and land management, rationalization of water rates, institutional administration, participation of beneficiary groups in water management, participation of non-government institutions, establishment of water zones and watershed management, flood control and management, scarcity area management and research and training. Madhya Pradesh has also prepared a work plan for the implementation of the policy. The work plan indicates time frame for planning and preparatory works. However, some subjects have not been included in the policy like resettlement and rehabilitation, financial and physical sustainability, private sector participation, monitoring of projects and performance evaluation.

ESA Final Report


State Environment Policy: The goal of this Policy adopted in 1999, is to reconcile the need to protect and conserve the natural environment with the need to alleviate poverty and facilitate economic growth within an economy that is highly dependent on natural resources, and is expected to be so for a long time to come. State Policy on Rehabilitation: Government of MP has notified a State Policy on Rehabilitation in 2002 (see Annex 21), for rehabilitation of oustees of different projects (including water sector projects) in the State. This Policy is similar to the Bank’s OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement in its key principles and contents. The provisions of the Policy are mandatory for any project resulting in displaced families. However, to apply the Policy to the MPWSRP a comparison was drawn between the two to identify the gaps and prepare a Resettlement Framework to be applied to the MPWSRP. The Framework has been drawn based on the two documents to ensure compliance of the Bank’s OP 4.12 to protect the interests of the likely project affected families. The comparative analyses of the State R&R Policy and OP 4.12 with addressal of key gaps have been presented in Section 2.3 of this Chapter. Many of the identified gaps have sporadic mention within the main body of SPOR document. • A mention of avoidance where feasible, or minimizing and exploring all viable alternative project designs

before undertaking Involuntary resettlement has not found a mention in the Principles of rehabilitation in the SPOR.

• A mention of Displaced persons being meaningfully consulted and given opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs has not found a mention in the SPOR.

• There are no definitions to establish the status of the following affected groups in the SPOR: Urban and Rural Oustees, Encroacher, Squatter, Below Poverty Line, Vulnerable groups, Title & Non Title holder and Cut off date.

• There are no provisions for Rights to salvage materials from existing structures, advance notification or compensation for standing crops and provisions for re-establishment of community property resources.

Gender Policy: The Constitution of India not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. The National Commission for Women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlement of women. The 73rd and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution of India require seats to be reserved for women in local bodies at Panchayat and Municipal levels thereby laying a strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels. The National policy for the Empowerment of Women (2001) is intended to create a positive environment for the overall development of women. In line with the National Policy, the Government of Madhya Pradesh too has formulated a Women’s Policy, which aims at ensuring visibility to women in all spheres by strengthening their role, increasing self-confidence and empowering women. The State already has the unique distinction of being the first to implement the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution, and, conducting elections to the three tier Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) and municipalities, incorporating women reservations in the PRI. Since August 1994 rights and duties of the newly elected PRls with reference to several government departments have been delegated to the Panchayats. The GoMP Gender Policy has identified 14 major areas and concerns and defines concrete actions to address the issues related to the empowerment of women, which are as follows:

MAJOR AREAS AND CONCERNS TARGETED BY THE GoMP WOMEN’S POLICY • Women and Panchayat Raj Institutions • Women and Land • Women and Water • Women and Agriculture • Women and Agriculture (allied sectors)

• Women and Employment • Women and Credit • Migrant Women Workers • Women and Health • Women and Education

ESA Final Report


• Women and Forests • Women and Industry

• Women and Law • Women and Violence

The policy is to be implemented through the following steps: • Reorientation, refocusing and reorganisation of departmental schemes and programmes to incorporate

the measures suggested in this policy.

• Coordination of implementation of this policy through state department of Women and child development as the nodal department.

• Appropriate training programmes through Academy of Administration, in consultation with other training institutes.

• State Commission for women to perform the role of a watch dog and assist and advise the state government in the accomplishment of the goals set forth in the policy.

Draft Groundwater Regulation Act The groundwater regulation act to regulate the ground water resources of the state is a timely piece of legislation, which shall require further elaboration and detailing to be enforced effectively. • The Act needs strengthening with specific and objective regulations based on safe yields and

drawdowns in the case of abstraction and multiples of the design cones of depression in the case of well spacing.

• This concept is of fundamental and paramount importance to the productivity of water, access to its benefits, poverty alleviation and economic growth.

Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM): PIM involves handing over the management (including operation and maintenance) of at least one level of canals (i.e. the minor canal) above the outlet to Water Users Associations (WUA). WUAs are also being closely associated in efforts at improved water and land /agriculture management. Simultaneously PIM involves a redefinition and refocusing (not a mere reduction) of government’s role and activities in irrigation sector to lead to a genuine feeling of partnership or joint management between the government and WUAs. The legal framework for PIM programme in the entire State was developed during 1999-2000 and subsequently “Madhya Pradesh Sinchai Prabandhan Mein Krishkonka Bhagidhari Adhiniyan 1999” was brought in force in entire State w.e.f. Sept. 1999 (see Annex 22). It is a historic attempt towards farmers’ participation in Irrigation Management. The underlining principle of this concept is giving water users greater autonomy and responsibility in management of irrigation system.

Objectives & reason for the Act 1. Madhya Pradesh is predominantly an agricultural state and its prosperity and well

being depends on optimum agricultural production. 2. An efficient and equitable supply and distribution of water ensuring optimum

utilization by farmers for improvement of agricultural production. 3. Scientific and systematic development and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure

is considered best possible through farmer’s organization. 4. The farmer’s organization has to be given an effective role on the management and

maintenance of the irrigation system for the effective and reliable supply and distribution of water.

5. The farmer’s organization will play coordinative role in recovery of irrigation water rates from the beneficiary farmers.

6. The protection of the environment and ecological balance by involving the farmers, including a sense of ownership to the irrigation system in accordance with the water budget and operational plan.

ESA Final Report


World Bank Policies on Environmental & Social Issues To preserve the natural environment and protect the interests of affected social groups as a result of project interventions various Operational policies (OP), Bank Procedures (BP) and Good Practices (GP) have been prepared by the World Bank. These shall be applied to the MPWSRP and adequate compliance measures shall be undertaken during the entire cycle of the project. • 4.01 OP/BP/GP-Environmental Assessment Policy: It is an umbrella process to ensure compliance

with all other Bank safeguard policies. It provides the framework for environmental assessment, whereby environmental consequences are taken into account in selection, siting, planning, and designing of projects.

• 4.04 OP–Natural Habitats: The Policy aims to support protection, maintenance and rehabilitation of natural habitats through avoidance of projects or including adequate mitigation measures where large scale conversions of such areas are involved.

• 4.09 OP-Pest Management: This is a Policy to support biological or environmental control methods in managing pests that affect either agriculture or public health and reduce use of chemical pesticides.

• 4.36 OP-Forestry: This is a Policy on forest sector to reduce deforestation, promote reforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forests, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development.

• 4.37 OP-Dam Safety: This Policy is concerned with Safety of Dams on which the Bank assisted projects are dependent.

• Operational Policy Note 11.03 to be issued as 4.11 OP/BP/GP- Cultural Property: The policy aims to assist preservation of non-replicable cultural property through avoidance of such projects.

• 4.20 OD-Indigenous Peoples: The Policy purports to ensure that benefits from development projects accrue to indigenous people and adverse effects on them due to the projects are avoided or mitigated.

• 4.12 OP-Involuntary Resettlement: This Policy is to ensure that people displaced by the project receive adequate benefit form it.

• OP-7.5 Projects in International Waterways: Policy to ensure projects affecting international waterways do not affect relations between stakeholders and efficient utilisation and protection of such waterways.

CCCOOOMMMPPPAAARRRAAATTTIIIVVVEEE AAANNNAAALLLYYYSSSIIISSS OOOFFF TTTHHHEEE MMMPPP SSSTTTAAATTTEEE PPPOOOLLLIIICCCYYY OOONNN RRREEEHHHAAABBBIIILLLIIITTTAAATTTIIIOOONNN AAANNNDDD OOOPPP

444...111222 OOOFFF TTTHHHEEE WWWOOORRRLLLDDD BBBAAANNNKKK

The MP State Policy on Rehabilitation generally focuses upon big projects requiring resettlement / relocation of a large number of displaced households. Therefore the provisions, including the resettlement management and organisational arrangements will not be directly applicable to the MPWSRP. Hence there is a need for a new and project specific resettlement framework that incorporates essential elements and principles of R&R policy. Ideologically the State Policy does not differ from OP 4.12 as has been revealed through a comparative analysis as provided in the following table. However, the State Policy does not mention the scope of project design alternatives and options to minimize and mitigate involuntary resettlement. It directly takes up the issue of addressing involuntary resettlement implying when it is inevitable. Thus enclosing the scope of project design alternatives and options to minimize and mitigate involuntary resettlement the R&R Policy would be made more meaningful for MPWSRP. The State Policy overlooks the involvement of affected groups and inclusion of their views during plan preparation. Thus, R&R Policy for MPWSRP should, in addition to considering the norms under the State Policy, include the involvement of affected groups and the extent to

ESA Final Report


which the views of such groups are being considered during plan preparation, to comply with the conditions of OP 4.12. Comparative statement of the MP State RR policy and the World Bank OP 4.12 Sl.No. OP / BP 4.12 MP STATE RR POLICY REMARKS 1. Planning of resettlement

activities is an integral part of preparation for World Bank assisted projects.

This is a model policy that takes care of all such social aspects as are necessary for total rehabilitation.

Ideologically the State Policy does not differ from OP 4.12.

2. For projects where likely displacement is involved: (a) The extent to which project design alternatives and options to minimize and mitigate involuntary resettlement have been considered; (b) Progress in preparing the Resettlement Action Plan or resettlement policy framework and its adequacy with respect to OP 4.12, including the involvement of affected groups and the extent to which the views of such groups are being considered; (c) Proposed criteria for eligibility of displaced persons for compensation and other resettlement assistance; (d) The feasibility of the proposed resettlement measures, including provisions for sites if needed; funding for all resettlement activities, including provision of counterpart funding on an annual basis; the legal framework; and implementation and monitoring arrangements; and (e) If sufficient land is not available in projects involving displaced persons whose livelihoods are land-based and for whom a land-based resettlement strategy is the preferred option, the evidence of lack of adequate land (OP 4.12,para. 11). AND

Principles for rehabilitation of displaced families. The object of the rehabilitation will be to ensure that the displaced family (its definition is given in para 2 of the Policy) fully gets settled at the new place and regain its pre-displacement living standard and also further improve it in course of time. Every possible effort will be made to ensure that the rehabilitated families face no difficulty in starting their lives afresh at the new place. Special attention will be paid to rehabilitation of the displaced families belonging to scheduled castes and schedules tribes as well as those of small and marginal farmers. Compensation will be paid to land owners and lease holders within the specified time limit, as far as possible. Allotment of land to them as per their eligibility under the policies of the Government will also be considered. Allotment of land to non-lease holders will also be considered, on availability of land, as per the policy of the Government. In the process of rehabilitation it will be ensured that the families who were living in social groups in the affected village, are settled, as far as possible, in the same manner. It will also be seen that, if possible, the oustees are rehabilitated within the command area or near about the submergence area. There will be no discrimination between the families displaced from revenue villages and the ones from forest villages, in rehabilitation. Adequate civic facilities will be provided in the new settlement. As far as possible, efforts would be made to provide necessary physical and social infrastructures at the time of settlement itself. Priority will be given to members of displaced families in jobs in the project’s construction works and other works, as per their skills. A grant scheme will be chalked out for the rehabilitation of agricultural labourers and non-agricultural families at the new place, to help them start self-employment. The oustees will be the first claimants for allotment of any surplus land within the command area of the ongoing projects. In view of their number, reservation of land for them

The State Policy does not mention the scope of project design alternatives and options to minimize and mitigate involuntary resettlement. It directly takes up the issue of addressing involuntary resettlement implying when it is inevitable. Thus, enclosing the scope of project design alternatives and options to minimize and mitigate involuntary resettlement the R&R Policy would be made more meaningful for MPWSRP. The State Policy overlooks the involvement of affected groups and inclusion of their views during plan preparation. Thus, R&R Policy for MPWSRP should, in addition to considering the norms under the State Policy, include the involvement of affected groups and the extent to which the views of such groups are being considered during plan preparation, to comply with the conditions of OP 4.12.

ESA Final Report


Sl.No. OP / BP 4.12 MP STATE RR POLICY REMARKS For Projects where all viable alternative project designs are examined to minimize the displacement: (a) The extent to which project design alternatives and options to minimize and mitigate involuntary resettlement have been considered; and (b) Progress in preparing the process framework and its adequacy in respect to OP 4.12,including the adequacy of the proposed participatory approach; criteria for eligibility of displaced persons; funding for resettlement; the legal framework; and implementation and monitoring arrangements.

may also be considered. The oustees will be paid suitable compensation for their agricultural land, residential plot and other properties. If land is allotted to them at the new place, appropriate price will be taken thereof from them. Efforts will be made to ensure that the rehabilitated families get mixed up with the families already living at the new place. In case any building etc remains unaffected after completion of the irrigation project, these can be used for community purposes for the new settlements. After completion of an irrigation project, the work of fishing and its sale will be given to cooperative societies of the oustees, as far as possible. A certain per cent will be set aside for allotment / distribution of shops in the township developed for the project area. The work of land acquisition and rehabilitation should go side by side to minimise the inconvenience to the oustees. Land acquisition should be done phase –wise and first those areas should be acquired that are needed first. Land more than necessary should not be acquired in any case. Availability of food grains should be ensured at both old and new places right from the time the process of re-settlement starts. The administrative officer and the project authority concerned will bear the entire cost of the project and they will be responsible for completion of rehabilitation work.

There is no mention of any participatory framework in the State Policy. It also does not state anything on implementation and monitoring arrangements. However, these could be considered in addition to the present State Policy to enhance its suitability in the context of MPWSRP.

This is a model policy for the State. The different departments will review their respective policies in the perspective of this policy. If their policy has better provisions for the oustees, then okay, otherwise the provisions of the model policy will be mandatory. All such provisions, which have been made in this policy and not in other departmental policies, will be applicable to all the projects. The policy also addresses issues related to compensation and assistance to various categories as applicable to different situations and circumstances as applicable. The categories include Titleholders and Non-titleholders.

3. The OP/BP is a guideline that shall be followed in preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan and the strategy adopted for implementation for the rehabilitation of the displaced population. Provision for economic rehabilitation of squatters.

Titleholders – owners of land /structure Non-Titleholders – Land less laborers and encroachers.

The State Policy also presents a guideline and instructs all Governmental Departments to follow it as a mandate in addressing involuntary resettlement caused due to development projects taken up by GoMP.

There is no consideration for squatters or their rehabilitation in the State Policy. However, in order to address issues related to squatters (in case of chance

ESA Final Report


Sl.No. OP / BP 4.12 MP STATE RR POLICY REMARKS Compensation for: Land at possible market price. Trees at annual income from fruits and value of its wood. House equal to restoring present condition. Transportation facility for displaced families to new place. For urban oustees based income groups (low/small/medium/high) Commercial plots/shops as per type of shops, local demand and utility. Landless families – skill mapping and skill upgradation facilities

squatters (in case of chance finds) the R&R Policy of MPWSRP should include adequate provisions within it.

Both Section 1.18 and Section 22 of the State Policy should get rid of ambiguity by considering the responsibility of the project for all the expenditures to be incurred in implementing R&R programmes.

Sections 2.3.1, 4.3.1 and 9.6 of the State Policy are contradictory and require uniformity by considering paying no compensation for encroached land except in the case of vulnerable groups and this way it can provide extra benefit to the vulnerable category in compliance with OP 4.12.

WWWAAATTTEEERRR SSSEEECCCTTTOOORRR,,, EEENNNVVVIIIRRROOONNNMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL &&& SSSOOOCCCIIIAAALLL IIINNNSSSTTTIIITTTUUUTTTIIIOOONNNSSS

Central & State Institutions Various Central and State level institutions are operating within the state having functions related to water sector. These functions include water harnessing, water supply, control of water pollution, generation of hydropower, etc. Other institutions that have a stake in the present project are those related to the physical and social environment. The hierarchy of such institutions and their related functions are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 0-1: Water Sector Institutions and Functions

Sl. No.

Name of Institution Water related Functions

Central Level 1 Central Water Commission (CWC) �� Monitoring of interstate rivers (both quantity & quantity) through its

observation network �� Monitoring of Centrally funded Major & Medium Irrigation Projects �� Flood forecasting in interstate rivers

2 Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) �� Monitoring of deep Ground Water aquifers both quality & quatity 3 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) �� Monitoring of surface & ground water and industrial and domestic

effluents 4 National Water Development Agency

(NWDA) �� Assessing water resources of the state and studying the possibilities

of transferring water from and to adjoining states / river basins State Level

1 Water Resource Department (WRD) �� Primary Department for Development & Distribution of Surface & Ground Water in the State (except the Narmada Basin)

�� Construction & Maintenance of Irrigation Schemes 2 Narmada Valley Development Agency

(NVDA) �� Development & Distribution of Surface & Ground Water in the

Narmada Basin

ESA Final Report


Sl. No.

Name of Institution Water related Functions

3 State Water Data Center (WRD) �� Computerization of Surface and Ground Water Data of MP 4 Public Health & Engineering Department

(PHED) �� Construction of Drinking & Industrial Water Schemes in Rural &

Urban Areas 5 Urban Administration & Development

(through Municipal & Local Bodies) �� Construction and Maintenance of Drinking Water Schemes in Urban

Areas �� Roof Top Water Harvesting

6 Panchayat & Rural Development Department

�� Water shed development �� Roof Top Water Harvesting

7 Rural Engineering Services �� Construction of Check Dams and Ponds for Irrigation & Nistar (Household Consumption) purposes

8 Agriculture & Horticulture Departments �� Drip & Sprinkler Irrigation

9 Fisheries Department �� Construction & Rehabilitation of Water Bodies for Fisheries

10 Forest Department �� Small check dams for wild life and tree plantation schemes 11 Energy Department �� Construction & Maintenance of Hydro Power Projects 12 State Pollution Control Board �� Monitoring of surface & ground water and industrial and domestic

effluents at the state level 13 Environmental Planning & Coordination

Organisation (EPCO)

�� Developmental Works related to Water Quality Improvement in Rivers

14 Tribal Welfare Department �� Various programs to related to development and protection of tribals 15 Woman & Child Welfare Department �� Various programs related to health, supporting women’s

organizations, etc.

Source: WRD, Bhopal

State Committees Several State Committees, Boards and Associations have been established in the State to manage water allocation, benefit sharing and execution of major projects. A list of these and their brief functions are presented in Table 2.2.

Table 0-2: State Water Sector Associations, Boards & Committees

Sl. No. Name of Boards & Committees Water related Functions State Level

1 Control Board for Major Projects �� Expeditious execution of Major Irrigation & Multipurpose Projects 2 State Water Utilisation

Committee �� Promote better coordination between various Departments in respect of water

resource utilisation 3 Divisional & District Water

Utilisation Committee �� Promote better coordination between various Departments in respect of water

resource utilisation at Divisional & District levels 4 Inter State Boards for Water

Management �� Management of issues related to interstate water / power benefits and

construction of joint projects Irrigation Sub Project / Local Level

5 Water User Associations (WUAs) �� Maintenance of Canals & Irrigation Service Delivery as per Participatory Irrigation Management Act, 1999

6 State / District Level Resettlement Committee

�� Resettlement of Project Displaced Persons for Major / Minor Projects in the States

7 Panchayats (PRIs) �� Water shed development �� Plan, implement, operate, maintain and manage Village water Supply and

sanitation schemes

Source: WRD, Bhopal

Water User Associations: Through the historic attempt towards farmers participation in Irrigation Management the PIM Act 1999” was brought into force in the entire State of Madhya Pradesh w.e.f. Sept. 1999 (see Annex 22). The underlining principle of this concept is giving water users greater autonomy and responsibility in management of irrigation system. Thus numerous Water User Associations have been set up throughout

ESA Final Report


the state through the democratic process of elections, to manage smaller water resources like tanks, ponds and distribution systems like canals in larger irrigation projects.

The PIM Act of Madhya Pradesh is a revolutionary step promoting a total change in the management of irrigation systems through farmer’s organization (FO). Farmer’s organization include Water User’s Association (WUA) at the primary level, the Distributory Committee (DC) at the distributory level and the Project Committee (PC) at the project level. All minor irrigation schemes in the State have only one tier of FOs while the medium irrigation schemes have a two-tier structure WUA and PC and the major irrigation

projects have a three-tier structure (WUA, DC & PC). Many minor schemes could be under just one WUA, whereas medium and major schemes have more than one WUA. As of date, there are 1470 WUAs, 90 Distributary Committees and 79 Project Committees (19 PCs for major project and 60 PCs for medium projects) in existence in the State. Panchayati Raj Institutions: The state also lays considerable emphasis in the empowerment of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), being the first state to adopt the 73rd and the 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992). Thus it has created an enabling framework for decentralization by making elected representatives increasingly responsible for local governance and implementation of development programmes, including those related to the water sector through WUAs created under the PIM Act.

Training Institutions Training institutions within MP that impart relevant training to the Water Resource Department (the principal body of water management) are:

• (A) RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal: The main functions of the institute are to:

• Impart Training to officers of various departments selected through MP Public Service Commission;

• Impart Training in various subjects as per needs of Departments of GoMP;

• Extend consultancy to various Training Institutions for development; and

• Play the role of a Consultant for policy formulation.

• (B) Water and Land Management (WALMI), Bhopal: WALMI conducts different courses for human resource development related to water and land management like:

• Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM),

• Management for Mandi (Market),

• Crop management,

• Information and Technology,

• Agricultural Forestry,

• Capacity Building Programme for DPIP,

• Rajiv Gandhi Watershed Management and other programmes.

Personnel of WRD are also deputed outside the state for postgraduate qualification to IIT-Roorkee in Uttaranchal and Central Water Academy, Khadakwasla, Maharashtra.

Major 1.535 M ha

Medium 0.64 M ha

Minor 1.136 M ha

WUA S/E

AEDC

WUA WUA

PC PC EE

WRDMajor 1.535 M ha

Medium 0.64 M ha

Minor 1.136 M ha

WUA S/ES/E

AEAEDC

WUA WUA

PC PC EE

WRD

ESA Final Report


Stakeholder Institutions Apart from WRD other departments having key stakes in water sector are: • Narmada Valley Development, Agriculture & Horticulture, Public Health & Engineering and Urban

Development.

• Other line departments with minor stakes include Departments of Industries, Forest, Panchayat and Rural Development, Veterinary (for livestock), Energy, Fisheries, Transport and Tourism.

CCCOOONNNCCCLLLUUUSSSIIIOOONNN

Several Acts and Polices of the GoI and the State of MP exist pertaining to the Water sector and those safeguarding the physical and social environment. However there exist some gaps in these when seen in context of the MPWSRP interventions and safeguard polices of the World Bank. Such issues should be adequately dressed through the project related documents being prepared by the implementing agency on behalf of the state Government of MP.


3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE

This Chapter lays down the Environmental and Social baseline conditions of the Project Basins based on secondary information collated for preparation of a GIS Knowledge Base. The existing database establishes the Basin wise environmental and Social benchmarks that may be monitored in future to identify changes on account of project interventions. Key social and ecological features are described at state level followed by basin level characteristics.

IIINNNTTTRRROOODDDUUUCCCTTTIIIOOONNN

The five study basins (i.e. Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, and Tons) are contiguous in nature and cover almost the entire stretch between central to northern part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. The Narmada and Son river basins form the southern boundary of the project basins. Most of the rivers originate within the basins and flow outwards to the nearby states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and beyond. The study basins spread over 30 districts of the state of Madhya Pradesh either completely or partly (See Figure 3.1). The sub sections below describe the project basins in the context of the state followed by detailed descriptions of individual basins. Annexure 13 presents an outline of the attached database in GIS format.

Figure 0-1: Location of the Study Sub Basins

Physiographic Zones

The State lies on the tableland of Central India bounded by the Upper Gangetic plains in the north and the Godavari valley in the south, the plains of Gujarat in the west and Chattisgarh and Jharkhand in the east. The State is traversed by the Vindhya, Satpura and Aravali hill ranges running roughly in an east west direction. Most of the State has an elevation of 305 to 610 m above MSL. Low-lying parts of the State are along the narrow Narmada valley in the central and southern parts. Based on the topography the state can be divided into the following regions.

• Malwa Plateau: It covers almost the entire western region of Madhya Pradesh, this plateau, formed by

the Deccan trap rocks, starts north of the Narmada and extends up to the Chambal River in the north. In the east it reaches Sagar, dividing the Ganga and Narmada valleys. The Vindhyas extend from Neemuch eastward to Sagar. The plateau is drained by the Chambal, Narmada and Betwa rivers and

ESA Final Report

Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project

��

covers 18 districts of the State. The northern parts of the plateau have almost no forest whereas the southern portion has thick teak forest cover.

• Central Plateau: It consists of the northern part of the state formed by the Vindhyan groups of rocks,with the Deccan trap in the south and Bundelkhand genesis rocks in the east. The region resents an amalgam of lowland and upland topography. The area is marked by the deep ravines of the Chambal, Kalisindh and Parwati rivers. The plateau is 200-300m high but close to the Yamuna river and on the northern side, the average height is less than 150m.

• Bundelkhand Plateau: This plateau lies to the east of the Central India Plateau and is bounded on the north - east by the Rewa – Panna plateau. The area consists of granite rocks of the Archean era. Generally the plateau is flat with marginal slopes and the general topography is smooth and undulating. One third of the northern plain area is monotonously flat and stands in strong contrast with the Vindhya tableland, which rises, in three well -marked escarpments roughly delineated by 300, 375 and 450 meter contours. It is drained by the Betwa, Dhasan, Ken and Sindh rivers.

• The plateau of Rewa and Panna: This is also known as the Vindhyan plateau and lies to the north-east of the Bundelkhand plateau. The maximum height of the plateau is 750m. The Bhander hills of the Vindhya shale group and the Kymore ranges have a number of waterfalls with heights upto 450m. The area is drained by the Ken, Sonar, Berma and Tons rivers. The region has thick forests with a bundance of bamboo and is rich in mineral resources. Panna in fact is the only diamond-producing district in the country.

• The Narmada-Sone river valley: This is the largest valley in the State, extending from the north-east to west with an average height of 300m. It is bounded by the Vindhya, Bhander and Kaimur hills in the north of the valley, the Satpura, and Maikal hills in the south and the Baghelkhand highlands in the east. The valley is narrow, and the trap falls in the Narmada river do not allow much navigation. It is drained by the Narmada and Sone rivers. The Narmada valley contains limestone, fire clay, manganese and marble, while the Sone valley has limestone and coal mines.

• The Satpura and Maikal region: This region south of the Narmada valley has an average height of 300m. The Satpura slope is sharp in the south face, but gentle on the north side. The region is drained by the Tawa, Johila, Denwa, Banganga and Vardhan rivers. The area abounds in dense teak and mixed forests and is rich in mineral resources viz., limestone, fire clay, dolomite and copper.

The five study basins fall under the Malwa, Vindhya, Bundelkhand and Kymore & Satpura Plateau areas.

• Climate Climate has a great affect on the management use and statues of natural resources in MP. The state receives a typical tropical monsoon with 90% of the rainfall received between June to September. The northern and Western parts of the state receive less than 1000mm whereas the central and eastern parts receive more than 1000m rainfall. During summer the Mean daily maximum temperature rise upto 400 c whereas during winters the Mean Daily Minimum temperatures come down to 100c. The temperatures are moderate in the five basins though in the summer month of May temperature touch 42-430 C. The temperature in winter months rarely goes below 50C. The average annual rainfall in the study basins varies from 750mm to 1000mm. In addition to seasonality of hydrological events, the state also suffers from climate extremes like Droughts, Floods and Hailstorms. Figure 3.2 presents the climatic features of the state.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-2: Climatic Data and Topographic Zones

Topographical features of a basin dictate the type of surface water irrigation schemes that can be developed in the region. It is also seen that distribution of rainfall and thus availability of water is skewed both spatially and temporally in the state. Thus planning for integrated water use in various basins has to factor in the characteristic topographical and climatological features for successful realisation of the planning goals.

• Land Use Land has remained as an important factor for economic activities in this principally agrarian state. With the rising population increasing pressures are being felt on the finite land resources of the state to meet the demands of food and fodder. Increasing productivity and cropping intensity has its adverse effects on land quality as well. Madhya Pradesh has above 50% cropped area but most of this falls in the category of un-irrigated crop area dependent principally on rain. Figure 0-3 shows the broad land use / land cover classification wherein cropland is shown as a sum of both irrigated and un-irrigated cropland. The state has less than aquarter of area under the forest cover. Much of the forestland shown in the map constitutes degraded forests. The detailed land use / land cover classification to the second order has been discussed under the sections of individual basins.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-3 Broad Land use / Land cover classification map of Madhya Pradesh

Figure 0-4: Land Use / Land Cover Classification for the Study Basins

The total area of the five study basins as per the land use / land cover classification map is 15,445,147 hectares. The Land use / Land cover classification of the study sub basins shows that more than fifty percent of the land cover is under Un irrigated crop land (approximately 57%). A quarter of the basin area is under the forest cover classified as reserved and protected

ESA Final Report


��

forests. The forest cover in the five basins is mainly distributed in Ken, Chambal and Sindh Basins as shown in Figure 0-5.3

Many of the irrigation schemes have forest cover in their catchment. Thus it is imperative that the existing forest cover be protected as areas for groundwater recharge so that perenniality of streams are enhanced. Forest areas of MP are also home to a wide variety of wild life. The Central Government has declared several wildlife sanctuaries in and around these forests.

Figure 0-5:Distribution of Wild life Sanctuaries in Project Basins

The land use distribution reflects an uneven distribution of agricultural and forest cover in the various basins. This has implications in terms availability of natural recharge areas and consequently availability of water in the basin with respect to agricultural intensity. The interdependence of these and other sub sector water users has to be adequately appreciated to plan future allocation and distribution of water among them.

• Soil

The soil in the state can be broadly classified into four categories based on the parent material i.e. Alluvial, Basalt, Granite and Laterite Soils. The distribution of soil characteristics is shown in Figure 0-6. The districts falling under the Bundelkhand region to the east have mixed red and black soil types. The western region, Malwa Plateau represents medium black soil type. The northern parts of the state in and around Gwalior represent alluvial soil type. The districts of Sidhi, Datia, Guna, Ratlam and Jhabua have mixed soil types.

The soil data for the state has been collated in GIS Database with data on detailed parameters like soil depth, sand: silt: clay content, physical class/division etc.

3 After the reorganization of the state substantial forest cover has gone to the State of Chhattisgarh.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-6: Soil Classification Map of the State of Madhya Pradesh

The above paragraphs show that there is a wide variation of soil types within the study basins. Irrigation and agricultural intensification has to be planned in keeping with the soil characteristics of the various regions. It needs to be ensured that the proposed project interventions do not lead to additional soil structure deterioration. Efforts to improve soil productivity should also form a part of the proposed project in order to maximise benefits from improved irrigation delivery.

• Water Resources

Water resources of the state are primarily utilised in the agriculture sector (90% of the state entire managed water resources). Other major uses consist of rural and urban water supply and sanitation, Industrial, Tourism and Fisheries.

Surface water: Most of the rivers in MP are seasonal and receive maximum water flow during monsoon season as shown in Figure 0-7. The non-monsoon flow in some of the rivers is due to flow from ground water. Further, due to varied topographic and climatic conditions as mentioned earlier the water availability is non-uniform either spatially or temporally. The water area of village ponds has increased by 20% during the last two decades (SoE, EPCO). Mandsaur has the maximum water area followed by Gwalior, Jabalpur and Bhopal mainly contributed by the large lakes in these areas. The tribal districts and most of the districts in western, northern and central regions have poor surface water storages.

