Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Lumbini Cable Carmofe.gov.np/noticefile/Final report submitted_1558952829.pdf · E-mail: [email protected];Website: April, 2019 Submitted

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Lumbini Cable Car

Proponent:

Lumbini Cable Car Project Butwal Sub-metropolitian ward no. 9, Kalikanagar, Rupendehi Nepal Tel: +977 071-543747, Fax: +977 071-540671 E-mail: [email protected]

Consultant:

Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd. GPO Box:7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel:977 - 1 – 4244989 / 4241001; Fax: 977 - 1 - 4226028

E-mail: [email protected];Website:www.ness.com.np

April, 2019

Submitted To:

GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL

MINISTRY OF FORESTS AND ENVIRONMENT THROUGH

MINISTRY OF FEDERAL AFFAIRS AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Singha Durbar, Kathmandu

Nepal

EIA Study of Lumbini Cable Car Project

Proponent: Cable Car Project i Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd.

ABBREVIATION / ACRONYM

Avg Average

BIM Building Infrastructure Modeling

CBS Central Bureau of Statistics

CC Construction Contractors

CF Community Forest

CFUGs Community Forest User Groups

CITES Convention International Trade in Endangered Species

DCC District Coordination Committee

DIA Direct Impact Area

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

EEC Environmental Enhancement Committee

EEP Environmental Enhancement Program

EIA Environment Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EMMP Environmental Mitigation Management Plan

EPA Environment Protection Act

EPR Environnent Protection Rule

ESU Environmental and Social Unit

ESUCP Environmental and Social Unit for Construction Phase

ESUOP Environmental and Social Unit for Operations Phase

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GIS Geographic Information System

GoN Government of Nepal

Ha Hectare

HHs House Holds

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IIA Indirect Impact Area

ILO International Labor Organization

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KLD Kilo Liter per Day

Km Kilometer

KVA Kilo Volt Ampere

LCC Lumbini Cable Car

LCCP Lumbini Cable Car Project

LP Liquid Petroleum

LRMP Land Resources Mapping Project

Ltd: Limited

MBT Main Boundary Thrust

MCTCA Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

MFT Main Frontal Thrust

MoFAGA Ministry of Foreign Affairs and General Administration

MoFE Ministry of Forests and Environment

MOPPWTM Ministry of Physical Planning, Works and Transport Management

MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NBSIP Nepal Biodiversity Strategy Implementation Plan

NDWQS Nepal's Drinking Water Quality Standard

NEA Nepal Electricity Authority

NEPAP Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan

NESS Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services

NGO National Governmental Organization

NNBC Nepal National Building Code


Proponent: Cable Car Project ii Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd.

NPWCA National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act

NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product

NTNC National Trust for National Conservation

OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series

PAs Project Areas

PDs Project Districts

PIGRU Public Information and Grievance Redress Units

PIRGUCP Public Information and Grievance Redress Unit for Construction Phase

PMO Project Management Office

PMOCP Project Management Office for Construction Phase

PPES Personal Protective Equipment

Pvt Private

RCC Reinforcement Concrete Cement

RM Rural Municipality

RoW Right of Way

SBC Safer Building Construction

SD Scoping Document

SMU Safety Management Unit

ToR Terms of Reference

UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlement

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

VDC Village Development Committee

VU Vulnerable

WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat

WRSF Water Resources Strategy Formulation


Proponent: Cable Car Project A Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER - 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 HISTORY OF ROPE WAYS IN NEPAL ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 FEASIBILITY OF ROPEWAY IN NEPAL .............................................................................................................................. 2

1.4 PROPONENT AND THE AGENCY PREPARING THE DOCUMENT ............................................................................................ 2

1.4.1 The Proponent ................................................................................................................................................. 2

1.4.2 Institution Responsible for Preparing the Document ...................................................................................... 2

1.4.3 Human Resources ............................................................................................................................................ 2

1.5 RATIONALE FOR EIA STUDY ........................................................................................................................................ 3

1.6 Objective of EIA Study ..................................................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER - 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................... 4

2.1 PROPOSAL LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................ 4

2.2 ACCESSIBILITY .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 THE PROPOSED PROJECT ............................................................................................................................................ 5

2.3.1 Details Description of Project Component ...................................................................................................... 5

2.3. UTILITY CONNECTION AND SUPPLY INFORMATION ........................................................................................................... 7

2.3.3 Site Development Schemes ............................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.4 Physical Facilities ............................................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.5 Salient Features ............................................................................................................................................... 8

2.4 PROJECT SUPPORT FACILITIES FOR CABLE CAR ................................................................................................................ 9

2.4.1 Construction Materials and Transportation .................................................................................................... 9

2.4.2 Construction Vehicles and Equipment ............................................................................................................ 9

2.4.3 Land Requirements.......................................................................................................................................... 9

2.4.4 Human Resources .......................................................................................................................................... 10

2.5 PROJECT SUPPORT FACILITIES FOR HOTEL/RESORT ........................................................................................................ 10

2.5.1 Human Resources for the Hotel Construction ................................................................................................. 10

2.5.2 Energy Requirement ...................................................................................................................................... 12

2.5.3 Construction Planning .................................................................................................................................... 12

2.5.4 Construction Materials ................................................................................................................................... 12

2.5.5 Construction Workers ..................................................................................................................................... 13

2.5.6 Electrical System ............................................................................................................................................ 13

2.5.7 Hotel Preparedness for Emergency ................................................................................................................ 13

2.5.8 Water Supply ................................................................................................................................................. 13

2.6 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................... 14

2.7 INTEGRATION OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AT LCC ..................................................................................................... 14

2.8 WATER MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................................ 14

2.7 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE FOR THE CABLE CAR AND HOTEL CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................... 15

2.8 PROJECT ESTIMATED COSTS ...................................................................................................................................... 15

2.9 PROJECT AREA DELINEATION ..................................................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER - 3: METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................ 17

3.1 DESK STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 17

3.2 PUBLIC NOTICE AND STAKEHOLDER RESPONSE .............................................................................................................. 17

3.3 DATA REQUIREMENT, COLLECTION METHODS, AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 17

3.3.1 Physical Environment .................................................................................................................................... 17 3.3.1.1 Data Requirement and Collection Methods .......................................................................................................... 17 3.3.1.2 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 18

3.3.2 Biological Environment .................................................................................................................................. 18 3.3.2.1 Data Requirement and Collection Methods .......................................................................................................... 18


Proponent: Cable Car Project B Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd.

3.3.2.2 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ................................................................................................... 21

3.3.3.1 Data Requirement and Collection Methods .......................................................................................................... 21 3.2.2.2 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 22

3.4 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND PREDICTION ................................................................................................................... 22

3.5 PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER - 4: POLICIES, LAWS, GUIDELINES, MANUALS CONVENTIONS ATTRACTED BY THE

PROPOSAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 23

4.1 CONSTITUTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 23

4.2 PLAN, POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ............................................................................................................................... 23

4.3 LAWS AND ACTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 26

4.4 RULES/ REGULATIONS.............................................................................................................................................. 29

4.5 MANUALS AND GUIDELINES ...................................................................................................................................... 31

4.6 STANDARDS ........................................................................................................................................................... 33

4.7 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES .............................................................................................................. 33

CHAPTER - 5: EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION................................................................................ 34

5.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 34

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography ...................................................................................................................... 34

5.1.2 Geology and Soil ............................................................................................................................................ 35

5.1.3 Geology, Geomorphology and seismicity of the project site............................................................................. 36

5.1.4 Chure Region in the project Area ...................................................................................................................... 39

5.1.3 Climatic Condition ......................................................................................................................................... 39

5.1.4 Air Quality and Sound Quality ....................................................................................................................... 40

5.1.5 Land Use ........................................................................................................................................................ 41

5.1.6 Drainage and Hydrology ................................................................................................................................ 41

5.1.7 Water Quality and Supply .............................................................................................................................. 42

5.1.8 Solid Waste Management ............................................................................................................................. 43

5.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS..................................................................................................................................... 43

5.2.1 Biodiversity .................................................................................................................................................... 44

5.2.2 Flora ............................................................................................................................................................... 44

5.2.3 Ethno botany ................................................................................................................................................. 55

5.2.4 Mammals ....................................................................................................................................................... 55

5.2.5 Bird Species ................................................................................................................................................... 56

5.2.6 Reptiles .......................................................................................................................................................... 57

5.2.7 Fishes ............................................................................................................................................................. 57

5.2.8 Protected Areas ............................................................................................................................................. 57

5.2.9 Community Forests ....................................................................................................................................... 57

5.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................ 58

5.3.1 Demographic Characteristics .......................................................................................................................... 58

5.3.2 Quality of Life ................................................................................................................................................ 61

5.3.3 Cultural Environment .................................................................................................................................... 68

CHAPTER - 6: IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

70

6.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 70

6.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 78

6.3 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................................... 82

CHAPTER - 7: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 93

7.1 DESIGN ................................................................................................................................................................. 93

7.2 PROJECT SITE AND CABLE CAR ALIGNMENT OPTION ........................................................................................................ 93


Proponent: Cable Car Project C Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd.

7.3 TECHNOLOGY, PROCEDURE OF OPERATION, TIME-SCHEDULE AND RAW MATERIAL TO BE USED ................................................ 93

7.4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN .......................................................................................................................... 93

7.5 WHETHER OR NOT THE RISKS RESULTING FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL CAN BE ACCEPTED ........................... 93

7.6 OTHER MATTERS INCLUDING NO PROJECT OPTION AND NO FOREST OPTION .................................................................... 93

CHAPTER - 8: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURE ................................................................ 95

8.1 ADVERSE IMPACTS .................................................................................................................................................. 95

8.1.1 Physical Environment .................................................................................................................................... 95

8.1.2 Biological Environment ................................................................................................................................ 105

8.1.3 Social and Cultural Environment ................................................................................................................. 107

CHAPTER - 9: ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT ................................................................................. 113

9.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................................... 113

9.2 PROGRAMS OF LOCAL ASPIRATIONS.......................................................................................................................... 113

9.2.1 Training Program for Skill Development ..................................................................................................... 114

9.2.2 Training Programs for Biodiversity Awareness ............................................................................................ 114

9.2.3 Support for NTFP Enhancement Programs .................................................................................................. 114

9.2.4 Support to Community Forest ..................................................................................................................... 114

9.2.5 Agricultural/Horticulture and Herbal Development .................................................................................... 114

9.2.6 Women Development Program................................................................................................................... 114

9.2.7 Assistance for the Landslide Protection ...................................................................................................... 115

9.2.8. Support to Communities as Corporate social Responsibilities ................................................................... 115

9.3. COST SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMS ..................................................................................... 115

CHAPTER - 10: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................................... 116

10.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 116

10.2 RELEVANT LEGISLATION, ENVIRONMENT STANDARD AND PERMIT AND APPROVALS ........................................................... 116

10.2.1 Legislation .................................................................................................................................................... 116

10.2.2 Environmental Standard .............................................................................................................................. 116

10.2.3 Environmental Permits and Approvals ........................................................................................................ 117

10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................ 117

10.3.1 Environmental and social Unit..................................................................................................................... 118

10.3.2 Public Information and Grievance Redress Unit (PIGRU) ............................................................................ 118

10.3.3 Safety Management Unit (SMU) ................................................................................................................. 119

10.4 COST FOR OFFICE ESTABLISHMENT, ADMINISTRATION WORKS, HUMAN RESOURCES, ETC. FOR PMO AND ITS UNITS ............... 119

10.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................... 119

10.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................. 119

10.6.1 Baseline Monitoring Management Plan ...................................................................................................... 120

10.6.2 Compliance Monitoring Management Plan ................................................................................................ 120

10.6.3 Impact Monitoring Management Plan ........................................................................................................ 120

CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 127

ANNEXES:

Annex I: Approved Terms of Reference

Annex II: Legal Documents

Annex III: Maps

Annex IV: Public Notice

Annex V: Minutes of Public Hearing, Key Informant Interview and Focus Group Discussion

Annex VI: Recommendation Letters

Annex VIII: Biological Data

Annex IX: Photos

Annex X: Declaration Form


Proponent: Cable Car Project 1 Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd.

CHAPTER - 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Nepal’s potential in eco- tourism is mainly due to ecological diversity on varied landscape including

Himalayan range to flat plains of Terai. The cultural heritage also add value make Nepal a "must visit"

tourist destination in the World. Therefore, natural and cultural diversity offer the potential to uplift the

economic standard to curb poverty. Tourism is important source of economic growth, foreign exchange,

investment and job creation in developing countries like Nepal. Additionally, it also provides a means of

empowerment to disadvantaged group including women by opening an economic and management role

in eco-tourism thereby contributing significantly to reduce poverty and environmental degradation. Thus,

recently eco-tourism is accepted as one of the means of acquiring sustainable development that satisfy

both local people in need of economic growth and environmental conservation. Hence, realizing the

potential of the tourism industry, the Government of Nepal (GoN) is proactively engaged in promoting

tourism the prime contributor for the national economy.

The Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation’s Nepal Tourism Vision 2020 guides tourism development

throughout the country. The vision is to promote the tourism industry as "tourism is valued as the major

contributor to a sustainable Nepal economy, having developed as an attractive, safe, exciting and unique

destination through conservation and promotion, leading to an equitable distribution of tourism benefits

and greater harmony in society". However, while the thrust of the vision is to attract tourists from outside

of the country, GoN falters in promoting tourism for Nepali themselves.

Tourist visit in Nepal is expected to grow beyond two million by 2020 and to achieve such goal, the vision

2020 envisions role of private entrepreneurs. The role of the private sector would be to bring in

investment for the creation of new tourism products possible all over the nation which are sustainable

with minimal environmental impacts, creating local ownerships, employment opportunities and

development of niche markets in this sector. One such investor to address the GoN vision by 2020 is

through the establishment of cable car in Lumbini. The proposed site will connect two historically

important districts of Rupendehi and Palpa.

Given these natural advantages, it is proposed to include a " Cable Car System" as the central attraction

of the project, traversing the hill side, climbing to the highest point of the Basantapur Village in Palpa.

Apart from the above proposed project plans to include theme gardens and parks, view tower, temple,

hotel and resorts conference hall and related adventure and healthy tourism with the relevant

infrastructure.

1.2 History of Rope Ways in Nepal

Ropeway system was in Nepal since eight decades. The first was the Swayambhunath Ropeway, a

British-model mono-cable system built in Kathmandu. Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher

commissioned it in 1924 to carry stones four kilometers from a quarry in Halchok to Lainchaur in order to

construct Rana palaces as well as the roads that linked them and was in operation until 1964.

Nepal's second ropeway, the 22 km long Tri-Chandra Nepal Tara Ropeway, came into operation in

1927. This mono-cable system crossed the Mahabharat Range southwest of Kathmandu and linked the

village of Matatirtha within Dhorshing, a village near the road head town of Bhimphedi about 70 km from

Raxaul. The original capacity of the ropeway was eight tones per hour, a rate capable of meeting the

bulk transport needs of Kathmandu at that time. After 20 years of operation, constant wear and tear and

the repeated derailment of its carriers had reduced its capacity to 5.6 tons per hour. In 1947, towers were

erected to extend the ropeway from Matatirtha to Teku, a distance of 6.5 kilometers, but this section was

not brought into operation. At present, Manakamana and Chandragiri cable cars are operating

effectively. Most importantly, it is the example of an effective transportation means in search of the

alternative transportation to compile the different zone of the country. Another recently operated Cable



Car, named KUSHMA-BALEW Yantrik Pool, has been in operation which links Kushma to Balewa.

Beside these, cable car connecting the Kuri village and Kalinchowk of Dolkha district is in its final stage

of construction. Feasibility study regarding Maulakalika Cable Car in Chitwan is being conducted and

pre-feasibility study report of Chispani- Rajkhada Cable car in Kailali district has recently been finalized.

1.3 Feasibility of Ropeway in Nepal

While historical contribution of cable is important, it remained at low priority until the Manakamana Cable

Car establishment. The success of this industry is largely attributed to sprititual activities and pilgrimage

to the Manakamana Temple. Similarly, Chandragiri Hills Limited started a cable car complex project at

Chandragiri Hills near southwest of Kathmandu City. The present cable car project feasibility report

explored the viability of such cable car transport connecting two spiritual locations of Rupandehi and

Palpa.

1.4 Proponent and the Agency Preparing the Document

1.4.1 The Proponent

The proponent of the proposed project is Lumbini Cable Car Pvt. Ltd. The address of the proponent is as

under:

Lumbini Cable Car Private Limited

Butwal Sub-metropolitan Cityward no. 9,

Kalikanagar, Rupendehi Nepal

Tel: +977-071-543747,

Fax: +977-071-540671

E-mail: [email protected]

1.4.2 Institution Responsible for Preparing the Document

Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services [NESS] Pvt. Ltd. has undertaken the EIA study of Lumbini

Cable Car Project for and on behalf of the proponent as per the provision of EPA’97 and EPR’97. The

address of the consulting firm is as mentioned hereunder:

Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd.

GO Box 7301, Jitjung Marg-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel: 977-1-4244989/4241001; Fax: 977-1-4226028

E-mail: [email protected]; Web: www.ness.com.np

This Scoping Document is prepared by the NESS for and on behalf of the proponent as per the legal

requirements of GON.

1.4.3 Human Resources

The consulting firm has assigned the team of environmental and technical experts for the EIA study. The

team members involved in the EIA study comprises of following professionals

Mr. Salil Devkota (Team Leader/Environmentalist)

Mr. Laxman Khadka (Environmental Engineer)

Mr. Srijan Regmi (Environmental Expert)

Dr. Chitra Baniya (Biological Expert)

Dr. Jiban Mani Poudel (Social Expert)

Mr. Swastik Pandey (Social and Resettlement Expert)



1.5 Rationale for EIA Study

The proposed project will be developed on 16.45 hectares of land located from Butwal Sub Metropolitan

City, Ward no. 3, Bamghat to Tinau Rural Municipality, ward no. 3, Basantapur Danda. Out of the 16.45

hectares of land, 11 hectares will be of Community forest land and have been taken on lease from the

Government of Nepal while 5 hectares will be Private land owned by the Lumbini Cable Car Private

Limited and remaining 0.45 hectares of land will be used for camp site and storage. The Lumbini Cable

Car Project is Eco-tourism based Project that includes construction of 3 Km long cable car, hotel/resort

containing 150 rooms having 225 beds and other physical structures within Project area. It is mandatory

to conduct Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study and its approval from the Ministry of Forests and

Environment (MoFE) as per Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1997, and Environment Protection Rule

(EPR), 1997 as amended 1999, and 2007, Schedule-2 clause (A, 4). It states that “Proposed projects,

with felling or rehabilitation of forests with an area of more than 5 hectares will have to conduct EIA.

Since the proposed project is envisaged to use about 11.45 hectares of Community forest and also the

hotel/resort that will be constructed will consist 225 beds. Also the buildup area for the construction of

hotel requires 12012 sq. m which is more than 10000 m2. The proposed project lies in Chure region so

preparation of EIA report and its approval is required.

1.6 Objective of EIA Study

The main objectives of the EIA Study are to do the following.

Identify the project impact area and impact zones;

Identify the major physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural baseline conditions;

Identify key project structures and components and the activities involved in the construction and

operation phases that are potential to change the existing baseline conditions.