Ground water: Scarce surface water resources lead to greater pressure on the ground water resources and the Chambal basin in western part of the state has several dark and grey blocks signifying over abstraction of groundwater (See Figure 0-8).

ESA Final Report


��

Ground water is an important source of irrigation in addition to the most of the rural water supply schemes. The potential of ground water in different regions vary as shown in Figure 0-9. The data has been collated into the GIS database for future reference by the WRD department and updating. The map is an interpretation by the WRD, of the geological formations and particular hydro geological conditions, which control the ground water regime.

Figure 0-7: Major Rivers in the Study Basins

Figure 0-8 Ground Water Status Madhya Pradesh

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-9: Ground Water Potential of the State

The above sections show that water availability mainly during dry season and low rainfall years is scarce. Thus it is imperative that all possible efforts should be undertaken to conserve water (surface and ground) through retention structures and introduction of low water consumption practices in agriculture, industry, urban, and other sectors.

• Agriculture

Agriculture (including forestry) is a major contributor to the state Domestic Product (35%)and provides employment to almost 80% of the State work force. Approximately only one fourth of the total net sown area of the State has irrigation facilities. Even under irrigation typical yields are sub-optimal for several key crops. For instance wheat, which occupies almost 60% of the total irrigation area has an average yield around 35% below the national average. Similarly, rice yields are about 25% less than national averages. Madhya Pradesh ranks third in the food grain production after UP and Punjab. In Malwa region nitrogen fixing soyabean crop is taken in combination with wheat. In addition, paddy crops are being raised in combination. The crop zones for the study basins are shown in Figure 0-10. The state has registered an increase in share of crop production in last two decades for wheat, miaze and gram while the share of jowar, barley and tur have declined due to the diversion to other crops yielding more benefits to the farmers. The state is a major contributor to the oil seed \sector mainly due to soyabean.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-10 Crop Zones in the Study Basins

Figure 0-11 Soil Fertility status – Madhya Pradesh

The changing cropping pattern and increased crop production is contributed by increased fertilizer use. Over the last two decades, the fertilizer consumption has also seen an increased

ESA Final Report


��

usage from almost negligible use of fertilizers to 35 Kg/ha approximately. This is still way below the national average of 70 Kg/ha approximately (SoE, EPCO) as per the 1995-96 statistics. The fertilizer consumption in most of the districts except Indore and Mandsaur are below the national average particularly in the tribal districts. This may also be attributed to the low level of irrigation facilities in most of the districts in the state. The soil fertility status of the state is shown in Figure 0-11. The fertilizer consumption has declined after 1990-91 due to reduction in subsidy despite expansion in area under irrigation. Consequently, the production has also declined in the state after 1990-91. This indicates that after the removal of subsidy farmers could no longer carry on the application in lack of adequate returns. The poor agricultural productivity of the state points out to the inefficient delivery of irrigation systems. It is essential to provide the right kind of impetus to the Water User Associations established under the PIM Act, to ensure equitable water distribution and prevent undue losses. The currently low usage of organic fertilizers and pesticides should be considered as a potential for promoting organic farming practices and pesticides their by increasing productivity through environmentally sustainable means.

• Urbanization and Industrialization Water Demand for drinking water supply, sanitation and industrial use is directly linked to the growth of population and economic development of the region. The population of MP is approx 60Million in 2001 recording a decadal growth of approx. 24% from approx 49Million in 1991 (See Figure 0-12). The corresponding growth rate is the pervious decade (1981-1991) was approx 27%. Presently a quarter of the total population lives in urban areas.

Figure 0-12: Decadal Growth Rates – Study Basins

As per the census 2001, in only two urban agglomerations come under the category of metropolis having population more than 10 lakhs in the project basins, Bhopal and Indore. The details of towns and urban agglomerations as per census of India 1991 are shown in Figure 0-13 and the absolute figures have been presented in Annexure 10.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-13 Towns and urban agglomerations in the State The source of water supply for most of the towns in the study basins is ground water and at places supplemented by other sources of surface water. The increasing pressure on the ground water resource needs to be planned for sustainable use and avoiding conflicts among various demand sectors. Figure 0-14 shows the distribution of water supply sources in study basins towns reflecting a high level of dependence on the ground water sources. The fast pace of urbanization that MP is witnessing will lead to manifold increase of water requirement in future. With the rapid urbanization and industrialisation environmental degradation sets in. The demand for energy, fuel, food etc leads to accelerated exploitation of resources in the neighbouring areas. Further cities and industries generate large quantities of wastewater thereby increasing the pollution load in river stretches. Most of the rivers in the five-study basins flow with Category C4 quality water, which further worsens immediately down stream of industrial pockets (See Figure 0-15).

4 Categorisation of Central Pollution Control Board: Category C is fit for drinking after conventional treatment followed by disinfection.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-14 Source of Water Supply for Towns in Study Basins

Figure 0-15 Best use classification of major Streams and Status of ETP in Water Polluting Industries.

The above paragraphs show that urban and industrial development within the study basins too is highly skewed. Ever increasing demand for good quality water in such areas should provide the timely impetus to the basin planning authority to take up water conservation measures in these regions to avoid long distance water transfer that have significant environmental and social implications.

ESA Final Report


��

• Tribal Population Distribution

Tribal communities represent a vulnerable section of the community who are prone to exploitation and marginalization in the process of development, due to low levels of literacy and awareness. The tribal populations have been living in forest for thousands of years. They are intimately dependent on the forest for almost all-human activities. The concentrations of tribal population in various blocks varies considerably with most of the tribal area being concentrated along the southern belt of the state comprising of Narmada and Sone basins, as shown in Figure 0-16 and Figure 0-17.

The above figures show that majority of the blocks in the five study basins have population of ST less than 15% of the total population. As per the government classification of tribal pockets ITDP 5 and Cluster6 areas are present only in few districts of the basin. Many blocks of the Betwa, Ken and Tons have MADA7 areas within them. PTG’s8 have been identified in the districts of Guna, Datia, Gwalior, Shivpuri, and Morena as shown in Figure 0-18.

Figure 0-16 Block wise ST population in the State

5 Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) are generally contiguous areas of the size of a Tehsil or a Block or more in which the ST population is 50% or more in total.

6 Clusters are identified pockets of concentration containing 50% or more ST population within a total population of minimum 5,000

7 Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) are pockets of concentration of ST population containing 50% or more ST population within total population of minimum of 10,000 persons whereas CLUSTER is defined with a minimum population of 5,000 persons or above

8 PTG: Tribal communities among ST population who live in near isolation in inaccessible habitats. Characterised by low growth rate, pre agricultural level of technology and extremely low levels of literacy.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-17 ST Population Concentrations to Total Population in Different Blocks

Figure 0-18: Tribal Population Programs under implementation in the State

The areas (generally forest) where the tribal communities live do not have large flat fields. Because of peculiar topography, development of large irrigation projects is not possible though there is a good potential for minor irrigation schemes and village ponds, which should be capitalised under the current project.

ESA Final Report


��

The present regime of forest laws and the forest management policy allows conversion of forest land into waste in the non-tribal areas but does not permit diversion of small forest patches for increasing the productivity of the agricultural production system in the tribal areas. In the long run, conservation of forests requires economic development of the tribal communities reducing their direct economic dependence on forests. The distribution of the SC population is more in the northern districts of the state then the southern regions as is the case with the ST population distribution as shown in

A number of irrigation projects were launched over the years to increase the irrigation potential. Tikamgarh, Morena and Indore districts in the study area have the highest percentage of net sown area followed by Sehore, Mandsaur, Datia and Gwalior districts in the study basins. The Tribal belts have low level of development of irrigation facilities in the study basins as compared to the other non-tribal areas.

ESA Final Report


��

There are 10 major, 50 medium and 1550 minor existing irrigation schemes in the study basins. Being an agricultural based economy, lack of proper irrigation facilities and other related infrastructure has led to high incidence of poverty in the districts. Chhattarpur, Shajapur, Tikamgarh, Rajgarh, Raisen, Rewa, Sagar, Damoh and Vidisha districts under the study basins are covered under the DPIP [District Poverty Imitative Project] programs in Madhya Pradesh.

BBBAAASSSIIINNN DDDEEETTTAAAIIILLLSSS

Salient features of the 5 project basins have been dealt with in detail in the subsequent sections. A comparative table summarising the key environmental and social baseline status of these basins are given in Table 0.1.

Table 0.1 Salient Features of Study Basins

Basin Characteristics

Chambal Basin Sindh Basin Betwa Basin Ken Basin Tons Basin

Area (sq km) approx. 57,000 27,000 25,000 22,000 12,000

Principal Districts Covered

Bhind, Bhopal, Dewas, Dhar, Guna, Indore, Mandsaur, Morena, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Sehore, Shajapur, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Ujjain and Vidisha.

Bhind, Datia, Guna, Gwalior, Morena, Sheopur, Shivpuri and Vidisha.

Bhopal, Chhatarpur, Datia, Guna, Raisen, Sagar, Sehore, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh, and Vidisha.

Chhattarpur, Damoh, Katni, Panna, Raisen, Sagar and Satna.

Katni, Panna, Rewa, Satna and Sidhi.

Approximate Population (millions)

17.9 8.5 7.0 4.5 1.5

Approximate ST population

479137 142524 254011 349350 329110

Major Agro climate Zone

Malwa Plateau Vindhya Plateau Vindhya Plateau Vindhyan Plateau Kymore and Satpura Hills

Average Annual Rainfall (mm)

700 in the west –1000 in the east, Erratic in nature

800-1100 1100 1051 829 and 1173

Soil type

Predominantly Medium and Deep Black, Alluvial in the north

Alluvial Medium and deep black

Medium and Deep Black or Medium Red

Medium Red and Black

Soil Quality (N/P/K) Low / Medium / High

Low, Medium, High

Low, medium and high

Low, medium and medium

Low, medium and medium

ESA Final Report


��

Basin Characteristics

Chambal Basin Sindh Basin Betwa Basin Ken Basin Tons Basin

Water Quality

High Fluoride in scattered locations within Ujjain district, Khan river has E category

Most of the rivers fall under “c9”class

Most of the rivers fall under “c” class



Major Crops Cotton, Wheat and Jowar

Wheat and Jowar Wheat Wheat and Rice Wheat and Rice

Average Fertilizer Consumption (kg/ha)

93 to 448 55.31 44.46 30.15 32.2

Average % of workers in Agriculture Sector

73.88 71.6 65.86 75.3 73.7

Average land holding size (Ha)

3.5 1.9 to 3.4 1.9 to 9.1 2.6 2.3

Average Human iiDevelopment Index

0.38 0.36 0.37 0.296 0.217

CCCHHHAAAMMMBBBAAALLL BBBAAASSSIIINNN

Physical Environment

The basin for its major part falls both in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The thin northern strip of the basin falls in flat alluvial lands bordering Uttar Pradesh (Refer Figure 0-19) and consists of irrigated croplands. The remaining part of the basin falls under un-irrigated croplands of western MP.

The Chambal Sub Basin has 20% of its geographical area under the forest cover i.e. Reserved Forest and Protected Forest, in the stretch adjoining the Sindh river basin in the east. The land use distribution of the Basin is presented in Table 0.2 and a detailed land use map Figure 0-19.

Table 0.2: Land Use / Land cover Classification Map of Chambal Sub Basin

Sr No Land Use/Land Cover Category Area in Hectares 1 Bad Land 49065 2 Grazing Land, Scrub 514614 3 Irrigated Crop Land 193547 4 Non Agri Land, City 14678 5 Protected Forest 405062 6 Reserved Forest 595114 7 River 20782

9 “C” Class for water quality stands for Drinking with conventional treatment followed by disinfections.

“D” Class for water quality stands for propagation of wildlife and fisheries

ESA Final Report


��

Sr No Land Use/Land Cover Category Area in Hectares 8 Rocky Land 30997 9 Un classed Forest 129985

10 Un irrigated Crop Land 3802260 11 Unproductive Land, Sandy 1.689 12 Water Body, Lakes, Reservoir 55739

Total Area of the Chambal Basin 5811844.689

Soil The Basin falls under the Malwa plateau as per the physical soil classification. The texture of the soil is clay loam with clay:sand:silt ratio as 50:30:20 respectively. The soils are generally deep (50-100 cms) having fine clay falling under the Bundelkhand group of Madhya Pradesh. The soil fertility status with respect to Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potash (K) is low, medium and high respectively. Consequently, the average fertilizer consumption is high and ranges between approximately 448– 93 kg/Ha. Cotton, Wheat and Jowar are the major crops in the basin.

Figure 0-19: Land use / Land cover classification Map of Chambal Sub-Basin

Ground water Chambal Basin is generally suitable for open dug-wells (shallow tube wells at few sites are feasible). Certain parcels spread in the basin are also suitable for development of ground water through tube wells wherein prior selection of the sites is necessary leaving aside the forest and hilly patches as illustrated in Figure 0-9

ESA Final Report


��

Water Qualityiii:Ujjain is reported to have high fluoride content in water, but these are restricted to few drinking water sources as identified by the PHED. Such sources are quarantined by the department and barred.

Irrigationiv:Except for Morena district less than 20% of the gross irrigated area is irrigated by tube wells and less than 30% by canals. The net irrigated area is less than half the net sown area in the Basin.

Agriculturev:Chambal Basin lies mainly in the Malwa Plateau Agro-Climatic Zone with the northern most part of the sub basin under the grid (alluvial) region as per the Agro climatic zoning. The rainfall varies between 800 and 1000 mm except for Morena where the average rainfall is 700mm. The number of rainy days varies between 24-54 days/year. The rainfall in the region is erratic and thus most of the districts in the region have reported problems of both excess rain and drought.

The average land holding size in the region is 3.5 Ha. whereas in the districts of Ujjain, Dewas and Sehore landholdings are higher than the average value in the basinvi. The districts of Morena and Sheopur in the alluvial region form an endemic area where the mustard crop is prone to attack by aphidsvii. Consumption of Chemical pesticides has been declining over the years 2606 MT in 1991 to 5654 MT in 2001as per the Directorate of Agriculture MP Government. This can be used as an opportunity to propagate the use of organic pesticides in agriculture intensification through the project.

Demographyviii:Chambal basin comprises of 10864 census villages (703 uninhabited villages) spread over 64 tehsil headquarters in seventeen districts as mentioned in Table 0.1 The approximate total population of the Sub Basin is 17.9 million persons. The average sex ratio for the basin districts is 918 females per 1000 males and recorded poor literacy levels among women in particular as per the Census of India 1991. The population density shows a wide variation and ranges between 85 ppsqkm in Sheopur and Sehore and 663 ppsqkm in Indore but the average decadal growth rate recorded is 26.7 which is close to the state average of 24% decadal growth rate. The average ST population in the basin is 1.5 lakhs but Dhar in the western part of the state has considerable ST population (7.31 lakhs). See Figure 0-20 and Table 0.3.

Table 0.3: SC/ST population in the Chambal Sub Basin

Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Male 781666 248433 Female 716197 230704 Total 1497863 479137

Except for Indore District, which has avery high level of urbanization, all the other districts are less urbanized. Percentage of urban population varies between 15.8% and 38.7%.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-20: Percentage ST population to total population Block wise in Chambal Basin

Occupation Profileix:In all the districts 32.8% of the total population is in the main workers category. The average % of workers in the agriculture sector in this basin is 73.88, except for Indore where only 31.7% of workers are involved in the agriculture sector. The bordering blocks of the state with Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have higher percentage of Agricultural cultivators as compared to agricultural labourers indicating better access to agricultural lands. Higher percentage of agricultural labourers is observed in blocks where concentration of urban areas is also high. (Refer Figure 0-20 and Figure 0-21)

Figure 0-21: Percentage Agricultural Work Force Distribution to total population in Chambal Basin – Block wise

ESA Final Report


��

Infrastructurex:

The level of infrastructure facility in the Basin is low. Only 24.9% of the households in rural and urban combined have access to safe drinking water. However, the rural areas in most of the districts do not have access to safe drinking water.

In the Basin health facilities in the form of District and Civil Hospitals are established for every 5,00,000 population.

Development Profilexi:The human development index (HDI) shows a varying profile of the districts in the Basin. The average HDI is 0.378 with a lowest recorded for Rajgarh (0.179) and Ujjain and Mandsaur having HDI more than an average (0.405). The average GDI (gender development index) for the Basin is 0.571. The GDI value (0.473) for only Guna District falls short of the average. The average rural poverty ratio of the Basin is 56.6%. Shajapur and Dhar have more than 70% of the rural population as poor. Morena, Sehore and Guna are districts with lesser rural poverty ratio (less than 40%).

SSSIIINNNDDDHHH BBBAAASSSIIINNN

Physical Environment

The basin spreads over an area of approximately 27,000 sq km. The districts of Bhind, Gwalior and Datia are entirely in the basin whereas 60% of the area of Shivpuri and nearly 30% of the area of Guna district lie in the basin. The land use / land cover categories for the basin are given in Table 0.4.

Table 0.4 Land use / Land cover classification – Sindh Basin

Sr No Land Use/Land Cover Category Area in Hectares 1 Bad Land 184664

Grazing Land, Grass 17918 2 Grazing Land, Scrub 67723 3 Irrigated Crop Land 506859 4 Non Agri Land, City 2852 5 Protected Forest 228522 6 Reserved Forest 401932 7 River 18326 8 Rocky Land 5810 9 Un classed Forest 1223

10 Un irrigated Crop Land 1176496 11 Unproductive Land, Sandy 608 12 Water Body, Lakes, Reservoir 6495

Total Area of the Sindh Basin 2619428

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-22 Land use / Land cover classification – Sindh Basin

Soil Characteristics: Forty percent of the basin area falls under the plains whereas the rest area falls under the peninsular plateau and plateau class as per the physical classification of soil. The soil depth is very deep (>100 cms), fine sand and fine clay in plains. The ratio of clay: sand: silt is 30:10:60 in plains. These form part of the Ganges plains and Bharmputra river flood plains. The soil fertility with respect to N, P, K is Low, Medium, High respectively. The average fertilizer consumption is 55.31 kg/ha. Gwalior, Morena and Bhind have fertilizer consumption higher than the basin average whereas Guna and Shivpuri have lower consumption.

Ground Water Potential: The northern parts of the basin touching the state border are suitable for the development of ground water mainly through tube wells with prior selection of the sites. Majority of the Basin area is generally suitable for open dug-wells (shallow tube wells at limited sites feasible).

Irrigation: The canal network is highly developed in the Alluvial region compared to the other basins 40-60% of the gross irrigated area in the Alluvial region is covered by canal network except for the Bundelkhand and Vindhya plateau regions. Less than 30% of the gross irrigated area is covered by irrigation through tube wells.

Agriculture: The Sindh basin lies in the alluvial region except for Guna, which lies in the Vindhya Plateau and Datia in the Bundelkhand region. The soil is mainly alluvial except for the Vindhya Plateau, which has medium and deep black soil.

ESA Final Report


��

Wheat and jowar are the main crops in the basin. The average landholding size does not show variation in these districts and ranges between 1.9 and 3.4 Ha. Here too in districts of the Alluvial region the mustard crop is prone to attack by aphids.

Demography:

Sindh Basin comprises of 4282 census villages (341 uninhabited villages) spread over 34 tehsil headquarters in eight districts i.e. Bhind, Datia, Guna, Gwalior, Morena, Sheopur, Shivpuri and Vidisha. The 4282 census villages have 507832 households, 3522538 persons wherein the SC/ST population comprises of 27% approximately (See Table 0.5).

Table 0.5 ST/SC population in Sindh Basin

Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe

Male 292737 179540

Female 256145 169810

Total 548882 349350

The average population density in the basin is 214 ppsqkm. Sheopur is sparsely populated and has a population density of 85 ppsqkm whereas Gwalior has a population density of 357 ppsqkm. The average decadal growth rate is 25.2 marginally higher than the state average though the growth rate experienced in all the districts except for Bhind is higher than the state average. The average urbanization in the basin is 19% lower than the state average of 24.3%.

Occupation Profile: In all the districts 30.2% of the total population is in the main workers category. The average % of workers in the agriculture sector in this basin is 71.6. However, in Gwalior only 40.3 % of the workers are involved in the agri-sector.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-23 Percentage Agricultural Work Force to Total Population – Sindh Basin, Block wise

Infrastructure: The level of infrastructure facility in the Basin is still worse. Only 18.7 % of the households in rural and urban combined have access to safe drinking water. However, the most of the household in the rural areas do not have access to safe drinking water. The District and Civil hospitals in the districts, which comprise this basin, serve a population of approximately 8,50,000.

Development Profile: The human development index (HDI) for the districts in the basin varies between 0.291(Guna) and 0.497(Gwalior). The average HDI is 0.359 with a lowest recorded for Guna (0.251). Bhind and Gwalior are comparatively developed districts in the basin. The average GDI (gender development index) for the Basin is 0.496. Except for Gwalior and Datia all the other districts in the basin have GDI below 0.5. The average rural poverty ratio of the Basin is 39.1%. Almost 50% of the rural population in Datia is affected by poverty.

BBBEEETTTWWWAAA BBBAAASSSIIINNN

Physical environment Almost the entire district of Vidisha, Tikamgarh and Bhopal lies in the basin. Additionally, a quarter of the Sagar, Chattarpur and Guna are a part of the Betwa basin. Nearly 10% of Shivpuri is covered in the basin. The basin spreads over and area of approximately 25,000sq km within the state and is the third largest among the five basins. The landuse breakup of the basin is presented in Table 0.6.

ESA Final Report


��

Table 0.6 Land use / Land cover classification – Betwa Basin

Sr No Land Use/Land Cover Category Area in Hectares 1 Grazing land, grass 83861 2 Grazing Land, Scrub 253481 3 Irrigated Crop Land 10311 4 Mines 2541 5 Non Agri Land, City 11779 6 Protected Forest 271506 7 Reserved Forest 424930 8 River 19558 9 Rocky Land 11750

10 Saline 5557 11 Un classed Forest 45666 12 Un irrigated Crop Land 1906323 13 Unproductive Land, Sandy 1282 14 Water body, Lake, reservoirs 5778

Total Area of the Betwa Basin 3054323

Figure 0-24 Land use / land cover classification map of Betwa Basin

Climate: The Betwa basin has a high average rainfall of 1169mm. Tikamgarh in the Bundelkhand region experiences rainfall lesser than the average in the basin (952.9mm). There is a considerable variation in the number of rainy days in a year, varying between 34-52 days/year.

Soil The basin lies in the in the Vindhya Plateau Agro-Climatic Zone except for Tikamgarh which is a part of the Bundelkhand region. The Soil in the basin is dominated by Medium and deep black soils except for Tikamgarh, which has Medium Red and Black Soil. The Plateau soils are generally deep (50-100 cms). The clay:sand:silt content is in the ratio of 50:30:20 respectively in Bundelkhand of Madhya Pradesh.

ESA Final Report


��

The soil fertility status with respect to N, P, K is low, medium and high respectively. Consequently, the average fertilizer consumption is low compared to other basin at 44.46 kg/Ha. However, Bhopal has the highest fertilizer consumption 63.85 kg/Ha in the basin.

Ground Water Potential The Basin is generally suitable for open dug-wells (shallow tube wells at limited sites feasible) as illustrated in the map below. The southern parts of the basin are found unsuitable for ground water exploitation as per the surveys conducted by Irrigation Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh. Only small-localized pockets may be suitable for limited ground water resource. Around 10% of the area is under forest cover and hilly topography.

Water Quality:

High fluoride content has been reported in some pockets Bhopal district in the basin. The PHED responsible for provision of drinking water in the rural areas, on identification of such sources in their laboratory bar such hand pumps from being utilised as drinking water sources. The costs of treatment of such water sources are very exorbitant.

Irrigation:

In Vidisha and Raisen districts irrigation by canal network is 20-40% of the gross irrigated but less than 20% in Guna and Tikamgarh districts. Gross irrigated area by tube wells is less than 30% in the entire basin.

Agriculture

The average land holding size in the basin is quite varied and ranges between 1.9ha in Tikamgarh and 9.1 in Raisen district

Wheat is the major crop in the basin. The pulses crop in the Vindhya region is prone to attack by gram caterpillar, whereas the Soya bean crop in Raisen, Bhopal and Tikamgarh are prone to attack by Gridle Beetle and Semi Looper.

Demography:

The approximate total population of the Basin is 70 lakhs. The average sex ratio of all districts in the basin is 884 considerably lower than the state figure of 920. The population density shows a wide variation and ranges between 132 in Raisen and 663 in Bhopal The average decadal growth rate recorded is 28.78 whereas the state average is 24.3. The average ST population in the basin is 0.87 lakhs. Guna, in the Vindhya Plateau region, has a ST population of 1.57 lakhs (See Figure 0-25.

The basin is moderately urbanized only 19.4% of the population is urbanized. Betwa basin comprises of 5932 census villages (486 uninhabited villages) spread over 37 tehsil headquarters in 10 districts i.e. Bhopal, Chhatarpur, Datia, Guna, Raisen, Sagar, Sehore, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh, and Vidisha. The 5932 villages comprise of 551420 households and 3483915 persons wherein the SC/ST population is 29% approximately.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-25 Percentage ST population – Betwa Basin

Table 0.7 SC/ST population – Betwa Basin


Male 413013 131638

Female 355473 122373

Total 768486 254011

Occupation Profile:

In all the districts 27.9% of the total population is in the main workers category. 65.86% of the workers are involved in the agricultural sector. In Tikamgarh a very high % of workers are involved in the Agriculture sector (81.5%).

Infrastructure:

The level of infrastructure facility in the Basin is low. Only 24.5% of the households in rural and urban combined have access to safe drinking water. However, this % is very low for Tikamgarh i.e. 4.9%.

In the Basin health facilities in the form of District and Civil Hospitals are established for every 7,98,000 of the population.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-26 Agricultural work Force (%age) – Betwa Basin

Development Profile:

The human development index (HDI) shows a varying profile of the districts in the Basin. It varies from 0.156 in Tikamgarh the lowest in the state to 0.609 in Bhopal. The average HDI in the basin is 0.37.However other than Guna the other two districts in the basin has HDI higher than the district average.

The average GDI (gender development index) for the Basin is 0.532. The GDI value is more evenly dispersed with respect to the average.

The average rural poverty ratio of the Basin is 48.58%. Tikamgarh is the most poverty stricken districts, more than 55% of the rural population as poor.

KKKEEENNN BBBAAASSSIIINNN

Physical Environment:

Almost the entire districts of Chattarpur, Panna and Damoh lie in the basin. Additionally, half of the area of Sagar district forms a part of the Ken basin. The basin spreads over an area of approximately 22,000 sq km within the state.

Climate:

The Betwa basin has a high average annual rainfall of 1051mm. Except Damoh the other two districts receive rainfall more than the basin average. There is a considerable variation in the number of rainy day in a year that varies between 36 -51 days/year.

ESA Final Report


��

The basin experiences sporadic and thus experiences both excess and scarcity of both. Droughts and Floods both have been reported in these districts.

Soil Characteristics

The basin falls under the plateau as per the physical classification of soil. The soil is coarse sandy clay texture having clay:sand:silt ration as 30:10:60. The soil depth varies from moderate shallow to deep (50-100 cms), clayey soils. The area is classified under the Narmada Basin. The parent material of soil is residual soils and alluvium. The soils are shallow red and black soils along river coarse in central India.

The soil fertility status with respect to N, P, K is low, medium and medium respectively. Consequently, the average fertilizer consumption is low compared to other basin at 30.15 kg/Ha.

Water Quality:

No alarming water quality deterioration has been reported in the region.

Irrigation:

Except for Panna district area irrigated by canals is mostly less than 20%. In Panna, which forms a major part of the basin, the irrigated area by canal is between 20-40%. Even though the irrigation canal network in Panna is developed the net irrigated area in the basin is only a third of the net sown area.

Agriculture:

The basin is mainly in the Vindhya Plateau region though a third lies in the Bundelkhand region. The Soil in the basin is Medium and Deep Black or Medium Red, and Black Soil.

The average land holding size in the basin is 2.6 Ha and is almost evenly distributed. Wheat is the major crop in the basin, however rice is grown in the Kymore Plateau and Satpura Hills.

Demography: The approximate total population of the Basin is 45 lakhs. The average sex ratio of all districts in the basin is 885 considerably lower than the state figure of 920. The average population density in the basin is 171.6 and varies between 148 (Damoh) and 197 (Sagar). The average decadal growth rate recorded is 23.5 lower than the state average. The ST population in the basin is 2.93 lakhs. Tribal population in Dahoh and Sagar constitute almost 80% of the total St Population in the basin (See Table 0.8). Ken Basin comprises of 4455 census villages (517 uninhabited villages) spread over 29 tehsil headquarters in 7 districts i.e. Chhattarpur, Damoh, Katni, Panna, Raisen, Sagar and Satna.

Table 0.8 SC/ST population Ken Basin


Male 292737 179540

Female 256145 169810

Total 548882 349350

ESA Final Report


��

The 4455 census villages have 465332 households & 2635485 persons wherein the SC/ST population comprises of 34% approximately. Only 23.36% of the total population is urbanized.

Occupation Profile:

In the three districts 31.4% of the total population is in the main workers category. 61.7% of the workers are involved in the agricultural sector. Agriculture is the main occupation in Chattarpur where 75.3% of the workers are involved in the Agri-sector.

Figure 0-27 Percentage ST population – Ken Basin

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-28 Agri Work Force to Main workers – Ken Basin

Infrastructure: The level of infrastructure facility in the Basin is very low. Only 12.8% of the households in rural and urban combined have access to safe drinking water. However, only 1.9% of the rural population in Chattarpur has access to safe drinking water. In the Basin health facilities in the form of District and Civil Hospitals are established for every 8.6 lakhs of the population.

Development Profile: The average human development index (HDI) in the basin is 0.296. It varies from 0.379 in Damoh the highest to 0.216 in Chattarpur. The average GDI (gender development index) for the Basin is 0.553. The GDI value is more evenly dispersed with respect to the average. The average rural poverty ratio of the Basin is 53.1%. Sagar and Damoh have a very high incidence of poverty, 78.5% and 51% respectively.

TTTOOONNNSSS BBBAAASSSIIINNN

Physical Environment The smallest of the five study basins and covers an area of approximately 12,000 sq km in Madhya Pradesh. Rewa district is almost entirely covered (98%) in the basin. 70% of Panna district is the next largest administrative unit in the basin. The Land use / Land cover in Tons Basin reveals that only small pockets of the basin are under the irrigated crop land which fall under the command area of medium projects whereas the existing minor irrigation projects under operation doesn’t have much impact. More than 90% of the basin area falls under the un-irrigated cropland (See Table 0.9 and Figure 0-29)

ESA Final Report


��

Table 0.9 Land use / Land cover Classification – Tons Basin

Sr No Land Use/Land Cover Category Area in Hectares

1 Grazing land, grass 1218

2 Grazing Land, Scrub 125991

3 Irrigated Crop Land 9620

4 Mines 265

5 Protected Forest 116425

6 Reserved Forest 129981

7 Saline 80646

8 Un classed Forest 658

9 Un irrigated Crop Land 773762

Total Area of the Tons Basin 1238566

Figure 0-29 Land use / Land cover map of Tons Basin

Soil Classification

The region falls under the peninsular plateau and plateau as per the physical classification of soil. The peninsular plateaus are sandy clay loam having ration of clay:sand:silt as 30:10:60. The depth varies from moderate deep to deep (50-100 cms) fine loamy soil. The soil class falls under the central peninsular India.

ESA Final Report


��

The soil fertility status with respect to N, P, K is low, medium and medium respectively. The average fertilizer consumption is 32.2 kg/Ha.

Ground Water Potential

Around 40% of the basin area is under the forest cover. Parts of the basin are suitable for development of ground water through the tube wells wherein prior selection of the sites is necessary as per the secondary information collated from the Irrigation Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh. The central parts of the basin are suitable for open dug wells wherein shallow tube wells at limited sites are feasible as shown in

Water Quality:

High Sulphur content has been reported in Rewa district within the basin.