Identify potential positive and adverse impacts for various proposal alternatives;

Analyze the most critical adverse impacts for the environmentally/economically best alternative;

Involve public opinion in the decision making process related to the identification of potential impacts,

mitigation measures and project alternatives;

Prescribe appropriate, practical, cost effective and site specific mitigation measures for the identified

adverse environment impacts to avoid or minimize or compensate adverse impacts and

enhancement measures for the capitalization of positive impacts;

Outline the elements of environmental mitigation, management, monitoring and auditing and prepare

Environmental Management Plan (EMP);



CHAPTER - 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposal Include the Lumbini Cable Car Project at the Butwal Sub-metropolitan city of Lumbini

District and Tinau Rural Municipality of Palpa District. The project is expected to serve the eco-tourism

development activity around the partial area of project area. The eco-tourism is accepted as one of the

means of acquiring sustainable development that satisfy local need of economic activities and

environmental conservation. The proposed Lumbini Cable Car project is an eco-tourism activity that

focus on domestic and foreign tourists.

However, the construction activities at the bottom station requires 2 hectares of land to construct vehicle

parking area, ticket counter, waiting room, cable car maintenance etc. This land has been taken on lease

by company. Similarly, the top station requires more than 5 hectares of land for the construction of

hotel/resorts, temples and other different physical structures.

2.1 Proposal Location

The project will be developed from Rupendehi District, Butwal Sub-metropolitan city Ward Number 3,

Bamghat to Tinau Rural Municipality Ward Number 3, Basantpur Danda, Palpa District of Nepal. The

location of the project along with the construction site of the various components is briefly shown.

Figure 2.1: Location map

2.2 Accessibility

The purposed Lumbini Cable Car can be accessed from the small section of Province No. 5 in the

districts of Rupendehi and Palpa. The Project area base station is located 265 km west of Kathmandu,

161 km south of Pokhara and 22 Km north of Siddharthanagar, Bhairawaha. Butwal is the mid-section of

Mahendra and Siddhartha Highways. It connects western Nepal to the capital Kathmandu through

Highway and air link. Palpa lies in between Butwal and Pokhara Highway. The project area is accessible

by road, air and foot trails in the remaining part. There is no accessible motor road from bottom station to

top station, only foot trail is available. Road is accessible from Bhutkhola, Dobhan of Tinau RM to

Basantapur Danda (top station). So this road will be accessible for top station.



Figure 2.2: Accessibility Map

2.3 The Proposed Project

The proposed Lumbini Cable Car Project comprises of three components namely bottom station,

alignment and top station. Alignment will cover 10 Towers which passes through community forest.

Installation of towers and clearing of the ground is main highlight of this project. The main objective of

this project is to promote tourism activities. Hotel has been proposed at the top station which is proposed

in proponent private land.

2.3.1 Details Description of Project Component

A) Description of Upper Terminal Station

The upper terminal is situated at Basantapur Danda of Tinau Rural Municipality. Most of the upper site is

steep. Relatively flat land is available only at the Northern part of the site. Southern part and mid North

part has more steep land. The gradient in this part is around 30 to 40 degrees. Very little vegetation can

be seen at the site. Lots of trees can be seen in the lower part of the site.66KVA high tension line is

passing from the middle part of the sites, similarly 132 KVA high tension line is passing from southern

part of the site. Durga Temple, Kamkhya Pith and other few idols cab be seen in the middle part of the

site. The existing guest house is situated at the north corner of the site. Some temporary sheds are also

there at the site. Patches of jungles can be experienced as we walk along the path way. The location of

Top Station is fixed by the technical team of cable car expert. This point is located near old Siddha Baba

Temple. Beside the cable car pathway the top station consist of waiting lobby of 15 m * 8.8 m,

administrative office and operator's office etc. The entire project of upper site is divided into following

parts

1. Top Station

2. Resort Area

3. Religious Area

4. Picnic Area

5. Plot/Commercial Development Area

6. Meditation Area

7. Entertainment Area

Table2.1: Details of top station

Top Station

Floor Area (m2) Remarks

Ground Floor 671.96

Total Built up area=

2103.49

First Floor 445.62



Top Station

Second Floor 555.28

Total Built Up Area 1672.87

Hotel Block

Lower Basement 82.76

Basement 1190.77

Ground Floor 1310.13

First Floor 1108.93

Second Floor 1120.3

Third Floor 1131.94

Fourth Floor 1143.84

Fifth Floor 1156.05

Sixth Floor 667.99

Seventh Floor 667.99


B) Tower Feature

A Latticed/ Tubular steel tower is proposed for the cable support. Ten steel towers are proposed in the

project of about 3 km of alignment covering 9 ha of community forest. Both top station and bottom station

has been oriented with respect to the alignment of cable car route.

C) Description of Bottom Terminal Station

The lower terminal is situated at Bamghat near Butwal-Palpa Highway. This part is around 300m above

from highway. The area of lower site is around 2 hectares. The bottom station of the cable car is

proposed at this site. The land profile, where bottom station is proposed, is relatively flat. The area of

bottom station is around 836 sq. m. Besides, the gondola parking, the building contains boarding

platform (4mX9m), waiting hall (7mX20m), operator's office, public toilet and administrative office. Ticket

counter is proposed separately. Landscape is designed along with visitor's parking. Small food stall is

also proposed for refreshment. The entire project of lower site is divided into following parts.

1. Bottom Station

2. Ticket Counter

3. Food Stall

4. Parking etc.

Table 2.2: Details of bottom station

Bottom Station

Floor Area(m2) Remarks

Ground Floor 1009.63

First Floor 1042.56

Second Floor 999.82

Third Floor 63.05


D) Types of Cable Car System

It is a kind of mode of transport. It is a mass transit system using rail car that is propelled by a

continuously moving cable running at a constant speed. Selection of the cable car system and

installation depend upon the topography of the alignment and volume of passenger and material

transport action. As per number of cables used in the cable car system and motion of cable car, there

are different kinds of cable car systems. They are:



1. Mono-cable detachable circulating system

2. Mono-cable attachable circulating system

3. Multi cable system

4. Bi-cable system

5. Group Gondola Reversible system

6. Chair lift system

7. Reversible (to and fro) System

Lumbini Cable Car Project proposed a mono-cable detachable circulating system. Mono cable

detachable gondola lifts are mono-cable systems in which the gondolas are detached from the haul

cable in the stations. The entry and exit areas of the gondola platform are traversed at lower speeds,

enabling passengers to easily enter and leave the cabins. The entire system provides a very high

transport capacity the cabins are available in different designs, e.g., rectangular or round and always

have an aluminum frame. The large windows offer passengers a panoramic view. The seats can also be

provided with heating. The cabins of this type of installation transport up to 10 passengers per cabin. In

addition to classic winter sports tourism, these lifts are increasingly in demand for alternative purposes,

such as transport to tourist sights, urban commuting, and as attractions in themselves.

2.3. Utility Connection and Supply Information

Electrical line of 66KVA and 132KVA are available. As far as construction material is concerned, only

timber is available. There are few number of foot trails at the site. Water source is 1.5 Km below the site.

The locally available quarry stones for construction are piled up at different locations of the site for sale.

2.3.3 Site Development Schemes

Landscape is designed as to integrate whole area. Pathways of different sizes are proposed in the north

path of the land. Whereas informal walkway is proposed toward southeast part of the site as a trekking

trail. The walkway is supplemented by different shapes and sizes of sitting area for pedestrians. View

tower is proposed at the southwest corner of the site along the trekking route. Stupa is also proposed

near view tower along with the same route. Viewing deck is placed at the southern side of commercial

area from where better view of Butwal can be seen. Picnic area is proposed at the jungle area.

2.3.4 Physical Facilities

Resort/ Hotel Area

Resort Area is proposed in the company owned land near proposed cable car station. The mountain

view cab be best seen from this area. This area occupies around 34 ropani of land. Resort part has one

main building of 942 sq.m area. The main building contains two number of conference hall each having

150 and 60 people capacity hall with individual pre-function area. Beside these halls, it has restaurant

with 50 indoor capacity. Covered viewing deck is attached with the restaurant for additional outdoor

sitting. Kitchen, administrative office and store area are other facilities in the main block.

Ten number of gust blocks are proposed along the contour line to adjust in natural landscape and for

better view. Each block contains five number of guest room with attached bath and verandah. Space

Block is proposed at the lower land near main block.

Religious Area

This area is demarcated with an area around 7.5 ropani where Durga Temple, Kamakhya Pith and few

other Idols of Gods and Goddesses are in existence. Along the renovation of Durga Temple, a new

Kamakhya temple is proposed in the site. Small Patis and big shed with 350 standing capacity are

proposed in the religious area from resting purpose.



Picnic Area

This area is proposed in the public land near Siddha Baba Temple. This part covers around 21 ropani

area in relatively flat land. Dense jungle cab be seen in this part. Fifteen number of picnic sheds are

proposed in this area. Ticket counter, guard house, boundary wall and public toilet are also proposed for

picnic area.

Plot/ Commercial Development Area

Plot for housing and area for controlled commercial development is proposed at the company land with

75 ropani area. Road layout with 8 feet wide is designed along the natural contour. Plot area of 4 anna

and 6 anna are demarcated for housing. Green area is left below 66KVA high tension electric line and

along the very steep land. Commercial area with 13 numbers of shops are proposed along the main

walking route. Around 125 plots are demarcated with required retaining wall and approach road.

Mediation Area

Mediation area is proposed at north side of religious site. This site has gentle slope land. Light forest can

be seen in this area.

Entertainment Area

This area is proposed in 18.8 ropani of Company's own land. Covered sheds are proposed for different

types of entertainment activities.

2.3.5 Salient Features

The project consists of several components that include construction cable car, hotel/resort etc. The

salient features of the project are summarized below.

Table 2.3 :Project’s Salient Feature

SN Parameters Description

1 Name of the

Project

Lumbini Cable Car Project

2 Location Butwal Sub-metropolitancity, Ward no.3,Bamghat, Rupendehi district to Tinau

Rural Municipality, Ward no.3, Basantpur Danda, Palpa district

3 Project Component

3.1 Cable Car

Type of Ropeway Detachable grip type mono-cable continuously circulating Gondola

Length Approximately, 3Km in length

Level difference

between

terminals

980 m approximately

No of Box 30-50

Capacity of box 6-8 per box

Capacity 10000 persons per day

Speed of

Ropeway

10m/sec maximum

Time interval 10 min. approximate

Spacing between

Cabin

225 m

3.2 Towers

Type of Tower Latticed/ Tabular Construction

No. of towers 10

3.3 Rope

Type Hauling Rope

Diameter 30/32 mm



SN Parameters Description

Applied Tension

in Hauling Rope

10/11 Tension

3.3 Hotel /Resort

Structure type RCC

No. of rooms 150

No. of beds 225

Available

Facilities

E-mail/internet, hot/cold water, refrigerator, Phone call, TV with multiple

channels, attached bath room, Restaurant with continental foods.

3.4 Base station

Station type

Available

Facilities

Cable Car Parking Lot, Visitor Waiting Lounge, Parking Area, Souvenir Shops

3.5 Top Station

Type

Available

Facilities

Visitor waiting lounge, Hotel/ resort, etc

Source: Feasibility Report, 2074 BS (2017 AD)

2.4 Project Support Facilities for Cable Car

2.4.1 Construction Materials and Transportation

Construction materials required for the proposed project include concrete, sand, cement, steel, cement,

and various mechanical equipment’s including vehicles, excavators, and a range of support items such

as fuel, lubricants, blasting materials. While for purchasing these materials, first priority will be given to

the local market. In the case of unavailability, that other option will be chosen. Regarding the quantity of

construction material, the data will be presented in EIA phase report. For the bottom station, materials

will be transported the accessible road through Palpa-Pokhara Highway. For the top station, materials

will be transported through the road from Bhutkhola, Dobhan to Basantapur Danda.

Table 2.4: Tentative Estimate of Key Construction Materials

S.N Description Unit Cement Sand Aggregates Bricks

1 Top Station sft 10350 27920 37548 217754

2 Bottom Station sft 19583 53468 69919 405482

Total 23933 81388 107467 623236

2.4.2 Construction Vehicles and Equipment

The types of vehicles to be used are the following

Excavator-2

Dozer-1

Roller-1

Tripper-5

Truck-5

Water tanker-2

2.4.3 Land Requirements

The land required for bottom station for the purpose of parking, ticket counter, cable car maintenance

area, waiting room and different physical infrastructure is about 2 ha land. The top station requires 5 ha

land. The total land requirement for the project is tabulated below.



Table 2.5: Land Requirement for the Project (In hectare)

Project Component Land type Area in hectares

Permanent Temporary

Bottom Terminal Station Community Forest 2

Upper Terminal Station Private Land of

Proponent

5

Tower and Alignment Community Forest 9

Camp site Community Forest - 0.2

Storage site Community Forest - 0.25

Total 16 0.45

Source: Field Survey, 2018

2.4.4 Human Resources

Construction and operation of the proposed project will require numbers of skilled and unskilled

workforce. During the construction and operation period, regular and seasonal staff will be required. In all

cases, first priority will be given to the local peoples on the basis of their qualification and skill if available.

Table 2.6 : Estimated Human Resources Requirement

Human Resources During Construction Operation

Skilled 100 50

Unskilled 200 150

Total 300 200

Source: Feasibility Report, 2017

2.5 Project support facilities for Hotel/Resort

2.5.1 Human Resources for the Hotel Construction

During the construction phase of the project it is envisaged that approximately 80 persons will be

required in a daily basis including 15 technical staff and 75 labors. The skilled human resources includes,

engineer, overseer, supervisor, and administrative staff. Other skilled and semi-skilled manpower

includes masons, bar benders, welders, carpenters, plumbers, electricians.

The proposed number of employees during operation phase will be 150 out of total employees, the hotel

will incorporate 105 workers and remaining is for other services. The qualified hotel service human

resources will be deployed as per the requirement of five star hotels. The hotel will be operated with the

various hotel departments namely human resources that comprises of administration, account & human

resources, front office, food & beverages, Spa and recreation, housekeeping, sales and marketing,

engineering and security. The locally available skilled and competent manpower will be included among

the proposed employee number.

Table 2.7 : Human Resources requirement for Operation Phase

S. N. Position Department Number

Hotel Section

A. Administration

1. General Manager Administration 1

2. Operation Manager Administration 1

B. Account & Human Resources

3. Account Manager Account& HR 1

4. Account Officer Account& HR 2

5. Account & Store Keeper Account& HR 3




6. Administration Officer Account& HR 1

7. Driver Account& HR 3

C. Front Office

8. Front Office Manager Front Office 1

9. Receptionist Front Office 4

10. Bell Boy Front Office 3

D. Food & Beverage

11. Manager Food & Beverage 1

12. Sr. Captain Food & Beverage 2

13. Captain Food & Beverage 3

14. Waiter Food & Beverage 10

15. Bar Attender Food & Beverage 5

16. Exe Chef Food Production 1

17. Sou Chef Food Production 2

18. Commi-1 Food Production 3

19. Commi-2 Food Production 3

20. Helper Food Production 8

21. Dish Washer Food Production 5

E. Spa & Recreation

22. Spa Staff Sr. Spa 2

23. Spa Staff Jr. Spa 4

F. Housekeeping

24. Manager Housekeeping 1

25. Sr. Room Made Housekeeping 2

26. Room Maid Housekeeping 10

27. Gardner Housekeeping 2

28. Manager Housekeeping 1

29. Laundry Housekeeping 10

G. Sales& Marketing

30. Manager Sales& Marketing 2

31. Assistant Sales& Marketing 1

H. Engineering Services

32. Engineer Engineering 1

33. Part time Plumber Engineering 1

34. Part Time Electrician Engineering 1

I. Security

35. Guard Security (Outsource) 5

Sub Total 105

Mall Section

1. Marketing Manager 1

2. Operation/ Event Manager 2

3. Credit Collection Team 2

4. Guest Service Agent 3

5. Accountant 1

6. IT Specialist 1

7. Admin/ HR Assistant 2

8. Electrician 1

9. Plumber 1




Outsource

10. Security Guard 10

11. House keeping 15

12. Gardener 4

Sub Total 40

Total Mall & Hotel 150

2.5.2 Energy Requirement

Electrical energy will be used during the construction phase. To continue the work during load shedding

period, non-noisy generators will be used. During the project operation, energy fulfillment for the cooking

purpose will be done through electric and fossil fuels. The hotel has planned to use the renewable

energy as far as practicable and feasible during the operation of the hotel as well.

2.5.3 Construction Planning

The construction period of the project is estimated 20 months.

Both open bidding contractors and owners will conduct the construction works. Preparatory

ground works and structural reinforced cement concrete works will be done through contractors

whereas civil construction and finished works will be done departmentally or through contractors

with construction management services support of the project consultant.

Heavy machines/ plants/ equipment and labor-based method will be used. The equipment will be

winched trolley, builder’s hoist, automatic concrete batching/mixing machine, excavator, loader,

truck, tipper, water pump, concrete vibrators, concrete mixer, power generator etc.

Daily working hours will be 8 am to 6 pm. The transportation activities from outside will be done

during late evening, in night or on Saturday.

2.5.4 Construction Materials

Materials in Foundation and structural RCC: Cement, concrete, steel, cement, sand, aggregate,

bricks, stone, and formwork plywood/timber. While cement, sand, stone, bricks, blocks, etc. will

be bought from the nearby suppliers.

Materials in civil works and finishing: bricks, stone, cement, sand, aggregate, marbles, tiles,

paints, metal works, Sal wood frames, readymade shutters, aluminum windows, waterproofing

materials.

Stockpiling will be done on limited 10 meters wide space around the project building block. After

the ground construction, there will be more space on the floors and this space will be used. Other

land available shall be used for stockpiling.

Heavy equipment will be disassembled at source and transported on trucks. Wheeled heavy

equipment will be brought on own drives. All the transportation activities will abide by the traffic

rules/ regulation of the GoN.

The construction materials required includes bricks, sand, gravel, cement, steel, stone, wood,

metal frames, fittings and fixtures for kitchen, bathroom, and other ancillary facilities. The details

of materials and quantity will be provided during the EIA study.

Table 2.8 : Tentative estimation of construction materials for hotel

S.N Description Unit Cement Sand Aggregates Bricks

1 Hotel Sq. ft. 60230 164445 215043 124710

Total 60230 164445 215043 124710



2.5.5 Construction Workers

Construction Phase: Number of skilled workers 50 and unskilled workers 200 based on nature of

the work. The contractors will manage workers.

Special attention to health safety through the provision of needed gears and Personal Protective

Equipment (PPEs).

Health insurance will be provided to the construction workers.

2.5.6 Electrical System

3-Phase power supply will be obtained from Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) through separate

transformer for the project.

The energy efficiency will be prioritized in equipment and technologies.

Emergency power supply system will be from DG sets.

Ambient noise level from diesel generator will be maintained to no more than 75dB (A) at a

distance of 1m.

For energy efficiency, the target is to achieve 30% energy savings over with the following key

features:

o Efficient building facade

o Maximum use of day light

o High efficiency air conditioning systems

o Usage of fresh air for better indoor environmental quality

2.5.7 Hotel Preparedness for Emergency

The following are the identified potential emergency circumstances.

Earthquakes

Fires

Heat waves

Gas leakages

Riots and other threats

Accidents

Building collapses

Epidemics and Bird Flu

Explosions

Social issues and conflicts and protection of customers

In the events of an emergency in the hotel, emergency preparedness plan inclusive of probable direct

(Damage of hotel, landscaping, restaurants, transportation vehicles, cultural attraction) and indirect

(Occupancy rate, lower tourist expenditure, lower tax revenue, employment reduction) impacts prepared

will be followed. There will be the provision of public announcement system and alarm system within the

complex of the hotel. When there is a need to make a public announcement or raise an immediate alert,

the staff will dial the operator and inform the nature of the emergency. The plan shall be applied as the

key steps for risk management. The policy in the event of a disaster shall be as follows:

Protection of guests and employees

Limiting the property loss

Communication and restoration of hotel to normal operations quickly and safely

2.5.8 Water Supply

Deep boring water will be used for construction related works in top station for hotel.



Alternatively, the option of rainwater harvesting system will be used to store raw water in raw

water tank after sedimentation and filtration. This could be applied for garden use; general

washing and excess water will be used to recharge the ground water through recharge pits.

The raw water on the basis of test report will be treated normally using natural aeration, removal

of unnecessary impurities like iron, ammonia using pressure in-line filters followed by multi-grade

filter and softener, if required.

Estimated daily water requirement during construction phase is 15KLD and requirement during

operation phase for drinking and cooking purposes, washing, cleaning etc. is estimated to be 120

KLD.

2.6 Project Construction and Operation Activities

The major project pre-construction activities include land handover, land clearance landscaping, fencing

of the site, establishment of project support facilities such as construction camp, mechanical yards,

mixing plant, construction material storage yard, etc.

Similarly, the construction activities mainly include foundation works for driving station returning station

and towers, water supply networks, power supply networks, communication networks, construction of

staffs quarters, installation of weather related and lighting equipment's and upgrading of road.

2.7 Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction at LCC

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) includes the systematic development and application of policies, strategies

and practices to avoid (prevention) or limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse effects of hazards

The impact of likely disasters in LCC project can be reduced or prevented with the proper adoption of the

disaster risk reduction strategies. LCC will develop and implement DRR in its every construction and

activities which includes abiding with national building code, norms, and standards for construction and

in procurement of equipment. Besides, international best practices shall be followed as far as applicable

to the local context. Physical preventive measures will be designed for LCC to reduce the vulnerability

and exposure of infrastructure to natural hazards. Physical coping and adaptive measures includes

coping and adaptive infrastructure which can capable to withstand in case of a disaster. Similarly,

software parts like training, capacity buildings, tool kits, drills will be part of regular DRR compliance that

will be followed in LCC construction and operation. The LCC will coordinate with the local and national

competent authority in implementing DRR measures in project.

2.8 Water Management

The LCC will explore opportunities in management of water resources. The water management for LCC

basically focuses on storm water management, water source protection, exploring water recharge

potentials of areas, and water conservation, and at larger scale contribution to watershed management.

For storm water management and drainage management, the engineering team has studied the

requirement and drainage structure is planned accordingly. The project will have water quality, quantity

and conservation plan which will be detailed in EIA phase. Besides, as a corporate social responsibility,

the project will explore opportunities for partnership with local government in conservation and protection

of watershed through plantation, construction of check dam, rainwater harvesting, bioengineering etc.

The details will be spelled out in EIA phase.

Solid waste Management

Solid waste management consist of chutes made of stainless steel with vertical riser, opening gates in

each floor to place the solid waste, which will be collected in ground/basement floor and finally disposed

to municipality collection containers/vehicle on a routine basis. Besides, a small room will be allocated at

basement to store the hazardous substances until their safe disposal. The construction debris will be

dumped at the appropriate construction site and best management option will be applied for its reuse

and disposal.



Pollution Control Approach

All around net partition will be applied during operation phase. The silent generators will be used for the

backup purpose. In order to control noise pollution, the major noise emitting activities will be performed

during daytime. Water sprinkling will be applied as a dust control measure during construction.

Waste Water and Sanitation

A soil pipe will be used to draw the latrine waste into septic tanks, which will pass through soak pit

(diameter: 2m). A discharge pipe system will be maintained through the use of two independent

discharge pipes. The system may also require ventilating pipes. Surface drainage from roads, parking

areas and landscapes, and treated effluent will be discharged to nearest municipal drain.

Spoil/ Muck and Dust Aggregates

The volume of muck generated during construction will be calculated and presented in final EIA report.

The trucks will be used to deliver the unused muck for the disposal at appropriate place. The bidding

contractors will search for the proper arrangement for the disposal in compliance with existing legal and

environmental provisions. This will be ensured in the contract agreement.

Night time will be used for the muck transportation, if required.

Covered transportation system will be used to control spillage.

Equipment will be regularly repaired and maintained to control emissions

2.7 Construction Schedule for the Cable Car and Hotel Construction

A total of 2 years are estimated for the completion of the LCCP.

Table 2.9: Construction schedule of LCCP

S.N Particulars Year 1 Year 2

1 Project Preparation Phase

2 Tendering & Contracting Phase

3 Project Construction Phase

4 Testing

Source: Feasibility Report

2.8 Project Estimated Costs

Total estimated costs for the LCCP works is NRs. 3528100000.

2.9 Project Area Delineation

Delineation of the project potential impact areas in terms of administrative units such as rural

municipalities and Municipalities based on the environmental impacts of the project, the project-affected

areas are classified as the following:

a. RoW

For this project the RoW is 30m, 15m on either side from the center of the cable car route alignment.



b. Direct impact zones

This is the area where the construction and operation of the project occupy. A zone of 50m from the

RoW of the alignment is considered as directly affected areas by the project. The construction and

operation activity directly affects the resource base either by change in land use or by the construction

work. Construction area of project activities (Construction, camp facilities, excavation, stock piling, etc)

fall under direct impact zones.

c. Indirect impact zones

A zone of 500m from the RoW of the alignment is considered as indirectly affected areas by the project.

Project influenced Municipality/ Rural Municipality (Butwal Sub-metropolitan City ward no. 3 and Tinau RM

ward no. 3) falls under indirect impact zones.



CHAPTER - 3: METHODOLOGY

The EPR 1997 (with amendments) and environmental guidelines guides the methodology of the EIA

study. In general, data on physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural environments of project

affected area was collected through field study and desk study using acceptable and standard data

collection methods. More specifically, data collection methods and tools (i.e checklists, questionnaires,

guidelines) that were used by each domain of environment are briefly presented hereunder. The EIA

study of the proposed LCCP has been basically carried out by referring ToR Approval Letter and

approved Terms of Reference. The study method includes:

3.1 Desk Study and Literature Review

In the initial phase of stud, the following documents and literatures were reviewed and relevant

information for the study was collected.

Approved scoping document and Terms of Reference (ToR) of EIA study of Lumbini Cable Car

Project.

District profile of Rupendehi District and Palpa District.

Drawing and maps of the project

Topographic Maps of GoN

EIA study related manuals and guidelines

During the desk study, in addition to the review of environmental statutory legal provisions, EIA manuals

and guidelines, and project related documents was reviewed in greater details to come up with the

project study requirements both at the desk level and field level. Topographic map of project area,

satellite imagery, Google earth maps etc. were used to assess the project specific features. Published

and unpublished literatures of the project area pertaining to biological, social, chemical, physical and

cultural environment in the form of maps and reports etc. were also collected from various sources and

reviewed to get information on the coverage of the studies and data gaps that needed to be fulfilled

during the field studies to accomplish the EIA requirements. Discussion was arranged among the team of

experts on the field methodologies which helped to obtain the database required for the impact

evaluation of the project.

3.2 Public Notice and Stakeholder Response

Public hearing was organized at Morning Dew Hotel, Bamghat and Tinau Rural Municipality Office,

Dobhan on 2075/11/17 after the completion of Draft EIA Report to present the findings of the EIA study

to the locals and stakeholders. The primary objective of the public hearing was to collect additional

concerns and views from local people and stakeholders. The details of Public hearing is presented in

Annex V. The recommendation letter obtained from the project affected municipality and rural

municipality i.e Butwal SMC and Tinau RM and respective ward after public hearing program is

presented in Annex VI.

3.3 Data Requirement, Collection Methods, and Analysis

3.3.1 Physical Environment

3.3.1.1 Data Requirement and Collection Methods

The data required for the evaluation of the physical environment were Topography and Geomorphology,

Climate and Hydrology, Geology, Soil Erosion and Land Instability, Air Quality, Water Quality, Noise

Level, Watershed conditions and Natural hazards. Physiographic and geomorphic forms of the Project

area such as erosion features, landslides, soil etc. were directly observed in the field. Geological

formations and geological structural features were also identified and mapped in topographic maps.

Apart from the above, land use features and ground covered by the various land use were also mapped

and noted in the 1:25000 topographic maps.



Air quality, water quality and noise levels of the proposal development areas were derived from the

indirect inferences in the field. The key parameters noted for the evaluation of air, water and noise is the

level of industrial development, and the key anthropogenic activities of the area. Watershed conditions

and potential natural hazards were evaluated based on the field observation taking into account of the

land usage, forest coverage, historical records of natural events and activities of the communities located

in the project areas.

3.3.1.2 Data Analysis

The data obtained from the literature review and the field investigations on the topography and

geomorphology, climate and hydrology, geology, soil, erosion and land instability, air quality, water

quality, noise level, watershed conditions and natural hazards were collated to generate comprehensive

sets of database in the respective field. Geomorphic features were analyzed in the context of the

geomorphic processes that led to the development of the geomorphic features. The climatic and

hydrological records of the area were analyzed to generate spatial and temporal variations that

characterize the area. Geological maps were analyzed to identify the weak geologic zones that are

critical in terms of geologic instabilities. The erosion and land stability features were analyzed in terms of

the geology and geomorphologic process including climate and hydrological variations to activate the

erosion and land instabilities. Based on the industrial and anthropogenic activities of the area, the air

quality, water quality and noise levels of the project area were evaluated.

3.3.2 Biological Environment


The TOR and SD of the study identified type and status of forest; wildlife status and habitats; wildlife

biodiversity and significance as primary data requirements of the project for the evaluation of the

biological environment. The forest cover of the area was mapped. The composition of trees and

associated ground vegetation of the project DIA were observed and noted directly in the field notebook.

The information on forest vegetation and plant species were documented during the field survey along

the LCCP RoW using 100 sq.m for all tree species, 25 sq.m for shrub and 1 sq.m for seedling and

sapling species at 65 different locations to collect quantitative baseline data on the forest structure,

composition, density and dominance.

Information related to other biological environmental parameters such as agro-forestry practices, ethno

botany, NTFPs, Terrestrial wildlife found in the area, aquatic fauna, amphibians, habitat, ethno zoology,

protected species of flora and fauna, forest fire etc. were recorded through the forest inventory

procedure.

Forest Assessment Methodology and Approach

A participatory and consultative approach was adopted throughout the process of developing the

Resource assessment work plan.

Detail process and steps of preparing LCCP resource assessment:

During the preparation of this resource assessment plan of selected site/area as delineated by SD and

ToR, concerned stakeholders were invited to participate during this process of Forest assessment.

Following steps were followed to assess the Forest resource.

a. Before start the work the team of experts (consultant) meet with the DFO and DFO staffs team to

discuss the plan of assignment. During the meeting, requirements of the DFO, the process to be

followed during the assignment were discussed and agreed.

b. Consultation with the Concerned DFO staffs, Local Government



Consultants consulted the concerned DFO team members to develop common understanding on the

methodological approach and support required from the DFO team during the assignment. Further,

possible involvement of DFO staff in the process may create trust and common understanding

among the DFO team and consultants for the timely accomplishment of the assignment.

Furthermore, consultation with the concerned local government, ward chairperson and members

were held.

c. Organized Public meeting

Organized a public meeting where the local leaders, local people, teachers and local

Government body participated. Consultant highlighted an overview of the project, EIA procedure,

pros and cons of implementing LCC project in this particular site. Other speakers put some

quarries and suggested for further project.

Forest Resource assessment Primary data of the forest was collected through Forest Resource Assessment Guidelines. Primary data was collected by using tools, techniques, maps and methods which was described below: Boundary line Survey of LCC Project:

Survey of LCC alignment boundary line was carried out by using GPS and campass. Signs both sides in

the boundary of 15 m at each side along the given alignment line kept that eased to separate for

measurement.

Design of resource assessment:

After finalizing the area of LCCP, we measured all trees and poles (100 % census) within separated

area. However, sampling procedure applied for regeneration and sapling was 1.4 % sampling intensity.

Area and Shape Size of Sample Plot:

Hundred percentage census did for pole and tree category and sampling used for forest biodiversity

enumeration, regeneration and sapling category. Squared plot of size of 100 sq.m for trees and overall

biodiversity, 25 sq.m for shrub and one sq.m plot for sapling regeneration studies were designed and

studied throughout the whole alignment.

Establishment of Plot and Inventory of Forest Resources:

Tree and sapling regeneration counted within nested plots established at each 50 m interval. However,

all resources were counted in areas separated from lower base to upper base along alignment of the

cable Car. All resources counted and measured.

Number of Sample Plot:

A total of 65 nested plots designed for sapling, regeneration and detail inventory of plant diversity. Detail

locations of each plot along alignment was given in Annex VIII. All pole and tree counted within

separated area.

Establish the Sample Plot:

Sampling plot established at every 50 meter distance within the area separated.

Measurement of tree diameter and height:

The diameter of a tree provides a measure of tree performance and is a useful starting point for

estimating tree volume. The diameter of tree was measured at 1.3 m above the ground called Diameter

at Breast Height (DBH). While measuring live trees, the most information was presented over bark

dimensions. Tree diameter was measured by using simple tape (which gives the girth of tree).

To measure girth/ diameter, first of all, we determined where breast height was. Sometimes, it may vary

above or below 1.3 m depending up on various condition. Then, standing on the up-slope side, wrapped



the tape around the tree at that height with the diameter scale face and being careful not to twist the tape

and then read the diameter from where the scale starts.

Measuring Height with the MTG Tape:

Two enumerators’ were involved for this. One person with the tape, standing well back from the tree at a

point approximately equal to the height of the tree. The second person was standing at the base of the

tree.

Holding a section of the MTG tape vertically out in front of themselves the first person closed one eye

and looked past the yellow side of the tape so that the tree appeared next to the tape. Moving the tape

so that the 0 point in the yellow side corresponds to the base of the tree, they can then measure the

apparent height to the top (or any other point). That may mentally calculate 10 % of the apparent height.

Proper care of not moving was taken by an operator then asked the second person to move their hand

up and down the stem to mark a point that corresponds to 10% of the total apparent height. Clearly, this

was correspond to 10 % of the total tree height. The first person then returned to the tree and measured

the height from the base to the second person mark. The total tree height was simply calculated as that

height multiplied by 10. For heights of less than 10 m the operator used a point is 20 % (one fifth of the

height) of tree height rather than 10 %. For very tall tree, over 25 m, we used 5 % (one-20th of total tree

height) apparent height.

The technique is simple involvement of the projection of two triangles of proportional dimensions. There

was no need to know how far away the operator was from the tree or to worry about sloping land.

Following precautions were taken while measuring height:

The operator hold the tape vertically (let the tape hang momentarily before pulling right and sighting).

The operator took care to stand very still making sure not to move their head when sighting- only

moving their eyes.

The base of the tree was noted carefully and the vertical measure on the tree was made from the

same point as noted by the operator. To ensure that the second person marked the base point with

their foot and not move.

Pole was divided into 2 categories such as ballabally and pole (diameter between 10 to 19.9 cm became

balabali and 20-29.9 cm became pole). Sapling within the 0.0025 ha area was measured by using the

same procedure as above and regeneration within 0.001 ha area was measured by using the same

procedure as above. Species and number counted within 0.05 ha area.

Classification of the Tree:

The classification criteria of standing tree stated in forest bylaws and inventory guidelines. We graded

the measured tree as per definition given in bylaws or inventory guideline or SFM guideline. The grade

becomes 1st, 2nd and 3rd class for the actual calculation of timber and fuel wood.

Analysis of Inventory Data and Interpretation Data entry:

All data entered in the computer in the Excel sheet, basal are (BA), Volume, timber, fuel wood (Growing

Stock) biomass were measured during study. Where tree species, compartment number, plot number,

diameter of tree in cm, height of tree in m, grade of tree (first, second and third) were recorded.

Data Analysis

Different layers of trees at each vegetation collected through different sources and processed,

manipulated and analyzed through an integrated approach. Qualitative data was analyzed in descriptive



manner and quantitative data was analyzed by using appropriate models and appropriate statistical tools

by using GIS, Excel.

Information with regard to the wildlife and their habitat were collected by direct observation of the wildlife

or by listening of their calls, or by their pug marks, or burrow. To substantiate the information gathered

from walkover surveys and get additional information, extensive discussions were held with the local

communities of the potential fauna of the LCCP corridor.

Birds in the area were studied by observation of sight and sound. The number of different kinds of birds

including rare, endangered etc. (as per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GON list) heard or

observed during a walk within the specified time of specified length, direction were used as an indicator

to estimate abundance, range and typical habitat.


The quantitative data from forest sampling plots were used for the analysis of density, basal area, crown

coverage, and wood volume and biomass. These quantitative field data obtained on the sampling plots

were used for the estimation of the loss of trees and vegetation and loss of vegetation diversity including

the loss of rare and endangered species by the project implementation.

3.3.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment


The following data on socio-economic and cultural environment were collected from the secondary

literature and during the field visits of the project site.

Population and Household

Ethnicity

Agricultural practice

Education

Health and Sanitation

Culture and Language

Rituals and Festivals

Religious and Cultural Heritage Site

Economic Activities and market price

Information on general socio-economic conditions of the people of the project area was collected through

focus group discussions at the municipality and rural municipality level by the use of Rapid Rural

Appraisal Methods. Annex V represents the list of people present in focus group discussions meetings in

different locations at different times and their concerns on the project during the study. The demographic

and other social, economic and cultural information of the people of the Project Affected Districts and

Project Affected Areas were collected from secondary literatures such as CBS, and District profiles and

VDC profile.

Sample survey of the potentially directly affected households was conducted to understand the socio-

economic conditions using structured questionnaires. The survey question included family size,

education, health, religion, economic activities, land holding size, agricultural production, horticultural

production, livestock, household income (farm and off farm), general household expenditures, etc. to

assess the status of the affected households. Information on social infrastructures such as schools,

health posts, drinking water etc. was collected from the Municipality, RM or Ward offices, consultation

with village elites and through focus group discussions at local levels. All sites of religious, cultural and

historical importance on the directly project affected area were visited and observed in the area. The

social, cultural and religious values and significance of these sites were noted through consultation with

the communities.




The information obtained from the structured questionnaires, Rapid Rural Appraisal, focus group

discussions and Key informant surveys were analyzed using statistical tools for the evaluation and

quantification of the demographic, socio-economic, and quality of life status of project affected areas and

project affected families. The religious, cultural, and historical sites were evaluated in terms of their

religious and historical significance based on the spiritual and historical linkage of the people of the area.

3.4 Impact Identification and Prediction

The environmental impacts of the project were identified by overlapping the project baseline with the

project layout and the project activities. To evaluate the impact significance, a number of tools were

employed which includes GIS, statistical analysis, Delphi technique etc. Apart from these, impacts of the

past projects, personnel experience of the professionals in similar geographical locations and similar

socio-economic environment have also been used extensively for the impact prediction. Accordingly,

each of the perceived impacts are described under Extent of impacts (Site, Local and Regional),

Duration of impacts (Long, Medium and Short), and Magnitude of impacts (High, Moderate and Low) in

qualitative terms as per the method stipulated in EIA Guideline 1993 wherever applicable.

A list of mitigation options was generated to avoid or to minimize the adverse project impacts and to

enhance the beneficial impacts. As far as possible, the options, which avoid the project impacts, were

selected. Where such alternative was not available, most pragmatic and least costly mitigation option

was selected for the minimization of the project impact to acceptable level.