Irrigation:

In the entire basin approximately 20-40% of the irrigated area is through canals and less than 30% of the area is irrigated by tube well. The net irrigated area (3,36,600 Ha) is almost a fifth of the net sown area (74,600 ha) in the basin.

Agriculture:

The basin entirely lies in the Kymore and Satpura Hills region. Medium Red and Black soil is the major soil type in the region.The rainfall varies between 829 and 1173 mm. The average number of rainy days in the basin is low only 37days/year.

Floods due to excess rainfall have often been the cause of concern in the districts of Satna and Rewa.

The average land holding size in the basin is 2.3 Ha and is evenly distributed in all districts.

Wheat and Rice are the major crops in the basin. Crops in the basin are not prone to attack by pests.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-30 Percentage ST Population in Tons Basin

Demography:

The approximate total population of the Basin is 15 lakhs. The average sex ratio of all districts in the basin is 922 comparable with the state average of 920. The population density in this basin is 213.4. The average decadal growth rate recorded is 26.5. The Total ST population in the basin is 916lakhs and more than 50% of the tribal live in Sidhi.

The districts are less urbanized consisting of only 16.98% of the entire district population. Tons Basin comprises of 4384 census villages (562 uninhabited villages) spread over 20 tehsil headquarters in five districts i.e. Katni, Panna, Rewa, Satna and Sidhi. The 4384 census villages have 383049 households and 2329105 persons wherein the SC/ST population comprises of 31% approximately (SeeTable: 0.10)

Table: 0.10 ST/SC population in Tons Basin


Male 203619 171152

Female 188226 157958

Total 391845 329110

One-third of the population are literates of which the female literacy levels are extremely low at 9% approximately in the basins whereas 23% of the male population are literates as per the 1991 census as depicted in chart below:

Occupation Profile:

In three districts only 29.4% of the total population is in the main workers category. 73.7% of the workers are involved in agriculture in the district.

Infrastructure: The level of infrastructure facility in the Basin is also pathetically poor. Only 7.3% of the households in rural and urban combined have access to safe drinking water. 3.95% of the population in rural areas in these districts has access to safe drinking water. On an average a District and Civil Hospital serves a population of 12,00,000 in the districts in the basin.

ESA Final Report


��

Figure 0-31 Agri Work Force to Main workers – Tons Basin

Development Profile: The human development index (HDI) for the districts in the basin varies between 0.256 (Sidhi) and 0.175 (Panna). The average HDI is 0.217. The average GDI (gender development index) for the Basin is 0.557 and is evenly distributed without variation among the districts The average rural poverty ratio of the basin is 57.7%. Almost more than 50% of the rural population in all these districts is below the poverty line.


The basin baseline status reveals several key characteristics and developments in the project basins that necessitate the management of water in an integrated and informed manner. Whereas it is imperative that water be utilised to its full potential to realise maximum productivity, addressal of environmental and social concerns point to rational approach in treading the path of development. Thus, the future lies in harnessing the existing water resources, low water usage technologies and reuse of water within or optimal use of water within and across sub sector water users in Basin context. A detailed assessment of the environmental and social baseline of 20 selected sub projects has been carried out as described in Chapters 4 & 5 and in Annexures 1 to 3. Whereas Chapter 4 describes the issues identified at site, Chapter 5 gives a summary of household surveys and consultations undertaken in these 20 sub projects. The afore-mentioned Annexures present Detail Maps, Salient features and Manpower availability respectively.


4. ESA of SELECTED SUB projects This project describes the Environmental Screening and Selection Model used for identification of 20 Sample Sub Projects for undertaking Detailed ESA. Summary findings from these surveys have been presented, parts of which have been drawn from the next Chapter on Stakeholder Consultations. It gives a brief description of the selected projects and issues related to Engineering, Environmental and Social issues.

SSSEEELLLEEECCCTTTIIIOOONNN OOOFFF SSSUUUBBB---PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTTSSS

Screening of Sub-Projects As per the ToR, 20 sample irrigation schemes were to be identified (1Major, 1Medium and 2Minors from each basin) for detailed assessment. The basin baseline information along with sub project engineering information were utilised to select these projects tentatively through two matrices, Screening Matrix for Sub-Projects10 (Refer Table 4.1) and Screening Matrix for Districts (Refer Table 4.2). The Screening process followed is as follows: Sub Project Screening: In order to select Major and Medium sub-projects, relevant information on engineering, environmental and social parameters of the major and medium projects (that were readily available) was sought. These parameters had been identified after consultations with the WRD and reconnaissance visits to the Samrat Ashok Sagar Major Scheme in the Betwa Basin. 28 such attributes were identified as shown below: 1 Project Type 15 Siltation of the Reservoir

2 Irrigation Potential Achieved 16 Land Degradation in the Catchments

3 Status of Canal System 17 Ground Water Depletion in the Command. Area

4 Canal Conveyance Losses 18 Quality of Ground Water in the Command Area

5 Water Delivery at Head End 19 Quality of Surface Water in the Command Area

6 Water Delivery at Tail End 20 Land Degradation / Water logging in Command Area

7 Use of Tube Well in Command Area 21 Water Delivery Practices / Polices

8 Use of Village Tanks in Comnd. Area 22 Irrigation Water Measurement

9 Use of Project facilities for Fisheries 23 Existence of Water User Associations

10 Use for Urban / Industrial Water Supply 24 Use of Computers

11 Use of Project facilities for Hydro Power 25 Adequacy of Finance for Maintenance

12 Presence of SC / ST Cultivators 26 Vehicle availability, Approach roads on canals,

13 Irrig. benefits to Small & Marginal farmers 27 Existence of NGOs in the Command Area

14 Use of canal water for Domestic purpose 28 Role of Women in WUAs / PRIs

These project parameters were then allocated a range of scores (between 1 to 4) depending on their health and tabulated. Higher the criticality of the attribute due to multiplicity of issues involved or degradation of the health of the parameter, higher the score ascribed. The scores of each sub project by all parameters were tabulated in a matrix. The final matrix revealed the distribution of maximum scores (shown in red in Table 4.1) for all sub-projects. Sub projects with high scores are substantially degraded and need rehabilitation as a priority. District Screening: In order to select projects representing the key environmental and social regions of the state, a District Screening Exercise was undertaken. Secondary information on environmental and social aspects as available during the screening stage of the project were tabulated for all the component districts of the state. Only districts having greater than 20%

10 A similar Screening approach has been followed for identification of intervention measures in pre-identified subprojects in the SEMF.

ESA Final Report


of their area in the basin have been considered in this assessment. The parameters considered are as follows:

1 Agroclimatic zones

2 Saline lands

3 Ground Water abstraction

4 Polluted Ground Water

5 Average Fertilizer Input (kg/ha)

6 Number of crops affected by pests

7 Human Development Index

8 Percentage of SC population

9 Percentage of ST population

Scores were assigned to the various parameters for each district, depending on the relative health of the various parameters. Greater the poor health of a parameter or degree of sensitivity, higher the score ascribed. A similar matrix as prepared for sub project screening was prepared consisting of the component districts and the parameters shown above. The distribution of high scores (shown in orange in Table 4.2) corresponding to each parameter and agro climatic zone brought out the key regional issues and the various agro climatic zones / districts to which these are concentrated.

SSSEEELLLEEECCCTTTIIIOOONNN PPPRRROOOCCCEEESSSSSS

The Screening Tables 4.1 and 4.2 brought out key sub project level and regional issues and a range of sub projects and districts where these issues may be encountered. Using these findings as a guide, an effort was made to identify common sub projects that had been tentatively identified by the WRD to be taken up in priority. The process followed in identification of irrigation schemes for detailed assessment has been described in the following paragraphs.11

Major Schemes Keeping the priority of selecting schemes from the tentative list of possible sub-projects prepared by the WRD at the stage of ESA initiation, Major and Medium Schemes representing the entire range of critical issues (those with high scores) were identified. However, the final selection of major and medium sub-projects was undertaken after consultations with the WRD officials at the basin and divisional levels. During Divisional level discussions where schemes with additional issues were identified, the earlier selected sub-projects were replaced by such sub-projects.

Minor Schemes In the absence of relevant information on minor schemes’ during the screening stage, their selection was undertaken only after discussions with the WRD officials at the field level. The final list of selected schemes for the purpose of detail study is given in Table 4.3. The location of selected schemes is presented in Figure 0-1. Engineering details (as available from site) of all the selected projects in the five basins has been presented in Annexure 2 and the site photographs of few visited schemes in Annexure 14.

Table 0-1: Screening Matrix for Sub-Projects

11 A Similar selection process may be useful for identification of intervention measures / activities in the irrigation schemes to be rehabilitated. The universe of such schemes in the main project is defined by its age being above 20 years.

ESA Final Report


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Basin Name

Name of the Project

Project Scale

Age (yrs)

Pro

ject

Typ

e

Irrig

atio

nP

oten

tialA

chie

ved

Sta

tus

ofC

anal

Sys

tem

Can

alC

onve

yanc

eLo

sses

Wat

erD

eliv

ery

atH

ead

End

Wat

erD

eliv

ery

atT

ailE

nd

Use

ofT

ube

Wel

lin

Com

man

dA

rea

Use

ofV

illag

eT

anks

inC

omnd

.Are

a

Use

ofP

roje

ctfa

cilit

ies

for

Fis

herie

s

Use

for

Urb

an/I

ndus

tria

lWat

erS

uppl

y

Use

ofP

roje

ctfa

cilit

ies

for

Hyd

roP

ower

Pre

senc

eof

SC

/ST

Cul

tivat

ors

Irrig

.ben

efits

toS

mal

l&M

argi

nalf

arm

ers

Use

ofca

nalw

ater

for

Dom

estic

purp

ose

Silt

atio

nof

the

Res

ervo

ir

Land

Deg

rada

tion

inth

eC

atch

men

ts

Gro

und

Wat

erD

eple

tion

inth

eC

omm

and.

Are

a

Qua

lity

ofG

roun

dW

ater

inth

eC

omm

and

Are

a

Qua

lity

ofS

urfa

ceW

ater

inth

eC

omm

and

Are

aLa

ndD

egra

datio

n/W

ater

logg

ing

inC

omm

and

Are

aW

ater

Del

iver

yP

ract

ices

/Pol

ices

Irrig

atio

nW

ater

Mea

sure

men

t

Exi

sten

ceof

Wat

erU

ser

Ass

ocia

tions

Use

ofC

ompu

ters

Ade

quac

yof

Fin

ance

for

Mai

nten

ance

Veh

icle

avai

labi

lity,

App

roac

hro

ads

onca

nals

,

Exi

sten

ceof

NG

Os

inth

eC

omm

and

Are

a

Rol

eof

Wom

enin

WU

As

/PR

Is

Tot

al

Jamni CanalMedium 30 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 2 3 1 2 2 4 3 1 4 2 4 3 3 78

Kerwan Medium 28 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 4 1 1 3 4 - 3 - 66

Kethan Medium 28 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 4 2 3 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 81

Nandanwara Tank

Medium 33 2 3 4 4 - 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - - - - 50

Naren Medium 23 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 4 2 3 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 78BE

TW

A

Samrat Ashok Sagar

Major 3 2 4 3 3 3 1 1 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 3 1 1 3 4 4 3 4 70

Bandia NallaMedium 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 - 4 4 3 3 3 76

Barodia Tank

Medium 28 2 3 4 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 74

Chambal (lower

chambal) Major 50 2 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 4 1 2 2 3 2 1 3 4 4 4 4 72

Chambal Canal

System Major 2 2 4 3 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 4 1 - 2 - 2 2 2 3 1 4 2 4 4 3 65

Chambal Project (Canal

System)

Major 2 3 4 3 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 - 2 2 1 2 3 4 3 1 3 4 4 4 3 114

Chandra Keshar

Medium 23 2 3 4 3 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 - 2 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 75

Chillar Dam Medium 4 1 3 3 4 4 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 - 2 3 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 79

Choral RiverMedium 11 3 2 1 3 2 4 3 2 4 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 4 2 2 3 3 1 4 - 4 4 3 74

Doraha Medium 3 3 4 3 4 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 3 1 4 4 3 4 4 73

Gandhi Sagar

Major 3 1 - - - - - - 4 - 4 - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 4 23

Lakhunder Dam

Medium 3 3 4 4 3 4 2 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 2 2 4 1 4 2 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 83

Makroda Rampur

Medium 3 1 3 4 2 4 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 82

Paras Dam Medium 15 2 3 4 3 2 4 2 1 - 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 - 2 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 3 73

Pipalya Kumar

Medium 4 2 3 3 4 4 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 2 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 83

Rampur Kurd

Medium 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 70

TillarDam Medium 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 4 2 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 85

CH

AM

BA

L

Chhapi Medium 30 3 2 4 3 2 4 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 4 4 1 4 4 4 3 3 74

BE

TW

A Bahoribund Medium 76 3 3 4 4 3 4 1 1 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 - 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 78

ESA Final Report


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Basin Name

Name of the Project

Project Scale

Age (yrs)

Pro

ject

Typ

e

Irrig

atio

nP

oten

tialA

chie

ved

Sta

tus

ofC

anal

Sys

tem

Can

alC

onve

yanc

eLo

sses

Wat

erD

eliv

ery

atH

ead

End

Wat

erD

eliv

ery

atT

ailE

nd

Use

ofT

ube

Wel

lin

Com

man

dA

rea

Use

ofV

illag

eT

anks

inC

omnd

.Are

a

Use

ofP

roje

ctfa

cilit

ies

for

Fis

herie

s

Use

for

Urb

an/I

ndus

tria

lWat

erS

uppl

y

Use

ofP

roje

ctfa

cilit

ies

for

Hyd

roP

ower

Pre

senc

eof

SC

/ST

Cul

tivat

ors

Irrig

.ben

efits

toS

mal

l&M

argi

nalf

arm

ers

Use

ofca

nalw

ater

for

Dom

estic

purp

ose

Silt

atio

nof

the

Res

ervo

ir

Land

Deg

rada

tion

inth

eC

atch

men

ts

Gro

und

Wat

erD

eple

tion

inth

eC

omm

and.

Are

a

Qua

lity

ofG

roun

dW

ater

inth

eC

omm

and

Are

a

Qua

lity

ofS

urfa

ceW

ater

inth

eC

omm

and

Are

aLa

ndD

egra

datio

n/W

ater

logg

ing

inC

omm

and

Are

aW

ater

Del

iver

yP

ract

ices

/Pol

ices

Irrig

atio

nW

ater

Mea

sure

men

t

Exi

sten

ceof

Wat

erU

ser

Ass

ocia

tions

Use

ofC

ompu

ters

Ade

quac

yof

Fin

ance

for

Mai

nten

ance

Veh

icle

avai

labi

lity,

App

roac

hro

ads

onca

nals

,

Exi

sten

ceof

NG

Os

inth

eC

omm

and

Are

a

Rol

eof

Wom

enin

WU

As

/PR

Is

Tot

al

Rajndra Sagar Tank

Medium 30 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 2 2 1 2 2 4 3 1 4 2 4 3 3 77

Bani Ganj Tank

Medium 3 1 4 3 3 4 1 1 - 3 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 3 1 4 4 3 4 4 72

KE

N

Rangawan Canal

Major 3 1 4 3 3 4 1 1 4 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 3 1 4 4 3 4 4 76

Akhajhiri Medium 30 3 - - 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 - - 2 - - 2 4 - - 4 3 53

Dhapora Tank

Medium 3 2 - - 3 3 2 2 3 - 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 - - 2 - - 2 4 - - 4 3 51

Harsi Dam Major 70 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 75

Koncha Medium 2 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35

SIN

DH

Mola Medium 2 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 74

TONSAmkori Tank Minor 22 4 3 4 3 3 4 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 2 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 84

Table 0-2: Screening Matrix of Districts

Basins

Districts with >20%

area in Basin

Agroclimatic zones

Saline lands

Ground Water

abstraction

Polluted Ground Water

Average Fertilizer

Input (kg/ha)

Number of

crops affected

by pests

Human Development

Index

Percentage of SC

population

Percentage of ST

population

Morena Grid Region 0 0 0 78 1 0.371 21.4 6.0

Sheopur Grid Region 0 0 0 55 1 0.371 30.6 15.4

Shivpuri Grid Region 0 Semicritical High

Flouride27 0 0.260 15.2 8.9

Guna Vindhya Plateau

0 0High

Sulphur22 0 0.251 14.2 9.4

Rajgarh Malwa Plateau

0 Semicritical 0 48 0 0.179 11.8 2.6

Shajapur Malwa Plateau

0 Overexploited 0 48 0 0.309 17.9 1.9

Sehore Vindhya Plateau

0 Semicritical High

Flouride57 2 0.372 15.9 8.0

Dewas Malwa Plateau

0 Critical 0 55 0 0.444 14.4 11.9

Indore Malwa Plateau

0 Overexploited 0 93 0 0.619 11.8 3.9

Cha

mba

l

Dhar Malwa Plateau

0 OverexploitedHigh

Flouride64 0 0.385 5.5 42.0

ESA Final Report


Basins

Districts with >20%

area in Basin

Agroclimatic zones

Saline lands

Ground Water

abstraction

Polluted Ground Water

Average Fertilizer

Input (kg/ha)

Number of

crops affected

by pests

Human Development

Index

Percentage of SC

population

Percentage of ST

population

Ujjain Malwa Plateau

0 Overexploited 0 54 0 0.466 19.8 1.7

Ratlam Malwa Plateau

0 Overexploited 0 88 0 0.363 11.0 18.6

MandsaurMalwa Plateau

0 Overexploited 0 56 0 0.405 20.9 6.3

NeemuchMalwa Plateau

0 Semicritical 0 75 0 0.405 20.9 6.3

Morena Grid Region 0 0 0 78 1 0.371 21.4 6.0

Bhind Grid Region 0 0 0 64 1 0.444 18.2 0.2

Gwalior Grid Region 0 0 0 99 0 0.497 17.7 2.5

Datia Bundelkhand 0 0 0 42 0 0.332 15.6 1.1

Shivpuri Grid Region 0 Semicritical High

Flouride27 0 0.260 15.2 8.9

Sin

dh


0 0High

Sulphur22 0 0.251 14.2 9.4


0 0High

Sulphur22 0 0.251 14.2 9.4

Tikamgarh Bundelkhand 0 Critical 0 56 1 0.156 17.8 3.2

Chhatarpur Bundelkhand Saline Semicritical 0 38 0 0.216 18.6 2.9

Sagar Vindhya Plateau

0 Semicritical 0 36 0 0.299 17.2 6.9

Vidisha Vindhya Plateau

0 0High

Flouride44 1 0.382 16.2 3.5

Raisen Vindhya Plateau

0 Semicritical 0 37 2 0.456 12.9 11.2

Bet

wa

Bhopal Vindhya Plateau

0 Semicritical 0 64 2 0.609 10.2 2.2

Chhatarpur Bundelkhand Saline Semicritical 0 38 0 0.216 18.6 2.9

Panna Kymore

Plateau & Satpura Hills

0 0 0 26 0 0.175 16.4 12.1

Damoh Vindhya Plateau

0 0High

Flouride21 0 0.374 16.6 10.3

Ken

Sagar Vindhya Plateau

0 Semicritical 0 36 0 0.299 17.2 6.9

Satna Kymore


Saline Semicritical 0 41 0 0.225 14.0 10.8

Ton

s

Rewa Kymore


0 Semicritical High

Sulphur43 0 0.213 11.7 9.8

Scores 32

ESA Final Report


1

Table 0-3: List of Selected Sub-Projects for Detailed ESA

Sl. No. Basin Sub-Project

Type Sub-Project

Name 1 Major Chambal Canal 2 Medium Chillar 3 Minor Justakhedi 4

Chambal

Minor Kishenpura 5 Major Harsi 6 Medium Akajhiri 7 Minor Daphora 8

Sindh

Minor Mohri

9 Major Samrat Ashok Sagar

10 Medium Kerwan 11 Minor Amahi

12

Betwa

Minor Ajnal-Hataikheda

13 Major Ranguan 14 Medium Beniganj 15 Minor Surkhi 16

Ken

Minor Borina 17 Medium Bhainswar 18 Medium Gurma 19 Minor Lilgee 20

Tons

Minor Raigaon Lift Source: LASA Primary Survey

ESA Final Report


SSSEEELLLEEECCCTTTEEEDDD SSSUUUBBB PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTTSSS SSSUUURRRVVVEEEYYY FFFIIINNNDDDIIINNNGGGSSS

As described in section 1.2.4 Study Methodology, Reconnaissance survey and consultations were under taken in the selected 20 sub projects the objectives of which were to identify indicative types of environmental and social issues to be considered for formulation of the Social and Environment Framework (SEMF) for the MPWSRP.

Figure 0-1: Study Basins showing Location of Selected Projects

These are not detailed Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) in themselves of these 20 sub projects, as the findings are meant to guide intervention measures / activities in the main project (MPWSRP). The SEMF is an integral part of the entire project cycle (e.g Completion of Pre-Planning activities such as surveys, PRAs, awareness building / training, completion of consultations, joint walk throughs, MOU development, etc). This project cycle needs to be initiated in eligible schemes to be identified in the sub-basin phasing proposed. Considerable additional work would be required for each of these schemes to implement the SEMF. These would then be an integral part of the Scheme Modernisation Plan for each scheme and would be appraised individually.

ESA Final Report


The salient issues related to status of the physical infrastructure, institutional set-up and social context of the 20 subprojects have been summarised in Table 4.112.Table 0-4: Summary of Survey Findings Sl.No. Items Issues

1Physical Infrastructure

� Poor condition of Dam and Canal Infrastructure � Problems related to catchment (erosion) and command (Un

planned expansion) areas � Lack of Support infrastructure like connectivity, Communication

both in irrigation Sub-Project and the surrounding villages

2 Institutional

aspects � Poor Institutional set up and functioning of WUA’s WRD, etc

related to irrigation service delivery. � Poor Institutional set up of allied extension services related to

agriculture, Fertilizer, Horticulture, etc, 3 Social aspects � Inequity in distribution of water

� Lack of awareness and motivation towards increasing agricultural productivity

� Inequity in distribution of economic benefits among all sections of the socity.

In the following sections issues identified in each of the surveyed sub-projects have been presented for each of the 20 selected projects.

CCCHHHAAAMMMBBBAAALLL BBBAAASSSIIINNN

Chambal basin is the western most basin of the 5 study basins (Refer Section 3.3, Chapter 3 for Chambal Basin Baseline Information & Annexures 1 – 3). Four schemes were surveyed in the Chambal Basin consisting of: • Chambal canal system (Major),

• Chillar Project (medium),

• Justakhedi Tank Project (minor),

• Kishenpura Tank Project (minor).

Chambal Canal Major Scheme This is an interstate project between Rajasthan and MP comprising of two storage dams and a barrage located in Rajasthan on the Chambal river. The vast catchment area of the Scheme covers most of the Malwa plateau of M.P in the west. The right bank main canal takes from Kota barrage irrigating lands both in Rajasthan and M.P. The RBC enters M.P. through an aqueduct on river Parvati in Sheopur district and runs upto 120 km in the Chambal and Sindh Basins. The command area of Chambal Scheme covers three districts namely Sheopur, Morena and Bhind having an Irrigable Command Area of 273,300 Hectares. Infrastructure Issues• Productivity of this Scheme is adversely affected due to a decline in the share of M.P water over the

years, on account of large-scale agricultural intensification in Rajasthan.

12 The issues presented here are those that were observed and recorded during the surveys undertaken with the objective of preparing a SEMF. These are by no means exhaustive and additional issues shall be identified during pre-planning and planning and design stages of the sub-project.

ESA Final Report


• Due to inadequate maintenance and consequent degradation of the main canal, full discharge cannot be passed through it (Maximum 80%). Thus there is a shortfall in the supply of irrigation water to the tail end in the districts of Morena & Bhind.

• Augmentation through tube wells to augment canal along the distributaries in the command area of Ambah branch canal and for a while they were successful. But over the years due rising cost of operation and maintenance these augmentation tube wells have fallen into disuse and have been abandoned.

Environmental Issues• In the portion of the command area along the Chambal River, soil erosion & ravine formation are

serious problems adversely affecting the land resources.

• In the Bhind district there exist areas affected by water logging and salinisation (Village Sarva, Kharua).

Social Issues• Cases of women exploitation by depriving them from their right to property and Dowry related cases

were reported in Village Sarva

• Gender discrimination was also conveyed at Village Kharua

Chillar Tank Medium Scheme This medium Scheme is located close to the district town of Shajapur. Infrastructure Issues

• The Scheme has an earthen dam, which is in need of rehabilitation. The Canal system is

also in a degraded state.

• Both horticulture and fisheries are being actively practised by the Scheme area villagers.

Environmental Issues

• Morning sickness among fish was reported in the main reservoir due to reduction in

Dissolved Oxygen [DO] due to proliferation of aquatic weeds.

• Tank bed cultivation without bunds have increased siltation of the reservoir

Justhakhedi Tank Minor Scheme It is one of the oldest tanks in the Ujjain district constructed around 1912. Infrastructure Issues• Over the years the maintenance of the system has not received adequate attention.

• The earthen dam portion is in degraded condition with eroded embankments, damaged waste weir, settlement of the earthen bund etc.

• The canal system is also in a damaged condition with most of the structures leaking heavily.

Social Issues• The tank is located in the path of ‘Panch koshi” parikrama route of Simhasta Mela to be held in Ujjain.

Pilgrims participating in the Simhastha Mela will participate in the Panchkoshi parikrama, which involves walking 108 Kms in 5 days. The tank site is one of halting places for the pilgrims. Consequently this year the reservoir storage is reserved for the use of pilgrims for their bathing and supply of water to Ujjain city during Simhastha Mela. Due to this there is no irrigation water supply during the year 2003-04.

• Religious Activities along the reservoir also require additional storage during the festival seasons

ESA Final Report


• Farmers have demanded construction of bathing ghats (steps) on the reservoir for the use of pilgrims.

Kishenpura Tank Minor Scheme This Scheme is located in the Indore district. Infrastructure Issues• The tail end portion has gone out of command due lack of irrigation water supply.

• The main dam and the canal system are in degraded state.

Environmental Issues• The main canal passes near the village habitations and acts as a drainage channel collecting the

wastewater from the village.

SSSIIINNNDDDHHH RRRIIIVVVEEERRR BBBAAASSSIIINNN

The Sindh River Basin falls between Chambal Basin in the west and Betwa Basin in the east (Refer Section 3.4, Chapter 3 for Sindh Basin Baseline Information & Annexures 1 –3). Four Schemes were surveyed in the basin namely: • Harsi Scheme (major),

• Ahajhiri Tank Scheme (medium),

• Dhapora Tank Scheme (minor),

• Mohari Tank Scheme (minor).

Harsi Major Scheme Harsi Scheme comprises an earthen dam constructed in 1935 across river Parwati in the district of Gwalior. The reservoir storage is augmented by the flows from the Mohini pick up weir across Sindh River. The main canal has 17 distributaries and a network of minors & sub minors to distribute water in the command area. Some of the distributaries are very large. For example, distributaries D-15 and D 16 together command an area of over 15000 ha and require a supply of over 10 cumecs. The tail end of the main canal delivers the water through a feeder channel to Tekanpura tank, which is the source of domestic water to the BSF Academy Campus. Infrastructure Issues • Seepage water from the canal network and the irrigation return flows are collected at the Salwai pick up

weir and supplied to the tail end of the command area of distributary’s D-16 through Salwai feeder channel.

• The major problem in this Scheme is the poor condition of the main canal, which is eroded, and functions below capacity. Due to limitations in the carrying capacity of the main carrier canal there is shortage of water in the tail end region.

• The entire canal network is in a damaged condition with excessive seepage losses.

Social Issues• The head works and the Catchment area are located adjoining the forest areas of Shivpuri district. This

forest area is home to several dacoit groups who normally abduct people for ransom. The functioning of government departments has been affected adversely by this phenomenon. Though there is an irrigation colony at the dam site and the head quarters of one of the sub divisions, no body stays in the colony due to fear of dacoits.

Environmental Issues• There is seasonal water logging problem at many locations due to negligence of maintenance works.

ESA Final Report


• Due to proactive working of the WUA & PC presidents, at times, there are disagreements with the WRD staff regarding the operation of the canal system. Currently there is a move to construct a high level canal on the left side of the dam to bring more area under irrigation.

Akhajhiri Medium Scheme This is a medium irrigation Scheme located in the Shivpuri district. Infrastructure Issues• The main canal of the Scheme is in a degraded condition with eroded banks, damaged structures, and

significant seepage losses. Consequently there is no supply of irrigation water to the tail end region.

• The earthen dam has significant seepage and requires rehabilitation.

• The command area connectivity to the district head quarters and the market place is poor due to bad roads and menace of dacoits.

Dhapora Tank Minor Scheme It is one of the oldest Schemes of Shivpuri district constructed in 1913. Infrastructure Issues• Due to lack of adequate maintenance both the earthen dam and main canal system are in a damaged

condition.

• The waste weir is also not in good shape. The structures on the canal are damaged and unable to carry the design discharge.

• Due to lack of irrigation water supply, the tail end portion has gone out of the command area.

Mohari Tank Minor Scheme The Scheme is located in Guna district and is an old Scheme. Infrastructure Issues• The earthen dam is degraded with eroded bunds, inadequate waster weir, and settlement of bund etc.

• The main canal is also is in need of urgent repairs.

BBBEEETTTWWWAAA RRRIIIVVVEEERRR BBBAAASSSIIINNN

The Betwa River Basin falls between Sindh Basin in the west and Ken Basin in the east (Refer Section 3.5, Chapter 3 for Betwa Basin Baseline Information & Annexures 1 – 3). Four Schemes were surveyed in Betwa basin, namely, • Samrat Ashok Sagar Scheme (major),

• Kerwan Scheme (medium),

• Amahi Tank Scheme (minor),

• Ajnal Tank Scheme (minor).

Samrat Ashok Sagar Major Scheme It is located in the Vidisha district and the dam is built across the river Halali. Infrastructure Issues• The Scheme requires rehabilitation of the canal system, which has become inefficient and unable to

carry the designed discharge to the tail end portion of the command area.

Social Issues• The percentage share of female population is approximately half of the total population of the village

and out of total households in the village there are few women headed households. These households depend on wage earning mainly carried out by the women. None of these women headed households own any agricultural land. They work as agricultural labourers in the fields.

ESA Final Report


• The women have mentioned about use of fertilizers and tractors but not sure of pesticides. It is implied that the decisions regarding cultivation are all taken by the men folk.

• In terms of employment, majority of women are engaged in agriculture and related works especially carrying out Rabi / Kharif sowing and harvesting. The women of the village have never migrated outside the area for work. They are engaged in labour activities in close proximity to the village. None of the participants are engaged in construction or service related activities

• Access to medical and educational facilities are satisfactory as revealed from the discussions. The females are able to write and read while the village has primary level educational facility up to 8th class

• Anganwadi centre is present but it does not function up to the satisfaction of the women.

• Women do not have any role in the society at large or decision-making, in particular. There is also no representation from the women in existing Panchayat or otherwise

• Conflict between upper and lower caste population exists in terms of accessing water resources. When women or men from upper castes use water from the source women or men belonging to lower castes are not allowed to fetch water from the same water source.

• Schooling facilities are not adequate. Governmental facilities are inappropriate.

• There are no medical facilities in the village. For major illnesses people visit hospitals in Bhopal that is located at a distance of 9 km.

• Only 1 out of 20 tube wells built provide adequate water supply for a few months. Drinking water shortage is faced during late winter through summer. Individual households having tube wells in running condition take Rs. 5 – 10/= per month for running electric pump from households which collect water from these tube wells. Those who cannot pay the monthly charges are not allowed to collect water. Women from poor households otherwise take water from agricultural tube wells walking even up to 5 km. Boys also sometimes fetch water but never adult males.

• Farmers have small land holdings and are resource poor.

• Environmental Issues

• The quality of water in the dug wells is poor and not fit for domestic usage.