3.5 Preparation of Environmental Management Plan

The present Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared for the LCCP to define project

environmental management measures and procedures. The basic objectives of EMP are that it clearly

spells out the environmental concerns of the project and prescribes a systematic environmental

management system to be followed by all concerned to attain continuous environmental improvements in

the project vicinity. The EMP outlines the organizational structure, and describes the main roles and

responsibilities of the parties involved in project environmental management to safeguard the natural and

social environments during the project development and operation by implementing the required

mitigation and monitoring measures.



CHAPTER - 4: POLICIES, LAWS, GUIDELINES, MANUALS

CONVENTIONS ATTRACTED BY THE PROPOSAL

Review of the proposal nature and location reveals to attract the following national environmental

policies, laws, guidelines, manuals and standards of GoN apart from the relevant international

convention and treaties.

4.1 Constitution

Constitution of Nepal

Constitution of Nepal-Part-3 Fundamental Rights and properties-under article 25; Right to property states

that subject to laws every citizen has the right to acquire, enjoy own, sell, have professional gains and

otherwise utilize, or dispose of property. The relevant environmental aspects covered by the constitution

of Nepal 2072 BS include right of clean environment of the people, natural resources protection,

preservation and its prudent use. The constitution also emphasizes on right of clean environment of the

people, natural resources protection and its prudent use. Rights regarding clean environment under

Article 30:Right of each person to live in a healthy and clean environment. The victim of environmental

pollution and degradation shall have the right to be compensated by the pollutant as provided for by law.

4.2 Plan, Policies and Strategies

The Fourteenth Plan (2073/74 – 2075/76 BS) (2017/2018-2019/2020 AD)

The state will make such arrangements as may be required to keep the environment clean. The state will

give priority to the prevention of adverse impacts in the environment from physical development

activities, by increasing the awareness of the general public about environment cleanliness, as well as to

the protection of the environment.

Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2056 BS (2000 AD)

Nepal biodiversity strategy, adopted by GoN, specifies the implementation of impact assessments

process in accordance with the provisions of EPA ‘97 and EPR ‘97 to assess the impacts of development

activities on biodiversity. The strategy has given emphasis in ensuring effective implementation of

existing rules and regulations regarding environmental impact assessments. And moreover the strategy

has given due emphasis on the protection and wise use of the biologically diverse resources of the

country, the protection of ecological processes and systems, and the equitable sharing of all ensuing

benefits on a sustainable basis for the benefit of the people and to honor obligations under the

Convention on Biological Diversity.

Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2070-2076 BS (2014-2020 AD)

The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy Implementation Plan (NBSIP) prioritized 13 concept projects for the

period of 2014-2020 that comprises a cross-sectoral and six sectoral thematic area such as protected

areas, forests, rangelands, agriculture, wetlands and mountains.

Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan (NEPAP), 2049 BS (1993)

Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan were indorsed by the HMGN/N Environment protection

Council in 1993 to institutionalize environmental protection in development projects. Its aim were:

to manage natural and physical resources efficiently and sustainably

to balance the development efforts and environmental conservation for sustainable fulfillment of

basic needs

to preserve endemic and endangered species and their habitat; the promotion of private and

public institutions for biological resources inventory and conservation

to safeguard national heritage

to mitigate adverse environmental impact of development protects and human actions



National Wetland Policy of Nepal, 2003 AD

The primary goal of the National Wetlands Policy is to conserve and manage wetlands resources wisely

and in a sustainable way with local people’s participation. The policy also aims to put the conservation

and management aspects of wetlands conservation within the framework of broader environmental

management. The major objective of the policy is to involve local people in the management of Nepal’s

wetlands and conserve wetlands biodiversity with wise use of wetlands resources. Similarly, this policy

emphasizes identification and prioritization of wetlands based on ecological, social and economic

importance and conservation, rehabilitation and management of such areas; identification, respect and

utilization of traditional knowledge and skills of wetland dependent communities; making provision for

equitable distribution of benefits arising from the utilization of wetland based resources; and promoting

good governance. Also, provides working policies for conservation, restoration, and effective

management of wetland areas; wise use of wetlands; and promoting good governance in the

management of the wetlands.

National Conservation Strategy, Nepal, 1998 AD

National Conservation Strategy principles include: a) ensure the sustainable use of Nepal’s land and

renewable resources; b) preserve the biological diversity of Nepal to maintain and improve the variety

and quality of crops and livestock, and maintain the variety of wild species both plant and animal; and c)

maintain the essential ecological and life-support systems such as soil regeneration, nutrient recycling

and the protection and cleansing of water and air.

National Water Plan, 2062 BS (2005)

The National Water Plan approved by the government has a broad objective of ensuring planned

development in a balanced manner to meet the overall national goals of economic development, poverty

alleviation, food security, public health and safety, decent standards of living for the people and

protection of the natural environment.

Forest Policy, 2071 BS (2015)

The document has seven policies to fulfill forestry sector objectives. Out of seven policies, Number 6

says that mitigation and adaptation measures will be implemented to reduce negative effects of climate

change. Under this policy there are 3 strategies. Under these 3 strategies, there are 12 working

strategies. Some of the major working strategies are as below:

Adaptation measures will be implemented to support forest resource conservation, watershed

management, food security, water induced disaster control.

Arena of carbon conservation will be broadened also through sustainable forest management.

For encouraging carbon conservation, fixed percent of revenue product sales will be used in

forest fire control and other conservation measures

Appropriate technologies will be identified, developed and used to reduce negative effects of

climate change.

Forest management plans will be made in climate change friendly way.

Forest Sector Strategy 2072 BS

The Forest sector policy (2000) updates the objectives of Master Plan for Forest Sector. The policy has

given high priority to biodiversity conservation on sustainable basis through landscape planning

approach for the management of biodiversity on an ecological basis. Emphasis has been given to

sustainable utilization of forest resources through community participation and equitable sharing of

benefits. The Forest Policy mainly emphasizes on the protection of soil, water, flora and fauna

constituting the main element of forestry to sustain biodiversity while undertaking development projects.

Forest Encroachment Control Strategy, 2068 BS (2012 AD)

This Strategy emphasizes achieving 40 percent forest coverage through avoidance and control of forest

encroachment and reclaiming of encroached forest areas.



Tourism Policy, 2065 BS (2009 AD)

The main objective of the policy is to develop tourism industry in Nepal. One of the policy objectives

stipulates to enhance the long term tourism development activities by using available natural resources

in sustainable manner. Overall policy goal is to develop environment friendly tourism development with

setting the target for both domestic and international tourist that will help the poverty reduction in Nepal.

Tourism Policy, 2065 B.S, Schedule 9 (working policies), h (2) has emphasizes an environment

conservation during development and implementation of eco-tourism activities. The proponent is obliged

to follow the stipulated guidelines under Tourism Policy, 2065 B.S.

Policy on Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Infrastructure

Development Projects, 2071 BS (2015)

The main vision of the policy is Contribute to overall development of the nation and its citizens by

creating conducive environment for implementation of infrastructure development projects. The policy is

formulated to improve social and economic status of project affected families by providing fair and

adequate compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation assistances/allowances while

acquiring land for infrastructure development projects and projects of public interests, to avoid

displacement wherever possible and if not, explore alternatives to minimize adverse impact as far as

possible, to provide adequate compensation, rehabilitation assistance, and opportunities of social and

economic benefit to the affected person, family, and the community to create conducive environment for

timely completion of project by making land acquisition, valuation, compensation, resettlement, and

rehabilitation process simple, easy, transparent and fair.

Land Use Policy, 2071 BS (2015)

The ministry of land reform and management launched this policy to ensure the optimum use of land and

portions of land, and aims to encourage optimal use of land for agriculture. The policy also talks of

adopting the concept of aggregating parcels of land to acquire land for development projects.

Climate Change Policy, 2067 BS (2011)

This policy includes climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction; low carbon development and climate

resilience; access to financial resources and utilization; capacity building, peoples’ participation and

empowerment; study, research, technology transfer, climate friendly natural resources management and

institutional set up with legal provisions, and importance of monitoring and evaluation.

Water Induced Disaster Management Policy, 2062 BS

Water Induced Disaster Management Policy - 2006 has been formulated with policy provisions: (a) to

mitigate water induced disasters and reduce loss of lives and property, (b) to enhance institutional

strengthening of DWIDP and (c) establish network with the associated institutions and agencies to cope

with potential disasters. The policy covers up 3-points for "Emergency Operation", 4-points for

"Reduction of Water Induced Disaster", 5-points for "Conservation of Natural Resources", 6-points for

"Use of River Bank and Flood Affected Areas" and 3-points for "Intuitional Provision and Development".

National Water Strategy, 2059 BS (2002)

The National Water Plan approved by the government has a broad objective of ensuring planned

development in a balanced manner to meet the overall national goals of economic development, poverty

alleviation, food security, public health and safety, decent standards of living for the people and

protection of the natural environment.

Water Resources Strategy, 2048 BS (2002)

Water Resources Strategy Formulation (WRSF) involves the reconciliation of a range of problems and

constraints to sustainable water resource development, including those related to government policies,

financial and human resources, institutions and actions. A key objective of WRSF is to identify effective,

scientific, sustainable and consensus-based mechanisms to facilitate the implementation of action-

oriented initiatives and programs and in doing so, successfully bring about this reconciliation. With the



goal of meeting its water supply needs and achieving long-term sustainability, The Water Resources

Strategy will meet this need by providing a systematic framework for water resources development and

identifying action plans to avoid and resolve conflicts, and achieve Nepal’s water-related development

objectives. His Majesty's Government through Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)

formulated the first comprehensive Water Resources Strategy of the country under the financial

assistance of the World Bank/IDA and CIDA.

Rural Energy Policy, 2062 BS (2006 AD)

The overall goal of this policy is to contribute to rural poverty reduction and environmental conservation

by ensuring access to clean, reliable and appropriate energy in the rural areas.

National Plan of Action for Safer Building Construction, 2072 BS

The overall objective of the National Plan of Action for Safer Building Construction (SBC) in Nepal is

develop a common conceptual and strategic framework that helps to identify the necessary inputs and

actions for contributing to safer urban/semi-urban building constructions against time and resources.

There are 10 Main goals which are streamlined and 16 Strategies are adopted to accompany these

goals.

Main Goals of National Plan of Action for Safer Building Construction (SBC) are:

Immediate Response to Recent Disaster

Policies and Regulation

Codes and Guidelines (Drafting and Revision)

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and Building Bye Laws

Capacity Building

Physical Facility Support

Awareness, Education and Demand creation

Internalization, adaptation and Enforcement

Monitoring and Evaluation

Retrofitting

4.3 Laws and Acts

Environment Protection Act, 2053 BS (1997 AD)

Article 3 mandates IEE/EIA study for development projects; Article 4 prohibits implementation of projects

without approval; Article 5 and 6 describe the approval procedures; Article 7 prohibits emission of

pollutants beyond the prescribed standards; Articles 9 and 10 stipulate provisions for the protection of

natural heritage and Environmental Protection Area; Article 17 stipulates compensation provisions

arising from the discharge of waste and pollution; Article 18 includes provision of punishment for actions

against the Act and rules, guidelines and standards formulated under the Act; Article 19 stipulates the

rights to appeal to the concerned Appellate court against the decision of concerned authority.

Electricity Act, 2049 BS (1992 AD)

The Act mandates to develop electric power by regulating the survey, generation, transmission and

distributes the survey, generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity and to standardize, and

safeguard the electricity services.

Tourism Act, 2035 BS (1978 AD)

Tourism Act 2035 (1978) has emphasized the provision relating to tourist standard hotel, lodge,

restaurant or resort and Bar. Under section 12 (1), Government of Nepal (GoN) may inspect or cause to

inspect the hotel, lodge, restaurant or resort and bar registered pursuant to section 10 and may

experiment or cause to experiment the food and drinks (edibles). Under subsection 2 of the same

section, it is provisioned that in the course of inspection of the hotel, lodge, restaurant or resort and bar



or experiment of the goods to be used therein, pursuant to Sub-section (1), are not found up to the

prescribed standard, GoN shall provide appropriate time to such hotel, lodge, restaurant or resort and

bar to maintain the standard. Under Sub-section 3, in case, one cannot maintain standard even receiving

such time pursuant to Sub-Section (2), GoN, in consultation with the Standard Fixation Committee

pursuant to section 11 may suspend the registration or degrade to the appropriate classification to such

hotel, lodge, restaurant or resort and bar.

National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 BS (1973 AD)

The conservation of ecologically valuable areas and indigenous wildlife is provided by the National Parks

and Wildlife Conservation Act (NPWCA). Article 5, stipulates provisions of restriction on damage to

forest product and to block, divert any river or stream flowing through national park or reserve, or any

other source of water, or use any harmful or explosive materials without obtaining a written permission;

Article 9 lists the protected wildlife prohibited for hunting; Article 13 prohibits collection of samples from

National parks and Reserves without obtaining license.

Child Labor Act, 2056 BS (2000 AD)

This Act provided to child labor to prohibit engaging children in factories, mines or similar risky activities

and to make necessary provisions with regard to their health, security, services and facilities while

engaging them in other activities.

Soil and Water Conservation Act, 2039 BS (1982 AD)

The mismanagement of watersheds leads to the degradation of valuable land by landslides, flooding,

water-logging, and accelerated silt in storage reservoirs. In order to properly manage the watersheds of

Nepal, the Soil and Watershed Conservation Act was enacted in 1982. Article 3 of the Act empowers

government to declare any area a protected watershed area. Under Article 10 of the Act, power is

extended to the Watershed Conservation Officer to grant permission to construct dams, drainage ditches

and canals, cut privately owned trees, excavate sand, boulders and soil, discharge solid waste, and

establish industry or residential areas within any protected watershed. The Act outlines the essential

parameters necessary for proper watershed management (including both rivers and lakes). The Act is

applicable only to protected watersheds.

Plant Protection Act, 2029 BS (1973 AD)

Plant Provision Act, 2007 is a legal provision for preventing the introduction, establishment, prevalence

and spread of pests while importing and exporting plants and plant products, promoting trade in plants

and plant products by adopting appropriate measures for their effective control.

Section 22 (a-k) of the act is relevant for the project as it prohibits import and export of plants, plant

products, biological control agents, beneficial organisms or soil without obtaining the entry permit except

as otherwise mentioned in this Act. Any person who commits the offenses set forth in various clauses of

Section 22 shall be liable to the penalties.

Land Acquisition Act, 2034 BS (1977 AD)

Land Acquisition Act. 2034 (1977) & Amendment, 2049, is the main legislation to guide the involuntary

acquisition of land in the country. Government can acquire land at any place in any quantity by giving the

compensation pursuant to the Act for the land required for any public purpose or for the operation of any

development project initiated by government or government authorized institution (Section 3 and 4).

Water Resources Act, 2049 BS (1992 AD)

The Act prioritizes minimization on environmental damage to water bodies, especially lakes and rivers by

the development projects through IEE/EIA studies. The project proponents who wish to use water

resources for various purposes should prepare IEE/EIA report before a license can be granted. The Act

stipulates that soil erosion, flooding, landslides, or any significant impact on the environment should be

avoided in all uses of a water resource.



Local Government Operation Act, 2074 BS (2017 AD)

This Act states the roles of local bodies in Nepal. The jurisdiction, roles and responsibilities of personnel

appointed in local bodies are clearly mentioned in this Act. Clause 11 and 12 of Local Government

Operation Act ensure the function, right and duties of Municipalities & Rural Municipalities and ward

committees.

Land Reformation Act, 2029 BS (1972 AD)

The land reform act has set a ceiling on the landholding for individual or households. Land holding above

the land ceiling could be confiscated as per the provisions of the act. However, with the permission of the

authorized government officials, landholding ceiling could be increased for the organizations as per the

requirement of the organizational works.

Forest Act, 2049 BS (1993 AD) with amendments in 2055 BS and 2073 BS

Article 49 of the Act prohibits reclaiming lands, setting fires, grazing, removing or damaging forest

products, felling trees or plants, wildlife hunting and extracting boulders, sand and soil from the National

forest without the prior approval. The Act empowers the government to permit the use of any part of

government managed forest, community forest, leasehold forest, if there is no alternative except to use

the forest area for the implementation of a plan or project of national priority without significantly affecting

the environment.

Right to Information Act, 2064 BS (2007 AD)

The aim of this Act is to make the function of the state open and transparent in accordance with the

democratic system and to make it responsible and accountable to the citizens. It intends to make the

access of citizens to the information of public importance held in public bodies simple and easy and to

protect sensitive information that could have an adverse impact on the interest of the nations and citizen.

Clause 3 of the Act ensures the right to information. Every citizen shall have access to the information

held in public bodies unless confidentiality has been maintained by laws. Clauses 4 of the act describe

the Responsibility of a Public Body to disseminate information. It mentions that each public body has to

respect and protect the right of information of citizens.

Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 BS (2012 AD)

Solid Waste Management Act aims to manage solid waste and mobilize resources related thereto and

ensure the health convenience of the common people by controlling the adverse impact on pollution from

solid waste. The commercial or industrial establishments should adhere to the clauses mentioned in the

act during the construction and operation phases of the projects.

Labor Act, 2074 BS (2018 AD)

The Labor Act, 2074 has replaced the previous labor law completely i.e. Labor Act, 2048 has ceased to

be in effect. The New Labor Act has been passed for provisions for the rights, interest, facilities and

safety of workers and employees working in enterprises of various sectors. The New Labor Act has

passed by the Parliament according to sec 296(1) of the Constitution of Nepal. Where 20 or more

employees are engaged, employer shall constitute a Safety and Health Committee as per sec 74 of the

New Labor Act. There were no such provisions in the previous act. Working hours continue to be 8 hours

a day and 48 hours a week as per section 28 of Labor Act, 2074.

The Public Procurement Act, 2063 BS (2007 AD)

The Act provide to make legal provisions in order to make the procedures, processes and decisions

relating to public procurement much more open, transparent, objective and reliable, obtain the maximum

returns of public expenditures in an economical and rational manner by promoting competition, fairness,

honesty, accountability and reliability in public procurement processes, and; ensure good governance by

enhancing the managerial capacity of procurement of public entities in procuring, or causing to be

procured, construction work and procuring goods, consultancy services and other services by such

entities and by ensuring the equal opportunity for producers, sellers, suppliers, construction



entrepreneurs or service providers to participate in public procurement processes without any

discrimination;

Muluki Debani Samhita Ain (2074 BS) (Civil Code)

A meeting of the Legislature-Parliament passed the Muluki Ain (Civil Code) Bill, 2074 BS. The bill

includes provision on division of property. Earlier, the parliament had directed the committee concerned

to incorporate this provision instead of the provision of granting will on parental property to be effective

19 years after the granting of the will. The provision of will on parental property was in the bill when it

was first presented in parliament.

Muluki Aparadh Samhita Ain (2074 BS) (Criminal Code)

The Criminal Code was adopted in 2017 alongside five other Acts, designed to replace the Civil Code,

2021.It outlaws the practice of Chhaupadi as was as the evangelization of citizens to other religions.

Building Act, 2055 BS (1998 AD)

The Building Act 2055 was enacted to make necessary provisions for the regulation of building

construction works in order to protect building against earthquake, fire and other natural calamities, to

the extent possible. Section-3 of the act lays the ground for Formation of Building Construction

Management Upgrading (Consolidation) Committee under the chairmanship of Secretary of MOPPWTM.

The committee consists of nine members. Section-4 enlists the powers, duties and responsibilities of the

committee and they include: To regulate building construction works in order to minimize the possible

loss to buildings from earthquake, fire and other natural calamities; To inquire into whether approval of

designs has been made in consonance with the standards set forth in the building code; To make

recommendation to the Nepal Quality Assurance Council to determine the quality of native or foreign

materials related with building construction. Section 8 classifies the building and a building with plinth

area of more than one thousand square feet, with more than three floors including the ground floor or

with structural span of more than 4.5 meters is classified to be the building of Category "B". Section 10 of

the act makes it obligatory to construct the building by following the Building Code. Section 11 has the

provisions relating to Design and Approval of design/map of building while Section 12 Prohibits on

approving Design/Map contrary to standards. Section 13 of the act has the provision about the

supervision of the building construction whereas section 14 has the provision of punishment against the

perpetrators and the punishment include the stoppage of construction works and even the demolition of

part or whole of the building.

Nepal Tourism Board Act, 2053 BS

Under section 19 (1) of Nepal Tourism Board Act, it is provisioned that if a person applies to the

concerned authority for permission to run any profession related to tourism, such authority may ask for

the recommendation or suggestions of the board prior to giving permission. Under Sub-Section (2), it is

provisioned that when a person applies to the concerned authority for permission to run a hotel, such

authority may ask for the recommendation and suggestion of the Board prior to giving permission for

establishing or running a hotel.

4.4 Rules/ Regulations

Building Rules, 2066 BS

Government of Nepal has in exercise of the power conferred by the Section 22 of the Building Act, 2055

(1998 AD), framed the Building Rules. A person, organization, or government entity desirous of

constructing a house of category A, B, or C as mentioned in Subsection (1) of Section 11 of the Act shall

submit design as well when submitting application in the municipality in the format of Schedule -1 for

approval of the drawings. Whereas a person, organization, or government entity desirous of constructing

a house of category A or B shall prepare drawings and design of the building and a person, organization,

or government entity desirous of constructing a house of category C shall prepare drawings of the

building, and submit for approval in the format of Schedule – 1 in the Office of Urban Development of



concerned district. The Office of the Urban Development will check and verify the application received as

per Sub-clause (2), and if the Office deemed it necessary of additional documents, it may call for the

documents with the applicant.

Drinking Water Rules, 2055 BS (1998 AD)

Drinking water suppliers are DWUA and corporate bodies essentially fulfilling a state responsibility (to

supply drinking water) as a service and also for commercial gain. They are regulated by the Drinking

Water Regulation 1998 (2055 BS) which defines a water suppliers a Water User Association and/or

licensee holding a license for the operation of a water supply system. In other words, a drinking water

supplier is a DWUA and these terms are interchangeable.

Environment Protection Rule, 2054 BS (1997 AD)

The proposals requiring IEE/EIA studies are broadly listed in Schedule 1 and Schedule 2 under Rule 3 of

the EPR enforced under the provisions of EPA. As per Rule 5, proponent of both IEE and EIA proposals

has to prepare Terms of Reference (TOR) of the proposal for approval. Rule 7 of EPR provides that the

EIA/IEE proposal proponents to publish fifteen days public notifications in the national daily and present

the notification to the public institutions of the affected area for comments and suggestion on EIA/IEE

proposals.

Electricity Regulations, 2050 BS (1992 AD)

Electricity Supply Regulation, 1993, under rule 12(f) and 13(g) related to EIA, emphasize that the EIA

report should include measures to be taken to minimize the adverse effects of the project on social,

biological and physical environments, and should also elaborate utilization of local labor, source of

materials, benefits to the local people after the completion of the project, training to local people in

relation to construction, maintenance and operation, facilities required for construction site, and safety

arrangements.

Water Resources Rules, 2050 BS (1993 AD)

Under the Water Resource Rules, it is mandatory under Rule 17(e) that any person or corporate body,

who desires to obtain a license for utilization of water resources must state in his application that

appropriate measures will be taken to lessen the adverse effects due to the project on the overall

environment. Measures are to be taken for the conservation of aquatic life and water- environment, and

for mitigating social and economic effects of the project in the concerned area. Local labor should be

utilized and the local people should get benefits after the completion of the project. The regulation also

emphasizes training to the local people in relation to construction, maintenance and operation of the

project. The mitigation plan should give details of people to be evacuated and a necessary plan for their

rehabilitation. Rule 19 stipulates that the water resources committee shall publish a notice giving detail

information about the project to the people. If any person finds that the construction and operation of

concerned project is likely to cause adverse effects, he or she may furnish his/her reaction stating the

reasons within the thirty-five days from the date of publication of the notice. If the committee is satisfied

with the reason given by the people, the proponent will be asked to revise the plan.

Forest Rules, 2051 BS (1995 AD)

Forest Rules (1995) recognize the importance of forests in maintaining a healthy environment. Rule 65 of

the Forest Regulation, stipulates that if any project has forest area, causes any loss or harm to local

individuals or community the proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be

paid. Similarly, the entire expenses required for the cutting and transporting the forest product in the

forest area to be used by the project shall be borne by the proponent of the project.

Hotel, Lodge, Restaurant, Bar and Tourist Guide Regulations, 2038 BS (1981 AD)

The Hotel, lodge, Restaurant, Bar and Tourist Guide Regulation, 2038 states that a person, interested to

register own hotel, lodge, restaurant, and bar having of tourist standard pursuant to Sub-Section (2) of

section 10 of this Act, shall submit an application to the Department in the format mentioned in Schedule-



1 including the application fee of Ten Rupees. The Section 4 states that the Department may specify the

Hotel, registered pursuant to Rule 3, any one classification as of General Tourist Standard Hotel or

Tourist Resort or one star to five stars as per the facilities of that hotel. The Section 5 stipulates the

categories of facilities in the hotel. The section 17 emphases the submission of periodic report to the

Department in every six month.

Labor Rules, 2075 BS (2018 AD)

The Government of Nepal has framed the Labor Rules, 2075 (2018) by exercising the power conferred

to it under Section 184 of the Labor Act, 2074 (2017) with immediate effect and has repealed the then

Labor Rules, 1994 (2050). The Labor Rules has set out the criteria for determining if any dispute arises

on whether or not an employment is regular employment. Rule 3 of the Labor Rules provides for such

criteria. Pursuant to the Rule 3 the issue as to whether or not the employment is of regular nature is

determined on the basis of whether or not (a) the employment requires continuity upon expiry of the term

and, if it is required to continue whether or not another Employee is immediately required, and (b) the

Employee has worked on a regular basis for a period more than one year in the case if no term of

employment has been specified.

Nepal Tourism Board Regulation, 2055 B.S. as amended (2063)

Nepal Tourism Board Regulation, 2055 as amended (2063), empower to entrepreneur/proponent to

develop the tourism industry. Article 2 Rule 3, 4 of regulation stipulates that the proponent is obliged to

follow a conductive terms of conditions set by concerned agencies regarding Tax.

Solid Waste (management & resource mobilization), Regulations, 2070 BS (2013 AD)

Solid Waste Management Rules, 2070 has enforced the responsibility of managing of solid wastes

generated during project activities. It has restricted mixing of hazardous wastes with ordinary waste to be

dumped in municipality waste containers. Punishment measures for not complying have also mentioned.

The Public Procurement Rules, 2064 (2007 AD)

In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 74 of the Public Procurement Act, 2063 (2007), the

Government of Nepal has framed the following Rules. The rules apply to identify the need for

procurement and to obtain information as to the procurement contract prevailing at the market in order to

identify various technical solutions relating to procurement and ascertain the availability of supplier.

4.5 Manuals and Guidelines

Building Construction Verification Procedure, 2073 BS (2016)

Introducing BS 8536-2: 2016. A new addition to the Building Infrastructure Modeling (BIM) Level 2 suite

of documents gives recommendations for briefing for design and construction in relation to energy,

telecommunication, transport, water and other utilities’ infrastructure to ensure that design takes into

account the expected performance of the asset in use over its planned operational life.

National Environment Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 BS (1993)

National EIA Guidelines were gazette by the Government of Nepal to assist several mechanisms for

identification of projects requiring EIA, processes selecting alternatives, and mitigation measures

including monitoring and evaluation. The guideline provides important reference such as a checklist of

environmental parameters, as well as numerous diagrams, tables and flow charts. The basic intent is to

provide mechanism to optimize development benefits without degrading environmental quality and

natural resources, and to integrate environmental considerations within the project planning cycle.

EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector, 1995

The EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector aim to facilitate the sustainable use of forest resources for the

socio-economic development and to meet the basic needs of the communities for forest products. The



positive and negative impacts of any development project in the forest area are to be identified and plans

must be developed to minimize environmental damage, conserving genetic resources and bio-diversity.

Community Forest Guidelines, 2058 BS (2001)

The community Forest Guidelines sets process and procedures to identify and capacitate the community

forest user groups; for the preparation of the community forest management plan and implementation of

community forest management plan.

Community Forest Inventory Guidelines, 2005

Community Forest Inventory Guidelines details the process and procedures for evaluating the forest

stock and it’s harvesting potentials in the community forest.

EIA Guideline for Water Resources Sector, 2050 BS (1994 AD)

The guideline sets procedures for: a) identification of positive and negative impacts of water resource

projects over both short-term and long-term periods on natural and human environments; b)

development of mitigation management and monitoring plans; and c) public hearings and interaction with

affected groups, NGOs, donors and relevant government agencies.

Forest Produce, Collection, Sale and Distribution Guideline, 2056 BS (2000 AD)

The guidelines specifies various procedure and formats for getting approval for vegetation clearance,

delineation of lands for vegetation clearance, evaluation of wood volume, etc.

Guideline for Physical Infrastructure Development and Operation in Protected Areas,

(2065 BS (2008 AD)

Sets guidelines for infrastructure development in protected areas.

Forest Guide to Avail Forestland for other Purpose, 2062 BS (2006 AD)

Section-3 of the guideline states that any agency requesting to use forest land areas which are not

attracted by Environmental Protection Act-2053 shall follow environmental mitigation measures as

prescribed by Ministry of Forest and Environment. Section-6 states that project shall compulsorily

implement environmental mitigation measures as mentioned in IEE/EIA report. Concerned Ministry

approving IEE/EIA report in coordination with MoFE shall monitor implementation of mitigation measures

as stated in IEE/EIA report.

Nepal National Building Code, 2072 BS (2015 AD)

Guideline for Earthquake Resistant Building Construction: Low Strength Masonry, Nepal National

Building Code (NNBC) 204:2015. Guideline for Earth quake Resistant Building Construction, NNBC

206:2014 Architectural code is revised and is approved by Minister level decision (As per Building Act

1998 Clause 9) and is in the stage of being published in Nepal Gazette for Public notice.

National Plan of Action for Safer Building Construction formulation and its implementation. The proposal

is to regulate National Building Code in all municipalities and RM having more than 1000 House Holds.

Tourist Search, Rescue, Medication and Monitoring Related Guidelines- 2074 BS (2018

AD)

Tourist Search, Rescue, Medication and Monitoring Related Guidelines make necessary arrangement to

make effective implementation from Nepal government of the provision contained in the section 29 of the

Tourism Act 1978, by mitigating the impact induced from natural and other disasters likely to face by the

tourists during trekking, water-adventure, mountaineering and other adventurous tourism activities, by

making quick, easy, simple, well-managed, reliable, safe and economic to the search, rescue and

medication as well as by making authentic agencies that manage such activities; Now therefore, the

Ministry has framed this Guideline.



4.6 Standards

Hotel Standard, 2070 BS (2013 AD)

The Hotels standards as per Gazette notification 2070 B.S mentioned about the specification and

requirement to be meet by hotels and resorts. This standard is also reviewed during the study. This is

also applicable in the context of this project.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2069 BS (2012 AD)

Limits of ambient air quality parameters around construction

Nepal's Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2063 BS (2006 AD)

Quality of drinking water supply in the project camps and construction sites.

Exhaust Emission Standards for Diesel Generating Sets 2069 BS (2012 AD)

All vehicles, except for heavy equipment vehicles, entering Nepal require compliance with Euro III.

Nepal Vehicles Mass Emission Standard 2068 BS (2012 AD)

Compliance to Type I to Type V tests for vehicles fueled with gasoline and diesel while importing

vehicles for a project.

Occupational, Health and Safety Management System Requirements- OHSAS 18001:2007

OHSAS 1800:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Management Certification is an international

standard which provides a framework to identify, control and decrease the risks associated with health

and safety within the workplace. Implementing the standard will send a clear signal to your stakeholders

that you view employee’s health and safety as a priority within your organization.

4.7 International Conventions and Treaties

Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 BS (1992 AD )

The objectives of this Convention, to be pursued in accordance with its relevant provisions, are the

conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable

sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access

to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights

over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding.

Under the Article 14 of the convention, the each contracting party should introduce appropriate

procedures requiring environmental impact assessment of its proposed projects that are likely to have

significant adverse effects on biological diversity with a view to avoiding or minimizing such effects and,

where appropriate, allow for public participation in such procedures.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES), 1973 (2029 B.S.); ILO Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, 1989 AD

Article II of the convention classifies species as Appendix I, II, and III species which are subjected to

regulation in order not to endanger their survival. The convention classifies species according to criteria

where access or control is important (e.g. I - species threatened with extinction; II - species which could

become endangered; III - species that are protected; E - Endangered; V - Vulnerable, R – Rare (CITES

1983)). The project will have to minimize impacts to the CITES species as far as possible.

The Article 7 of the convention provide right to the indigenous and tribal people to decide their own

priorities for the process of development. However, for the national development plans and programs, it

mandates consultation with them in the formulation of the plans and programs. Article 12, 13, 14 and 15

safeguards rights of the indigenous people in the land and natural resources in territories traditionally

occupied by them. In the event that the state retains the right of the natural resources in their territories,

it mandates formulation of special provisions under the state legislation for participation in the decision-

making process and resettlement process with full compensation of the resulting loss or injury (Article

16).



CHAPTER - 5: EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

In this section, the existing environmental condition of the project area is illustrated which are mainly

based on review of secondary literatures and study and analysis of the available maps (topographic,

geological, etc.) as well as some input from the scoping field study. The objectives of the description of

the existing environmental condition in this section are to present basis for the recognition of various

essential environmental issues which need comprehensive environmental study.

5.1 Physical Environment

Baseline environment information needs to be taken into consideration to identify the present state of the

project area and future circumstances after the implementation of the project. Physical environmental

state is delivered by the state of existing environment such as geographical location, climatic condition,

air quality, water quality, soil, water supply, waste management system etc. The study of these

conditions is presented in details based on the field studies.

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography

The project alignment starts from Bamghat, Butwal Sub Metropolitan city, Rupandehi District to

Basantpur Danda, Tinau Rural Municipality, Palpa. Butwal Sub Metropolitan City Lies in Rupandehi

District which covers 1,360km2a part of province no. 5. It is located 265 km west of Kathmandu, 161 km

south of pokhara and 22 km north of Siddharthanagar, Bhairawaha, at the northern edge of the Terai

plain below the siwalik Hills. Similarly, Tinau Rural Municipality lies in palpa district. It is located on the

highway between Butwal and Pokhara, on the crest of Mahabharat Range overlooking the Valley of

Kaligandaki River to the north. Butwal is the midsection (cross Roads) of the Nepal’s National Highway,

Mahendra Highway and Siddhartha Highway. It connects western Nepal to the capital Kathmandu

through highway and air links and Palpa lies on the highway between Butwal and Pokhara.

The proposed Lumbini cable car project lies in chure region of Nepal. Topographically, the Siwaliks

represents very young and immature topography. The Siwalik zone is covered by the quaternary

deposits comprising mostly of alluvial and co-alluvial deposits. The quaternary deposits are made up of

alternating layers of sand, stone, slit or clay deposits. This zone is bounded to the north by the Main

Boundary Thrust (MBT) and to the south by the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT).The topography of the area is

very rugged, steep escarpment towards the south. It includes hills, river, valley, spur, river plain, terrace

and cliff etc. In the southern part lies flat and plain area and its altitude increased toward the north. Very

gently sloping Terai plain in the south consists mainly of silt, clay and sand whereas the gently sloping

bhabar zone in the middle where the core area of the town is located consists mainly clay, sand and

gravel. The Chure hills in the north mainly consist of the Middle-Miocene to Plio Pleistocene molassic

fluvial deposits, conglomerates, sandstone and shale with vertebrate fossils. The highest altitude of this

area is about 1491.9 m at northeast of Basantpur and Northwest of Sitdanda and the lowest altitude of

this area is about 350 m at the river valley of Tinau. Since the area range from 350m to 1491.9m, the

climatic zone is Sub-Tropical Monsoon type.



Fig: 5.1 Physiographical and Topographical features of the project site

5.1.2 Geology and Soil

The lesser Himalayan Zone lies in south of the Higher Himalaya that is separated by the Main Central

Thrust and north of the Siwalik Range separated by Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). From east to west, the

Lesser Himalayan geology of Nepal shows much variation in stratigraphy, structures, magmatic and

displays relatively subdued and mature geomorphology.

Siwalik Group has been divided into three formations (i) Lower Siwalik consists mainly hard calcareous

grey and pale greenish micaceous sandstones interbedded with verighted shales, siltstones and

Mudstones (ii) Middle Siwalik is represented by a thick sequence of friable micaceous sandstones

interbedded with relatively mudstones, siltstones, shales sometimes with plant fossile and cail lenses

whereas (iii) upper Siwalik is recognized by the presence of thick bed of conglomerates and arkosic

sandstones with intercalation of shales and mudstones.

Siwalik rocks are predominantly argillaceous while its aranaceous features increasing towards top

region. Sandstones are mostly calcareous and well cemented composed of quartz mice, feldspathic

variety with accessory magnetite and pyrite current bedding is common in sandstone and slity

sandstone. The clays and shales are maroon purple red interbedded with sandstone. The three fold

formational units are composed mainly of unsorted detrital rocks such as fine to coarse grained

sandstones, siltstones, shales, clays, conglomerates and boulder beds. The Geological Map of Nepal is

presented below:

Fig 5.2: Generalized Geological Map of Nepal

5.1.3 Geology, Geomorphology and seismicity of the project site

The study area stretches across an undulating area of Tinau River Valley. The major river of the project

area is Tinau River, which borders Rupandehi district with Palpa district. The base station of th

area lies in Bamghat of Rupandehi District. The base station of the project is plain land where the cable

car alignment has slope gradient of 45. Proposed top station consists of Hotel with prevailed helipad in

Plain Topography. The altitude rang

area.

EIA Study of Lumbini Cable Car

are composed mainly of unsorted detrital rocks such as fine to coarse grained


Fig 5.2: Generalized Geological Map of Nepal

ogy, Geomorphology and seismicity of the project site


area is Tinau River, which borders Rupandehi district with Palpa district. The base station of th



Plain Topography. The altitude range from 260m (Bottom Station) to 1240m (Top Station) in the study


are composed mainly of unsorted detrital rocks such as fine to coarse grained



area is Tinau River, which borders Rupandehi district with Palpa district. The base station of the project



e from 260m (Bottom Station) to 1240m (Top Station) in the study



Fig 5.3: Bottom and Top station of the project

A geological structure is the study of the permanent deformation created by the changes in stress

through the geological time. Tectonically it is an active zone. Tectonic processes are responsible for the

many discontinuity planes (faults, joints, fractures). The study area falls nearby MBT zone and has highly

uneven and low rating rocks such as mudstones, sandstones, shale and conglomerate which also

contribute the main lithology of this area.

Fig 5.4

Nepal has one of the highest risk profiles of natural hazards in the world. Complex geology with active

tectonic processes, rugged and fragile

variable climatic conditions, combined with the existing poor socio

settlements, rapidly increasing population and low level of awareness, make the country vuln

almost all types of hazards. Though floods, landslides and epidemics are the most recurrent,

earthquakes remain a major concern, as Nepal is located in a seismically active area. Nepal is divided,

by level of shaking hazard, into three major seis

major thrusts and faults. These zones are elongated in a general east

of the country slightly more prone to shaking than the northern and the southern parts. A st

(UNDP/UNCHS/MPPW, 1994) has identified 92 faults in Nepal.