• Drinking water is availed only through tube wells. During summer almost all the tube wells get dried up causing difficulty to fetch drinking water.

• Seasonal problem of drinking water could be solved with the help of accessing drinking water from tube wells located in the agricultural fields. But the owners of these tube wells do not allow common villagers to access those during crises.

• Canal water supply is uncertain and inadequate.

• Limited availability of irrigation water from the ground water source through shallow tube wells but the operation of tube well is hampered due to inadequate and irregular electric power supply.

• Kharif cropping has low significance. Til, Urd and Arhar are the crops grown during the kharif season under rain fed condition without addition of fertilizers. Mostly local varieties are grown. These crops give low yields of 0.2 to 0.5 t/ha.

• Rabi crops include wheat, gram and pea. Wheat is grown irrigated giving 1–2 irrigation at pre sowing and CRI stage. The other crops are grown mostly un-irrigated. Improved varieties of wheat (Sujata, 306 etc) are grown.

• Fertilizers (DAP and urea) are applied separately from seeds by broadcasting but only to wheat. The level of fertilizer application is low, adding DAP at the rate of about 100 kg/ha and urea at about 10 kg/ha.

• Weeds and pests problems are not severe. Chemicals are not used.

ESA Final Report


• The crop productivity is low. Farmers lack awareness of crop diversification and feasibility of taking up supplementary enterprises.

• Ground water resource is scarce and it is available at a depth beyond 300 feet. Scarcity of ground water magnifies during summer days when the running two tube wells of the village also get dried up.

• Ground water drawn through tube wells is the only source of drinking water in the village.

• Ground water is also the source of irrigation to agricultural fields. Thus, irrigating agricultural fields creates pressure on the already scarce resources of drinking water. It is difficult to resolve this issue as there is no other source of water to meet the irrigation demand of the farmers of the village where significant majority of the household depend on agriculture as the main stay of living.

• Being in the catchment of Samrat Ashok Sagar Dam the village is not fed with irrigation canals under the system. During Kharif season the farmers depend on rain, but during Rabi the source irrigation is only restricted to ground water as there is no perennial pond / tank in the vicinity.

Kerwan Medium Scheme The Scheme is located in the Bhopal district. In addition to the irrigation water supply it also supplies water to Bhopal city. The Scheme comprises of a main dam and a pick up weir.

Infrastructure Issues

• The main and branch canals of this Scheme as well as the canal network is in a distressed condition and requires rehabilitation.

• The tail end of the command area does not receive adequate water and at times no water at all.


• Electricity is a problem in the Scheme area.

• Though river channel is close to the agricultural fields regular supply of water is not available due to restrictions imposed on lift irrigation.

• Environmental Problem

• The hand pump in the village goes dry during hot months creating problem for women for fetching water. Men folk are never involved in this activity. Average wait time for fetching water at source is 1-2 hours

• Poor sanitation facilities.

• Ground water resource is scarce and it is available at a depth beyond 300 feet. Scarcity of ground water magnifies during summer days when the running two tube wells of the village also get dried up.

• Social Problem

• Women folk also work as agricultural and construction workers but are generally paid less as compared to the men folk.

• There is provision of installation of taps under Panchayati scheme but the lack of funds with authorities is a hurdle.

• Women are not involved in any decision-making even after the pardhan of the village is a female.

• The caste system is not very rigid but the upper caste have better access to facilities like water etc.

• Average land holding size is 2-3 ha maximum being 5 ha approximately.

• Land was adequate in the past, but due to poverty most of the land has been sold out to well off people from Bhopal. Presently most of the villagers are working as wage labourers in the fields that belonged once to them.

ESA Final Report



• There are no medical facilities in the village. For major illnesses people visit hospitals in Bhopal.


• Rabi crops include wheat, gram and pea. Wheat is grown irrigated giving 1–2 irrigation at pre sowing and CRI stage. The other crops are grown mostly un-irrigated.

• Farmers lack awareness of crop diversification and feasibility of taking up supplementary enterprises.

Amahi Tank Minor Scheme This Scheme is located in the newly created district of Ashok nagar. The Scheme was constructed in 1917. The dam provided storage not only for irrigation but also municipal water supply to the Ashok Nagar Town. Infrastructure Issues• The maintenance of the dam has been inadequate and it is in a distressed condition. The main canal

cannot carry full discharge due to decrease in its cross section (subsidence of the bunds).

• The structures on the main canal like aqueducts and village road bridges are in a dilapidated condition and there is significant water leakage.

Ajnal-Hataikheda Tank Minor Scheme This is a Scheme located in Bhopal & Raisen districts having a main dam and a pick up weir. Infrastructure Issues• The problem in the Scheme is the poor condition of canal system.

• Pavement condition of road is poor.

• Electricity is an issue especially for water for cultivation.

• Market only for confectionary etc but for other than food items have to go to Bhopal (19 kms).



• Social Issues

• The area has educational facilities – school up to 12th class (BHEL). For higher study village children go to Bhopal.

• The village lacks Governmental medical facility but has private clinics where doctor come every day.

• No role of the females in any sort of decision-making.

• No property is vested in the name of women.

• Females of poor households work as agricultural labourers at a wage of Rs. 40/-.

• Fetching water is the main responsibility of the women folk.


• There are no medical facilities in the village. For major illnesses people visit hospitals in Bhopal.


• There is no practice of Kharif cropping.


• Sanitation is a problem while some houses which can afford have facility / provision within the house

ESA Final Report


• Drainage of water within the village is a problem due to kutcha drains and mannerism of local population.

• Water provision is adequate through 8-10 hand pumps in the settlement

• Earlier had a bore well providing water in houses through tap but due to non-payment of money (Rs. 20/hh) the service has been discontinued.

• During summer, owing to low water table the water quality deteriorates and the water is reddish in colour. As unsuitable for drinking, has to be cleaned through home remedies for its use.

• Drinking water is availed only through tube wells. During summer almost all the tube wells get dried up causing difficulty to fetch drinking water.




• The crop productivity is low.


• Ground water resource is scarce and it is available at a depth beyond 250 feet. Scarcity of ground water magnifies during summer days when the running tube wells of the village also get dried up.

• Ground water drawn through tube wells is the only source of drinking water in the village.

• Ground water is also the source of irrigation to agricultural fields. Thus, irrigating agricultural fields creates pressure on the already scarce resources of drinking water. It is difficult to resolve this issue, as there is no other source of water to meet the irrigation demand of the farmers of the village where significant majority of the household depend on agriculture as the main stay of living.

KKKEEENNN BBBAAASSSIIINNN

The Ken River Basin falls between Betwa Basin in the west and Tons Basin in the east (Refer Section 3.6, Chapter 3 for Ken Basin Baseline Information & Annexures 1 – 3). In Ken river basin four Schemes were surveyed. They are • Rangwan High level canal Scheme (Major),

• Benigunj Scheme (Medium),

• Borina Minor Scheme, and

• Surkhi minor Scheme.

Rangwan High Level Canal Major Scheme This Scheme is located in the Chhatarpur District. It is an interstate Scheme between the Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Madhya Pradesh (MP). As per the agreement between the two state governments, MP can use about 2 TMC of water from this reservoir till 31st October each year for irrigation. The storage available on 1st November has to be shared between UP & MP in the ratio of 35:15. The dam is controlled by the irrigation department of UP while the canal network is in the hands of MP. Infrastructure Issues• In the command area the major Kharif crop is Soyabean for which the farmers do not demand any

irrigation water. Consequently the share of MP of about 2 TMC of water remains unutilized and goes to

ESA Final Report


UP by default. There is an 11 Kms long link channel from this Scheme connecting the Right and Left Bank canals of Benigunj medium Scheme. This arrangement augments the water available to Benigunj Scheme.

• It was reported by the WRD staff that the inlet channel to the main canal and the head reach of the main canal, which are in deep cutting need rehabilitation to improve the carrying capacity of the main canal and to evacuate more water from the reservoir.



• Social Issues

• Women workers are paid less than their male counterparts in the field as well as road or other construction sites. While men earn Rs. 50/= per day, women earn only Rs. 30/= per day.

• Landless women working as agricultural labourers are paid in low quality food grain for their work in the fields.

• Without exception, no woman has legal ownership of land holding or any other economic assets. In some lone cases, the land holding has been transferred in a women’s name as a result of her husband’s death.

• As per the women consulted, in absence of any economic asset in their names, and since credit availability is linked to land tenure, banks are unsympathetic to women borrowers.

• Women are often marginalized in the implementation of water Schemes at community level by community attitudes. Although women are the traditional managers of the water systems, these roles are taken away as new technologies are introduced on the assumption that men (not women) should be trained in the maintenance of the facilities. Men are trained and employed fully as hand pump mechanics, while women are only trained as hand pump caretakers and are expected to work as volunteers.

• Landless women agricultural workers of SC categories are sceptical of any of the benefits of the proposed water resources restructuring program trickling down to them and are unenthusiastic about the proposed Scheme.



• Environmetal Issues

• Kharif cropping has low significant. Til, Urd and Arhar are the crops grown during the kharif season under rain fed condition without addition of fertilizers. Mostly local varieties are grown. These crops give low yields of 0.2 to 0.5 t/ha.



ESA Final Report



• The crop productivity is low.

Benigunj Medium Scheme This Scheme is also located in the Chhatarpur district. The world famous Khajuraho temples are located within the Scheme area. The left bank main canal of this Scheme passes through the Khajuraho town. Environmental Issues• It is likely that this canal may function as an urban drain in future with adverse impact on its conveyance

efficiency.

• There is negligible Kharif irrigation and the irrigation is confined to three months of Rabi season.

• Infrastructure Issues

• The augmentation from the Rangwan Scheme is inadequate due to severe leakages in the link canal.

• Bhelanpur is not having any social infrastructure facilities within the village. Educational and health services are located far away from their village.

• Social Issues

• In Bhelanpur village presently they do not practice fishing activities since there are no water bodies in the vicinity that can be used for the purpose.

• All of them reported of not being engaged in fishery activity at present. But, they have shown interest in reviving their caste-based occupation if provisions of water bodies for fishery could be made available to them.

• Households belonging to other backward communities (OBC) in Bhelanpur village are found to be landless. This is because they are not covered under the Governmental provision of land distribution to SC and ST communities. However they are found to be poorest of the lot.

• As per WUA president of Tikuri-Bhelanpur-Kundarpura, some of the water bodies in the area are available for such activities and some persons from the Dheemar community take these on lease but sublet these to well off businessmen of the region who otherwise cannot get these from local Panchayat as these are restricted to be provided on lease to OBC candidates.

• In Bhelanpur village majority of the households live below poverty line.

• Though poverty in general affects well being of poor people at large, the children and women are found to suffer the most.

• Women in this village are found subject to oppression from higher caste men from the neighbouring villages. Many such women are exploited both physically (sex abuse) and economically (wage discrimination).

• Women work both in agricultural fields as well as in construction activities (like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) in the vicinity as wage labourers. However, in agricultural activities the women get much less wage per day compared to men.

• At home also the women are burdened with the maximum share of physical works.

• Poor children at large face problems of normal socialization through school education as they have to either remain busy helping parents in earning a living or their parents cannot afford to send them school.

ESA Final Report


• In common, marginal and small land holdings of poor people do not allow them earn substantially to feed large-sized families. Low income and more mouths to feed significantly affects quality of life of the poor. The situation aggravates for people being landless.

• Low affordability for health and education services affects the well being of poor people in the village.

• Restriction on entering forests and collection of forest products in this area has affected natural resource-based economy of many poor households of the village.

• Men consider water as women’s responsibility and place a lower value on saving women’s time and effort. Women are caught in a vicious circle - without improved water supplies they have no spare time for income generating activities, but without the income they cannot pay for new facilities. In practice, the water using community is predominated by women, whereas men form and control the decision-making community. With most of the hand pumps in disorder, the min average time spent by women in filling drinking water is 3-4 hrs daily. Hardships faced by women increases in the summer when most of the hand pumps go dry and they have to travel as long as 10 kms in some instances to fetch drinking water. Men rarely share or contribute to this activity.

• Mostly, women engage in fire wood collection, which is also a women’s activity where the lower caste is concerned. Upper caste women do not venture out to collect wood etc. Economically stable households purchase fuel wood when required.

• Women in the village face humiliation from upper caste (Brahmin / Thakurs) communities of the vicinity in terms of physical (molestation / rape by upper caste landlords) exploitation. The villagers are helpless in face of the existing social setup and muscle power of the Thakur community.

• In other instances, upper caste landholders in whose fields they work on meagre or no wages economically exploit lower caste women.

• Lack of security, is the prime reason for low female literacy in the villages. The village has no secondary level education facility forcing almost all the girls to drop out after primary schooling.

• Majority of the villagers cannot afford to pay for the bus fare to the nearest secondary school in the adjacent town.

• Women are marginalized in the decision making process and hardly any woman holds land tenure in her name. As a result, women usually have no representation in irrigation or agriculture related activities.

• However, a tribal woman who has land in her name, has membership of Water Users’ Association (WUA) of Tikuri village.

• In many instances, women farmers hesitate in participating in meetings / programmes related to agriculture-based activities (which are dominated by men) because of social inhibitions.



• Women especially women cultivators have restricted access where there are social and economic constraints to their reaching distribution points. Marketing proves difficult for women who have to carry produce on foot or use infrequent buses while men have access to available vehicles.

• Women also have problems sourcing markets for their smaller quantities of vegetables and encounter social difficulties in traveling away from the homestead. Nearest markets or towns are at least 2 - 5 kms away from the village.

• The village is located in the mid-reach of the RBC of the Benisagar Medium Irrigation Scheme. This is a hamlet within Tikuri Mouja and is inhabited by indigenous peoples belonging to Kondha community under Scheduled Tribe / Adivasi category.

ESA Final Report


• In the village people admitted that patta of land has been provided to landless villagers belonging to ST communities. But, in practice the recipients of patta cannot exercise legal rights on the parcels of land those have been allotted in their names by the State Government.

• In some cases the land parcels are still used by the original owners in which the patta holders work as waged agricultural labourers.

• In some other cases, after being allotted to landless people the patta are not officially transferred or are in the process of being transferred to the grantees. In these cases too the recipients are still working as wage labourers.

• In Kundarpura people in the consultation meeting were very vocal about patta allotments virtually without occupancy rights. According to them a few people have received official transfer of ownership, but majority, say about 80 % of the recipients are yet to receive the transferred deeds. Some of them have gone to the court but yet to receive justice.

• In most of the cases it was revealed that they are suffering owing to local power politics based on dominant caste system. The large land holders in the region through ages, mainly from ‘Thakur’ caste, still retain occupancy of large share of land including plots allotted through patta to landless people exercising political and muscle power.

• Thus a situation of patta versus ‘kabza’ (actual occupancy) has emerged in the region where landless people mainly from Harijans and Adivasis remain far away from receiving social justice. This requires intervention from the concerned State Government departments to expedite the process of transferring land from original owners to grantees and to look into providing social justice to the landless people.

• The villagers belonging to ST were found initially not forward to interact. However, there were exceptions who were vocal to bring forward their problems and needs.

• ST households, which have land, go for marginal or small farming. Otherwise, most of the ST households depend on wage labour for income.

• There are villagers who work as wage labourers in the fields of other medium and large farmers of the neighbouring villages. The normal wage given to a male labourer is Rs. 50 per day per labourer. The wages are paid in cash only. No system of giving food grains to labourers as wages is present.

• There are cases of out migration in search of wage earning, but in general the proportion is not significant.

• Out migration, though insignificant, occurs in some parts of Satna, Panna and adjoining districts in search of wage earning from agricultural labour.

• In Kundarpura village it was revealed through consultation that Government health services are very poor and placed at distance difficult to commute during crises. Thus, they depend mostly on private medical practitioners, both allopathic and traditional, located far away from their village in Khajuraho or Chhattarpur towns. Distance and bad road condition coupled with non-availability of vehicles in crises make situation of service takers miserable.

• In the village no PHC is present. Thus, the villagers do not get necessary primary health facilities close to them.

• However, camps for giving Polio drops to children in this remote village take place as per the National programme.

• The villagers usually go for traditional herbal medicines in cases of minor illness. But for major illnesses they have to visit either distant hospitals or private doctors located in towns.

• A primary school (up to 5th class) is present in the village. Because of poverty many children in the village do not attend school.

• There is an Anganwadi centers in the village that takes care of children falling within 3 to 6 years age group.

ESA Final Report


Borina Minor Scheme It is located in the Katni district. It is one of the oldest Schemes in the district built around 1924. The Scheme comprises of two dams. The upper Borina dam is a masonry arch dam with eight arches. The water from this reservoir is let into the lower Borina dam, which is about 1 km downstream of the upper dam, through a sluice. The lower Borina dam is an earthen dam with a masonry overflow section. Infrastructure Issues• The maintenance of these structures has been neglected so long that both the dams have heavy

seepage of water. This has endangered the safety of the dams.

• Due to unplanned development of irrigation in the upper reaches of the command and high conveyance losses, the tail reaches of the command area have gone out of command for more than a decade.

• The access to both the dams and to various parts of the canal system is practically impossible for want of proper roads and this affects maintenance of the Scheme works.

Surkhi Minor Scheme This Scheme is located in the Sagar district. The reservoir was used to supply municipal water to Sagar town. The height of the dam was raised in 1995 to store extra water. Infrastructure Issues• The farmers in the command area reported that diversion of water to Sagar town reduced the quantum

and reliability of the supply of irrigation water.

• From the year 2001 onwards the water supply to Sagar Town has been arranged from another newly constructed Scheme and the storage of Surkhi tank is now reserved exclusively for irrigation water supply.

• Social Issues

• Inadequate use of inputs due to lack of knowledge, lack of ready availability of quality seeds and fertilizers, and financial limitations.

• Farmer lack vision of crop diversification.

• Kharif – season crops include soybean, til and minor cereals. Soybean is the principal kharif crop with is grown un-irrigated. The crop receives 4 to 5 ton / ha FYM every 3 – 4 years but no other fertilizers. There is not much concern for weed control in soybean largely because of high labour charge. The pest problem, if any, is not attended due to financial crunch. The yield of soybean is low (0.7 – 0.8 ton / ha). The other kharif crops are grown at subsistence level. The yields of kharif crops including soybean are low.

• Rabi – season crops include primarily wheat and gram. Wheat is grown irrigated, receiving 2 – 3 irrigations. Gram is grown un-irrigated or receives one irrigation. Weed problem is not that serious, but weeding is done manually whenever needed. Pest problem is not significant enough to receive any specific attention. Fertilizer application to both wheat and gram is at sub-optimal level. At seeding, fertilizers (DAP and urea) mixed with seeds are broadcast. The yields of Rabi crops (wheat and gram) are at low to moderate levels.

TTTOOONNNSSS RRRIIIVVVEEERRR BBBAAASSSIIINNN

The Tons River Basin lies to the east of Ken Basin and forms the eastern edge of the 5 contiguous study basins (Refer Section 3.7, Chapter 3 for Tons Basin Baseline Information & Annexures 1 – 3). There are no major Schemes in the Tons River Basin. Hence, two medium Schemes were selected for survey. The Schemes surveyed are: • Gurma Tank Scheme (Medium),

ESA Final Report


• Bhaiswar Scheme (Medium),

• Lilgee Scheme (Minor), and

• Raigaon Lift Irrigation Scheme (Minor).

Gurma Tank Medium Scheme This Scheme is located on the border of UP and MP in the district of Rewa. The Scheme is benefiting about 84 villages with an irrigable command of over 7000 ha. Infrastructure Issues• The main canal has a number of structures that are in a highly degraded state. The aqueduct and

siphon in the head reach of the canal leak badly.

• There are major distributary’s off take points with no regulators or gates.

• Large-scale leakage, seepage from the canal networks and lack of adequate control & regulatory

structures on the canals there is inadequate availability of irrigation water supply to the tail end. The lower half of the main canal caters to 85% of the command area but receives less than 40% of the

canal water supply.

• Lack of organized marketing creates problem in getting remunerative price for the agricultural produces.

• Social Issues

• The village is predominantly inhabited by Thakur followed by Brahmin caste and the general literacy among the villagers is relatively high.

• Women are on the bottom rung of the development ladder in the villages where stakeholders have been consulted. With poor literacy, a poor labour-force participation rate, poorly paid jobs, poor nutrition, and poor family planning, they do not participate productively or are denied participation in any organizational effort aimed at developmental reform.

• Women of separate castes do not mix socially. Lower caste women work in upper caste households or fields. However, women of all castes show willingness to participate in community-based organizations.

• Women’s literacy is moderate in the village compared to the regional female literacy rate.

• Majority of the girls are found to have had primary education (up to 5th class). Lack of higher secondary schools in the villages and long distances to secondary schools outside the villages has forced a stop to further education. The marriageable age of girls has gone up in recent years to 18-20 years in almost all the villages.

• Status-wise women still are dominated by the menfolk in every aspect of life. Access to and control over resources are vested with the men and women are still far away from decision making of any kind, whether it relates to development of the village or domestic affairs.

• Men consider water as women's responsibility and place a lower value on saving women's time and effort. Women are caught in a vicious circle - without improved water supplies they have no spare time for income generating activities, but without the income they cannot pay for new facilities. In practice, the water using community is predominated by women, whereas men form and control the decision-making community. With most of the hand pumps in disorder, the min average time spent by women in filling drinking water is 3-4 hrs daily. Hardships faced by women increases in the summer when most of the hand pumps go dry and they have to travel as long as 10kms in some instances to fetch drinking water. Men rarely share or contribute to this activity.

• Mostly, women engage in fire wood collection, which is also a women’s activity where the lower caste is concerned. Upper caste women do not venture out to collect wood etc. Economically stable households purchase fuel wood when required. A few houses have bio gas plants as well as LPG cylinders. However, LPG is still an extravagant facility and used rarely even in the village Sarpanch’s house.

ESA Final Report


• Educated /uneducated upper caste women are not permitted to work outside their homes due to social compulsions.

• Economic necessity forces the lower caste women to work as labourers in agricultural fields or road or other construction sites. Lower caste women working as agricultural workers (10 – 12 hours per day) are paid in kind such as low quality food grains or Rs. 30 – 35 per day at construction sites.

• The only employment opportunity available to educated women is a teacher in the local school or as an Anganwadi worker. Most of the Anganwadi workers had a higher secondary school education.


• Non-availability of irrigation during kharif season adversely affects productivity of the paddy crop, which is the principal kharif crop grown rain fed in sizeable area (about 100 ha).

• Paddy is direct seeded by broadcasting on puddle soil during mid to end of July. Earlier seeding could have been desirable for timely sowing of rabi crops but is not feasible on account of the age-old practice of letting animals loose for unrestricted grazing during April to at least middle of July. Transplanted paddy is grown in small area (about 10 ha).

• Wheat is the principal rabi crop grown irrigated in about 80 ha which is sown during mid November to end of December. Earlier the crop is sown, better is

the crop growth and productivity. Wheat sowing time is, however, linked with harvest of paddy that

usually gets delayed.

• Weed problem is not serious in paddy and is controlled by manual weeding. But it is serious in wheat because of heavy infestation of Phalaris minor. Its control by manual weeding is not very effective since its morphological similarity with wheat cause identification difficulty during moral weeding. Use of chemical purchased locally from private source is not very effective in controlling the Phalaris minor and other weeds.

• Fertilizers (DAP and Urea) are applied by broadcasting separately from seeds. Fertilizer application is much less in paddy with seeds to fertilizers proportionality of 4:1 but is higher in wheat with proportionality of 1:1.

• Improved paddy varieties (Pant 10, IR-36) are grown in majority of the crop area, while local paddy varieties are also grown in small area. For wheat, improved crop varieties are adopted almost in entire crop area.

• Being in head reach, irrigation water is available to apply 4 to 6 irrigations to wheat. Field to field irrigation by flooding is practiced. This leads to wastage of irrigation water by wrong practices.

• Yield level is lower for paddy and relatively higher for wheat.

• Water logging problem is adversely affecting the productivity of sizeable area (about 50 ha) the problem has arisen because of leakage and seepage from the canal system, improper irrigation practice and lack of drainage. For mitigation of the water logging problem, the option of ground water development can be utilized which will also increase the irrigation potential.

Bhaiswar Medium Scheme This Scheme is located in the Satna district. The Scheme comprises an earthen dam from which a link channel conveys water to a pickup weir 3 Kms downstream. There are two main canals from the weir, which conveys water to the command area. Infrastructure Issues

ESA Final Report


• There is unplanned development of irrigation between the main dam and the pick up weir. This area was once a forestland, which has been converted into cultivated land.

• The efficiency of the canal network is very low. These factors have resulted in tail end portion (Bhaiswar village) of the command area going out of command. The WRD has tried to augment the water supply to the tail end region by harnessing the irrigation return flows by constructing stop dams on the streams within the command area. But due to the poor design and inefficient conveyance system these interventions have not been very effective.

• There is poor maintenance of the Schemes due to lack of approach roads to the head reaches of the command area as well to the dam sites.

• Agricultural production practices are largely traditional due to lack of awareness of technological advancement.

• Social Issues

• There is lack of safety in the Scheme area due to activities of dacoits and other anti-social elements. This has adversely affected the operation & maintenance of the Scheme.

• It has been reported during the consultations that women in the village face humiliation from upper caste (Brahmin / Thakurs) communities of the vicinity in terms of physical (molestation / rape by upper caste landlords) exploitation. Physical exploitation of women is rampant in this village, which has an upper caste village adjacent to the village. The villagers are helpless in face of the existing social setup and muscle power of the Thakur community. In other instances, upper caste landholders in whose fields they work on meager or no wages economically exploit lower caste women.

• Lack of security, is the prime reason for low female literacy in the village. The village has no secondary level education facility forcing almost all the girls to drop out after primary schooling. Majority of the villagers cannot afford to pay for the bus fare to the nearest secondary school in the adjacent town.

• Women are marginalized in the decision making process and hardly any woman holds land tenure in her name. As a result, women usually have no representation in irrigation or agriculture related activities.


• Landless women working as agricultural labourers are paid in low quality food grains as equivalent to their wages for their work in the fields.

• Women especially women cultivators have restricted access where there are social and economic constraints to their reaching distribution points. Marketing proves difficult for women who have to carry produce on foot or use infrequent buses while men have access to available vehicles.

• Without exception, no women have legal ownership of land holding or any other economic assets. In some lone cases, the land holding has been transferred in a women’s name as a result of her husband’s death.



ESA Final Report


• Landless women agricultural workers of SC and ST categories are skeptical of any of the benefits of the

proposed water resources restructuring program trickling down to them and are unenthusiastic about the proposed Scheme.

• The village is inhabited by Scheduled Tribe (Kol) and Scheduled Caste (Pal) population groups.

• The overall socio-economic scenario is backward with comparatively lower literacy rate of villagers and lack of primary education and health infrastructure services in the vicinity. Female literacy rate is much low.

• Landholding size of majority of the villagers is marginal to small. Around 5% households have medium to large holdings.

• Tube wells and wells are the sources of drinking water. Only a few among many of the existing tube wells are in operative stage. Summer aggravates problem of drinking water, when only one or two tube wells in the village serve the villagers en masse.

• Education and health services are not adequate in the vicinity. However, there is a primary school in the village.

• Returns on investment in agricultural inputs are not enough presumably due to lower soil productivity.

• Kharif crops are grown un-irrigated with minimum investment of inputs, producing lower crop yields.

• Fertilizer use in Rabi crop (wheat) is as sub-optimal level due to farmers’ financial constraint.

• Use of weedicides and pesticides is little or negligible.

Lilgee Minor Scheme This minor tank Scheme is located in the pilgrim town of Maihar in the Satna district. The dam is located at the foot of the Maihar hills.


• There is serious problem of siltation in the reservoir.

• The main canal of the Scheme, in its initial reach, passes through the town of Maihar. In this reach the main canal is in cutting and is encroached on both sides by the urban habitation. In this reach the canal acts as an urban drain and collects the waste water from the town. Consequently the canal is environmentally degraded and its maintenance has become difficult. The conveyance efficiency of the canal has also been adversely affected.

• Villagers complained about irrigation water coming to their fields polluted with urban sewer

• Social Issues

• The pilgrims visiting Maihar town also use the reservoir for bathing purpose. During festivals and melas the water in reservoir is reserved for the pilgrim’s use.

• The approach to the dam site is difficult due to the existence of spill channel.

• On the other hand, it is encouraging to note, albeit in a solitary example; that women farmers are being identified for training in use of farm implements and technologies (in Village Oila) incidentally the Sarpanch of Oila village is a lower caste woman (seat reserved for women)



• Without exception, no women have legal ownership of land holding or any other economic assets. In some lone cases, the land holding has been transferred in a women’s name as a result of her husband’s death.

ESA Final Report




• Women working on their family agricultural lands are positive to the proposed restructuring and hope that increased quantity and timely availability of water from the canals would lessen their hardships in the fields.

• Landless women agricultural workers of lower caste are skeptical of any of the benefits of the proposed water resources restructuring program trickling down to them and are unenthusiastic about the proposed Scheme.

• However, women of all castes and economic strata express hope that the Scheme resolves their drinking water issues and helps to reduce the productive time spent in fetching drinking water by installing more hand pumps.

• Adoption of low input agriculture because of lower profit margin against investment.

• Employment is mainly available in agriculture sector. Wage employment in agriculture is not sufficient to provide all eligible persons. Men get Rs. 50/= per day per person as wage.

• Some people migrate to other districts during seasons of plantation and harvest to other neighbouring districts in search of earning from agricultural labour. People also migrate for working in construction sites.

• There is no much employment opportunity in non-agricultural sector in the vicinity though the villagers are placed close to Maihar town, which has a religious significance.

• Infrastructure Issues

• Inadequacy of water supply due to reduced carrying capacity of the canal network.

• Non-availability of irrigation water during kharif season and lose opening of canal causes delay in sowing of wheat crops.

• Businessmen take dam reservoir on lease to carry out large-scale fishery activities. However, small-scale fishermen cannot apply for lease of dams for fishery activities as it involves huge financial investment that is beyond their capacity.

• In some cases individual households take lease of ponds / tanks from local Panchayats and run fishery activities. Most of such water bodies have water for about 9 to 10 months that compels them to grow carps suitable for such duration.

• In such cases local Panchayat has organized training for persons taking lease and opting for fishery activities. Spawn of suitable varieties have been provided. However, marketing has been taken care of by the fishermen themselves.

Raigaon Lift Irrigation Minor Scheme This Scheme is located in the Satna District. The water from Satna River is lifted through a pumping system and distributed through a canal system. Infrastructure Issues• The productivity of this Scheme has been adversely affected due to mechanical defects to the pumps,

degraded canal system, and inadequate & irregular supply of electricity.

ESA Final Report


• This is a typical case of abundance of water resources not being put to maximum use due to lack of supporting infrastructure and electric energy.

• Social Issues

• The farmers are not very enterprising and the WUA president is apathetic towards operation & maintenance of the system.

Implications of Existing Issues The existing engineering deficiencies, degraded infrastructure, poor institutional and social system as observed in these schemes lead to several environmental and social implications13.This in turn adversely affects the various stakeholders related to irrigated agriculture and allied activities. Such issues as identified from the survey of the 20 selected Schemes have been summarised in Table 4.5.