Fig 5.5:Seismic Zoning Map of Nepal with the lowest governance unit in different seismic zones


5.4: Geological map of Project area


tectonic processes, rugged and fragile geophysical structure, very high peaks, high angle of slopes and

variable climatic conditions, combined with the existing poor socio-economic conditions, unplanned

settlements, rapidly increasing population and low level of awareness, make the country vuln



by level of shaking hazard, into three major seismic zones from south to north (Figure 5.4), separated by

major thrusts and faults. These zones are elongated in a general east-west direction, with the middle part

of the country slightly more prone to shaking than the northern and the southern parts. A st

(UNDP/UNCHS/MPPW, 1994) has identified 92 faults in Nepal.

:Seismic Zoning Map of Nepal with the lowest governance unit in different seismic zones



geophysical structure, very high peaks, high angle of slopes and

economic conditions, unplanned

settlements, rapidly increasing population and low level of awareness, make the country vulnerable to



mic zones from south to north (Figure 5.4), separated by

west direction, with the middle part

of the country slightly more prone to shaking than the northern and the southern parts. A study

:Seismic Zoning Map of Nepal with the lowest governance unit in different seismic zones



The cable car alignment falls near around the MBT zone, which is geographically fragile and special

attention needs to be given for the stability of the cable car. Nepal is a country in high risk seismic zone;

earthquake are very likely particularly near seismic zones such as MBT. Also, the chure region is the

weakest part among the geographical region of Nepal. The physiographical features of the region are

more dynamic, and the topography is more dissected.

5.1.4 Chure Region in the project Area

Chure range is a separate geographical region and a distinct physiographic zone of Nepal. The chure,

also known as the Siwalik, is the youngest mountain range in the Himalayas. Just north of the Terai, it

runs the entire length of the southern Nepal, from east to west, skirting the southern flanks of the

Himalayas consisting Rupandehi and Palpa District. The geology of Chure is tectonic in origin and its

rocks comprise north-dipping, semi-consolidated, inter-bedded tertiary sandstone, siltstone, shale and

conglomerate (LRMP, 1986). It is bounded to the north by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), which

separates it from the older bedrock of the Mid-hills, and to the south by Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), which

separates it from alluvium of the Terai (Upreti, 1999).

The churia hills are geologically young. Their soils originated from soft rocks. The lower Churia is largely

composed of very fine- grained sediments such as variegated mudstone, siltstone and shale with smaller

amounts of fine grained sandstone (Upreti, 1999). The middle Churia has thick beds of multi-storied

sandstones alternating with subordinate beds of mudstone. The upper Churia is characterized by very

coarse sediments such as loose boulder conglomerates. The soils of the Churia are associated with land

system 4-active and recent alluvial plains; land system 5-fans, aprons and ancient river terraces; land

system 6-depositional basins (Dun Valleys); land system-7 moderately to steeply to very steeply sloping

hill terrain (LRMP,1986).

Siwalik formational units have been separated by the sharp as well as inferred contacts and sometimes

terminated by reverse faults. The Siwalik sandstones are coarse to fine, massive to well bedded usually

grey coloured sub grey wacke type and were deposited in the progressively swallowing unstable sinking

basin in the front of rising Himalaya and the source rocks were sedimentary and metamorphic manly.

Some of the thin sections were studied under the microscope and the main constituent materials are

quartz, biotitic, muscovite feldspar and clay matrix are observed. The accessory minerals are mainly the

heavy minerals both opaque and non-opaque types. (R.N Yadav, SR Geologist).

5.1.3 Climatic Condition

The climate is warm and temperate in Butwal. When compared with winter, the summers have much

more rainfall. The average annual temperature is 24.0 °C in Butwal. In a year, the average rainfall is

2203 mm.

Table 5.1: Mean Annual Temperature of Butwal Metropolitan City

Month Mean

Avg Min Max

JAN 15.2 8 22.4

FEB 17.5 9.8 25

MAR 22.3 13.8 30.8

APR 27.8 19.7 35.9

MAY 29.7 23 36.2

JUN 29.3 24.3 34.4

JUL 28.5 24.9 32.1

AUG 28.4 24.7 32.1

SEP 27.2 23.1 32.4

OCT 25.9 21.1 30.7

NOV 20.8 13.9 27.7



Month Mean

Avg Min Max

DEC 15.7 8.3 23.2

Source: en-climate-data.org

The driest month is November, with 3 mm of rainfall. In July, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an

average of 647 mm.The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 29.6 °C. At

15.2 °C on average, January is the coldest month of the year.The difference in precipitation between the

driest month and the wettest month is 644 mm. The variation in annual temperature is around 14.4 °C.

Table 5.2: Mean monthly Rainfall at Butwal Metropolitan City

Month Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct. Nov. Dec.

Precipitation

(mm) 23 6 17 21 68 366 647 620 336 93 3 3

Source: en-climate-data.org

Similarly, In Palpa district, the climate is warm and temperate. When compared with winter, the summers

have much more rainfall. The average annual temperature is 19.3 °C in Palpa district. About 1724 mm of

precipitation falls annually.

Table 5.3: Mean Annual Temperature of Palpa District

Month Mean

Avg Min Max

JAN 11 4.7 17.4

FEB 12.8 6 19.7

MAR 17.2 10.2 24.5

APR 22.3 15.5 29.2

MAY 24.3 18.3 30.3

JUN 24.7 20 29.5

JUL 24 20.3 27.7

AUG 23.8 20 27.6

SEP 22.8 18.7 27

OCT 20.7 15.8 25.7

NOV 15.8 9.2 22.5

DEC 11.9 5.1 18.8

Source: en-climatic-data.org

The driest month is November. There is 2 mm of precipitation in November. In July, the precipitation

reaches its peak, with an average of 463 mm. The precipitation varies 461 mm between the driest month

and the wettest month. The variation in annual temperature is around 13.7 °C.

Table 5.4: Mean monthly Rainfall of Palpa District

Month Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct. Nov. Dec.

Precipitation

(mm) 32 20 32 48 100 288 463 416 224 93 2 6

Source: en-climatic-data.org

5.1.4 Air Quality and Sound Quality

Rupandehi District is known as industrial area of the Nepal and comprises of many industries. However,

the project site is far from their influences and the vegetation coverage is high. The only source of air

pollution comprises of household anthropogenic activity, natural windblown dusts and dust emission by

occasional plying of vehicles. There are no monitoring records of the ambient air quality of the project

area.

The purposed project area is devoid of any major source of noise. The bottom station of project is

the Siddhartha Highway and consists of small community. The source of noise observed during the field

visit are anthropogenic and vehicular emission. And as the top station of the project lies at hill top

surrounded by the forest, it is less noisy

below standard given by Nepalese government (50 dB day time and 40 dB night time). But constant

traffic of Lumbini Cable Car base station might increase the sound level in the bottom station.

5.1.5 Land Use

According to District wise land use pattern data, 2001, Agricultural Land is the dominant land use and

land cover type in Rupandehi District which covers around 74.20 % of the total land followed by forest

area (14.78%). About 83 % of the total area in the Butwal Sub

Similarly, Palpa District comprises about 51.4% of the forest area followed by 31.37% of agricultural

land. The cable car alignment site passes through forest area. The settlement area and

are not found within site specific area. Three community forest falls under the 3 km cable car alignment.

The land use map of the alignment is given in below figure.

5.1.6 Drainage and Hydrology

The Tinau is the main river originating from Mahabharatlekh and middle hills. Sukaura and Barurbakhola

(streams) originating from the Chure hills act as boundary in the east and the west respectively. These

rivers are flashy and flood frequently. Flood damage to pr

About 60 houseswere washed away in August 2009.



The purposed project area is devoid of any major source of noise. The bottom station of project is



surrounded by the forest, it is less noisy compared to the base station. The sound level in top station is





total area in the Butwal Sub-metropolitan is covered with forest.


land. The cable car alignment site passes through forest area. The settlement area and


The land use map of the alignment is given in below figure.

Figure 5.6: Land use map

is the main river originating from Mahabharatlekh and middle hills. Sukaura and Barurbakhola


rivers are flashy and flood frequently. Flood damage to property in Butwal is almost an annual event.

About 60 houseswere washed away in August 2009.



The purposed project area is devoid of any major source of noise. The bottom station of project is near to



compared to the base station. The sound level in top station is





metropolitan is covered with forest.


land. The cable car alignment site passes through forest area. The settlement area and agricultural land


is the main river originating from Mahabharatlekh and middle hills. Sukaura and Barurbakhola


operty in Butwal is almost an annual event.

The major rivers found in the Palpa district are Kali Gandaki, Ridi

Dobhan Khola and similarly lakes found in this district are

Pravas Lake &Sita Kundalake. The Palpa District is drained through Kali Gandaki River and Tinau

Main tributaries of Kali Gandaki are Nist

of Tinau Khola are Doban Khola and Jhumsa

Figure 5.

5.1.7 Water Quality and Supply

Water is supplied to Butwal Municipality from different surface and groundwater sources. Among the

surface sources, ChidiyaKhola and T

are five tube-wells in operation. They are Milan Well 1 and 2, Devinagar Well, TCN Well and Belbase

Well. About 72.2% of the population has direct access to water through their private taps f

public stand post (17.8%), community tap (6.49%), neighbors (1.7%), tube

and river (0.03%).

Similarly, the Palpa District is drained through Kali Gandaki River and Tinau

Kali Gandaki are Nisti Khola, Barandi

Doban Khola and Jhumsa Khola. Human activity has polluted many rivers and fluctuations in the flow are

enormous due to the steep slopes in the catchment area.


The major rivers found in the Palpa district are Kali Gandaki, Ridi Khola, Purwa Khola, Jhumsa

Khola and similarly lakes found in this district are Satyawati Lake (990 m above sea level),

Palpa District is drained through Kali Gandaki River and Tinau

Main tributaries of Kali Gandaki are Nist iKhola, Barandi Khola and Ridi Khola. Similarly, main tributaries

Khola and Jhumsa Khola

Figure 5.7: Drainage map of project location


surface sources, ChidiyaKhola and Tinau River are the major ones. With regard to groundwater, there

wells in operation. They are Milan Well 1 and 2, Devinagar Well, TCN Well and Belbase

Well. About 72.2% of the population has direct access to water through their private taps f

public stand post (17.8%), community tap (6.49%), neighbors (1.7%), tube-well (1.7%), dug

Similarly, the Palpa District is drained through Kali Gandaki River and Tinau Khola. Main tributaries of

Khola, Barandi Khola and Ridi Khola. Similarly, main tributaries of Tinau

Khola. Human activity has polluted many rivers and fluctuations in the flow are

enormous due to the steep slopes in the catchment area.


Khola, Jhumsa Khola,

Satyawati Lake (990 m above sea level),

Palpa District is drained through Kali Gandaki River and Tinau Khola.

Khola. Similarly, main tributaries


inau River are the major ones. With regard to groundwater, there

wells in operation. They are Milan Well 1 and 2, Devinagar Well, TCN Well and Belbase

Well. About 72.2% of the population has direct access to water through their private taps followed by

well (1.7%), dug-well (0.16%)

Khola. Main tributaries of

Khola. Similarly, main tributaries of Tinau Khola are

Khola. Human activity has polluted many rivers and fluctuations in the flow are



Figure 5.8: Chidiya Khola along the project site

5.1.8 Solid Waste Management

Most of the households of the project areas are facilitated with the toilet connected with own septic tank.

The generated solid waste is segregated at source itself by each and every household. After that, the

unwanted segregated waste solid waste is disposed nearby the ditch constructed by the community for

the disposal purpose. The dustbin are kept in every community location for temporary disposal and the

waste collected is managed by respective Sub Metropolitan and Rural Municipality.

Furthermore, the local clubs and organization are organizing awareness programs on regulation, proper

disposal and management of the waste. Moreover, waste management has been managed by local

community at various locations along the way from Bamghat and premises of Basantpur community. It

was observed that the generated solid wastes were disposed near the base station which can be

sources of the pollution in the project area. Some of the observed photographs clicked during field visit

are shown in Fig 5.8.

Fig 5.9: Waste disposal practises along the project area

5.2 Biological Environments

The Project District and Project area have diversified physical characteristics and diversify biological

species that lead to rich habitat. The proposed project area ranges between Bamghat of Rupandehi to



Basantpur Hill of Palpa districts. These project sites lie outside of designated National Parks, Wildlife

Reserve, conservation areas, Buffer Zone or any other legally protected area of the Government of

Nepal.

5.2.1 Biodiversity

The Bamghat area is characterized by secondary regenerated forest stand. Forest of this area has been

managing by different local communities through community forests. Tarai sal (Shorea robusta) is the

main forest component of this area. Most of these sal trees were at the pole sized having diameter

between 10 to 29.9 cm. This zone represents tropical ecological belt which ranges between 200 to 1000

m above sea level. This is the hot and humid climatic zone that favors diverse plant and animal species.

Butwal is fastly growing city of Nepal after eradication of Malaria and opening to outside countries since

1950s, human population is increasing exponentially. That leads to fragmentation of east west

continuous forest, highway and widely populating highly sensitive Bhabar land just outside from Churia

hill. Biodiversity of this area should seriously be taken considerations during later stage of EIA

preparation.

Figure 5.10: Sal Forest along Project site

5.2.2 Flora

Most common flora found in this project area are Sal (Shore arobusta), Asna (Terminalia alata), Sisau

(Dalbergia sissoo), Khayar (Acacia catechu), Bothdhayaro (Largerstroemia parviflora), Siris (Albizia

procera), Karma (Adina cordifolia), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Amriso (Thysanolaena maxima), Kadam

(Anthocephalus chinensis), Bakaino (Melia azederach) etc. There are some planted species such as

Masala (Eucalyptus sp.) found along the roadside. Riversides and wetland areas are found suitable

habitat for grass species such as kans (Saccharum spontaneum). Shorea robusta and Acacia catechu

are two banned plant species by government of Nepal for felling, transportation for commercial purposes.

A total of 107 different plant species enumerated from the purposed alignment of this cable car (Table

5.5). Each of their scientific name, common name, life-form, and conservation status such as CITES,

Gov Prot, MPRD, MPAD and IUCN listed if matched with the national list as below.



Table 5.5: List of plants occurred along Lumbini Cable Car alignment

S.

No. Scientific name Family

Common

Name

Life-

form

Gov

Prot MPRD MPAD IUCN

1

Saurauia

napaulensis DC. Actinidiaceae Gogan Tree

2

Mangifera

sylvatica Roxb. Anacardiaceae Ban aanp Tree

3

Alstonia scholaris

(L.) R. Br. Apocynaceae Chhatiwan Tree

IUCN

-LC

4

Calotropis

gigantea (L.)

Dryand. Apocynaceae Aankh Shrub

5

Holarrhena

pubescens Wall.

ex G.Don Apocynaceae Rani Khirra Shrub

6

Rauvolfia

serpentina (L.)

Benth. Ex Kurz Apocynaceae

Sarpagand

ha Shrub

Gov

Prot MPRD MPAD

IUCN

-LC

7

Phoenix acaulis

Roxb. Arecaceae Khajur Grass

8

Asparagus

racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae Kurilo Herb

9

Stereospermum

chelonoides (L.f.)

DC. Bignoniaceae Padari Tree

10

Ehretia acuminata

R. Br. Boraginaceae Dhatrung Tree

11

Ehretia laevis

Roxb. Boraginaceae Dhatrung Tree

12

Ehretia

macrophylla Wall. Boraginaceae Lodo Tree

13

Terminalia bellirica

(Gaertn.) Roxb. Combretaceae Barro Tree

14

Terminalia

chebula Retz. Combretaceae Harro Tree

15

Terminalia

tomentosa Wight

& Arn. Combretaceae Aasna Tree

IUCN

-LC

16

Ipomoea fistulosa

Mart. ex Choisy

Convolvulacea

e Aajambari Shrub

17

Cornus oblonga

Wall. Cornaceae Lati Kath Shrub

18

Dioscorea

deltoidea Wall. ex

Griseb Dioscoreaceae Bhyakur Herb MPRD

19

Shorea robusta

Gaertn.

Dipterocarpace

ae Sal Tree

Gov

Prot

IUCN

-LC

20

Diospyros

malabarica (Desr.)

Kostel. Ebenaceae Teju Tree

21

Rhododendron

arboreum Sm. Ericaceae Laligurans Tree



S.


Common

Name

Life-

form

Gov

Prot MPRD MPAD IUCN

22 Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Sajiwan Shrub

23

Macaranga

denticulata(Blume)

Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Mallado Tree

24

Hydrangea

anomala D. Don Hydrangeaceae

Bauhini

kaath Shrub

25

Clerodendrum

infortunatum L. Lamiaceae Bhanti Shrub

26

Gmelina arborea

Roxb. Lamiaceae Khamari Shrub

27

Premna

interruptaWall. ex

Schauer Lamiaceae Generi Tree

28

Cinnamomum

tamala (Buch.-

Ham.) T.Nees &

Eberm. Lauraceae Tej Paat Tree MPRD

29

Neolitsea umbrosa

(Nees) Gamble Lauraceae Khapate Tree

30

Ocotea lancifolia

(Schott) Mez Lauraceae Jhakri kaat Tree

31

Persea gamblei

(King ex Hook. f.)

Kosterm. Lauraceae

Kathe

Kaulo Tree

32

Careya arborea

Roxb. Lecythidaceae Kumbhi Tree

33

Acacia catechu

(L.f.) Willd. Leguminosae Khayer Tree

IUCN

-T

34

Albizia

odoratissima (L.f.)

Benth. Leguminosae Siris Tree

35

Albizia procera

(Roxb.) Benth. Leguminosae Seto siris Tree

36

Bauhinia purpurea

L. Leguminosae Tanki Tree

37

Bauhinia variegata

L. Leguminosae Koiralo Tree

38 Cassia fistula L. Leguminosae Raj briksha Tree

39

Dalbergia sissoo

DC. Leguminosae Sissam Tree

40

Dalbergia

stipulacea Roxb. Leguminosae Tantebiri Shrub

41

Erythrina stricta

Roxb. Leguminosae Phaledo Tree

42

Indigofera

cassioidesDC. Leguminosae Mirmire Shrub

43

Tamarindus indica

L. Leguminosae Emili Tree

44

Reinwardtia indica

Dumort. Linaceae Pauli Shrub



S.


Common

Name

Life-

form

Gov

Prot MPRD MPAD IUCN

45

Duabanga

grandiflora (DC.)

Walp. Lythraceae Lampate Tree

46

Lagerstroemia

indica L. Lythraceae Aasare Tree

47

Lagerstroemia

parviflora Roxb. Lythraceae Budhyaro Tree

48

Woodfordia

fruticosa (L.) Kurz Lythraceae

Ras

Dhayaro Shrub

49 Bombax ceiba L. Malvaceae Simal Tree

50

Ceiba pentandra

(L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae Kapok Tree

51

Sterculia villosa

Roxb. Malvaceae Odal Shrub

52

Cipadessa

baccifera (Roth)

Miq. Meliaceae

Maasgade

e Tree

53

Dysoxylum

excelsum Blume Meliaceae Dhamina Tree

54

Dysoxylum

gotadhora (Buch.-

Ham.) Mabb. Meliaceae Dhamina Tree

55

Melia azedarach

L. Meliaceae Bakaino Tree

56

Toona ciliata M.

Roem. Meliaceae Tooni Tree

57

Tinospora sinensis

(Lour.) Merr.