Table 0-5: Key Issues & Impacts in Selected Schemes

Sr.No Existing Issues Schemes in

which observed

Environment & Social Implications

Principal Stakeholders affected

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

1

Lack of authentic hydrologic data & analysis�� Absence of rain gauges & stream

flow data �� Damaged/missing gauges in the

reservoir, waste weir, sluices �� No measurement of flows at

canals or regulators �� Absence of validated & Processed

data source

�� All surveyed Schemes

�� Inadequate assessment of resource base

�� Precise assessment of water released for irrigation not possible

�� Assessment of water loss in the canals uncertain

�� Assessment of productivity per unit of water impossible

�� WRD department �� All other water

users �� WUAs & Farmers

2

Degraded Catchment & Submergence area�� Soil erosion into reservoirs from

fields mainly those within the submergence area and close to main streams

�� Idol immersion on large scale (in schemes close to urban areas)


�� Siltation of reservoirs thus limiting efficiency of the system in providing benefits to farmers

�� WRD department �� All other water

users �� WUAs & Farmers

2

Unplanned/Changed Command area�� Unauthorized/unplanned pumping

from reservoir and canals �� Conversion of degraded/forest

lands into irrigated fields �� Tail portion gone out of command �� Absence of rotational water

delivery scheduling system

�� Borina, �� Bhainswar, �� Chambal

Canal (Amba Branch Canal),

�� Dhapora Tank

�� Adverse impact on the agricultural productivity

�� Adverse impact on revenue realization

�� Inefficient canal operation

�� Wastage of water �� Possibility of water

logging & salinity

�� WRD Dept �� WUAs & Farmers

4

Weak & Degraded Dam Structure�� Erosion & Settlement of earthen

embankment �� Damaged/inadequate waste weir �� Excessive seepage from dam &

waste weir �� Damaged sluice gates

�� Borina, �� Dhapora

Tank, �� Amahi

Tank, �� Justhekhedi

Tank,

�� Risk of downstream damage

�� Inefficient use of water

�� Inefficient operation of head works

�� Adverse impact on

�� WRD Department �� Railways/PWD

(Roads) �� Forest Dept �� WUAs & Village

Households

13 As mentioned earlier the 20 schemes have been studied to provide indication of the types of issues to be considered for implementation of the MPWSRP. The recommended corrective measures and the manner in which these are to be incorporated in the project cycle have been discussed in the SEMF report of this study.

ESA Final Report



which observed



�� Lack of awareness of field staff on dam safety mechanism

�� Kishenpura Tank,

�� Akhajhiri

the planned use of water

5

Degraded Canal & Drainage system�� Eroded & damaged canal banks,

silted canal beds �� Seepage from the canal segments �� Damaged canal structures like

aqueducts, siphons, VRBs, etc �� Cross regulators missing or stolen �� Willful damage to canal bund due

to absence of outlets �� Outlets absent & damaged �� Absence of water courses �� Use of canal segments as

drainage channel �� Minor/sub minor off take

structures damaged / missing �� Absence of complementary

drainage system including field drains


�� Poor efficiency of water conveyance

�� Poor control over the canal operation

�� Slow movement of water in the canals

�� Canals operating below capacity

�� High conveyance losses

�� Adverse impact on agricultural productivity

�� Possibility of water logging and loss of productive land

�� Social conflicts


9

Weak Logistic Support�� Absence of approach roads, canal

service roads �� Absence of rest houses, guard

houses, damaged buildings �� Lack of vehicles & mobility �� Lack of adequate communication

systems (Wireless, Telephone etc)


�� Poor operation and maintenance

�� Inability to respond quickly in an emergency

�� Poor maintenance of the system

�� Monitoring of the system performance inadequate


17

Inadequate/Poor Village facilities�� Lack of adequate health facilities �� Problem of drinking water in

summer �� Lack of connectivity �� Poor educational facilities �� Poor transport facilities

�� All the surveyed Schemes

�� Low growth potential �� Difficulty in extension

work �� Difficulty in promoting

new technologies �� Preventing &

retarding extension work

�� WUAs & Villages in the command/Catchment areas

INSTITUTIONAL

6

Weak WUAs�� Apathetic Presidents �� Misuse/diversion of funds �� Lack of interaction among WUAs

of same Scheme �� Disagreement between WRD &

Proactive WUA/PC President/ Members

�� Lack of transparency & accountability

�� Lack of knowledge/awareness regarding rights and obligations

�� Lack of interaction with Panchayati Raj Institutions

�� Bhaiswar, �� Gurma

Tank, �� Lilgee, �� Raigaon

Lift, �� Harsi, �� Chambal

Canal (Morena & Bhind)

�� Poor Maintenance of canals

�� Inefficient operation of canals

�� Lack of proper patrolling/monitoring

�� Inequitable distribution of canal water

�� Significant wastage of water

�� Social conflicts �� Loss of synergetic

opportunities to ensure equity in water delivery


7

Poor revenue Collection�� Under recording of irrigated area �� Inadequate security �� Non payment by large & Influential

farmers �� Outdated ownership records �� Poor irrigation water delivery to


�� Lack of adequate funds for maintenance

�� Large arrears of canal revenue pending for many years

�� WRD Department

ESA Final Report



which observed



the tail end region �� Tariff not linked to the number of

irrigations provided �� Limited enforcement powers to the

field staff �� Lack of adequate field staff �� Limited mobility of the field staff �� Lack of adequate support from the

WUAs and Civil administration

10

Weak Monitoring and Information system�� Absence of information regarding

canal operation & water delivery �� Inadequate or Absence of

patrolling and inspection �� Lack of adequate staff and

vehicles at the field level �� Absence of night time patrolling �� Inadequate or absence of

exposure to computers


�� Poor efficiency in the operation of canal system

�� Decrease in the productivity of the system

�� Increase in social tension

�� Increase in conveyance losses

�� Delayed and inefficient decision making process

�� WUAs & Farmers in the command area

�� WRD Dept

8

Weak Institutional setup�� Stagnancy in the cadres/poor

career prospects �� Inadequate field staff/excess office

staff �� Limited extent of training to the

staff �� Diversion of time to work from

collectorate �� Less funds/work from WRD dept

in all the Schemes �� Fear of dacoits/anti social

elements

�� All Surveyed Schemes

�� Poor efficiency in management of WRD Schemes

�� Lack of innovative approaches to manage system

�� Frustration and apathy towards work


14

Poor Agriculture & Horticulture Infrastructure�� Inadequate extension service �� Poor connectivity to the markets �� Inadequate access to quality

seeds, credit and other inputs �� No special drive to maximize

outputs from the farms of marginal farmers

All the surveyed Schemes

�� Poor agricultural & horticultural productivity

�� Low farm income (especially for marginal farmers)

�� Neglect of cash crops


Poor Infrastructure for Fisheries Development�� Inadequate extension service �� Adequate credit not extended due

to improper Scheme design for smaller ponds

�� Fishing Contracts given to influential contractors


�� Loss of opportunity to generate income for the poor

�� Benefits do not accrue to poor fishermen communities

�� Fishermen communities

18

Inadequate research & development facilities�� Lack of model farms in the

Scheme area �� Results of research elsewhere not

intimated to Scheme farmers


�� Low productivity �� Poor water

management �� Non adoption of latest

techniques and seed variation

�� WRD department �� WUAs & Farmers �� WUAs

SOCIAL

3

Diversion of water for unplanned alternate uses�� Drinking water supply to towns �� Unplanned religious and cultural

use

�� Surkhi, �� Justhekhedi

,�� Amahi

Tank,

�� Adverse impact on area irrigated

�� No irrigation to the tail end of the command area

�� WUAs & Farmers

ESA Final Report



which observed



�� Lilgee �� Reduction in agricultural productivity

11

Beneficiary farmers�� Not enterprising and proactive �� Tradition Bound & risk averse �� Weak & caste based leadership

�� Raigaon Lift,

�� Rangwan HLC,

�� Lilgee, Chambal Canal (Gohad), Gurma Tank

�� Poor water utilisation in Kharif

�� Low crop yields �� No crop

diversification �� Neglect of horticulture �� Neglect of animal

husbandry & poultry etc


12.

Lack of awareness�� Lack of awareness of different

water user agencies regarding the environmental aspects at basin level

�� Hydrologic aspects not appreciated

�� Social & Environmental implications not understood

�� WUAs unaware of the PIM act & regulations

�� Farmers not aware of their duties & responsibilities regarding PIM act

�� Lack of awareness regarding modern agricultural technologies

�� Inadequate exposure to media & Information system

�� All Surveyed Schemes

�� Poor co ordination between different water users

�� Engineering oriented approach to water management

�� Adverse impact on environment

�� Conflict situations with different stake holders

�� Non adoption of Latest agricultural technology

�� Impediment in agriculture diversification & intensification

�� Improper & inadequate water management

�� Wastage of water

�� Different User Departments

�� WRD department �� Water User

Associations �� Cultivators/farmers �� Other water users

13

Agriculture�� Kharif irrigation neglected �� Rabi cropping not diversified �� Low level of agricultural

technology �� Available irrigation facilities not

optimally used �� Very low agriculture output


�� Low agricultural output despite having irrigation water

�� Low utilisation of reservoir water


15

Animal Husbandry�� Not rearing sheep and goats �� Poor quality of cattle �� Lack of adequate fodder �� Neglect of poultry farming �� Inadequate marketing network


�� Low household income


16

Degraded social environment�� Women participation in farming

activity confined to lower/poorer strata

�� Participation of women in decision making at village level absent

�� Caste wise compartmentalization �� Land ownership illegal/benami �� Criminal/antisocial elements �� Role of liquor and gambling �� Unemployment and lack of access

to training �� Limited development incentives

for tribal mostly settled in the Hilly and Forested Catchment areas of irrigation Schemes


�� Women inactive/apathetic

�� Lack of co operative approach to the village problems

�� Landless labourers and marginal farmers remain poor

�� Lack of growth stimulus

�� Increase in poverty of the vulnerable groups

�� Increase in social tension due to difference in prosperity levels

�� WUAs & Households in the command/Catchment villages

ESA Final Report


Source: LASA primary survey


The joint walk through and consultations revealed various engineering, environmental and social issues that need due consideration to ensure success of any rehabilitation measures undertaken. Not only are physical improvements necessary, it is important to have appropriate institutional mechanisms in place so that there is accountability among the village communities. Efforts should be towards developing a sense of belonging towards the irrigation system, which in today’s scenario is practically absent. In addition, awareness towards environmentally benign technologies should be built up so that farmers may enhance productivity through sustainable means. The detailed procedures for identifying the issues and recommendations are included in SEMF documents for formulation of various schemes.


5. STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTATIONS & sub Project issues This Chapter briefly describes the methodology adopted for undertaking consultations at all stages of the study. Initial Consultations for Stakeholder identification, Selection of sub projects, Selection of villages and Selection of households have been described. Key Issues identified though Village Consultations have also been stated in this Chapter.

OOOBBBJJJEEECCCTTTIIIVVVEEESSS

Detailed Stakeholder Consultations formed the single most important process in the present study. The primary objective of undertaking Stakeholders’ Consultation was to determine key environmental & social issues in MPWSRP, identification of impacts and formulate project activities based on these impacts in a Consultative Manner. The detailed process to be followed is as follows: • Identification of key stakeholders in the project,

• Dissemination of project objectives to stakeholders,

• Interaction with the stakeholders for identification of pertinent issues regarding existing water use, demand, supply and ways to maximize its productivity, for incorporation in the ESA,

• Obtaining feedback from the stakeholders towards addressing the issues and future concerns raised by them through a participatory process,

• Identification of ways to resolve conflicts between stakeholder groups, if any, in a participatory manner,

• Developing a participatory framework and consultation strategy for further works.

MMMEEETTTHHHOOODDDOOOLLLOOOGGGYYY AAADDDOOOPPPTTTEEEDDD

The entire study has been undertaken on a consultative and participatory framework where consultation with stakeholders at every stage remained the main focus of project activity. Study aspects addressed through stakeholder consultations are as follows: • Stakeholder Identification: Consultations with WRD and Water User sub sectors were undertaken to

identify various stakeholders and the nature of their stakes. The key environmental and social issues that might be encountered in various basins were discussed. Also views were sought from the line agencies regarding the nature and extent of their stakes in the water sector.

Depending upon the extent of stakes in MPWSRP the stakeholders have been categorised into 3 classes: • Primary Stakeholders: Villagers and Water User Associations who stand to benefit most from the

implementation of the MPWSRP.

• Secondary Stakeholders: Water Resource Department, which is the Implementing Agency and must undertake reforms within the department as envisaged in the project. They are also responsible for ensuring the incorporation of environmental and social issues and safeguard measures into the project activities.

• Tertiary Stakeholders: Other Sub Sector Water Users who must coordinate with the WRD as well as the primary stakeholders to ensure appropriate water allocation to their sectors and initiate parallel extension works to capitalise on opportunities created through the MPWSRP

• Selection of Sub Projects: As described in Chapter 4 of the report tentative Screening and Selection of sub-projects was undertaken at the State level. However, some of these were replaced and

ESA Final Report


alternative schemes having additional multiplicity of issues were taken up through consultations at the Basin and Divisional Levels14.

• Selection of Villages for House Hold survey: After selection of sub-projects, villages were selected based on major issues identified through consultations with WRD site officials of the respective sub-projects15. The location of selected villages is shown in Figure 0.1. The list of surveyed villages in 20 sub-projects is presented in Annexure 11.

• Selection of Households: The ToR required that 20% sample households be surveyed from the selected villages. Stratified sampling techniques was used for the identification of households to be surveyed. Socio-economic statues of the households formed the basis of strata in the sampling process. For identification of households the village head and other villagers were contacted at the chaupal (village congregating place) and salient features of the village were recorded on Village Formats. Details on occupational and socio-economic structure of the village and key environmental and social issues were recorded. Based on this break up 20% samples were identified for survey representing all the identified groups.

• Selection of Villages (For Primary Stakeholder Consultations): Predominant issues identified during the House Hold surveys formed the basis of selection of Villages for Primary Stakeholder Consultations. The objective was to cover critical and unique issues through theses consultations.

Figure 0.1 Location of Household Survey Villages

Source: LASA GIS database Note: Names of only a few villages feature in the map

14 The ToR required that 20 sub projects (1 Major, 1 Medium and 2 Minor Projects be selected from each Basin) as sample sub-projects.

15 The ToR required that 120 villages be selected from the region of these 20 projects for household surveys.

ESA Final Report


HHHOOOUUUSSSEEEHHHOOOLLLDDD SSSUUURRRVVVEEEYYY FFFIIINNNDDDIIINNNGGGSSS

A general socio-economic scenario of the households and a baseline status is presented in this section based on the findings of household surveys undertaken through preliminary consultations and questionnaire surveys. Annexure 11 presents a summary of issues as listed in the Village Questionnaire.

Households Surveyed

Identification of sample households was undertaken in consultations with the village elders and the Gram Panchayat members, so as to cover all the social groups and economic classes within each of the selected villages. The number of households surveyed in each project basin and percentage covered in each basin has been provided in Table 5.1.

Table 0-1: Households Surveyed in Project Basins

Basin name Households Surveyed

% Distribution Basin wise

Betwa 538 15

Chambal 1025 29

Ken 842 24 Sindh 543 15

Tons 624 17

3572 100

Social Categories

The distribution of SC and STs households is low when compared to the general and the OBCs in Betwa Sub-basin. This is the general feature in all the basins among the households surveyed under the project. This is given in Table 5.2.

Table 0-2: Population Details as per Social Categories of Villages Surveyed

Social Category Basin name Households Surveyed

ST SC OBC General Caste Others

Betwa 538 83 33 217 177 28

Chambal 1025 141 50 424 380 30

Ken 842 111 62 351 277 41

Sindh 543 87 39 249 144 24

Tons 624 94 53 148 321 8

TOTAL 3572 516 237 1389 1299 131

Literacy Level The literacy level of the head of the households surveyed reveals that most of them are illiterate. The percentage of literates with primary education is high in Sindh and Chambal basin, i.e., 43% and 38% respectively.

ESA Final Report


Table 5.3: Literacy Levels in Surveyed Households

Basin name Education Levels % Head of Households

Illiterate 44

Primary 35

Matric 16

Graduate 3

Post Graduate 0

BETWA

Others 2

Illiterate 36

Primary 38

Matric 21

Graduate 5

Post Graduate 1

Vocational 0

CHAMBAL

Others 2

Illiterate 48

Primary 31

Matric 16

Graduate 3

Post Graduate 1

Vocational 0

KEN

Others 2

Illiterate 40

Primary 43

Matric 16

Graduate 2

Post Graduate 0

Vocational 0

SINDH

Others 3

Illiterate 39

Primary 28

Matric 25

Graduate 5

Post Graduate 3

TONS

Others 1

Income Level

The income category of 17001 – 50000 has the highest number of households in all the sub-basins. This indicates that the contacted households below poverty line are less in number. Based on the data collected the number of families earning a total income of below or up to Rs.17000 per year in Ken sub-basin is about 45%, which is a very figure. Measures should be adopted under this project to address this situation, so that certain income generating schemes can be designed and some programs from other Government departments integrated to supplement the income levels in this region.

Table 5.4: Income Levels among Surveyed Households

ESA Final Report


Note: Rs. 17000 is the estimated maximum limit of BPL income based on Planning Commission figures, 2003.

Occupational Pattern

The occupation pattern reveals that the major dependence is on agriculture, followed by dependence on animal husbandry. Further there are a few families, which also have members involved in government and private services. There is the presence of household industry among a few households in Ken sub-basin.

Table 5.5: Occupational Pattern of Surveyed Households

Basin Name Agriculture Animal

husbandry Pisciculture Forestry Wage Labour

Govt Service

Pvt Service

HH Industry

Artisan Craft

Caste Occupation Business

441 72 2 0 197 5 2 2 0 3 1 Betwa (82) (13) (0) (0) (37) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0)

798 185 5 2 335 29 4 1 0 7 10 Chambal(78) (18) (0) (0) (33) (3) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1)

660 81 8 2 371 29 5 10 2 13 1 Ken (78) (10) (1) (0) (44) (3) (1) (1) (0) (2) (0)

417 80 2 1 214 10 6 0 0 0 3 Sindh (77) (15) (0) (0) (39) (2) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1)

539 95 1 0 214 44 8 2 1 2 2 Tons (86) (15) (0) (0) (34) (7) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0)

Note: Figures in parentheses indicate percentage values.

Crops Grown

Basin name Income Class

(in Rupees per year) % of Households

upto 17000 25

17001-50000 51

50001-100000 16BETWA

>100000 8

upto 17000 4

17001-50000 41

50001-100000 32 CHAMBAL

>100000 23

upto 17000 45

17001-50000 44

50001-100000 8

KEN >100000 3

upto 17000 3

17001-50000 52

50001-100000 31 SINDH

>100000 14

upto 17000 31

17001-50000 50

50001-100000 12 TONS

>100000 6

ESA Final Report


The predominant Rabi crop grown in the basins is wheat and gram. Predominant Kharif crops are Soyabean and Paddy (in some regions – eg. Borina sub project). In the northern Chambal and Sindh Basin Mustard is an important crop that grows practically through out the Kharif and Rabi seasons (Refer Annexure 11). In general only kharif irrigation is being practised in the surveyed villages. It is the wheat and gram crop that receives maximum irrigation in all the basins, during the Rabi season. Wheat is the first preference and planted if availability of water is sufficient for the multiple irrigation it requires. If water is scarce (mainly in the catchment and tail end of the command area) gram is predominantly sown. Only in the Borina sub project irrigation of paddy crop is being undertaken during the Kharif season.

Out Migration It is seen that out migration in search of jobs is predominant in the Ken and Tons Basins, which could be due to the low level of agricultural prosperity in these regions (Refer Annexure 11). Within the irrigation sub projects in these basins it is seen that the predominant migration above 10% of the surveyed households are from catchment areas (Eg. Beniganj, Lilgee and Borina sub projects) as well as from tail end areas of some sub projects (Eg. Beniganj, Kishenpura sub projects).

Infrastructure Metalled roads and Bus Stops in the in most of the surveyed villages are conspicuous by their absence, highlighting the deficiency of transport infrastructure. Aganwadis and Primary schools are present in most of the villages surveyed, followed by Middle Schools that are approximately 1/3 in number (Refer Annexure 11).

Environmental Problems

The major environmental hurdle faced by the village households surveyed, was the availability of fuel and fodder. Due to degradation and division of common property resources in the villages, access to these essential resources has reduced considerably. In addition to these the recent drought has compelled villagers to reduce their livestock. Ground water availability is also poor mainly in the sub project catchment and tail end villages due to inadequate recharge and high ground water dependency in these areas (Refer Annexure: 11)

Disease Pattern The disease pattern shows malaria to be the most perceptible disease of all in the surveyed households. Above 50% households reported the incidence of this disease in the past one year principally in the Chambal and Sindh basins, where incidences of water logging are more pronounced due to relatively flat terrain. Table 5. : shows the percentage of surveyed households with a case of malaria in the past one year. Among other diseases Cholera and Jaundice also occur in the surveyed villages (Refer Annexure: 11).

Table 5.6: Percentage of Households with malarial case in past one year

Basin name Name of Irrigation Scheme %ge of Households with malarial case

Betwa Amahi 65

Betwa Kerwan 39

Betwa Raisen 37

Betwa Samrat Ashok 32

ESA Final Report


Basin name Name of Irrigation Scheme %ge of Households with malarial case

Chambal Chambal canal 51

Chambal Chillar 60

Chambal Jastakhedi 57

Chambal Kinshanpura 57

Ken Barina 21

Ken Beni Sagar 30

Ken Rangawan 31

Ken Surkhi 34

Sindh Alkajiri 52

Sindh Dhapora 47

Sindh Harsi 63

Sindh Mohri 44

Tons Bhainswar 38

Tons Gurma 31

Tons Lilgee 33

Tons Reagon Lift Irrigation 31

Source: LASA GIS database

Figure 0.2 Location of Primary Stakeholder Consultation Villages

IIISSSSSSUUUEEESSS IIIDDDEEENNNTTTIIIFFFIIIEEEDDD TTTHHHRRROOOUUUGGGHHH CCCOOONNNSSSUUULLLTTTAAATTTIIIOOONNNSSS

Key Findings from Reconnaissance surveys of 20 projects and Consultations have been presented in Chapter 4 of this report. Given below is a brief of findings from all Stakeholder Consultations.

Primary Level Consultations

Presidents of Water User’s Association

ESA Final Report


Water Users’ Association is an important addition to irrigation water management hierarchy in the State. First set of WUA’s has been elected 2/3 years ago in the command areas of many irrigation projects. During interaction with the presidents of the WUA it was observed that most of them were large farmers with significant landholdings in the command area. They appear to be quite influential in their villages. Training imparted to them has generated low to moderate understanding about the entire process of management of the canal systems and their roles and responsibilities. The newly found powers associated with the post have created a friction with the WRD field officials, who so far had been looking after the canal systems. In many cases the funds and labour allocated to them are being misused for personal gains. Since the WUA heads are from among the farmers, issues that are to be dealt with discipline (non-payment of irrigation taxes, unauthorised breaching of canals, etc.) are being ignored. As a result incidences of ad hoc behaviour among the farmers (mainly those in the head reach) in drawing irrigation water from canals, is rampant. Intense training on irrigation management issues has to be imparted to the WUA presidents to increase sensitivity towards the irrigation system as a whole. Command Area Farmers There appears to be a tendency of ‘survival of the fittest’ after the handing over of canal system to the WUAs. The command area farmers have significant stake in the functioning of irrigation system, as they are dependent on it mainly for their Rabi crops. Since water flows in the main canal during the entire irrigation season many farmers are insensitive to wastage of water after irrigation of their fields are complete. Most of the tail-end farmers have grievances against timely supply of canal water due to continuous withdrawal in the head reaches and reduction in capacity of the canals. Farmers also resort to breaching the canal or damaging the outlets, for draining the water directly into the fields. At many locations pumps are being used extensively to lift water directly from the canal. Due to absence of watercourses and field channels field-to-field irrigation is practised and leads to conflicts among farmers. At many locations farmers maintained that the WUA presidents are insensitive to the requirements of the canal system improvement. Visits of agricultural extension officers at the village level for promoting better cropping pattern, fertilizers or pesticides, is minimal in most of the villages. As such the awareness of farmers to ways and means of improving productivity is minimal. The road infrastructure is poor and hinders their access to agricultural Mandis. Veterinary services in the villages too are inadequate. There is an urgent need to introduce the concept of participatory irrigation management among the farmers and make them aware of their rights. Also such awareness programs have to be initiated in a decentralised manner at village level, with simplified concepts. Extension service should be intensified along with the physical asset improvements. Women of Command Area Villages Though the women form an important stakeholder group there is rarely any involvement of women in the WUA functioning. Women’s non-participation is taken for granted by the people as well as the officials. Thus efforts to include women have been unresponsive so far. As women do not have any say in the agricultural activities, except for contributing labour (as is the case with the lower castes), they also usually do not take part in any matters related to irrigation water. Women customarily stay at home and do not participate in water management except for fetching drinking water, which is any case traditionally their job. Their decision-making is also confined to the household level. Low participation of other civil societies / NGO also reflects on the excluded vulnerability. It appears that there is a positive trend towards female education. Upper caste women generally are confined to household chores, whereas lower caste women actively participate in agricultural activities. Women wage labourers earn equal amount as their male counterparts.

ESA Final Report


Summary of Issues on WUA Functioning Madhya Pradesh is the second state in the country after Andhra Pradesh to pass the Participatory Irrigation Management Act in the year 1999. The act is an attempt towards decentralization of control, passing on some of the management functions to elected farmers organizatios. It is a step towards increasing participation and corresponding benefits to the people. However awareness about the functioning of such a system is low at the field level. Given below are some of the issues identified related to functioning of the WUAs: • Farmers/people are quite removed from WUA and regard the limited access to irrigation water as a

case of “bad fortune” and a hopeless condition.

• WUA meetings are infrequent, no record of meetings available.

• Except for the President, most other members unaware of the proceedings of WUA reflecting a lack of transparency in the function and devolution of responsibilities among the members.

• PIM has still not managed to bring about decentralization, as people’s participation is limited. Participation of the members is driven by self-motivation.

• There are only stray cases of innovative methods of participation and contribution adopted by some WUA. People are generally not forthcoming in supporting the tasks of WUA. Largely, the WUA themselves have not invited contributions from the people

• Decision-making is top-down. WUA members are ineffective as complaints are still addressed through the officials-channels. The conventional feeling that only/ mainly the Collector can resolve conflicts or ‘do justice’, still prevails.

• Women’s participation is negligible in decision-making.

• WUA members do not interact with agriculture-extension officer. Irrigation is inseparably linked with cropping but Farmers’ organizations have weak relationship with their agricultural counterparts.

• WUA are more sympathetic to departmental enquiries than the other way round. While the engineers have a sense of erosion of their authority the WUA accept the engineers more readily.

• WUA is limited to canal water management only. Since ground water is a significant source of irrigation too it is imperative that holistic management framework should be developed to enable conjunctive use of surface and ground water.

• The lack of awareness and knowledge-preparedness point to limitations in the manner in which training programme is conducted or the training imparted not being fully relevant to the local needs.

• Coordination with the Panchayat, other village level/Panchayat level committees are negligible. The WUA does not have access to computers. There were computers in the Panchayat Bhavan but were rarely used. WUA member, quite naturally, compared themselves with the PRI system and lamented the lack of facilities like computers, Panchayat Bhavan, etc. They were also not provided with any administrative support although they were a larger body than the Gram Panchayat – WUA includes several villages.

• No specific training for WUA members – while Presidents have a better understanding of the situating members are groping and are quite alienated. Presidents seldom inform the members or pass on the knowledge acquired by them during the training.

Secondary Level Consultations

Basin Level Chief Engineers of WRD Basin CEs are senior most officers in the basin, being given the responsibility of development and utilization of water resources in the basin. They have strong engineering background and over three decades of service involving planning, design, construction and operation of water resource projects. They function under the supervision of their Departmental Secretary. They

ESA Final Report


have extensive administrative experience managing fairly vast hierarchy of technical officers. They interact with civil administration at district level in all the districts within the basin. Over the years their role has been confined to irrigation and drainage sub-sector and to some extent hydropower sub-sector. The urban and industrial water supply, fisheries, water pollution etc. have other state level departments and controlling authorities. The basin level offices interact with officers of other sub-sector departments occasionally when the need arises. These officers do recognize the limitations of their subordinate officers and realize that their roles have more to do with service delivery rather than resource management. They agree that amore holistic integrated approach to water resources management at basin level is required to enhance the productivity of water. They have clear awareness of problems at field level and their impact on the water productivity. They are positive about the involvement of beneficiaries under PIM Act and feel that an elected body of beneficiaries at field level would provide a useful forum for consultation on sharing of available water during periods of water scarcity. They prefer public – private participation on a case-by-case basis. However, they feel handing over of irrigation projects, partly and wholly to private entrepreneurs (other than beneficiaries) are not feasible. Project Level Engineers of WRD Project level officers of the WRD comprises of Executive Engineers, Assistant Engineers etc. They have good technical background (engineering degree or diploma) with nearly two decades of service in the department. They operate the irrigation system in the field, interact with the beneficiaries on a day-to-day basis, and responsible for the revenue collection due to irrigation water delivery. They operate under the supervision of Basin chief Engineers. They also interact with the civil administration at district level through District Collector’s office. They also interact with the officers of other sub-sector department at district level quite frequently. These officers are aware of the changes that are being contemplated n the functioning of water sector. With the implementation of PIM Act and subsequent handing over of canal ate distribution responsibilities to beneficiaries, the engineers’ feel that their stakes in the water sector (particularly in O&M of the irrigation system) has been diluted significantly. They feel that farmers are presently ill equipped to shoulder the responsibility of operation and maintenance of the irrigation systems that requires certain level of technical expertise. They feel that the present situation shall ultimately lead to degeneration of the entire canal system. They also stated that they should be relieved of their revenue collection responsibilities, as they have not been given adequate powers similar to those given to the revenue officers. Most of the engineers feel strongly about the dual control under which they have to function. They are called upon by the District Civil Administration to undertake functions like election supervision, field surveys, emergency duties like flood relief, etc. The engineers feel that such duties and activities adversely affect their involvement in the duties of their own departments. They feel that they are not getting adequate support in terms of money and facilities in carrying out their maintenance and monitoring works. Sometimes their official vehicles get taken over by the District Administration. They feel more effort should be put to improve their capability in discharging their work.

Tertiary Level Consultations

Perceptions of Senior Officers of Other Sub-Sector Departments Senior officers (Joint Director level) functioning in different departments like Forestry, Agriculture, Urban Development, Rural Development, Industries, etc. had been consulted to identify issues related to water use in these sectors. These officers have good technical

ESA Final Report


background with more than two decades of service in their parent departments. They have a good understanding of the issues concerning their sub-sectors and their limitations. It appears that these officers from diverse departments interact with WRD for issues related to water sector occasionally on a case-by-case basis. There does not appear to be any institutional arrangement for structured dialogue regarding various issues that interconnect them. Views of some of the major departments are as follows: • Urban Municipal Bodies have a number of water supply projects providing water supply to various urban

areas in the state. The schemes are dependent on existing dams / reservoirs as well as jack wells in the river. There are problems of water shortage mostly related to the drying up of the source during summer months. As a measure to minimize the ever-expanding gap between demand and supply the department has made rainfall harvesting compulsory in towns.

• Agriculture Department has a vital role to play in the productivity of water in all the basins. The departmental officials feel that there is weakness in the interaction between their staff and the farmers. They point out that there is significant reduction in their extension staff that hampers their interaction with farmers. They have initiated export promotion zone for development of specific export oriented crops for better benefits from the use of land and water resources.

• Fisheries Department is another vital sector that has the potential to alleviate poverty on a large scale in the state. However, this has not been realised due to lack of sustained efforts in creation and development of the requisite infrastructure. Major issues include limited infrastructure for fish seed production and lack of awareness among the fishing communities leading to their inability to arrange for the requisite infrastructure.

• Forestry Department undertakes reforestation in degraded catchment areas (if they fall under their jurisdiction). They encourage people’s participation in their joint forest management programmes. The department constructs small water harvesting structures for wild life use, within the forest areas that do not cause additional submergence. The wildlife department has a stake in large wetlands including rivers that house significant aquatic wild life besides supporting terrestrial wild life. Two such rivers are the Chambal and the Ken rivers.

• Department of Commerce and Industry has significant stake in the water sector and has plans to propose reservation of a percentage of water for future industrial use in water resource projects. The water requirements of the industries are met directly by the PHE as well as through Industrial Centre Development Corporation.


Implementation of the provisions of the PIM Act has rightly set the note for a participatory approach to

irrigation management in the state. The stakeholder consultations undertaken at various levels (from

state level to the sub-project level) indicate significant broken links to effective and informed water

management. Thus it is imperative that the sub sector water users be actively involved in shaping the future water distribution pattern of the state. Similarly at the subproject level Joint walk through,

Consultations and other PRA techniques should be made a pre-requisite for any sub-project plan

preparation. This will be a slow process to the mindset of the department but the project should push up and make efforts to implement it in due course of time. Annexure 16 discusses the Community

Consultation process to be followed for incorporation of environmental and social safeguard measures.


6. Environmental & Social IMPACTs and ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES This Chapter identifies the possible impacts due to implementation of the MPWSRP in the context of the present scenario. It also explores the opportunities that may be capitalised through sensitive inclusion of environmental and social safeguard measures into the project. Analyses the alternative approaches to identification of sub-projects, prioritisation of intervention measures and alternative physical and institutional intervention measures. The applicability of these alternatives to various site situations has also been described. It is expected that based on the lessons learnt while implementing the project, such alternative approaches may be further developed and suitable amendments be made in the Social and Environmental Management Framework.

PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTT IIINNNTTTEEERRRVVVEEENNNTTTIIIOOONNNSSS

As mentioned The proposed intervention measures of MPWSRP comprises of the following three components:

(A) Water Resources Management-Institutions and Instruments:

• Establishment of resource planning & allocation mechanism through establishment of State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) and the associated State Water Resource Data and Analysis Centre (SWaRDAC);

• Establishment of Basin Development and Management Boards; and

• Establishment of State Water Tariff Regulatory Commission (SWaTReC) for bulk water tariffs and rights regulation and assistance to Water User Associations (WUAs) and local self-governments shall be provided for retail water tariffs management.

(B) Service Delivery- Irrigation and Drainage Institutions:

• Right sizing of Water Resource Department with appropriate skill mix while transferring Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) functions to the apex institutions;

• Development of Management Information System, training & capacity building of WRD; and

• Initiating Public/private partnership in selected schemes.

(C) Improving Productivity of Selected Existing Irrigation and Drainage Assets in Five Basins:

• Asset Modernisation through rehabilitation of selected irrigation & drainage schemes with participatory system design, volumetric delivery of water to Water User Associations and real time monitoring & management of systems;

• Agricultural Intensification and Diversification including Horticulture and Livestock Improvement; and

• Development of Fisheries.

(D) Project Management:

• Development of Project Coordination and Monitoring and Evaluation Skills within the WRD; and

• Preparation of further phases of the project.

SSSCCCOOOPPPIIINNNGGG OOOFFF KKKEEEYYY EEENNNVVVIIIRRROOONNNMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL &&& SSSOOOCCCIIIAAALLL IIISSSSSSUUUEEESSS

Scoping of the key issues has been undertaken based on assessment of basin and sub-project issues through extensive consultations with a range of stakeholders and analysis of the Geographic Information System (GIS) database prepared as a part of the study. The following issues are of major significance in this project:

ESA Final Report


• Limited understanding and expertise on environmental and social issues related to basin

planning, modernization of irrigation projects within the implementing agency and the

farmers,

• Lack of data base on environmental and social parameters both at the head office and the

field levels,

• Lack of planning and methodological water allocation among the various sub sector water

users at the basin and sub basin levels as well as in the irrigation schemes,

• Limited consultations with stakeholders like farmer communities, NGOs and line

departments,

• Lack of incorporation of environmental and social safeguard measures in the Irrigation

Manual of the State and other contract clauses,

• Lack of evaluation and monitoring of environmental and social impacts of completed

projects,

• Degraded Irrigation and Drainage assets leading to environmental problems and social

tensions,

• Degraded social system at places due to lack of security, caste rifts, exclusion of women

from the decision-making process, adverse role of liquor & gambling, high-level

unemployment and lack of access to training, etc.

• Weak consultation framework in sub-project preparation.

• Weak linkages between WRD, WUA, Gram Panchayat and villages.

• Limited participation of vulnerable groups like tribals and women in irrigation and women

in irrigation management, agriculture and allied occupations.

• Low awareness and participation of IPM and INM techniques in agriculture.

• Weak consultation, WUA problem’s, Women Tribal, IPM, Integrated management.

SSSPPPEEECCCIIIFFFIIICCC CCCOOONNNCCCEEERRRNNNSSS... IIIMMMPPPAAACCCTTTSSS &&&OOOPPPPPPOOORRRTTTUUUNNNIIITTTIIIEEESSS OOOFFF PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTT CCCOOOMMMPPPOOONNNEEENNNTTTSSS

Institutional Reforms Concerns & Opportunities Institutional reforms proposed under MPWSRP already have environmental and social safeguard components built into it. However, existing institutional shortfalls as summarised in Table 6.1 need to be addressed adequately to ensure effective inclusion of environmental and social concerns in the planning process. The table also showcases the various opportunities that exist to enhance the effectiveness of the proposed institutional interventions.

ESA Final Report


Table 6.1: Water Resources Management (Institutions and Instruments) – Concerns & Opportunities Activity Existing / Potential Concerns Opportunities

State Water Resource Agency & Basin Agency Functioning Resource Planning and Allocation Mechanisms �� State Water

Resources Agency �� State Water

Resources Data and Analysis Centre

Basin Agencies �� Development &

Management Board

Low level capacity to understand and integrate environmental and social issues related to basin planning Lack of environmental knowledge-base capacity and analytical tools Lack of planning in basin development considering environmental issues such as water logging, salinisation, resource conflicts, stakeholder consultation and participation, flooding, environmental allocation, etc. Lack of coordination amongst WRD & line departments and between line departments and water users in sharing information and proper coordination of activities

Mainstream environmental and social issues in Basin Planning and Management Improve environmental knowledge-base, analytical tools and institutional linkages for environmentally and socially-sustainable integrated water resources management in a basin framework (including wetlands management, conjunctive groundwater-surface water management, in-stream flow allocation and enforcement for environmental and other purposes, water quality management, appropriate environmental and social assessment framework for projects impacting water resources availability and quality, etc.) Improve multi-stakeholder awareness and encourage inter-agency cooperation and coordination on environmental and social issues

Tariff Reform/ Water Rights Administration Regulatory Mechanisms �� Bulk - State Water

Tariff/ Rights Administration

�� Retail – Water User Associations / Panchayati Raj Institutions

Low water rates causing scarcity of funds for O&M Unequal distribution of water causing social conflicts Lack of water rights causing barrier in poverty alleviation programme Lack of appreciation of Environmental & Social Costs & Benefits of each sub sector water user Lack of appreciation of characteristic social hurdles in revenue recovery

Include appropriate environmental and social issues in water tariff setting A volumetric resource utilisation charge Role of revenue collection to WUA and provision of part share of revenue collection to WUAs A service charge to cover the costs of supplying the water and for maintaining the feeder systems. An adequate operation and maintenance fund for disbursement to WUA’s for the maintenance of distribution systems. Tradable water rights i.e., rights to use water that can be transferred separately from the transfer of land.

Basin Board Functioning �� Enabling

Investments for Development and Use of

�� Decision Support Systems

�� Integrated Basin Plans and Sub-Sector Strategy Development

�� Monitoring Systems

Poor capacity at MPWRD to address environmental & social issues; also poor partnerships Environmental & social concerns will be lost in the focus on water delivery Existing environmental knowledge base, analytical capacity and environmental awareness in MPWRD and among farmers is weak Inter-agency information sharing is weak

Develop and implement simple and effective environmental guidelines for WRD activities for basin development Develop Environmental knowledge base and appropriate modern analytical tools to facilitate informed decision-making at various levels in irrigated agriculture activities from MPWRD to farmer level

Irrigation & Drainage Sub-Sector Reform Concerns & Opportunities Irrigation and Drainage sub-sector reforms proposed under MPWSRP already have environmental and social safeguard components built into it. However, existing institutional shortfalls and social concerns as summarised in Table 6.2 need to be addressed adequately to ensure effective inclusion of environmental and social issues in the planning process. The table also showcases the various opportunities that exist to enhance the effectiveness of the proposed interventions.

ESA Final Report


Table 6.2: Service Delivery (Irrigation and Drainage Institutions) – Concerns & Opportunities

Asset Modernisation Concerns, Impacts & Opportunities Concerns, Impacts and Opportunities related to Assets Modernisation activities have been summarised in Table 6.3. (Refer SEMF Table, Chapter 3, SEMF Report). Agricultural Intensification and Fisheries Development activities that should be taken up through the project have been discussed in Annexures 6 and 7 respectively.

Table 6.3: Improving productivity of selected existing irrigation and drainage assets – Concerns, Impacts & Opportunities

Activity Concerns & Impacts Opportunities Irrigation System Rehabilitation -

Overall

• Non-inclusion / Least importance to views of stakeholders

• Problems of groups adversely affected by change in the hydrological regime

• Inadequate targeting of generalized measures

• Improvement of vulnerable groups (women, tribal, landless, etc.)

Activity Existing / Potential Concerns Opportunities Training & Capacity Building Public Private-Partnerships (incl. WUA) Line Agency (WRD) Reforms Rightsizing with

appropriate Skill-mix

Separation of WRM Functions to Apex Institutions

Management Information Systems

Training and Capacity-Building

Inadequate civil society consultation Unclear understanding of the implications and needs of a water delivery system Lack of awareness of the full range of sectoral management options Inadequate dissemination of the new laws and policies Lack of knowledge of new technologies Lack of agriculture extension activities Likely Professional Conflicts / Dissatisfaction

Increased professional skill base in WRD WUA strengthened to take on role model for increasing irrigation. Increased self determinacy with respect to crop selection User group leaders should be allowed to withhold fees as a sanction against poor service delivery A user’s right to trade water should specifically be mentioned Gender and other multidisciplinary training for all government staff associated with MPWSRP Awareness, sensitisation on Women Policy of GoMP Strengthening the dialogue, exchange and exploration of ideas between gender specialists, social scientists and economists within governments and bilateral / multilateral agencies.

Information Management/MIS

No reliable feed back system on implemented schemes Lack of communication facility Lack of Knowledge Lack of faith in Government plans and its implementation Lack of media’s role in spreading benefits of Government schemes and collecting ground realities for effective monitoring Lack of coordination in line departments regarding sharing of information

More accountability against poor delivery. Improve reliable and effective management information system for two way information Improve role of media for awareness building

Irrigation Manual Revision

Revision of Manual as the present manual lacks environmental and social considerations. Inadequate provisions to address issues related to basin planning Lack of flexibility in implementation No provision for participatory irrigation management and public- private partnership Lack for operation and maintenance guidelines Fallibility in design as per site requirement Inadequate provision of drainage in command area

Irrigation manual revised to Modern conditions (technical, environmental and social etc) Effective tradable rights, services established.

Voluntary Retirement Schemes

Stagnancy in Cadre, Lack of promotion avenues & low motivation levels Disproportionate staff distribution between upper & field level offices Excess employees than required Poor knowledge due to less opportunity for exposure Degradation of post and compulsion to perform duties under the junior level administrative officers in other than departmental activities No say in implementation to Sub-Engineers and Assistant Engineers despite of provisions in the manual Social tension as a result of job loss

Improve VRS policies with attractive benefits Possibilities to employ retired employees on short-term temporary basis on remunerative works in NGOs and Consultancy Firms.

ESA Final Report


Activity Concerns & Impacts Opportunities

• Non-consideration of dam safety

• Possible land acquisition

• Possible impacts on cultural property

• Possible negative Impacts caused by poor drainage

• Improper disposal of silt

• Improper location of Borrow Pits and construction material quarries.

• Unplanned and flooding method of irrigation leads to increased groundwater levels or water logging

• Leakage of water from canals.

• Reduction in conveyance capacity in canal due to lack of maintenance.

• Loss of water due to its non-utilization during kharif period.

• Wetland conservation and management

• Improve management strategies for dam safety plans

• Enhancement & Control measures for religious uses of reservoirs

• Reduction in loss of water by proper maintenance of Dam and canals.

• Improvement in water distribution techniques for better distribution of facilities.

Engineering works for scheme

modernization (Major, Medium &

Minor)

• Involvement of different administrative units may lead to conflicts within different stake holders

• Lack of communication facility leads to delay in resolving conflicts & wastage of water from delivery system

• Potential impacts on R&R, cultural property, not addressing dam safety adequately, inadequate consultation (especially with SC/ST, women & other vulnerable groups, construction related impacts, etc.

• Proper coordination between inter-state and inter-district stakeholders

• Adequate communication system

• Operation and maintenance manual for WUA’s

AGRICULTURE/INTENSIFICATION

• High cropping intensity

• Introduction of HYV’s

• Crop diversification

��

• Loss in soil moisture.

• Loss in soil fertility (Nitrogen, Carbon, etc.). • Soil and water pollution due to increased use of pesticides and

fertilizers

• More demand of water for irrigation and competing demands on surviving/existing sources, which are used for drinking.

• Pressure on local forests/ vegetation for fodder for animals and packaging material.

• Loss of traditional / indigenous practices of crop cultivation. • HYVs are labour intensive and bring more workload on women.

• Marginal groups (landless farmers/labourers) will less benefit, since they do not have enough land for agricultural intensification.

• Due to monoculture chances of crop failure due to frost/fog, insect/pest and diseases.

• Discontinuation of barter system and more dependency on external resources / agents and, therefore, loss of self-dependency.

• Possibility of loss of local races/ cultivars /gene pools/ crop varieties • Conflicts among the neighboring farmers due to the shade cast from

vegetative field boundary

• Improving environmentally-friendly and organic farming

• Change cropping patterns and irrigation management to use less water

• Encourage cultivation of fodder.

HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

�� Introduction of fruit crops

�� Medicinal plants �� Floriculture

• Soil water contamination due to use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.

• Increase in water consumption, therefore depletion in water resources.

• The marginal landholders and land less will less benefit, as they do not have enough and to bring under horticulture.

• Possible eruption/increase in anti-social practices such as drinking due flow of cash after harvest.

• Health hazards due to more use of chemical fertilizers & pesticides

• Promote value added crops

• Promote less water requirement fruit crops

ESA Final Report


Activity Concerns & Impacts Opportunities

1. Village Pond Rehabilitation

2. Irrigation Channel

• More labour/money is required to maintain the water structures.

• Water logging due to improper drainage.

• Water pollution through deposition of waste materiel due to public use.

• Health Impacts due to breeding of mosquitoes.

• Disputes over water sharing (domestic demand vs irrigation demand) may arise.

• Mud formation along the water distribution points

• Marginal farmers are deprived from the benefits as they have smallholdings.

• More chances of water borne diseases if the unclean water is consumed without treatment

• Difficult on the part of villagers to maintain / repair pipelines. • Loss of land

• Improve awareness for water born diseases

• Improve solid waste management

• Promote water conservation activities

LIVESTOCK

Natural breeding Artificial insemination Use of Urea-Molasses blocks Fodder management Veterinary camps

• Introduction of invasive exotic/alien species of grasses and fodder crops to meet the demand of fodder.

• Hybrid animals are more prone to diseases.

• Hybrid animals require more provisions for health care. • Limited breeding facility (a bull can serve only 2 animals in a week)

in case of hybrid animals.

• Hybrid animals require intensive care attention.

• Loose/moisturized feeding of urea-molasses brick may lead to poisoning.

• Improper treatment of grasses or straw might lead to food poisoning.

• Dependency on professionals in the artificial insemination and other activities and in the absence of professional’s quality of service will deteriorate.

• Poor quality vaccination may increase out-break of diseases.

• Improve live stock to increase the value added activity in the village

Fisheries Improvement

• Introduction of exotic species • Institutional shortcomings in terms of both human and financial

resources;

• Inadequate extension support to fishermen/fishing cooperatives

• Reduced connectivity of water bodies which adversely affect the marketing linkage

• Overexploitation of existing stocks;

• Poor fingerling management.

• Improve revenues from fisheries

• Involve landless and other vulnerable groups

Management of Irrigation and

Drainage Systems

• Conflict of competing uses (e.g., fisheries/irrigation or hydropower/irrigation, drinking water and religious use)

• Lack of inter-disciplinary approach in Irrigation and drainage management

• Lack of information on modern technologies

• Lack of control on encroachment activity in natural drainage area of basin

• Lack of communication and feed back from water users regarding implemented programs of Government

• Lack of Knowledge among water users about their rights • Lack of tools for communication

• Lack of participation in Government programs • Lack of training for proper communication and feed back

• Maximize productivity of water

• Satisfy needs of all key stakeholders wherever possible and minimize conflicts where not possible

Limited Catchment area Treatment

Drainage line

treatment Soil and water

• Soil loss during the construction of engineering structures and quarrying for stone and other materials

• Siltation of water bodies downstream during the construction of engineering measures.

• Maintenance of the structures will require additional responsibilities to the stakeholders.

• Improve construction activity to reduce water and air pollution

• Stabilize hill slopes by plantation and vegetation.

ESA Final Report


Activity Concerns & Impacts Opportunities conservation

Link road Storage facilities

Marketing facilities

to the stakeholders.

• Low quality constructions may lead to failure and more hazards in downstream

• Destabilization of the land and soil erosion/landslips along the road cuttings.

• Siltation of water bodies downstream due to runoff.

• Destruction of local flora during road construction and also along the roads.

• Construction of the structures may cause some soil erosion. • Deterioration of cultural institutions (such as barter systems, helping

attitude etc.)

vegetation.

INCOME GENERATING

ACTIVITIES (IGA)

Decorative items Wood craft,

Bamboo products, Nursery,

Mushroom, Beekeeping,

Integrated fish farming,

Woolen products

• Conflict among the users over common resources • Chances of excessive harvest of a particular species / plant parts

• Destabilization of stabilized slopes dug to remove soil for plant raising in the nursery

• More water demand for many IGA activities.

• Risk of food poisoning due to unaware use of over grown / decayed mushroom.

• Chances for economic risk due to death of fishes due to diseases.

• Water pollution due to processing of wool for making products.

• Possible occupational health hazards during wool processing.

• Promote additional activities to farmers for income generation

• Provide adequate extension services and financial support

OOOVVVEEERRRAAALLLLLL IIIMMMPPPAAACCCTTT OOONNN NNNAAATTTUUURRRAAALLL AAANNNDDD SSSOOOCCCIIIAAALLL EEENNNVVVIIIRRROOONNNMMMEEENNNTTTSSS

The MPWSRP envisages interventions at many levels in different sub sectors aiming at enhancing productivity of water. These are likely to have impacts on the natural environment existing in the five focus basins. These have been discussed in the following sections.

Hydrological regimes There is inadequate monitoring and assessment of hydrological regimes in the five basins. However based on the field observations and in depth discussions with the departmental officials some conclusions can be drawn. In most of the schemes there is problem of drainage all along the canals and at cross drainage structures. It results in seasonal water stagnation. There is modest increase in the ground water levels during the irrigation season (Rabi). In some locations (Bhind District of Chambal Canal Project) the level of water logging is more because of extensive flat terrain. Due to significant seepage losses from the canals in some stretches there is recharge to the village ponds wells and dugwells (e.g. Borina minor project, Bhainswar medium project, Jesthakhedi tank project). Seasonal water stagnation adversely affects the movement of men and cattle across the command area. With proposed rehabilitation of canal system, and development of adequate drainage systems it is likely that the wastage of water through leakage and seepage may diminish. This would lead to decrease in the recharge to the ground water, which may adversely affect the availability of drinking water to the village households during summer months. Further due to the intensification of irrigated agriculture it is likely that the farmers would use more chemical fertilizer and pesticides. This may lead to leakages from dams and return flows from agricultural fields are being reutilised by downstream users. Project interventions might deprive them of such water degradation of soil and water quality. These aspects need due consideration and careful planning to ensure incorporation of suitable mitigation measures.

ESA Final Report


Land resources Improvement in the drainage will enhance the quality of land and make it more productive. It will also reduce water logging and consequent the salinisation prevalent in some of the locations (e.g., Kishenpura Tank project, Chambal Canal Project). Intensification of irrigated agriculture is likely to lead to progressive deterioration of the fertility of the soil. Crop rotation and use of bio-fertilizers have to be actively propagated. In the Chambal canal command area of all along the Chambal River and its tributaries there is problem of ravines, that takes away productive lands each year. The proposed interventions should focus on this problem and improve productivity of land. Land use pattern is likely to undergo significant changes. There could be an increase in the encroachment of forest and common property lands along the canal leading to conflict and marginalization. This aspect needs to be closely monitored and rectified.

Biological environment In some of the basins there are large forest areas with a variety of wild life and vegetation. There are no indications of any likely adverse impact on the flora & fauna within the focus basins. It is unlikely that there would be large scale flooding, inundation or encroachment with in the forest areas. Also hillsides within the catchment area and the command area are unlikely to be disturbed.

Socio cultural environment It is unlikely that any major population change or human migration will take place within the focus basins. However, due to intensification of agriculture there could be demand for more labourers. Currently there is immigration of labour from Jhabua during harvest season in Malwa plateau. This may increase after the implementation of the project. Farm and agricultural income are likely to increase due to increased agricultural production. This would improve the quality of life within the rural households. The landless households will have more labour days and more income. Development of animal husbandry and poultry farming will improve the participation of women as entrepreneurs. Role of women as a labour force and also at decision-making levels may improve due to strengthening of institutions. With improved road connectivity people within the command area will have better access to the health and educational facilities. Religious, cultural, and tourist sites will be protected and their locations will be improved at design and construction stage.

Public Health The household surveys revealed high incidence of malaria in the Chambal and Sindh basins. This could be due to extensive water logging in these areas. Inadequate attention to drainage may aggravate this situation in the implementation stage. Better distribution of irrigation water would lead to increased ground water recharge in the tail end villages and Fertilizers and improve drinking water availability. In places where higher use of Pesticides is anticipated monitoring of ground and surface water is needed to prevent pollution of these resources.

AAAPPPPPPLLLIIICCCAAATTTIIIOOONNN OOOFFF SSSAAAFFFEEEGGGUUUAAARRRDDD PPPOOOLLLIIICCCIIIEEESSS

Application of World Bank Safeguard Policies The application of World Bank safeguard policies were examined during the consultations carried out during the fieldwork. The observations on these policies are as following.

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) This is a Category A project and triggers this Assessment. As the physical works are of a rehabilitation nature, they are not anticipated to cause significant adverse environmental or

ESA Final Report


social impacts. The integrated Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) has also developed a Social and Environment Management Framework (SEMF) along with associated strategies and action plans to be applied to all sub-projects. Natural Habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.01, GP 4.01)) Given the rehabilitation nature of physical habitats investments and the findings of the ESA/ detailed scheme studies, it is not expected that the project activities would have adverse impacts on natural habitats. During implementation and supervision, this will be periodically reassessed. Forestry (OP 4.36, GP 4.36) None of the project activities will trigger this OP, as no forestry activities or activities on forestland are envisaged. Pest Management (OP 4.09) Although the project does not plan to directly Management finance any pesticides, there is a possibility of induced impact of greater pesticide use due to increased agricultural intensification and diversification. A pest management plan has been developed in this regard with the objective of promoting and enhancing integrated pest management activities. Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) No archaeological or other cultural sites of significance are expected to be impacted by the proposed project. However, many tanks, including the centuries-old Chandela tanks which generally have associated cultural property (e.g. in the form of small temples on the tank bund) may be impacted during rehabilitation. Appropriate mitigation measures have been built into a Cultural Property Strategy/Action Plan which include screening, mitigating and enhancing affected sites, as well as specifies procedures in civil works contracts for chance finds. Annexure 15 discusses the approach to Cultural Property Management under MPWSRP. Safety of Dams (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) Dam safety is an issue, both for large dams that are associated with many major and medium irrigation projects, as well as small structures associated with some minor projects. The recently closed Bank-financed Dam Safety Project has built significant capacity and knowledge base on these aspects and set up systematic procedures and mechanisms for dam safety in MP that has sustained beyond the project closing. Under a Dam Safety Action Plan for this project, this capacity will be further strengthened and complemented with actions for small dams also and will include capacity building, awareness, information management, access to technical expertise, internal and third-party (review panel) checking of designs/redesigns foe each dam and analytical and communication support. Annexure 17 presents principal factors to be considered in the determination of dam safety potential hazards in the MPWSRP. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.03) Although no involuntary resettlement & rehabilitation is anticipated under the project, an R&R framework has been prepared in case involuntary resettlement is required during scheme modernization. Indigenous People (OD 4.20) Although in MP, tribals are concentrated in the non-project southern basins, there are still many tribal populations in the villages of the project-targeted areas. Since the project physical interventions are of a rehabilitation/modernization type, it is not expected that the project would have any significant adverse impact on tribals. However, the project would provide better opportunities for tribals to share in project benefits facilitated by better consultation, capacity building and income-enhancement support. A detailed GIS of social and other indicators at village, block and district level has been developed as part of the ESA

ESA Final Report


for the project basins and the distribution of tribal villages will be examined with respect to the proposed scheme modernization. A tribal development strategy has been prepared for the project that include measures to enhance informed participation, develop culturally relevant solutions for tribal groups and develop synergies with other programs and projects. (Refer Annexure 18)Project in International Waters IOP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) Although all of the project "focus basins" are |in an international river basin (Ganges), there is not anticipated to be any significant impact upstream or downstream on water quality or quantity given the nature of interventions. However, the OP is triggered and, according to BP 7.50, an exemption to notification has been granted given the rehabilitation nature of the physical investments Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60) The project is not in a disputed area and the OP is not triggered.

Application of Government of India Clearance Regulations As per the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 1994 if the project qualifies for ‘Requirement of Environmental Clearance from the Central Government’, an Environmental Impact Assessment Report, an Environment Management Plan and Public Hearing have to be conducted by the implementing authority. The notification shall not apply to projects if the investment is less than INR 5 billion for existing projects and INR 10 billion for new projects and satisfies the criteria of not affecting sensitive ecological areas, as per the notifications guidelines. Rehabilitation costs for each sub-project shall involve cost upto INR 25 million only and thus would not require Environmental Clearance from the Central Government in terms of project cost. Clearances from other departments like the Forestry Department for submergence of non-sensitive forest areas as well as other line agencies having stake in the intervention regions is also required if such areas are impacted.

AAANNNAAALLLYYYSSSIIISSS OOOFFF AAALLLTTTEEERRRNNNAAATTTIIIVVVEEESSS

Background As a part of the study, field surveys were undertaken in five river basins covering twenty irrigation schemes. The field work comprised of interactive consultations with stake holders, Line Department officials, focus group discussions at selected villages, household surveys etc. These exercises brought out a number of issues that affect the productivity of water in a basin and are likely to influence the outcome of interventions proposed in the present project. The issues relate to physical, environmental and social aspects of the various irrigation schemes. There is little doubt that the water sector (primarily the irrigated agriculture sub sector) is in dire need for urgent reforms. During consultations it was evident that there are several alternative procedures that may be adopted in different spatial and temporal context, towards realization of the objectives of the project. These alternatives have been examined for their likely benefits, concerns, strengths & weaknesses in the following paragraphs. Since there are no alternatives to holistic management of water at the basin level in the long run with the help of a strong Decision Support System for Planning the alternatives discussed primarily relate to the Component ‘C’: Physical Asset Improvements of the main project. The end result of such an assessment would be to provide alternative frameworks for planning interventions in various projects & river basins.

ESA Final Report


Alternatives in a spatial context

• Basin / Sub basin level vs Specific projects Currently the development of water resources for various uses is being carried out project wise whether it is for municipal water supply, watershed planning, irrigation & drainage. Each department plans, implements and manages their own project and plans. However there are instances wherein activities in one sector have significant linkages with the water utilization in the other sector. Some of the typical examples observed in the field are:

• In Ken River basin there is a large wild life sanctuary, tourist specific projects like Ken

Ghariyal, Ken Waterfalls etc. About 55 Kms of Ken River passes through the Panna

Reserve forest. Any water resources development upstream of Panna district will have

some adverse impact on these projects.

• In Lilgee minor irrigation project at Maihar (Tons river basin) Urban growth has

encroached on the sides of the main canal and has led to serious environmental

degradation of the physical assets.

• Diversion of the reservoir storage of the Surkhi minor irrigation project in Sagar District

(Ken River Basin) for municipal water supply has adversely affected the agricultural

productivity in the command area.

• In Jesthakhedi minor irrigation project in Ujjain district (Chambal Basin) the reservoir

storage has been reserved for the use of pilgrims of the “Simhasta” Mela to be held in

April 2004. Consequently no irrigation is allowed in the command area for the year 2003-

04.

• Agricultural activity and lack of proper land conservation plans have increased silt flow

into the command area of Benigunj project (Ken Basin), Amahi Tank Minor Project (Betwa

Basin), Kishenpura tank minor project (Chambal Basin).

• Upstream utilization and interceptions in small tanks has reduced inflows into Chambal

project reservoir in Rajasthan.

• Thus these interlinkages need to be studied in a basin / sub basin context. The benefits

of such an approach would be:

• Integration of environmental concerns into project planning and management

• Linkages between the requirements of different water users

• Better use of hydrological data

• Preventions of social conflicts

ESA Final Report


The basin / sub basin approach has many deficiencies in the current situation and due to these deficiencies a project wise approach to the restructuring exercise may look attractive. These deficiencies are

• Lack of administrative framework at basin level: the administration of the development

process is structured district/Taluka/block wise and these in no agency responsible for the

basin level management of either land resources or water resources.

• There is lack of authentic and accurate hydrologic data at the basin level.

• Each department works in a compartmentalized basin reporting the district collector and

their state level officers.

• There in negligible interaction between various departments both at district level and state

level.

• There is no sharing of data & information between various departments on a regular

basin.

• Each department plans, implements and manages their own projects based on site-

specific conditions.

• There is lack of adequate awareness regarding the environmental aspects among of the

staff of various departments.

In a spatial context in the short term (<5years) the project wise approach to the restructuring project may have to be followed on the long term the planning, implementation and management of the individual sectoral programmes have to be on the basis of integrated planning at basin level. Alternatively projects with lesser stakes of other sub sectors may be taken up sub project wise where as those with high degree of interlinkages should be taken up in a basin / sub basin framework.

Sectoral Level Improvements

• Single sector approach vs Multi sector approach The proposed MPWSRP has its objective the alleviation of poverty and enhancement of employment opportunities. This objective is to be achieved through improved productivity of water in different sectors like agriculture, horticulture, pisciculture etc. Currently in all the basins the irrigation projects (major, medium, minor) provide the main impetus for poverty alleviation and employment creation. During the interaction at the field level it was suggested that the interventions be taken up in irrigation & drainage sector alone in the short term (<5 years) rather than initiating interventions in many sector simultaneously. The benefits of a single sector approach are:

• It is easier to channelise the interventions in a single sector rather in multiple sectors.

• Irrigation & drainage sector is by far most degraded and in need of immediate

interventions

ESA Final Report


• Without enhancing the efficiency in the irrigation sector it is difficult to achieve productivity

increases in other sectors.

• On the other hand the multisectoral approach offer many advantages

• Enhancing the productivity of water with linkages among the requirements of different

sectors

• Mainstreaming the environmental concerns on a wider spatial context

• Involvement of other departments in the restructuring programme

• Spread of benefits of the programme over a wider social base.

However the multi sectoral approach will face many difficulties in its implementation because of the following factors.

• In the absence of basin level framework a multisectoral approach becomes difficult

• Lack of adequate data/knowledge base for multisectoral interventions.

• Coordination among the different departments is difficult as at present.

• Spread of investments may become thin.

Thus it would be easier to initiate restructuring programme in the irrigation sector, the requirements of other sectors need to be taken into consideration and integrated into the interventions plans based on conditions in different basins.