25.Menisperma

ceae Gurjo Herb MPRD MPAD

58

Artocarpus

heterophyllus

Lam. 26.Moraceae

Rukh

Katahar Tree

59

Ficus auriculata

Lour. Moraceae Nimaro Tree

60

Ficus

benghalensis L. Moraceae Bahar Tree

61

Ficus benjamina

L. Moraceae Swami Tree

62 Ficus hispida L.f. Moraceae Khasreto Tree

63

Ficus lacor Buch.-

Ham. Moraceae Kabro Tree

64 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Dumri Tree

65 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Pipal Tree

66

Ficus semicordata

Buch.-Ham. ex

Sm. Moraceae Khanayu Tree

67

Streblus asper

Lour. Moraceae Bedula Tree

68

Musa balbisiana

Colla Musaceae Ban kera Herb

69 Psidium guajavaL. Myrtaceae Amba Tree



S.


Common

Name

Life-

form

Gov

Prot MPRD MPAD IUCN

70

Eurya acuminata

DC.

Pentaphylacea

e Jhegano Shrub

71

Antidesma acidum

Retz. Phyllanthaceae Archal Shrub

72

Bischofia javanica

Blume Phyllanthaceae Kainjal Shrub

73

Bridelia retusa (L.)

A.Juss. Phyllanthaceae Gayo Tree

74

Phyllanthus

emblica Linn. Phyllanthaceae Amala Tree MPRD

75

Pinus roxburghii

Sarg. Pinaceae Rani salla Tree

76 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Pipla Herb MPRD MPAD

77

Chrysopogon

zizanioides (L.)

Roberty Poaceae Vitivar Grass

78

Cynodon dactylon

(L.) Pers. Poaceae Duboo Grass

79

Saccharum

spontaneum L. Poaceae Kaans Grass

80

Ardisia solanacea

(Poir.) Roxb. Primulaceae Dama gedi Shrub

81

Ziziphus jujuba

Mill. Rhamnaceae

Hande

banyer Shrub

82

Ziziphus rugosa

Lam. Rhamnaceae

Rukh

Bayer Tree

83

Prunus persica

(L.) Batsch Rosaceae Aaru Tree

84

Pyrus pashia

Buch.-Ham. ex

D.Don Rosaceae Mayal Shrub

85

Breonia chinensis

(Lam.) Capuron Rubiaceae Kadam Tree

86

Catunaregam

spinosa (Thunb.)

Tirveng. Rubiaceae Maidal Tree

87

Mitragyna

parvifolia (Roxb.)

Korth. Rubiaceae Tikul Tree

88

Mussaenda

frondosa L. Rubiaceae Dhobini Shrub

89

Rubia manjith

Roxb. ex Fleming Rubiaceae Majito Herb MPRD MPAD

90

Tamilnadia

uliginosa (Retz.)

Tirveng. & Sastre Rubiaceae Maidal Shrub

91

Wendlandia

coriacea (Wall.)

DC. Rubiaceae

Rato

Kainoo Shrub

92 Wendlandia Rubiaceae Rato Shrub



S.


Common

Name

Life-

form

Gov

Prot MPRD MPAD IUCN

luzoniensis DC. Kainoo

93

Aegle marmelos

(L.) Corrêa 38.Rutaceae Bel Tree

94

Murraya koenigii

(L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Kamini Shrub

95

Zanthoxylum

armatum DC. Rutaceae Timur Shrub MPRD MPAD

96

Homalium

nepalense Benth. Salicaceae

Phalema

kanda Shrub

97

Xylosma longifolia

Clos Salicaceae Cherauda Shrub

98

Sapindus

mukorossi Gaertn. Sapindaceae Rittha Tree MPRD

99

Diploknema

butyracea (Roxb.)

H.J.Lam Sapotaceae Cheuri Tree

100

Madhuca longifolia

var. latifolia

(Roxb.) A.Chev. Sapotaceae Mahuwa Tree

101

Bergenia ciliata

(Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae Pashanbed Herb MPRD

102

Buddleja asiatica

Lour.

Scrophulariace

ae

Bhimsenpa

atii Shrub

103

Brucea javanica

(L.) Merr. Simaroubaceae Bhakimlo Shrub

104

Symplocos

racemosa Roxb. Symplocaceae

Seti

Biraunli Shrub

105

Holoptelea

integrifolia Planch. Ulmaceae Khamari Tree

106

Boehmeria

rugulosa Wedd. Urticaceae Daar Shrub

107 Leea aequata L. Vitaceae Galene Herb

Source: Field visit

Gov Prot = Government protected

MPRD= Medicinal Plan Prioritized for Research and Development

MPAD= Medicinal Plant Prioritized for agro-technology Development

IUCN= International Union for Conservation of Nature

LC = Least Concern, T = Threatened

Protected Plant Species

A total of 14 plant species (Table 5.6) that were found matched with national list of different conservation

categories.

Table 5.6: List of protected plants occurred along purposed Cable Car Alignment

S.


Common

Name

Life-

form

Gov

Pro

t

MP

RD

MP

AD IUCN

1 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.

Apocynacea

e Chhatiwan Tree

IUCN

-LC

2 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Apocynacea Sarpagand Shrub Gov MP MP IUCN



S.


Common

Name

Life-

form

Gov

Pro

t

MP

RD

MP

AD IUCN

Benth. Ex Kurz e ha Prot RD AD -LC

3

Terminalia tomentosa Wight

& Arn.

Combretace

ae Aasna Tree

IUCN

-LC

4

Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex

Griseb

Dioscoreace

ae Bhyakur Herb

MP

RD

5 Shorea robusta Gaertn.

Dipterocarpa

ceae Sal Tree

Gov

Prot

IUCN

-LC

6

Cinnamomum tamala

(Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees &

Eberm. Lauraceae Tej Paat Tree

MP

RD

7 Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.

Leguminosa

e Khayer Tree

IUCN

-T

8

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.)

Merr.

Menisperma

ceae Gurjo Herb

MP

RD

MP

AD

9 Phyllanthus emblica Linn.

Phyllanthace

ae Amala Tree

MP

RD

10 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Pipla Herb

MP

RD

MP

AD

11

Rubia manjith Roxb. ex

Fleming Rubiaceae Majito Herb

MP

RD

MP

AD

12 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae Timur Shrub

MP

RD

MP

AD

13 Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.

Sapindacea

e Rittha Tree

MP

RD

14

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.)

Sternb.

Saxifragace

ae

Pashanbe

d Herb

MP

RD

Source: Field visit

Gov Prot = Government protected

MPRD= Medicinal Plan Prioritized for Research and Development

MPAD= Medicinal Plant Prioritized for agro-technology Development


LC = Least Concern, T = Threatened



Figure 5.11: Plant and Flower species found in Project site



Base station Land (0.63 ha, However, 2 ha in preliminary report)

A total of 35 trees of 6 major species (Table 5.7) above 30 cm diameter at breast height will be lost

during LCCP. This base station will also loss 99 poles of similar tree species. In total 1397.13 Cu ft

timber, 1.94 Chatta and 58376.92 mg biomass will lose after felling such number of individual.

Table 5.7: Probable loss of timber, fuel wood and tree biomass along the project Base station

SN Plants Species Total Forest Products Local name

Botanical name Tree class (> 30 cm

dbh)

Pole class (10 -29.90 cm

dbh)

Timber (Cu.ft)

Fuel wood (stack) Chatta

Tree biomass

(kg) 1 Sal Shorea robusta 33 91 1360.78 1.86 55915.73

2 Bhalayo Toxicodendron wallichii

0 1 0 .003 25.92

3 Sindure Mallotus philippensis 0 4 0 .03 307.93

4 Teak Tectona grandis 0 1 4.07 .008 155.74

5 Jhiljhile Cordia dichotoma

0 2 1.6 .009 124.97

6 Kusum Schleichera oleosa 2 0 30.68 0.03 1846.63

1397.13 1.94 58376.92

Source: Field visit

LCC alignment line

This intermittent region of the proposed cable car will loss 40 different tree species of 378 tree individuals

and 1187 poles. These tree hold 27584.7 Cu. Ft timber, 35.8 Chatta fuel wood and 1005002 kg biomass

(Table 5.8).

Table 5.8: Timber, Fuel wood and Biomass of tree species in LCC alignment line

SN Plants Species

Total Forest Products

Local name

Botanical name Tree class (> 30 cm dbh)

Pole class (10 -29.90 cm dbh)

Timber (Cu.ft)


Tree biomass (kg)

1 Sal Shorea robusta 126 539 6335.24 8.71 266601.2 2 Asana Terminalia alata

96 43

5860.5 6.43 244185.2 3 Bhalayo Toxicodendron

wallichii 13 100

382.74 0.96 16519.92 4 Bijay sal Pterocarpus

marsupium 1 6

23.16 0.1 1736.63 5 Chiuri Diploknema

butyracea 1 1

13 0.04 630.67 6 Dhauti Anogeissus latifolia 41 193

2802.43 3.82 90110.36 7 Jamun Syzygium cumini 7 13

245.45 0.4 9720.19 8 Jingada Eurya acuminata 6 17 134.23 0.27 5253.07



SN Plants Species


Local name

Botanical name Tree class (> 30 cm dbh)


Timber (Cu.ft)


Tree biomass (kg)

9 Karma Haldina cordifolia 2 2 43.24 0.07 1452.14

10 Kusum Schleichera oleosa 13 23 539.57 1.1 20852.15

11 Piyar Buchanania cochinchinensis

1 3 19.66 0.04 751.57

12 Simal Bombax ceiba 1 1 23.87 0.02 681.01 13 Sindure Mallotus philippensis 2 84

49.94 0.54 6282.73 14 Siris Albizia procera 6 5 135.89 0.27 5126.97 15 Khirro Falconeria insignis 0 9

0 0.07 696.71 16 Mahuwa Engelhardtia spicata 0 15

37.73 0.12 1866.38 17 Satisal Dalbergia latifolia 0 4

5.35 0.02 372.34 18 Tuni Toona ciliata 0 13 12.17 0.02 396.95 19 Teak Tectona grandis 0 2

6.41 0.08 880.24 20 Others 62 114 10914.1 12.72 330885.5 Total 27584.68 35.8 1005002 Source: Field visit

Others species: - Tilke, Tatari, Tanki. Chilaune, Sayane, Rato siris, Khasru, Fusro, Dhairo, Dhaldhale,

bakaino, dudhilo, jagedi, khanyu, koiralo, Padari, sadan, etc

Top station land 5.2 ha, 0.2 ha Community Forest land

This section of the proposed LLC will have direct impact on 5 different tree species of 25 pole and 5 tree

individuals. After felling they will lose 131.21 Cu. Ft timber, 0.23 fuel wood and 5915.77 kg biomass

(Table 5.9).

Table 5.9: Biomass of tree species in Surge Shaft Area

SN Plants Species


Local name Botanical name Tree class (> 30 cm dbh)


Timber (Cu.ft)


Tree biomass (kg)

1 Sal Shorea robusta 3 23 94.4 0.17 4390.31

2 Asana Terminalia alata

1 1 9.87 0.03 612.04

3 Banjhi Anogeissus latifolia

1 0 .01 145.18

4 Siris Albizia procera 1 26.94 .02 768.24

Total 131.21 0.23 5915.77 Source: Field visit



Standing Wood Volume

A total of 1397.13 m3 tree of 1.94 Cu. Ft timber and 58376.92 Chatta fuel wood will destroy directly from

the bast station (Table 5.10) while making this cable car. Likewise, 27584.68 m3 tree volume from the

middle part of the cable car alignment and 131.21 m3 tree wood will loss from the top section of the cable

car.

Table 5.10: Summary of forest resource loss through project

SN Project Component Volume (m3) Timber (Cu.ft)


1. Base station Land 1397.13 1.94 58376.92

2. Cable Car line Alignment lind land 27584.68 35.8 1005002

3. Top station Land 131.21 0.23 5915.77

Total 29113.02 37.97 1069294.69

Source: Field visit

Total Vegetation Loss

LCCP will loss a total of 50886 number of seedlings, 5499 saplings, 1311 poles and 417 number of tree

individuals (Table 5.11).

Table 5.11: Vegetation loss by different project components

SN Project Components

Land ownership/Type

Area (ha)

Vegetation Loss

Seedlings (no/h)

Sapling (No/ha)

No. of Poles

No. of Trees

1. Base station Land 0.62 3212 347 99 34

2. Cable Car line Alignment lind land

9 46638 5040 1187 378

3. Top station Land 0.2 1036 112 25 5

Total 9.82 50886 5499 1311 417

Source: Field visit

(Seedling less than 1 meter height, Sapling more than 1 m height and less than10 cm dbh, Pole class

10-29.9 cm dbh, Tree class >30 cm dbh).

Biomass and Carbon

This LCCP will likely loss 58376.92 kg of total above ground tree biomass and 1780.5 kg of below

ground tree biomass which equivalent to 28.27 ton carbon loss (Table 5.12).

Table 5.12: Biomass and carbon stock loss by project stations


Above ground

tree biomass

(kg)

Below-ground

tree biomass

(kg)

Total tree biomass

(kg)

Carbon (kg)

Carbon Dioxide

(Ton)

1. Base station Land 58376.92 1780.496 60157.4161 28273.986 28.273986




Above ground

tree biomass

(kg)

Below-ground

tree biomass

(kg)

Total tree biomass

(kg)

Carbon (kg)

Carbon Dioxide

(Ton)

2. Cable Car line Alignment lind land

1005002 30652.56 1035654.56 486757.64 486.75764 3. Top station Land

5915.77 180.431 6096.20099 2865.2145 2.8652145 Total 58376.92 1780.496 60157.4161 28273.986 28.273986 Source: Field visit

In summary, this LCCP will loss 35 tree individuals by base station, 378 tree individuals by middle

alignment and 5 by the top station. These in total will loss 1311 number of poles and 418 tree individuals

(Table 5.13).

Table 5.13: Total vegetation loss (Private land, CFUG and government forest land) at different

components of the LUMBINI CABLE CAR (LCC).

SN Project component

Total Area (ha)

No of Tree Species

Vegetation Loss Dominated Tree Species

Remarks

No. of poles No. of trees

1. Base Station land

0.62 6 99 35 Sal, sindure, kusum

2 ha in priliminary report

2. LCC alignment line

9 40 1187 378 Sal, Asna, Dhauti, kusum, sindure

3. Top station land

5.2 4 25 5 sal 0.2 ha Government Forest land

Source: Field visit

5.2.3 Ethno botany

Since the whole route passes through community forests and part of this lie adjacent to the highly

populated city, Butwal no extraction of natural resources allowed. Forest and its natural resources have

wide ethno-botanic values. Mainly, the timber yielding tress of Shorea robusta, Terminalia alata, Toona

ciliata were found dominant towards lower station of this tract. Likewise, topmost station along this

purposed cable car alignment was found dominated by Pinus roxburghii. Detail ethnobotanical study of

plants along this route will be done

5.2.4 Mammals

A total of 17 species of mammals with each of their conservation significance found during the field

study.

Table 5.14: List of Mammals species occurred along Lumbini Cable

S. No. Common Name Scientific name Conservation status

1 Mainland Serow Capricornis sumatraensis IUCN-NT

2 Asiatic Wild-dog, Dhole Cuon alpinus IUCN-EN

3 Syal Canis aureus IUCN-LC




4 Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis IUCN-NT

5 Hanuman Langur Semnopithecus entellus IUCN-LC

6 Rato Bandar Macaca mulatta IUCN-LC

7 Ratuwa Muntiacus muntjak IUCN-LC

8 Laguna Axis porcinus IUCN-EN

9 Chhital Axis axis

10 Ban Biralo Felis chaus IUCN-LC

11 Thulo Nyaurimuso Herpestes edwardsii IUCN-LC

12 Indian Mongoose Herpestes nyula

13 Dumsi Hystrix indica IUCN-LC

14 Kharayo Lepus nigricollis IUCN-LC

15 Banel Sus scrofa IUCN-LC

16 Bhalu Melursus ursinus

17 Bwanso Canis lupus

Source: Field Visit


LU = Least concern

LU = Least concern

EN = Endangered

NT = Near threatened

5.2.5 Bird Species

A total of 26 bird species (Table 5.15) with 12 conservation importance recorded during this field study.

Some of them are distance flying bird to some are locally residence

Table 5.15: List of Bird species occurred along Lumbini Cable Car alignment


1 Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis IUCN-LC

2 Eurasian Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus

3 Eurasian Griffon Gyps fulvus

4 Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus

5 Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis IUCN-VU

6 Huttityaun Vanellus indicus IUCN-LC

7 Ban parewa Columba palumbus IUCN-LC

8 Haleso Treron sphenura IUCN-LC

9 Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos IUCN-LC

10 Kaag Corvus splendens IUCN-LC

11 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda IUCN-LC

12 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix IUCN-LC

13 Titra Francolinus francolinus IUCN-LC

14 Ban kukhura Gallus gallus IUCN-LC

15 Suga Psittacula himalayana IUCN-LC

16 Kaliz Lophura leucomelanos

17 Dhukur Streptopelia chinensis

18 Mayur Paro cristatus

19 Chil Milurus migrans

20 Battai Turnix suscitator

21 Bhangera Passer domesticus

22 Lahanche Chrysocolaptes lucidus

23 Bakula Bubulcus ibis




24 Koili Cacomantis merulinus

25 Parewa Columba livia

26 Dangre Acriotherus tristis

Source: Field Visit


LU = Least concern

VU = Vulnerable

5.2.6 Reptiles

There were four reptile species found reported in this area. Among them Chheparo and Gohoro were

found matched in the IUCN conservation list (Table 5.16).

Table 5.16: List of Reptiles species occurred along Lumbini Cable Car alignment


1 Harou Opheodrys sp

2 Chheparo Calotes spp. IUCN-LC

3 Bhaguta Rana tigrina

4 Gohoro Varanidae varanus IUCN-LC

Source: Field Visit


LU = Least concern

5.2.7 Fishes

A total of five species of fishes found reported from streams and rivers passing downhill of the alignment.

These species were listed as below (Table 5.17).

Table 5.17: List of Fish species occurred along Lumbini Cable Car alignment

S. No. Common Name Scientific name

1 Fageta Barilius bendelisis

2 Buduna Garra gotyla

3 Sidre Puntius sophere

4 Sidre Puntius conchonius

5 Sidre Puntius sophere

Source: Field Visit

5.2.8 Protected Areas

The Chitwan National Park and its buffer zone is the nearest national park from this project which lie 44

km south east. Likewise, Lumbini, the birth place of Lord Buddha lies 32 km south west from this area.

Thus no protected areas lie nearby this project site.

5.2.9 Community Forests

The project alignment passes partly through the Chure Community Forest (CF) of Rupandehi and

Chuide danda and Nyauli Basanta Community Forests of Palpa districts. Their users and stakeholders

are consulted during this survey visit and detail study will be done during the time of EIA.



Figure 5.12: CF along the Pas

5.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

This sub-section provides a key socio-economic characteristic of population and household reside in the

Project Areas (hereafter in PAs) based on the secondary data published by Central Bureau of Statics

(CBS). In relevance place, a comparison is done with the PDs and Nepal.

5.3.1 Demographic Characteristics

Household and Population

Table below presents the population distribution in the project area. Population and spatial population

distribution in the project area vary from place to place with some level of difference in the sex ratio and

household size. The PAs constitutes only 0.47% of the national population and about 10.98% of the

Project districts (hereafter in PDs). The average household size in the project area is 4.39 in is quite

smaller than PDs and Nepal. An average sex ratio is 96.7 in project areas which are 92.4 in PDs and

94.2 in Nepal.

Table 5.18: Population Distribution in project area

Project Area Household

Population Average

household

size

Sex

ratio Total Male Female

Tinau 3,888 19,085 8,814 10,271 4.91 85.8

Butwal 29,662 118,462 58,808 59,654 3.99 98.6

Project area 33,550 137,547 67,622 69,925 4.10 96.7

Project Districts 223,207 1,141,376 548,033 593,343 5.11 92.4

Nepal 5,427,302 26,494,504 12,849,041 13,645,463 4.88 94.2

Source: CBS, 2012&2014

Caste and Ethnicity

The census report 2011 reports that there are 125 and 92 caste and ethnic group in Nepal and the PDs

respectively whereas 62 caste and ethnic groups in project area (see annex). This means the project

area is highly diversify in terms of caste and ethnic composition. In the project, distribution of hill origin

high caste and Janajati is not widely different i.e., 42.6% and 41.4% correspondingly. The proportion of

Dalits population is 9%. Other caste and ethnic groups are very small in number.

If we look the caste and ethnic figure in segregate by area, more than two third populations in Tinau is

Janajati (74.8%) and hill origin high caste 16.6% which the second largest group. Dalits are 9.5%. In

Butwal, the proportion figure of hill origin high caste is the largest group (46.9%) and follows to Janajati

(36.2%). Dalits and Tarai origin caste groups are 9 and 4.7% respectively.



Table 5.19: Distribution of Population by Caste and Ethnic Groups in the PAs

Caste/ethnic groups

Butwal Tinau Project Area

Population % Population % Population %

Hill origin High caste 55538 46.9 3126 16.6 58664 42.6

Janajati 42917 36.2 14059 74.8 56976 41.4

Hill Dalits 10628 9.0 1829 9.5 12457 9

Tarai origin caste group 5513 4.7 0 0 5513 3.9

Tarai Dalits 358 0.2 0 0 358 0.2

Musalman 2953 2.5 0 0 2953 2.1

Other cultural Groups 405 0.3 0 0 405 0.2

Others 150 0.1 92 0.5 242 0.1

Source: CBS, 2014

Language

There are 123 and 35 lingual groups reside in Nepal and the PDs respectively (CBS, 2011). However, 24

lingual groups in the project areas. However, the lingual diversity is higher in Butwal in which 23 lingual

groups reside whereas only 4 in Tinau. The data shows more than one third population speaks Nepali

language in which 8.5% and 5.6% populations speak Magar and Newari languages as mother tongues.

Gurung, Hindi, Bhojpuri and Tharu mother languages populations are about 8% altogether. The figure

shows that 2.3% population speaks other 16 languages like Maithili, Urdu, Chhantyal, Tamang, Thakali,

Bangla, Kham, Avadhi, Rai, Rajsthani, Doteli, Punjabi, Limbu, Kumal, Sign Language,Others and not

reported).

Table 5.20: Distribution of Population speaking different Mother Tongues in Project areas

Mother

Tongue

Butwal Tinau Total


Nepali 88,862 75 13,138 68.8 102,000 81.4

Magar 9,855 8.3 5817 30.5 15,672 12.5

Newar 7,052 6 16 0.1 7,068 5.6

Gurung 2,781 2.3 0 0 2,781 2.2

Hindi 2,582 2.2 0 0 2,582 2.1

Bhojpuri 2,490 2.1 0 0 2,490 2.0

Tharu 1,826 1.5 0 0 1,826 1.5

Others 3,025 2.6 114 0.6 3,139 2.3

Total 118,462 100 6,872 100 125,334 100.0

Source: CBS, 2014

Age Group

Table presents a comprehensive picture of age composition distribution across National, PDs and PAs.

Economically active age group is higher in PAs compared to that of national and PDs figures. Interesting

proportion of female population in economically active age group is higher than male whereas male

population in 0-15 groups is higher in PAs than PDs and Nepal. In 60 and above age group, the

proportion of male population is comparatively higher in PDs and Nepal than PAs. The variation in the

age structure reflects population dynamic i.e., variation in fertility, mortality and migration pattern of

population in PAs, PDs and Nepal.



Table 5.21: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex in PAs, PDs and Nepal

Sex

PAs PDs Nepal

Total

Populati

on

Age groups Total

Populati

on

Age groups Total

Populat

ion

Age groups

0-

14

15-

59 60 ->

0-

14

15-

59

60 -

> 0-14

15-

59

60 -

>

Total 137547 29.6 64.3 6.1 1141376 34.1 57.8 8.1

264945

04

34.9 57.0 8.1

Male 67622 31.8 62.1 6.1 548033 36.5 55.0 8.4

128490

41

36.3 55.3 8.4

Femal

e 69925 27.4 66.4 6.2 593343 31.9 60.4 7.7

136454

63

33.2 58.7 8.1

Source: CBS, 2012 & 2014

Age figures presented in table shows that age structure in two areas namely Tinau and Butwal is not the

same. In Tinau, the proportional figure of 0-14 year age groups is comparatively higher as compared to

Butwal. On the other hand, the age structures of other two age groups like 15-59 years age and 60 and

above years are comparatively higher than Tinau. Moreover, proportion of economically active age

groups (15-59 year age groups) of female population is higher than male. This may be due to migration

of male member to other areas including foreign countries from the project in search of job.

Table 5.22: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex in Tinau and Butwal

Sex

Tinau Butwal

Total Population 0-14 15-59 60 & above Total

Population 0-14 15-59

60 &

above

Total 19085 35.3 55.9 8.8 118462 28.7 65.6 5.7

Male 8814 39.0 51.8 9.2 58808 30.7 63.6 5.7

Female 10271 39.0 59.5 8.5 59654 26.6 67.6 5.8

Source: CBS, 2014

Absentee Population

The absent household is 26% in the project district but not the same in Tinau and Butwal. A slightly more

than one third household is recorded as absent household in Tinau whereas only one fourth in Butwal.

The data presented in Table shows that 8.7% population is absent in the project area. However, it varies

in two areas like Tinau and Butwal which is 9.9% and 8.5% respectively. Likewise, a wider gap can be

seen by sex. Male absentee is 5 times higher than female. This may be social and cultural reasons in

which Female are largely limited in household than male.

Table 5.23: Distribution of Absent Household and Population in Project Area

Area House

hold

Absent

household Total

Population

Absentee

population Absentee male

Absentee

Female

No. % No. % No. % No. %

Tinau 3,888 1347 34.6 19,085 1886 9.9 1692 89.7 194 10.3

Butwal 29,662 7,378 24.9 118,462 10,10

2 8.5 8,286 82.0 1,816 18.0

Project

Area 33,550 8725 26.0 137,547 11988 8.7 9978 83.2 2010 16.8

Source: CBS, 2014



5.3.2 Quality of Life

The educational level varies according to attending the education in all three components including

National level, PDs level as well as project area level. A greater proportion of population concentrated in

basic level and followed to school level and graduate and above level. As the data presented in the

figure shows that there is not the same proportion of population among national, district and local units.

The proportion of Basic Level and Graduate and above Level education is lower in the project area in

comparison with project district and national level, but the proportion of school level passed population is

greater in PAs than national and district figures.

Source: CBS, 2012 & 2014

Figure 5.13: Distribution of Population attaining Educational Levels in PAs, PD and Nepal

The data shows that 47% population above the age of 5 years is in basic level of education (1-8 grades)

whereas 39% population to school level (8-12 or intermediate) and 6.7% to higher level. The data also

shows that educational status of population varies in Tinau Rural Municipality and Butwal Sub-

metropolitan city.

Table 5.24: Level of Educational Level Attained in PDs among Literate Population

Project area Tinau Butwal Total


Beginner 412 3.2 2984 3 3396 3.1

Basic Level 9517 73.2 42721 43.6 52238 47.1

School Level 2123 16.4 40967 41.7 43090 38.8

Graduate & above 125 0.9 7318 7.5 7443 6.7

Others 817 6.3 4110 4.1 4927 4.4

Total 12994 100 98100 100 111094 100

Source: CBS, 2014

Ownership on House

House is not only a shelter for the people, but it is a symbol of economic status, power and prestige for

the people. People see a family who owns house differently than a family who live in rental house. Data

shows that a large proportion of families own houses in PDs and Nepal than PAs.

3.9

59.3

28.1

5.6 5.33.9

55.5

21.9

2.8 2.5

3.1

47.0

38.8

6.7 4.40

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Beginner Basic Level School Level Graduate & above Others

Nepal PDs Project Area


Figure 1.14: Distribution of Household by Ownership in PAs, PDs and Nepal

The data shows that about 56% household has lived in own house whereas 41.5% in rent. However,

disparity in house owning seems in two sites of the project area i.e., Butwal and Dobhan. Most of

households (about 95%) in Dobhan has own house which is only 54

who lives in rent is higher in Butwal than Tinau. The higher proportion of family living in rental household

in Butwal may be due to rapidly increased of urbanization. It is argued that homelessness is one of the

features of urbanization (Giddens, 2004).

Table 5.25

Ownership

Tinau

Household

Owned 3746

Rented 113

Institutional 5

Others 24

Total 3888

Source: CBS, 2014

House structure

The census survey 2014 recorded the house structure of Nepal based on three fundamental

characteristics i.e. material used in foundation, walls and roofs. Indeed, house structure is one of the

indicators of well beings of household.

Foundation of Housing:

It is noted from the figures that different materials have been used for the making foundation of house by

the people in PAs. About half of the households have used brick and stone joint with cement in the

foundation. Likewise, one third of household h

project area. If we look the figure presented in Table 14, it can be seen that there is a variation in

distribution of housing structure by foundation materials. For instance, cemented bonded brick/stone

RCC with pillar structure house are common in Butwal whereas mud bonded brick/stone in Tinau Rural

Municipality. The foundation of housing is not merely the material object but social relation and cultural

value to the people.

Table 5.26: Distributi

Foundation

Household

Cement Bonded Brick/stone

RCC with pillar

0.0

50.0

100.0

Owned

85.3 84.6

58.9


: Distribution of Household by Ownership in PAs, PDs and Nepal



households (about 95%) in Dobhan has own house which is only 54% in Butwal. The proportion of family



res of urbanization (Giddens, 2004).

5.25: Ownership of house in project areas

Butwal

% Household % Household

96.3 16023 54.0 19769

1.8 12841 43.3 12954

0.0 547 1.8 552

0.1 251 0.8 275

100.0 29662 100.0 33550



indicators of well beings of household.



foundation. Likewise, one third of household hasmade with RCC with pillar in the foundation in the


distribution of housing structure by foundation materials. For instance, cemented bonded brick/stone



: Distribution of Housing Structures by Types of Foundation

Tinau Butwal

Household % Household % Household

97 2.5 14806 49.9 14903

84 2.2 10046 33.9 10130

RentedInstitutional

Others

12.8

0.61.3

13.8

0.70.9

38.6

1.60.8

Nepal PDs PAs


: Distribution of Household by Ownership in PAs, PDs and Nepal



% in Butwal. The proportion of family



Total

Household %

19769 58.9

12954 38.6

552 1.6

275 0.8

33550 100.0





asmade with RCC with pillar in the foundation in the


distribution of housing structure by foundation materials. For instance, cemented bonded brick/stone and



on of Housing Structures by Types of Foundation

Total

Household %

14903 44.4

10130 30.2



Foundation Tinau Butwal Total

Household % Household % Household %

Mud bonded bricks/stone 3030 77.9 3209 10.8 6239 18.6

Wooden pillar 605 15.6 711 2.4 1316 3.9

Others 58 1.5 229 0.8 287 0.9

Not stated 14 0.4 661 2.2 675 2.0

Total 3888 100 29662 100 33550 100.0

Source: CBS, 2014

Wall

Available materials as well as economic status of households play a significant role in shaping the

house’s structures including walls and the used material for the construction. In PAs, Table 4.7 displays

distribution of households in the PAs that majority of house’s walls (77.4%) are constructed with

brick/stone bonded with cement which is 49% in PDs and 28% in Nepal (see CBS, 2012 & 2014). About

14.8% house’s walls are made with bricks and stone joined with mud in PAs which is lower than the PDs’

and national’s figures which are 41% and 37% correspondingly (CBS, 2012 & 2014). A very small

proportion of house’s walls are made with wood, bamboo and unbaked bricks. . However, Table below

also displays that used materials for house’s walls are not the same in Tinau and Butwal. Most of the

house’s walls are made with brick and stone bonded with cement in Butwal whereas bonded with mud

bonded with bricks and stone in Tinau.

Table 5.27: Distribution of households by Wall Structure in PAs

Types of walls Tinau Butwal Total


Cement bonded bricks/stone 285 7.3 25,678 86.6 25,963 77.4

Mud bonded bricks/stone 3010 77.4 1,966 6.6 4,976 14.8

Wood/planks 169 4.3 371 1.3 540 1.6

Bamboo 331 8.5 443 1.5 774 2.3

Unbaked Brick 15 0.4 50 0.2 65 0.2

Others 63 1.6 481 1.6 544 1.6

Not stated 15 0.4 673 2.3 688 2.1

Total 3888 100.0 29,662 100.0 33,550 100.0

Source: CBS, 2014

Table below displays statistical description of roof’s types in PAs that 60.5% household has RCC roof

whereas 30.0%, the second largest household, has roofed by galvanized iron sheet. Only about 6.2%

house is roofed with thatched/straw. Less than 1% house has either tile/slate or other material used for

roofing the house in PAs. The figures presented in Table 16 also show that there is greater disparity in

materials used in roofing of HHs in Butwal and Tinau. Thatch/straw and galvanized iron sheet are the

dominant materials in Tinau whereas RCC in Butwal.

Table 5.28: Distribution of Household by Material’s used in Roof in PAs

Roof Tinau Butwal Total


RCC 119 3.1 20186 68.1 20305 60.5

Galvanized iron 2230 57.4 7850 26.5 10080 30.0

Thactch/straw 1495 38.5 596 2.0 2091 6.2

Tile/slate 15 0.4 128 0.4 143 0.4

Wood/planks 8 0.2 52 0.2 60 0.2

Others 2

Not stated 19

Total 3888

Source: CBS, 2014

Access to Drinking Water

Figure below displays that tap/piped water is the major sources of drinking water in the PAs as compared

to PDs and Nepal. Moreover, more than one third household depended on uncovered well for drinking

water in PDs and Nepal whereas only 2.2% in PAs. The reliance on other sources including spout water,

tube-well or hand-pump, covered well, river/stream and others categories varies in Nepal, PDs and PAs.


Figure 5.15: Distribution of HHs by Sources of

Tap/piped water supply is the main source of supply of drinking water at household. A slightly more than

91% household uses tap/piped water for drinking water. If we look the data of two areas

Tinau, we can see the differences in rely on the sources of drinking water. About 95% household in

Butwal uses tap/piped supply system for drinking water which is only 65.5% in Tinau. Table 4.9 displays

that 19% household in Tinau still depend on uncovered well for dr

water and river or stream is a slightly more than 14% in Tinau. The dependency of large proportion of

household on uncovered well, spout and river or steam indicates that there is still poor access to safe

drinking water in Tinau as compared to Butwal.

Table 5.29: Distribution of Drinking Water Supply Sources by Types of Sources

Sources of drinking

water Household

Tap/piped water 2548

Uncovered well/kuwa 738

Spout water 346

Tubewell/handpump 3

Covered well/kuwa 31

River/stream 201

Others 6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Nepal

47.8

35.1

Tap/piped water


0.1 138 0.5 140

0.5 712 2.4 731

100 29662 100.0 33550



eas only 2.2% in PAs. The reliance on other sources including spout water,

pump, covered well, river/stream and others categories varies in Nepal, PDs and PAs.

: Distribution of HHs by Sources of Drinking Water in PAs, PDs and Nepal


91% household uses tap/piped water for drinking water. If we look the data of two areas

n see the differences in rely on the sources of drinking water. About 95% household in


that 19% household in Tinau still depend on uncovered well for drinking water. Dependency on spout



n Tinau as compared to Butwal.

: Distribution of Drinking Water Supply Sources by Types of Sources

Tinau Butwal


2548 65.5 28,051 94.6 30,599

738 19.0 14 0.0 752

346 8.9 297 1.0 643

0.1 564 1.9 567

31 0.8 43 0.1 74

201 5.2 15 0.1 216

0.2 299 1.0 305

PDs PAs

48.7

91.2

43.9

2.2

17.0

7.3 6.5

Tap/piped water Uncovered well/kuwa Others


0.4

2.2

33550 100.0



eas only 2.2% in PAs. The reliance on other sources including spout water,

pump, covered well, river/stream and others categories varies in Nepal, PDs and PAs.

Drinking Water in PAs, PDs and Nepal


91% household uses tap/piped water for drinking water. If we look the data of two areas – Butwal and

n see the differences in rely on the sources of drinking water. About 95% household in


inking water. Dependency on spout



: Distribution of Drinking Water Supply Sources by Types of Sources – PAs

Total

Household %

30,599 91.2

752 2.2

643 1.9

567 1.7

74 0.2

216 0.6

305 0.9

Sources of drinking

water Household

Not stated 15

Total 3888

Source: CBS, 2014

Cooking Energy

Firewood, LP gas, guitha (cow dung) are commonly used cooking energy at household in Nepal,

including PDs and PAs. Figure below illustrates that statistical figures of energy used for cooking by

households in Nepal, PDs and PAs are not the same. About two third household in Nepal

as source of cooking energy which are only about 47% and 18% in PDs and PAs correspondingly. A

large proportion of household (78%) in PAs use LP gas as a source of cooking energy which is only 21%

in PDs and 21% in Nepal. A very small proport

kerosene, biogas, electricity for cooking energy

Source: CBS, 2012 & 2014

Figure 5.16: Distribution of Household by Cooking Energy in PAs, PDs and Nepal

The figure displays in Table 18 shows that about third fourth household in PAs use LP gas as source of

cooking energy at household. The second largest proportion of household (24.4%) uses firewood. A

small proportion of household relies on other sources. A

differences regarding the use of cooking energy at households in two areas. About 96% household in

Tinau Rural Municipality use firewood and only 2.7% use LP gas whereas approximately 82% and 15%

household use LP gas and firewood respectively in Butwal. This indicates that there may have different

types of relation of households with cooking energy who live in Butwal and Tinau. The user household of

other energies like gutha, electricity and kerosene for cooking are v

Table 5.30: Distribution of Household by Sources of Cooking Energy

Cooking energy Tinau

Household

LP Gas 106

Firewood 3728

Kerosene 13

Santhi/Guitha 2

Bio-gas 22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pe

rce

nta

ge


Tinau Butwal


15 0.4 379 1.3 394

3888 100.0 29,662 100.0 33,550

(cow dung) are commonly used cooking energy at household in Nepal,


households in Nepal, PDs and PAs are not the same. About two third household in Nepal



in PDs and 21% in Nepal. A very small proportion of household use other sources of energy such as

kerosene, biogas, electricity for cooking energy

: Distribution of Household by Cooking Energy in PAs, PDs and Nepal



small proportion of household relies on other sources. Above table also clearly shows the wider



and firewood respectively in Butwal. This indicates that there may have different


other energies like gutha, electricity and kerosene for cooking are very nominal.

: Distribution of Household by Sources of Cooking Energy

Tinau Butwal

% Household % Household

2.7 24192 81.6 24298

95.9 4462 15.0 8190

0.3 454 1.5 467

0.1 19 0.1 21

0.6 105 0.4 127

Sources of cooking energy

Nepal PDs PAs


Total

Household %

394 1.2

33,550 100.0

(cow dung) are commonly used cooking energy at household in Nepal,


households in Nepal, PDs and PAs are not the same. About two third household in Nepal use firewood



ion of household use