Irrigation & Drainage Asset Improvements

• Single Sub Project –vs- Multiple Sub Projects Coming to the requirements of irrigation and drainage sector many interventions were discussed with the WRD staff during the fieldwork. Each project has a number of deficiencies with regard to resource base, physical assets, institutional setup, etc. There was as opinion among the engineers of the WRD departments that each project taken up for rehabilitation should be completed in all aspects before taking up another project. The available funds for each year should be completely spent on one project before moving on to another project. The advantages of such an approach would be

• The efficiency of project would be maximum if all its deficiencies were over come at once

• The project would not require any repairs & rehabilitation for at least next decade

• The reliability of the services would be enhanced significantly.

• The maintenance costs would come down drastically

• The Confidence of the farmers in the reliability of the system would increase thereby

lessening the chances of over irrigation

ESA Final Report


• However the single project approach has certain weaknesses such as

• Spread of the benefit will be confined to localized areas

• Other projects equally in need of rehabilitation need to wait a long period.

• May not yield maximum benefit with minimum investment.

• May create social tensions

There was also a vocal body of opinion for spread of interventions across different projects. For instance all projects, which require immediate rehabilitation of earthen dam sections need to taken up in the first instance so that dam safety aspect can addressed with out much delay. Some of earthen dams are older than 80 years and are in a highly degraded condition. It was pointed out during the consultations that any delay in attending this deficiency may lead to disastrous consequences. Thus taking up one project at a time for full and complete rehabilitation it would be better to spread rehabilitation programme over many projects every year. The benefits of such an approach would be:

• Safety of the project would be addressed immediately

• Maximum benefit with minimum cost

• Better spread of benefit regionally

• Better visibility of the programme

• The concerns of such an approach would be

• Less than optimum performance of the projects in the initial years

• Delay in realizing maximum output from each project

• Social tensions due to delay in the improving the efficiencies of the individual project

• Surface water vs Both Surface & Ground Water Asset Improvements There are three different alternatives with regard to use of surface and ground water viz. (i) WRD projects with only surface water use, (ii) WRD projects with conjunctive water use (iii) WRD projects with surface water use with ground water use by farmers. The positive & negative aspects of these alternatives are as follows:

• This situation is observed in the head reaches of all the irrigations projects. Farmers in

head reaches mostly use canal water. Their irrigation is rabbi oriented. They grow

soyabean or jowar during Kharif and wheat & gram during rabbi. They tend to over

irrigate in the irrigation season with 4 to 5 irrigation for wheat. Accessing the canal water

by cutting the canal bund is the normal practice. The advantage of this alternative is

irrigation is more intense and productive. The negative aspect of this option is that night

irrigation is unregulated. There is significant wastage of water. There is seasonal water

logging along the canal bunds.

ESA Final Report


• The WRD department has tried to augment the canal water supply with ground water in

the Chambal project area. For example in and around Amba Taluka the department had

developed over 102 deep tubewells in the command area of distributory 32R. All of them

are now defunct. Most of the tubewells have become defunct due to mechanical and

electrical defects and a quarter of them due to non-payment of electricity dues. It was

conveyed that it is too expensive to operate tube wells with the available revenue.

However when the tubewells were operating the tail end area of the command near Porsa

town were also getting sufficient water even when there was no water in the Amba Branch

Canal. While the positives aspects of the conjunctive use is obviously the more reliable

water supply, the negative aspect is the prohibitively high operation & maintenance cost

for the department.

• In many projects the tail end of the command area does not get any irrigation water at all.

Some such examples are Bhainswar village in the Bhainswar medium project (Satna),

Akajhiri village in the Akajhiri medium project (Shivpuri), Tigra Kalan village of Borina

minor project (Katni) and tail end parts of Jesthakhedi minor project (Ujjain). Here farmers

use diesel pump sets on shallow dug wells or tube wells and irrigate their farms. They

grow in addition to wheat & gram, vegetables as well. These wells get recharge from the

canal irrigation practiced in the head reaches. The major advantage of this system is the

assured irrigation to the tail end farmers. The disadvantages are the high cost of the

cultivation with energy costs. If the farmer uses electric motor, unreliable supply of

electric energy adversely affects the irrigation schedule. If these projects are rehabilated

the tail end villages may get assured water supply thereby reducing their cost of

cultivation.

• Open channel Conveyance vs Piped conveyance of irrigation water In some of the project there was demand for piped conveyance instead of open channels. For instance in the Lilgee minor project (Satna) a portion of the main canal in the head reaches passes through urban area and performs the duty of an urban drain. Its environmental condition has deteriorated and its maintenance is posing a major problem. There was a strong demand from the stakeholders (Both primary & secondary) that the open channel be replaced by pipeline in the urban reach. Similarly in the Kishenpura minor project (Indore) the main canal passes along the boundaries of two villages and crosses main highway at two places. Here again the operation & maintenance of the main canal has reported to be very difficult and canal is facing progressive environmental degradation. Here again the stakeholders made a strong plea for having pipes distribution of the canal not only for the main canal but also for minors. The advantages of the piped supply of canal water are the ease of operation and less cost of maintenance. There will be less seepage and leakages from the conveyance system and no land need to be acquired for laying the pipelines. On the other hand the piped water supply are expensive and increases the cost of rehabilitation.

• Lined canal system vs unlined canal system Canal lining is a major intervention measure mooted by the sub-project authorities. Most of the canal networks in sample projects were unlined. There was strong demand for lining of

ESA Final Report


the canal segments either fully or partly. Given below are some of the positive and negative features of lined and unlined canals as identified during field visits.

Table 6.4: Advantages & Disadvantages of Lined and Unlined Canals Canal Type Advantages Disadvantages Unlined Canal

Ease of movement of men, vehicles and cattle across the canal segments. This to some extent damages the canal segment, but the villagers say that then can repair it before the irrigation starts (e.g.Gurma Tank Project (Rewa)). The seepage from the unlined canal recharges the ground water aquifer (e.g. Bhaiswar Medium Project (Satna)) The repairs and maintenance of the unlined canals are low tech and villagers can manage it themselves (e.g. Surkhi Minor Project (Sagar)).

The regulation of the canal flows is difficult (e.g. Harsi Project (Gwalior)) There is decrease in the carrying capacity of the canals (e.g. Chambal CRBC (Sheopur)) The movement of water in the canal is slow and tail end farmers do not get irrigation water in time (e.g. Akhajhiri Medium Project (Shivpuri)). The conveyance loss is very high and possibility of water logging (e.g. Chambal Canal (Bhind)).

Lined Canal Ease of regulation of canal flows Infrequent maintenance requirements Faster conveyance of water Limited seepage losses

Difficult to maintain in smaller canals due to vehicular and cattle movement requirements at numerous locations Shall adversely affect ground water levels in areas presently being substantially recharged by canal High tech and costly repair requirements

Institutional Alternatives One of the most discussed topics during the field level consultations was the efficacy of the newly introduced Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) system. The PIM act envisages a three-tier arrangement for the involvement of stakeholders in the operation and maintenance of the irrigation system. The three tiers consist of the Project Committee (PC), the Distributory Committee (DC) and the Territorial Committees (TC). The stakeholders elect the presidents of these committees and the presidents take all the decisions regarding the operation and maintenance of the system. The government funds the WUAs at the rate of INR 30 per acre to TCs, INR 10 per acre to DCs and INR 10 per acre to PCs. In major projects like Harsi all the three tiers of the PIM will be operation while in others only two of the three tiers will be operational. The WRD department acts as technical consultant and facilitator to the WUAs and PCs. The system has been in operation for three years and opinion regarding the efficacy of this arrangement was sharply divided. There were two alternatives, which have emerged from the field level discussions.

• Canal Operation & Management back to WRD vs WUAs At many projects the stakeholders (Farmers) were dissatisfied with the performance of the elected president of the WUAs. The reasons for the dissatisfaction were (i) apathy of the president towards the O & M activities, (ii) diversion of the funds for his own use, (iii) partiality & favoritism in operation of the canal system, and (iv) lack of transparency in the activities of the president. The department was seen as an impartial & efficient alternative to PIM. However the PIM system is an extension of the panchayat raj system, which empowers the users to manage their own affairs according to their requirements. The farmers in the Chambal command area in Morena & Bhind, farmers in Raigaon lift irrigation system in Satna were some of the stakeholders proposing this alternative. Equally there were WUAs and PCs, which had proactive presidents who were active in the O & M activities of their respective projects. This aspect helped farmers to manage the operation & maintenance of the system on their own. However this arrangement had some drawbacks viz., (i) creation of conflict situation with the WRD department, (ii) inadequacy of funds for O & M and (iii) poor condition of the canal system limits the level performance of

ESA Final Report


WUAs & PCs in distributing water equitably. The PIM system in Harsi project in Gwalior, Borina Project in Katni, Akajhiri Project in Shivpuri has been examples of this alternative. Whereas it is a difficult proposition to implement the former alternative extra efforts are needed to identify the drawbacks thorough continuous discussions and modify the rules to make the PIM model successful. Transparency, Accountability, Awareness and Training measures should be taken up to replicate the success of the PIM model in socially problematic areas.

• Revenue Recovery Issues The alternatives pertain to irrigation revenue recovery mechanism to be undertaken by the WRD or the WUAs. Whereas it is necessary to initiate strict procedures by strengthening the department to recover irrigation revenue, in the long run they may be handed over to the WUAs to ensure sustainability of the process.

• Planning & Monitoring of Environmental and Social Aspects Preparation of environmental and social plans and project monitoring by the WRD or External Agencies is another institutional alternative considered in the project context. Whereas building up of capacity within the WRD is a must in the long run to ensure inclusion of environmental and social issues into all decision making process, the present scenario suggests that it would require a minimum gestation period. It is felt that during this period external multi disciplinary teams and NGOs need to assist the inhouse WRD specialists in Planning and Monitoring aspects of the projects being implemented in this time frame. Later such work may only be offloaded for critical projects or those requiring extensive field studies. The following Table tabulates the alternatives discussed above and the suitable context for their application.

Table 6.5: Analysis of Alternatives for component C: Asset Improvement & Modernisation Context Alternative Benefits Concerns Application Suitability.

No Project (Business as usual)

Diversion of funds to other developmental activities

No gains Continued degradation of physical systems Low productivity of water & land resources Possibility of serious environmental consequences Social unrest Overall damage to the regional economy

New well-planned projects.

Spatial Distribution of Sub Projects.

(A) Focus sub basin on subprojects within

Integration of environmental concerns into project planning and management Linkages between the requirements of different water users Better use of hydrological data Preventions of social conflicts

Lack of administrative framework at basin levels. There is lack of authentic and accurate hydrologic data at the basin level. Each department works in a compartmentalized basis reporting the district collector and their state level officers. There in negligible interaction between various departments both at district level and state level. There is no sharing of data & information between various departments on a regular basin. Each department plans, implements and manages their own projects based on site-specific conditions. There is lack of adequate awareness regarding the environmental aspects among of the staff of various departments.

Irrigation schemes linked to one another. High stakes of other sub sector water users.

ESA Final Report


Context Alternative Benefits Concerns Application Suitability.

B) Focus on specific sub-projects (across sub basins)

Scaling down of Basin level programme More focused involvement Easier implementation Continuity with present practice of planning & management

Long term planning adversely affected Possibility of conflicts with other water users Down stream Users affected

Independent projects Low stakes of other sub sector water users.

A) Single sector Approach (Irrigation & Drainage)

It is easier to channelise the interventions in a single sector rather in multiple sectors. Irrigation & drainage sector is by far most degraded and in need of immediate interventions Without enhancing the efficiency in the irrigation sector it is difficult to achieve productivity increases in other sectors

Complete benefits unlikely to accrue with out matching development of other sectors like agriculture and Horticulture. Long term planning may be jeopardized Possibility of social conflict Likely biased water allocation for selected sector

Where degraded I&D assets are the single most inhibiting factor to development Civil society is already proactive and line agency / NGO’s are active.

Sectoral Level improvements

B) Multiple sector approach

Enhancing the productivity of water with linkages among the requirements of different sectors Mainstreaming the environmental concerns on a wider spatial context Involvement of other departments in the restructuring programme Spread of benefits of the programme over a wider social base.

In the absence of basin level framework a multisectoral approach becomes difficult Lack of adequate data/knowledge base for multisectoral interventions. Coordination among the different departments is difficult as at present. Spread of investments may become thin.

Where level of awareness (particularly amongst the vulnerable groups) is weak Poor infrastructure &Extension services.

Rehabilitating single sub-project at a time

The efficiency of project would be maximum if all its deficiencies were over come at once The project would not require any repairs & rehabilitation for at least next decade The reliability of the services would be enhanced significantly. The maintenance costs would come down drastically The Confidence of the farmers in the reliability of the system would increase thereby lessening the chances of over irrigation

Spread of the benefit will be confined to localized areas Other projects equally in need of rehabilitation need to wait a long period. May not yield maximum benefit with minimum investment. May create social tensions

Where the project is to be showcased as an example and for testing of options various.

Irrigation & Drainage sub project asset improvements

B) Rehabilitating specific assets across number of projects

Safety of the project would be addressed immediately Maximum benefit with minimum cost Better spread of benefit regionally Better visibility of the programme

Less than optimum performance of the projects in the initial years Delay in realizing maximum output from each project Social tensions due to delay in the improving the efficiencies of the individual project

Where few specific weaknesses are causing major loss in productivity.

A) Surface Water Assets Only

Consistent with current practice Easier to manage Less O & M Cost

Neglect of vital resource i.e. ground water Adverse impact on the long term economic benefits Adverse impacts due to rise in ground water level

Where ground water levels are sufficiently low & surface water is adequate.

B) Both surface and ground water assets.

Larger resource base More assured irrigation water supply Water logging &associated salinity health problems reduced Integrated management of water resources.

Higher energy costs. Higher maintenance costs Higher investments Resistance from ground water providers Lack of integrated assessment of Surface &Ground water data & analysis.

GW levels high Surface water inadequate

ESA Final Report


Context Alternative Benefits Concerns Application Suitability.

A) Open channel conveyance system

Cheaper option

More susceptible for unauthorized operation Possibility of environmental degradation Higher O & M costs

Rural areas.

B) Piped conveyance system

More efficient Less O & M Costs

More expensive Canal system through urban areas

A) Lined Canal System

More durable Less O & M costs Better canal water regulation

More expensive Adversely affects the recharge to the ground water

Main canals for swift transport of water to tail ends.

B) Unlined Canal System

Less capital intensive Low tech option

Lack of conveyance efficiency Easily damaged and degraded

Lower order canals (that minimize severance when canal not in operation.

A) Strengthen revenue recovery capacity within WRD

Better committed impartial Limited social pressure from defaulters

Inadequate staff to monitor water users Not sustainable in the long run.

Presently low recovery areas (to establish as a norm)

Institutional Arrangement

B) Strengthen revenue recovery capacity within WUA

More sustainable in the long run Comprehensive monitoring of water users.

May lead to increase of defaulters.

High recovery areas.

Monitoring A) Environmental &social planning & Team within WRD

Capacity enhancement within WRD to deal with environmental & social issues.

Additional Financial burden towards recruitment and training Not enough manpower at the field level

In projects with negligible impact in post pilot project stages.

Planning B) External agencies for Environmental & social monitoring

Ease of subletting sensitive sub-projects Ease of subletting work components with extensive fieldwork.

Additional time and Financial burden towards tendering process

In pilot projects and projects with high impacts requiring extensive surveys and expert knowledge.

The proposed project seeks to focus on rehabilitation of existing assets (vs. building new ones) given the low level of productivity from existing assets which make it a more attractive option given the lower costs to modernize existing assets. This could also help indicate a new paradigm of O&M to help the sustainability of these and newer assets. Another implication of this choice is also that environmental and social concerns are not expected to be substantial, given that existing assets are being modernized. A conscious choice was also made to develop a more holistic approach to modernization of the schemes to improve the productivity of water, looking at engineering, agricultural, horticultural, livestock management and fisheries activities in an integrated manner. This should also help not only coordination across various agencies and strengthen existing WUAs, but also help in enhancing a new paradigm of scheme modernization with economic, social and environmental benefits.


The chapter brings out the fact that finalisation of intervention measures should be undertaken after an analysis of the possible alternatives for each scheme. Consultations with the stakeholders are a must so that the solution arrived at is most suited to the development needs of the sub-project. The analysis of the problems and its various alternative mitigation options is intended to be part of the joint walkthrough, consultation and expert inputs and appraisal process that have been designated to be core activities of the preparatory stages of scheme modernization. The Social & Environmental Management Framework devised to incorporate Environmental and Social mitigation measures to ensure compliance with safeguards as well as enhancement

ESA Final Report


measures to better mainstream environmental and social objectives into the sub project cycle have been discussed in detail in the SEMF report associated with the present study.


7. Basin MANAGEMENT plan GUIDELINES This chapter outlines a set of objectives, strategies, desired outcomes and performance indicators for the management of the natural resources of the Project Basins. It is a guide for the preparation of Basin Management Plans as a management of the Basin’s resources by governments contributing to Basin Initiative and by the wider Basin community.


Concept The aim of a Basin Plan is to promote and coordinate effective planning and management for the equitable, efficient and sustainable use of the water, land and other environmental resources considering adverse social and environmental impacts as well as opportunities. The Basin Management Plan (BMP) shall institutionalise a planning process necessary for the responsible management and sustainable development of the various River Basins’ resources. The BMP shall achieve a balance between socio-economic development and environmental concerns and ultimately create a framework for development based on technical knowledge as well as public, stakeholder and political views. Through the development of scenarios, strategies and planning guidelines the BMPs will foster co-operation between stakeholders throughout the Project Basins.

Need of a BMP The need of a Basin Management Plan is due to following reasons:

• For sustainability and equity

• Rapid growth of population creating pressure on scarce natural resources,

• Streamlining uncoordinated interventions by various line agencies’ towards synergetic and

sustainable development in a basin context,

• Promote consideration of environmental and social implications into all intervention

measures of line departments.

Key Principle

The Key Principle of a sustainable Basin Plan is to:

• Improve consistency, transparency and objectivity in choosing the most appropriate

natural resources management investments;

• Enhance the community / government partnership; and

• Involve all stakeholders in the decision-making process.

Components of BMP The BMP will serve as a framework for strategy formulation, as well as for identification of projects to support the agreed strategies. It will deal with both interstate and intrastate issues so that development interventions do not affect other riparian districts. The BMP will address the following water user sub-sectors:

ESA Final Report


• Irrigated agriculture and allied activities like animal husbandry, poultry, etc.

• Water supply for domestic and industrial uses,

• Watershed management,

• Fisheries,

• Hydropower,

• Navigation & transport (where possibilities exist),

• Tourism, recreation, religious uses (where it is water-related),

• Flood control and flood management

• Crosscutting themes within the BMPs’ work consist of:

• Environment & Cultural Heritage protection,

• Human resource development and effective rehabilitation of project affected persons,

• Socio-economic development, including poverty reduction and gender equity,

• Public participation of all stakeholders.

BBBMMMPPP PPPRRREEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTIIIOOONNN SSSTTTEEEPPPSSS

The BMPs of the project basins will serve as framework for strategy formulation and identification of projects to support the strategies, once agreed on. The ultimate aim is ’sustainable development of the water and related resources of the Basins for the mutual benefits of the riparian districts and people living in the area’. In the medium-term, the planning process is expected to provide a framework for regional co-operation among the riparian districts towards the joint development of the water and water-related resources of the Project Basins. The BMP must comply with the various regional and district plans of the state. It will also focus on interstate issues (because purely intrastate planning issues do not need to involve neighbouring states). The planning process will be stepwise, as follows:

ESA Final Report


ESA Final Report


Planning Process Steps Who will be involved Coordinator Study of Options & Constraints Undertaking Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of the basin based on secondary information and consultations with all stakeholder agencies at the Basin level.

SWaRDAC, District Collectors, Lead Banks, Regional Offices of Line Agencies, NGOs

Basin Development & Management Board, WRD [Note: Sub-basin committees will also be involved at each of these stages at the sub-basin level]

Formulation of Strategies (Preparation of BMP) Based on assessment of basin health and future requirements alternative strategies shall be formulated for improving basin health and development of its inhabitants. Alternative Scenario analysis shall be undertaken based on future projection of population and likely demands from various water user sub-sectors. Schemes and Projects that are needed immediately and whose environmental and social assessment has been already carried out may be fast tracked for immediate implementation.


Basin Development & Management Board, WRD

Schemes and Projects Assessment of schemes line departments in terms of priority, interlinkages to other sub-sectors and interlinkages to environmental protection and social development. Modification / Strengthening of district & regional schemes and projects to suit the overall goals of formulated strategies.



Priorities & Implementation Implementation of projects in order of priority Utilizing results of implemented projects for Re-formulation of strategies



RRROOOLLLEEE OOOFFF NNNGGGOOOSSS

In order to identify issues that are vital to the stakeholders, disseminate information related to the plan and mobilise community support towards implementation of recommendations of the BMP, state level, regional and local NGOs shall be involved in all stages of the planning process. The role of such NGOs shall be as follows: • Raising NGO attention and enhancing information dissemination on the BMP within the state NGO

Sector and the general public at the regional, and local levels.

• Developing public awareness of the issues emphasized in the BMP.

• Actively assisting in the elaboration and development of legal measures, scientific research and development, institutional capacity building, and public participation instruments (i.e. active cooperative approach through the development and elaboration of the BMP).

• Facilitating the intersectoral cooperation for an integrated planning approach.

• NGOs with appropriate experience and capacity would be contributing to the BMP through data compilation and analysis.

• Assisting in the preparation and development of the BMP.

• Facilitating public and other stakeholder participation in the BMP elaboration processes.


The need for a Basin Management Plan is essential to manage water in an efficient manner given the scarcity of water felt in many areas of the state. Intensification of water use is

ESA Final Report


imminent if the state is to follow the path of rapid development. Towards this end Basin Management Plans has to be prepared immediately with the co-operation of all line departments. Also such a plan must be adhered to by all agencies to realise the full potential of the available water resources. The plan would have inputs from a structured Strategic Environmental Assessment process to promote stakeholder interaction and an assessment of the basin’s environmental, social, water and other issues. Basin plan should be integrated into DSS {Decision Support System] to be created for project/sub-project in a basin prioritisation in new projects, ongoing projects and schemes requiring rehabilitation could be developed by basin plan with a framework of extensive stakeholders consultations, merged with modern analytical tools. Annexure 8 presents the Terms of Reference for Basin Management Plans.


8. MONITORING, EVALUATION & inforMation Management The present Chapter describes the Monitoring and Evaluation System required to ensure integration of environmental and social safeguards throughout the project cycle. It also gives an overview how the initial GIS database developed as part of this assignment shall be further developed as a full-fledged Information Management System.

OOOVVVEEERRRVVVIIIEEEWWW

The field surveys in the five focus basins have highlighted many weaknesses in the existing status of information management. These deficiencies are related to generation, storage, retrieval, analysis, transmission, and fed back of information. At the basin level there is inadequate monitoring of natural resources (land, water, biotic etc.) both in time & space. There is lack of arrangement for the storage & transmission of information among various water user departments. At sectoral level there is severe paucity of real time data regarding Utilisation of land & water resources, weak & outdated knowledge base, improper & inadequate dissemination of information etc. At project level there is inadequate monitoring & evaluation mechanisms, lack of procedures for environmental impact assessment, poor communication facilities. All these deficiencies cumulatively have translated into serious lack of awareness & knowledge base at the grass root level functionaries & stakeholders resulting poor performance of the schemes, adverse impact in productivity of land & water resources and emergence of serious environmental & social concerns.

MMMOOONNNIIITTTOOORRRIIINNNGGG &&& EEEVVVAAALLLUUUAAATTTIIIOOONNN --- MMMPPPWWWSSSRRRPPP

There are two principal aspects for which the MPWSRP should have a sound Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.

1. Evaluation of how successful the project has been in implementing its plans and how the

results achieved contribute to the achievement of plan goals, and

2. Monitoring the condition of Environmental and Social parameters during implementation and

post implementation period.

The monitoring and evaluation indicators can be broadly categorised into three parts: • Input / Process Indicators: To monitor the progress of various activities proposed in the plan.

• Output Indicators: To monitor whether the inputs have resulted in Outputs as desired.

• Impact Indicators: To monitor the long-term impacts of the project which establishes whether the goals of the project have been fulfilled.

Table 0-1: Use of various indicators

Pre-planning Stage Planning Stage Implementation Post Implementation

ESA Final Report


Stage Stage Process Indicators ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔Output Indicators - ✔ ✔ ✔Impact Indicators - - ✔ ✔

Monitoring & Evaluation process embedded in the information management system shall evaluate the physical and financial progress along with the target values in a time frame i.e. monthly, quarterly, half yearly and annually. This will also evaluate the effectiveness of the project in terms of achieving the benchmark values set forth for each indicator for social and environmental mitigation/enhancement measures. For physical interventions and related expenditure the output quantities can be directly measured and cumulative values can be compared with the target values at any time frame. For the social and environmental mitigation/enhancement measures the effectiveness of the project implementation can be compared with the pre project base line values (bench marks) of the indirect indicators for each output and outcome and the target values in a timeframe.16 The project authorities after completion of each stage can evaluate the project performance and may suggest any modification/correction in the project processes to meet the goal of the project. The following sections explain the importance of Management Information System (MIS) and how the M&E process shall be undertaken through the MIS.

MMMAAANNNAAAGGGEEEMMMEEENNNTTT IIINNNFFFOOORRRMMMAAATTTIIIOOONNN SSSYYYSSSTTTEEEMMM FFFOOORRR MMMPPPWWWSSSRRRPPP

Requirement of MIS The project (MPWSRP) development objective is to improve productivity of water for the enhancement of socially and environmentally sustainable growth and poverty reduction. This is to be achieved with the principles of integrated water resource management framework in a river basin framework for benefits of irrigated agriculture, fisheries, hydropower, drinking water, industries, navigation, environmental and other community uses of water. It is also envisaged to involve all water users and stakeholders in planning and management to achieve ademand driven process. To achieve these objectives there is a need for an information management system for storage of data/information including data entry/up dating, data validation, processing, its dissemination for the use of policy makers, planners, different stakeholders, NGOs, researchers for their participation during planning, implementation and operation & maintenance phases of the project. The information management system shall contain a Monitoring & Evaluation mechanism/sub system to evaluate/monitor the physical and financial progress of activities of different project components and also the effectiveness of the project to achieve the targeted benchmarks for different social and environmental dictators/parameters. With the help of the latest information, feed back from the stakeholders and findings of the M & E mechanisms the project authorities shall be in a position to implement necessary corrective measures for success of the project.

Components of Management Information System The Information Management System shall comprise of following components:

• GIS supported database

16 Details of indicators to be monitored are presented in the Social and Environmental Management Framework prepared as a part of this study.

ESA Final Report


• Data upgrading

• Mechanism for collection, collation, validation of data/information and updating of database

• Mechanism for monitoring & evaluation

• Data/Information dissemination &feedback

• Corrective measures

• Mechanism for incorporating necessary changes in the activities of different project components, which shall be decided by the project authorities at appropriate level, based on the findings of the monitoring and evaluation and feed backs received at different levels.

All the components and process structure of the information management system is shown below

Figure 0-1 Process Structure of Information Management System

• GIS Supported Database All the activities of management information system shall be supported by a GIS supported database. The database shall comprise of following components: • Baseline data on physical features of the project area, available water resources, socio-economic

features of the population, environmental conditions, agricultural produce, institutional setup etc.,

• Quantification of all proposed physical interventions with budgetary planning and timeframe

• The quantification of all proposed mitigation measures with budgetary planning and timeframe

• Indicators for assessing/evaluation of inputs, outputs and outcome of all project physical works and mitigation measures.

ESA Final Report


• Data Upgradation During project activity period including the operation and maintenance phase several data/information shall be observed/collected, which will be the basic input for monitoring and evaluation of project components at specific intervals during on going of different project activities. The information management system shall have the mechanism for entering these data /information in the database, validate, process and finally upgrade the existing database. These data/information are: • Hydrological, hydro geological and meteorological data both quality and quantity

• Physical progress of activities of different activities

• Expenditure incurred for different project activities

• Reasons for variations of physical progress expenditure during any period

• Feedback from different stakeholders

• Corrective measures decided and make necessary changes in targets, time frame, benchmark and indicators/parameters

• Any New data/information on project/project area

Necessary procedure for data validation and formats shall have to be prepared after proper system analysis.

• New data/information on project/project area Some new data/information (e.g. topographical survey data, geo morphological data, soil quality data etc.,) shall be generated during execution of project. These data shall be properly added to the database.

• Monitoring Mechanism

• By WUA

• By Project authority at sub project level (SPIG members, including WRD, Line Departments, NGOs)

• By Basin Board/ CE, Basin at Basin level

• By PICU

• By Third-party Monitoring & Learning Consultants

• Awareness Raising & Feedback This process is vital for successful implementation of a project, particularly a project like MPWSRP, which aims at participation of all stakeholders, farmers and other water users, NGOs etc., at the planning and management stages. Data/information dissemination and collection of feedback can be done through the following mechanisms • All the project relevant data particularly physical features of the project, financial implications, social &

environmental issues, major benefits the local population going to get from the project, institutional arrangement for implementation of the project shall be made available in project website, which can be accessed by anybody who is interested.

• Information shall specially be made available at WUAs office and Gram Panchayat office for the grass root level water users. In addition all-important information/decision shall be circulated through news letters published from the project office at certain time interval. Opinion of farmers also shall be included in the newsletters.

• A Status of the Basin report shall be publicised by the Basin Development Board providing relevant information on the health of the basin and its future planning,

ESA Final Report


• In the project website and news letters specific information regarding extension services, credit facilities, seasonal cropping pattern, marketing facilities, use of eco friendly fertilizers, pesticides warnings etc., may be included.

• To get a feed back from the grass root stakeholders some questionnaire may be developed and data collected at predetermined regular intervals.

• Occasions like “water resources day” may be utilized for dissemination of information through leaflets, people’s theatre, dance drama etc.,

• The radio and television channels may be requested to broadcast/telecast project related information to draw the attention of the farmers, fishermen etc.,

• Information kiosks shall be set up in prominent villages to provide necessary information related to agriculture and allied activities.

• Corrective measures When the monitoring and evaluation process identifies any major short fall in achieving the target physical and financial progress or failure of the mitigation/enhancement measure in achieving the target indicator/parameter value for social & environmental conditions or there is unforeseen deterioration in environmental or social conditions the project or appropriate authorities shall analyze the situation and suggest corrective measures. These then shall be disseminated to the stakeholders and feedback obtained. At this stage only the corrective measures shall be finalized and implemented.

RRROOOLLLEEE OOOFFF NNNGGGOOOSSS

The primary role of NGOs would be two fold:

• To assist the WUAs and the WRD to implement the provisions of the SEMF and

• To assist with community mobilization with the involvement of all sections of the WUA and to facilitate WUA partnership with SPIG and other line agencies for system modernization and agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry and horticulture productivity enhancement.

NGOs would be contracted by the Basin Chief Engineers with the active involvement of the concerned Executive Engineers in the selection process using Terms of Reference that clearly outline the expected facilitation role of these NGOs. Criteria for selection of NGOs would include their ability to work effectively both with village communities and with the Water Resources department and other line agencies towards building partnerships that helps communities enhance productivity of water, enable vulnerable groups (including landless, tribal, women, etc.) to access the project benefits and ability to facilitate partnership between WUAs and WRD engineers. Selected NGOs would also be expected to help with a river basin/sub-basin approach to integrated water resource management with due attention to involvement of all stakeholders/users of water in the basin/sub-basin. The ability of NGOs to effectively link up with other agencies such as those involved with credit provision, marketing of agriculture, horticulture produce including banks and private sector agencies would be an important criterion. The ability of NGOs to act as facilitators that are prepared to recede to the background by enhancing capacity of WUAs to work as equal partners with the Water Resources Department and other line agencies as well as private sector partners would be key. NGOs need to plan on an effective exit strategy right from the beginning and be able to demonstrate the effectiveness of their having been involved in each and every community mobilization, facilitation and networking activity assigned to them under the project.

ESA Final Report


KKKEEEYYY MMMOOONNNIIITTTOOORRRIIINNNGGG IIINNNDDDIIICCCAAATTTOOORRRSSS

The following section deals with key monitoring indicators for the various project components of MPWSRP. Recommended Mitigation Measures and Implementing Agencies for Project Components A and B (concerns & opportunities) have been also presented (Refer Sections 6.3.1 & 6.3.2, Chapter 6, ESA Report). Mitigation Measures for Project Component C have been discussed in SEMF Table, Chapter 3 of SEMF Report - also see Annexure 4. Typical Mitigation measures of Irrigation and Drainage works that can be applied in the project have been presented in Annexure 5 whereas Annexure 12 presents proposed types of mitigation and enhancement measures for the schemes studied.

Project Components A & B Recommended mitigation / enhancement measures, implementing agencies, monitoring indicators and monitoring agencies for project component A concerns is presented in Table 8.2.

Table 0-2: Component A – Recommended Mitigation Measures & Monitoring Indicators

Activity Monitoring Indicator State Water Resource Agency & Basin Agency Functioning

Improved knowledge base Improved access to knowledge base Change in basin level planning Change in awareness level of stakeholder

Tariff Reform/ Water Rights Administration Change in water tariff Establishment of water rights framework Change in revenue collection Change in O&M

Basin Board Strengthening (Sindh and Tons Basins) Basin Board/Sub- basin committee meetings and participation

Change in basin planning approach No of training and workshops to WUAs and Staff

Recommended mitigation / enhancement measures, implementing agencies, monitoring indicators and monitoring agencies for project component A concerns is presented in Table 8.3.

Table 0-3: Component B – Recommended Mitigation Measures & Monitoring Indicators

Activity Monitoring Indicator Training & Capacity Building No. of trainings to staff and WUAs

Participants in training Survey feedback

Information Management/MIS Change in feedback process Level of awareness among stakeholders Level of participatory approach in basin planning and implemntation of MPWSRP

Irrigation Manual Revision Inclusion of environmental and social issues into irrigation manual and associated business processes

Voluntary Retirement Schemes No. of employees who opt for VRS Training/retraining programs held Set up and performance of VRS panel Development of detailed VRS implementation plan

Project Component C The key monitoring indicators for Project Component C interventions during the Pre-Planning stage are presented in the following Table 8.4.

ESA Final Report


Table 0-4: Component C – Pre-Planning Stage Monitoring Indicators & Agencies Process Indicators (Monitoring Agency) Output Indicators (Monitoring Agency)

Number of Reconnaissance visits (PICU) Number of consultations/sensitization Meetings (PICU) Photographs/Recordings and signed minutes at consultations (PICU)

Salient Features and Spatial Location of problems on sketches/ toposheets & sub project maps (PICU) Listing of Key non-spatial issues (PICU) List of stakeholders and level of stake (PICU) List of agreed intervention measures for each sub project (PICU) List of required Action plans or EIA requirement (PICU)

Monitoring indicators for the Planning & Designing, Implementation and Post Implementation are presented in the following Table 8.4 (Refer Chapters 3, 4, 5, SEMF Report for Process & Output indicators).

Table 0-5: Component C –Planning, Implementation & Post Implementation Stages Monitoring Indicators & Agencies

Sl. No.

Environmental & Social

Parameters

Benchmark Indicators (Before Implementation)

Outcome Indicators (During Implementation)

Impact Indicators (Post Implementation)

Monitoring Agency

1Soil Erosion/Gully Formation

Area of waste lands Area of waste lands SPIG, WUA

2 Soil Quality Organic Matter Content / Nutrient Content / Pesticide residue

Organic Matter Content / Nutrient Content / Pesticide residue

SPIG, WUA

3 Soil Moisture Moisture Content Moisture Content SPIG, WUA

4 Siltation Silt load in catchment runoff water

Silt load in construction runoff & reservoir water

Silt load in catchment runoff water

SPIG, WUA

5Surface Water Quantity

Hydrologic Parameters / Irrigation system efficiency

Hydrologic Parameters / Irrigation system efficiency

SPIG, WUA

6Surface Water Quality

Salinity, Nutrient content, Pesticide residue, Presence of Industrial Effluents, Pathogens

Pathogens in Labour camp runoff

Salinity, Nutrient content, Pesticide residue, Presence of Industrial Effluents, Pathogens

SPIG, WUA

7Ground Water Quantity

Depth to Ground water Depth to Ground water SPIG, WUA

8Ground Water Quality

Salinity, Nutrient content, Pesticide residue, Presence of Indusrial Effluents, Pathogens

Salinity, Nutrient content, Pesticide residue, Presence of Indusrial Effluents, Pathogens

SPIG, WUA

9 Water logging Area under water logging Temporary water logging Area under water logging SPIG, WUA

10 Seepage /Leakage

Measure of leakage water Measure of leakage water SPIG, WUA

11 Air Pollution Air pollution levels SPIG, WUA 12 Noise Pollution Noise levels SPIG, WUA

13 Deforestation Forest cover area / densityPressure on local fuel resources

Forest cover area / density SPIG, WUA

14 Weed growth Quantity of weeds per unit area of reservoir bed

Quantity of weeds per unit area of reservoir bed

SPIG, WUA

15 Wild life Habitat area / habits of concerned wildlife

Disturbance to wild life Habitat area / habits of concerned wildlife

SPIG, WUA

16 Aquatic life Health of aquatic creaturesPressure on aquatic resources

Health of aquatic creatures SPIG, WUA

17 Biodiversity Number of local flora & fauna species

Impact on flora & fauna at risk from external agencies

Number of local flora & fauna species

SPIG, WUA

18 Solid waste Quantity and nature of solid wastes

SPIG, WUA

19 Fertilizer use Average Fertilizer usage per unit field area

Average Fertilizer usage per unit field area

SPIG, WUA

ESA Final Report


Sl. No.

Environmental & Social

Parameters

Benchmark Indicators (Before Implementation)

Outcome Indicators (During Implementation)

Impact Indicators (Post Implementation)

Monitoring Agency

20 Pesticide use Average Pesticide usage by type per field unit area

Average Pesticide usage by type per field unit area

SPIG, WUA

21 Displacement Number of people to be displaced

Number of people displaced

Number of people displacedSPIG, WUA

22 Livelihood Number of people losing livelihood

Number of people with lost livelihood

Number of people with lost livelihood

SPIG, WUA

23 Common Property Resources

Number of people losing access

Number of people with lost access

Number of people with lost access

SPIG, WUA

24 Scheduled Caste / Tribe

Number of Project Affected Persons



SPIG, WUA

25 Workload on women

Distribution of women’s nature of work in 24 hours.



SPIG, WUA

26 Child Labour Distribution of child’s nature of work in 24 hours.

Distribution of child’s nature of work in 24 hours.

Distribution of child’s nature of work in 24 hours.

SPIG, WUA

27 Conflict Number of conflicts & issues

Number of conflicts & issues

Number of conflicts & issues

WUA

28 Public Health Incidence & nature of water related diseases

Incidence & nature of water related diseases

Incidence & nature of water related diseases

WUA

29 Cultural Properties

Spatial extent of the impacts,

Condition of structure & its surroundings, enhancement proposed

Condition of structure & its surroundings

WUA

30 Aesthetic / Cultural / Religious Values

Number & nature of values at risk

Number & nature of values infringed

Number & nature of values infringed

WUA

Extensive training shall be imparted to the WUA Members / stakeholders and the Village Community including women and other vulnerable groups to address environmental and social issues related to water productivity (Refer Table 10.2, Chapter 10, ESA Report).

Use of Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators in MPWSRP Outcome of the monitoring and evaluation exercise shall be utilised to for further decision making on sub project interventions. A set of carefully selected key monitoring indicators would be used to assess project outcomes from an environmental and social viewpoint. These will initially include the following core indicators: • Increase in farmer incomes

• % projects in which dam safety measures incorporated

• Production of vermicompost

• Number of NADEP composting structures constructed

• Area covered by IPM demonstrations (and adoption by farmers)

• Area covered by INM demonstrations (and adoption by farmers)

• Area covered by water-saving irrigation technologies and practices

• Value of work done by WUA

• % of schemes where joint walkthrough is completed

• % of schemes with tribal development benefits

• % of schemes with women-led activities

• Increase in fish production

ESA Final Report


• No of people trained on environmental and social issues

These indicators (which would evolve further as implementation progresses) would be monitored as part of an overall project monitoring and learning activity. This would be conducted at various levels and by various institutions (PICU, WRD, SPIG, NGO, WUA and an third-party M&L consultant). Appropriate modern tools (e.g. GIS-based Information Management System) would be used to collate, analyze and display these indicators as an input into decision-making for adaptive management. Some of the key principles that would guide the monitoring and learning approach under the project would include: • Activities having more positive benefits/impacts shall be undertaken on priority.

• Activities having least adverse impacts shall be promoted along with implementation of appropriate mitigation measures.

• For efficient management of resources and inclusion of the environmental and social concerns in the sub-projects, WUA’s and sub-project level staff of WRD shall be aptly rewarded by Implementing Agency.

• The WUA and the field staff of the WRD shall be given training programs on periodic basis for raising their awareness levels and capacity building in handling adverse social and environmental impacts.

• After the finalization of work, post implementation monitoring will be done at the interval of 6 months and up to 3 years.

In addition to adaptive management, that Monitoring and Evaluation results would also be used for benchmarking systems, WUA and departmental performance, as well as for use in knowledge base development, training and awareness-building activities.


The project should introduce a sound Monitoring and Evaluation procedure given the present inadequacies within the WRD in this aspect. Even the performance of new projects is not adequately monitored. Information management too is presently weak as information on most of the projects was found to be inadequate. Regular monitoring of indicators suggested in the SEMF and updating of the GIS database will ensure that meaningful lessons are drawn from the implemented projects to modify the project activities adequately. Adequate training and change management for improved decision-making would be required to make the best use of the monitored information for adaptive management.


9. institutional & training needs This chapter provides recommendations to strengthen the institutional set-up (ie. institutional capacity building) and identify training needs for the various stakeholders to ensure adequate consideration environmental and social issues in all stages of the project.


In order to address the environmental and social safeguard measures appropriately acceptable forms of institutional arrangements need to be in place. The rights and roles of all stakeholders should be clearly defined and administrative structures and procedures clearly understood. All stakeholders must be aware of their own and others rights and obligations. The institutional framework must coordinate effective planning and implementation of just, efficient and sustainable use of water. The institutional framework must ensure the importance of water users and their effective role in decision-making. Effective cost recovery mechanism for sustainable operation and maintenance. A prime requirement for efficient institutions is a reliable database on hydrological, social, environmental, economical and institutional parameters. This would enable all stakeholders to assess their requirements and also to understand the overall supply constraints.

It is also necessary to adopt an integrated approach to natural resources management. This requires coordination between the various organizations managing natural resources, legislation and regulations.

All this requires a substantial change in mindsets and upskilling, be it in the management of the project by PICU, the effective and sustainable regulation of water by the proposed water resource management agencies, accountable and efficient service delivery by the WRD, productivity support by associated line agencies or in effective, transparent, inclusive and representative management by the WUAs. This is intended to be facilitated in the project through a change-management initiative, professionalization through training and technical assistance provision and the development of enabling knowledge bases and tools.

IIINNNSSSTTTIIITTTUUUTTTIIIOOONNNAAALLL NNNEEEEEEDDDSSS

The institutional strengthening needs for ensuring compliance of environmental and social safeguard measures at various hierarchies have been discussed in the following paragraphs.

Apex Bodies

It is quite evident from the consultations carried out with various line departments that administrative boundaries are not appropriate for management of water resources. It would be more appropriate to have hydrologic boundaries as defining the framework for water management. Hence the reforms process must begin with formation of basin level organizations with representations from all the concerned water sector institutions (line agencies) for integrated and holistic approach to water resources management. Also currently the water sector institutions have complex range of responsibilities/mandate of regulation, supply and revenue collection, which becomes somewhat difficult to undertake. Hence it is important to examine the option of separating these three important functions and set up three different apex bodies for regulation of water resources, for supply of water to different stakeholders, and for managing tariff regimes & revenue collections.

The following institutional reforms are proposed under MPWSR Project

ESA Final Report


� State water Resource Agency [SwaRA] and State water Analysis and Data Centre [SWADaC].

� State Water Tariff Regulatory Committee [SWTRaC].

� Basin Boards

The technical secretariat working under State water resource Agency should have social and environmental specialist. Wherever required a provision for consultancy support on social and environmental aspect shall be included.

Data Handling & Decision Support Systems

Key to efficient management of natural resources is the availability of quality hydrological data and means of analysis and decision-making. There is need to up grade the field level set up for hydrological data collection and transmission. A centralized state level & basin level arrangement for acquisition, storage, processing and transmission would improve the decision making process in the water sector. Setting up of a decision support systems based on latest information technology approach (GIS) as a complementary to the data acquisition system would be a necessary component of reforms process. The decision support system shall incorporate the environmental and social management tools.

Monitoring & Evaluation

As observed at the field level consultations the positive benefits from the planning process do not accrue because of weak monitoring & evaluation process. On the other lack of effective monitoring and evaluation have led to adverse environmental impacts (e.g. damage to canal segments by the farmers, leakages from the degraded structures, seepage of water from the canals etc.). An effective monitoring & evaluation mechanism would to a great extent provide planners/managers the necessary knowledge base to take appropriate mitigative measures. For instance there is need to have periodic water audits within the canal systems to assess the efficiency of water delivery and water application. Also technical audit of the work of WUAs could be one of the options to improve the delivery benefits to stakeholders.

The institutional indicators as described in Section 9.4

Awareness Development This is necessary for both government servants as well beneficiaries. Better informed stakeholder will not only be an asset in the water management process but also can contribute significantly towards mitigating possible adverse environmental & social impacts due to the development process. Accordingly an urgent and crucial task will be preparation and implementation of an awareness raising campaign, targeting all stakeholders, including water users, departmental officials, trainers, civil society, and the general public. This would also lead to transparency in the operation and management of the water sector.

Training & Capacity Building The key to institutional reforms would be well-trained and motivated human resources. Competence levels of the departmental officials and their ability to adapt to the demand of integrated water resources management must be assessed and training in new skills provided. Cultural sensitivity, group dynamics, conflict resolution, leadership and ability to work with user population are as important as the engineering skills which are already in place. This will require the co-option into water resources department of social, gender and environmental subject matter specialists. This would also be an appropriate opportunity for assessing the

ESA Final Report


capabilities of state training institutions, and enhance them if necessary. Enhanced training would also be required for WUAs, farmers, women groups etc. The need and desirability of private sector participation should be assessed. The need for training equipment, computers, and software, training aids must be assessed, and procurement procedures should be initiated.

Improvement to the logistic Support systems The institutional reforms require, as a pre requisite, better connectivity and communication links between service providers and the ultimate beneficiaries. It is necessary to improve as a first step, the approach roads, service roads, communication links like wireless, telephones etc. Maintenance of existing logistic support system must also be given highest priority. Improving agricultural systems, dissemination of operational, technological information through appropriate means like information kiosks should be undertaken. There should be effort to increase the exposure of the ultimate beneficiaries to the media like print, audio and video.

IIINNNSSSTTTIIITTTUUUTTTIIIOOONNNAAALLL CCCAAAPPPAAACCCIIITTTYYY BBBUUUIIILLLDDDIIINNNGGG

To strengthen the capacity of the implementing agency it is proposed to upgrade the institutional capabilities and augment the skills of the existing personnel. Details of such measures are presented in the following paragraphs.

Institutional upgradation

It is proposed to set up specialized committees and cells to undertake environmental & social mainstreaming at different hierarchies of the Water Sector. The optimal intuitional arrangement for the various hierarchies and associated responsibilities are presented in Table 0-1.

Table 0-1: Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of Environmental & Social Issues Level Entity Institutional Capacity Building Responsibilities

State State Water Resources Agency State Water Resources Data Analysis Center State Water Tariff/Rights Administration

State Environmental Steering Committee State Hydrology Monitoring Committee State Social Empowerment Committee Inter departmental Co ordination committee Inter basin Co ordination committee GIS & Remote Sensing Laboratories

Coordinate water sector activities Assessment of Hydrologic, Social, Environmental Situation Co ordination between line agencies Develop & implementation of planning and allocation mechanisms at intersectoral & interbasins level Monitoring socio environmental aspects Monitoring and management of revenue generation through tariffs

Basin Basin Level development & management Boards Basin Chief Engineers Office

Socio economic monitoring cell Hydrology Monitoring Cell Inter Departmental co ordination cell Environmental Monitoring Cell Water Quality testing & monitoring laboratory Soil Quality testing and monitoring laboratory Training Center Public Relations & Media Center Legal Cell

Basin level co ordination between line departments Develop & implementation of planning and allocation mechanisms at basin level. Monitoring & evaluation of socio environmental aspects Monitoring of ecologically sensitive sites Review of hydrologic regimes within the basin Preparation of basin level plans Preparation of Training programme Preparation of Awareness Programme

Project Divisional Office Project Implementation & Monitoring Unit Environmental Coordinator Sociologist Grievance Redress Unit Media Cell

Co ordination & Monitoring of project implementation Mainstreaming of Environmental & Social aspects into project implementation Hydrologic Data Acquisition and transmission Grievance Redress between stakeholders

ESA Final Report


Level Entity Institutional Capacity Building Responsibilities Hydrology Data Acquisition unit Information dissemination

Project Sub Divisional Office

Project Implementation Team Quality Control Unit

Project Implementation Quality control during implementation

Village Gram Panchayat / WUA

Information Kiosks Dissemination of Information Grievance Redress

End User

Farmer/ Women Advisory Groups Advice and fed back information

Given the multiplicity of issues to be addressed through this project as well as various safeguard policies of the World Bank that have to be complied with, it is proposed that NGOs and a few more experts at the Chief Engineer/PICU/Division level be recruited or hired at appropriate stages of the project cycle to handle certain key issues such as given below (Refer Section 1.3 of Chapter 1, SEMF Report):

• Tribal Development,

• Resettlement & Rehabilitation,

• Gender equality,

• Consultation & PRA techniques,

• Dam Safety,

• Pest Management, and

• Cultural Property Management.

TTTRRRAAAIIINNNIIINNNGGG AAANNNDDD AAAWWWAAARRREEENNNEEESSSSSS DDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTT

Training is one of the important and effective tools for capacity building, performance enhancement and up gradation of knowledge and skills of the personnel. Organizational motivation and morale as reflected in the attitudes and administrative culture, are rendered relevant and sharply focused through effective training programmes. The National Water Policy (2002) also indicates that a perspective plan for standardized training should be an integral part of water resource development. It should cover training in information systems, sectoral planning, project planning and formulation, project management, operation of projects and their physical structures and systems and the management of the water distribution systems. The training should extend to all the categories of personnel involved in these activities as also the farmers. The State Water Policy (2003) of Madhya Pradesh also stresses the needs of training and indicates that there shall be inclusion of regional planning for information system, designing of project, construction, operation and efficient water distribution system for providing standardized training. Farmers shall also be included with personnel of all levels involved in the water resources management for training. The prime object of the training shall be to achieve maximum production from per unit of water. In addition, there is also need for training for improving the social and environmental aspects and participatory management of the water resources projects. The staff of the line departments as well as elected representatives of the PRI and WUA needs to be sensitised regarding the environmental & social issues. Training of the field personnel of WRD would be organized by the training cells of the divisional offices under the

ESA Final Report


supervision of Training centre at the basin level. The training cell along with the media centre also will undertake the awareness programme. The Training needs of the various stakeholders are given in Table 9.2

Table 0-2 Training needs of Major Stakeholders

Level Contents of training program Duration & Frequency

Location Remarks

SWARA and Basin Development and Management Boards

Capacity-building for environmental planning Skill development to improve environmental knowledge base and analytical capacity, through to appropriate modern analytical tools to facilitate informed decision-making Training in documenting and managing data on natural resources Use of advanced GIS, modelling and decision tools Monitoring and evaluation of environmental parameters

2 weeks / Annually

Bhopal BVPP/ State Water Resource Data and Analysis Center / Academy of Administration / WALMI

Training programs / workshops / seminars

Officials from Field WRD & Line departments

Environment and social capacity-building Identification of environmental and social issues and mitigating measures Reorientation about improved Eco-friendly farm practices Public relation and Reporting skill development Impact Assessment, Utilization and Monitoring skill development

3 days / Once at the beginning of the project, and repeated for new staff

State & Basin level / District / Tehsil levels (Academy of Administration / WALMI for Master Trainers)

Seminars / workshops

WUA presidents.

Awareness about environmental social issues and their impacts Addressing environmental and social issues and mitigating measures Sustainable use of natural resources Importance of soil and water conservation. Training in improved farm practices, water use, crop diversification, balanced nutrient application, IPM techniques, etc. Role, Responsibility and accountability of the WUA heads. Management, Leadership and Communication shall development.

Two days / Six months interval

Village/ research stations/ Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Seminar/ workshops/meetings, study tours and demonstrations, distribution of literature

WUA Members /stakeholders and village Community including women

Awareness about environmental AND Social issues particularly gender related concerns and their impacts Addressing environmental issues and mitigating measures Sustainable use of natural resources Importance of soil and water conservation. Training in improved farm practices, water use, crop diversification, INM, IPM techniques, etc. Importance of sanitation for better environment, health, etc. Monitoring of environmental and social parameters Functioning of the WUA’s and role and responsibility of the village community.

One or two days / Once at the beginning of the preplanning, planning, implementation and sustainability stage.

Village Meetings/seminars addressed by local NGOs, and environmentalists

PRI (Gram Panchayats)

Awareness about environmental issues and their impacts Sustainable use of CPRs Promotion of environmental sanitation, public health, etc

One day / Annually Tehsil / Village level

Seminar / workshop

NGOs Environmental and social issues Impact assessment, Mitigation and monitoring measures, skill development.

Two days / Once District/ Tehsil

Seminar / workshop

ESA Final Report


The Project Implementation Coordination Unit (PICU) should undertake a training needs assessment at the earliest and identify target individuals and groups on a detailed level as well as detailed institutional and individual expert resources to undertake training.

TTTRRRAAAIIINNNIIINNNGGG IIINNNSSSTTTIIITTTUUUTTTIIIOOONNNSSS

Water Resources Department (WRD) has currently no in house Training Institute or Training Centre nor does it have a training calendar. The erstwhile Orientation Training Centre (OTC) of WRD at Tawanagar (near Itarsi) had a natural closure, about ten years ago, with the ban on fresh induction for several years. This OTC used to run a one-year orientation programme for the engineers joining WRD at entry level and was found to be very useful. It stopped running the induction programme once the recruitments stopped and gradually wound up. WRD is dependent on the other state level institutions, academic institutions within and outside state, and external agencies to meet its training needs. The two institutions within the state which are utilized by WRD for training of their personnel are: • R.C.V.P Norohha Academy of Administration, Bhopal

• Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI), Bhopal.

About 4 to 5 personnel of WRD are also deputed, under Colombo Plan, for Post Graduate training at Roorkee University. It is also understood that about 15 to 20 different courses are carried out at the Academy of Administration, Bhopal for WRD Officers and about 10 to 15 courses are carried out at WALMI, Bhopal for class II and Class III level personnel. In addition, various institutions in the WRD also carry out different courses for computer training. Longer-term relationships with universities, agencies such as EPCO (Environmental Planning & Coordination Organization), and other research/training agencies should be explored. RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration, Bhopal The institute was established in 1966 and is under the control of General Administration Department (GAD). A board of Governors, under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble Minister of GAD, administers the Academy with 8 members. A director of the rank of additional Secretary (IAS) heads the Academy. The institute is declared as the nodal agency for imparting training to Senior Government officers. The Academy imparts training to officers of M.P., Rajasthan, Orissa and Bihar. The main functions of the institute are: • To Impart Training to officers of various departments selected through MP Public Service Commission.

• To Impart Training in various subjects as per needs of Department of GoMP

• To give consultancy to various Training Institutions for development

• To play the role of a Consultant for policy formation.

The Academy has full residential facilities, lecture halls, computers, conference hall, dormitory accommodation etc. It is equipped with the state of art audio-visual systems and training tools. There is a library in the building of the academy. Among the various courses run by the academy, personal of the WRD have participated in courses on arbitration procedures, tenders, claims, irrigation management, designs, quality control etc. In the last 6 years, training was imparted to 957 officers. The academy has conducted a total 1212 courses, of which 47 courses have been WRD. Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI), Bhopal

ESA Final Report


Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI) were established in several States as an initiative taken under the Water Resources Management & Training (WRMT) project of the United States Agency for International Development, which established, initially, WALMI in seven states. In Madhya Pradesh, WALMI functions under the administrative control of the Panchayat and Rural Development Department. WALMI is the highest institute for water and land management in the state. A Director heads the institute. Generally the Director is the rank of Secretary and is from the IAS Cadre. WALMI conducts different courses for the development of human resources related to water and land management. The main training courses, which are being conducted by the institute, are Participatory Irrigation Management, Management for Mandi, Crop Management, Information and Technology, Agricultural Forestry, Capacity Building Programme for DPIP, Rajiv Gandhi Watershed management and other Programmes. The institute has residential facilities, conference hall, meeting hall, computer lab, library, Laboratory and exhibition hall etc., There are about 30 persons working in WALMI including joint director, accounts officers, research Officers, Programmer etc. During the last 5 years, a total of 514 courses were arranged for training to 13860 persons. Out of this 51 courses were arranged for 816 officers of WRD. The training is related to PIM, planning and design of projects, micro distribution system, Improvement in water application in farmers field, and maximizing irrigation in the command area. Head of Department for Training CE BODHI is the Head of the Department who is tasked with the looking after of all aspects related with the training of manpower at all levels within WRD and also the Training of WUAs and farmers who constitute the various User level Committees under the PIM scheme of GoMP. CE BODHI is provided with the necessary funds for training and institutional expenses. No other CE is separately provided funds for Training nor are they empowered to depute their personnel for specialized training required for their project work. In some externally funded projects, provision is sometimes made for specialized Training and the WRD personnel benefit from this provision. Other Training Institutions There are other institutions where the WRD personnel can avail of the training facility. These are as follows: • Water Resources Development Training Center (WRDTC), Roorkee

• National Water Academy, Central Water Commission, Pune

• Central Water Commission (Training Directorate), New Delhi

• National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee

• Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering (ICAAR), Bhopal

• National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad

Annexure 9 presents the Training Courses available at NIRD and WALMI. Water Resources Development Training Centre (WRDTC), Roorkee is a training Centre under University of Roorkee especially for training of professionals working in the field of water resources. The centre operates a training course for 1 year, which provides postgraduate diploma in water resources by Roorkee University. Government of Madhya Pradesh deputes some officers from WRD every year to this centre for this training course. National Water Academy, Pune has been set up recently for training of professionals working in the field of water resources development. The Academy functions independently in so far

ESA Final Report


as training is concerned, but under overall guidance of central water commission. The Academy conducts Induction Training Course for newly recruited Assistant Directors of Central Water Commission, Course on Integrated River Basin Planning and Management and anumber of training courses, refresher courses, ToT courses on water resources, hydrology, Environmental Impact Assessment studies of water resources projects, command area development, watershed development, cost engineering & economic aspects of river valley projects, environment management, Data Storage, use of Modern Information Technology including GIS, NICNET/INTERNET etc. Central Water Commission, New Delhi: Central Water commission (CWC) is the premiere organization in the country dealing with water resources, management and planning of surface water. The Training Directorate of CWC organizes a number of training programmes on various aspects of water resources. The programme includes courses on Hydrological Observation & Flood Forecast and Water Quality, Investigation and Preparation of Detailed Project Report, Design and related issues, project appraisal and monitoring, application of latest technologies and administrative matters National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee: National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee is an autonomous Institute, administratively under Union Ministry of Water Resources. It undertakes research and studies on various hydrological aspects. The institute also runs various training programmes for professional hydrologists in the country. Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering (ICAR), Bhopal: Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering (ICAR) located in Bhopal and has 20 year of existence. The major aim of the institute has remained to conduct research and development to facilitate agricultural mechanization, to conserve soil and water through land development, application of efficient utilization of renewable and non-renewable sources of energy in agriculture. With its highly trained manpower and strong R&D laboratory support it offers Training in design, testing and manufacturing technology, Entrepreneurship skill and industrial management. National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad: National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad is one of the leading institutes for undertaking training, research, action research and consultancy functions in the rural development sector. It works as an autonomous organization supported by Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment, Govt. of India. Its efforts are directed towards development of human resources. It is a training institute for practicing managers engaged in rural development. Over 150 programmes involving about 3000 participants are organized annually mostly sensitizing policy makers, elected representatives, young civil servants and media professionals. It also trains functionaries from the Government and community based organizations to help carry forward and spread the message of all round rural development.

TTTRRRAAAIIINNNIIINNNGGG PPPRRROOOGGGRRRAAAMMMMMMEEE

To achieve the social and environmental objectives in the basin and for proper implementation of the project, the persons involved in the implementation of the project need training. Both long term (2 to 3 weeks) and short term (1 week or less) programmes need to be conducted in various subjects. Senior level officers may participate in the short-term programmes in form of seminars, conferences or study tours to within the country or abroad, whereas middle level and junior level officers may participate in the long-term trainings.

ESA Final Report


Training Needs Assessment To assess the Training needs of professionals / persons involved in the project as suggested in the Recommendations on Institutional Measures the following particulars of individuals may be collected and compiled; • Present Age,

• Length of Service already rendered,

• Basic and Professional Qualifications,

• Earlier experience in particular field,

• Training earlier received (both short term and long term)

These may be analysed and compared with responsibilities associated with a proposed position and the gaps assessed. Every person should attend one short training (up to 1 month’s duration) every alternate year and a long term (6 to 12 months) every 10 years. Thus every year 50% of the total strength shall be trained through short-term training while 10 % shall be trained every year through long-term training.

Budgetary Requirements For short term training (average of 2 weeks) provision may be kept @ INR 20,000 per person per training. For long term training (average of 10 months) provision may be kept @ INR 150,000 per person per training.

Requirement of Consultant (s) It is recommended that a consultant may be engaged for detailing out the Training Program in the first year. In subsequent years consultants may be engaged for 2 to 3 months every year.


The stakeholder consultations highlighted the lack of awareness appreciation of environmental and social issues within the WRD as well as amongst the farming community. To inculcate these values and create an enabling environment where these issues form a crux in all decision-making process institutional upgradation and training of existing personnel is of paramount importance. This will enable the planning process to be undertaken in the broader context of sustainable development of the country.

ESA Final Report


iMP Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy, ADB TA 3715-IND, Vol 4

ii Human Development Index & Gender Development Index for MP districts:

http://www.mp.nic.in/mphdr/humind.htm

http://www.mp.nic.in/mphdr/genind.htmiii MP Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy: ADB TA 3715-Ind, Vol 4 iv MP Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy: ADB TA 3715-Ind, Vol 4 v Website of MP Agricultural Department http://www.mp.nic.in/agriculturevi Reference Madhya Pradesh, First Edition, The Deshbandhu Publication Division, ISBN 81-900733-2-X vii Website of MP Mandi Board http://www.mpmandiboard.com/viii Website of Census of India http://www.censusindia.net/ix Website of Census of India http://www.censusindia.net/x Human Development Report, Madhya Pradesh, 1995 xi Human Development Report, Madhya Pradesh, 1995 xi [Reference: M. S. Bamji (Emeritus Medical Scientist, Dangora Charitable Trust, Hyderabad); combating hidden hunger – food, fortified food, foodlet, tablet: which way to go? NAAS News, Vol.3 No. 4, October – December 2003]

Documents

Environment & Social Assessment Report - World Bank & Social Assessment Report APRIL 2004 Public Disclosure Authorized E888 V. 2 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized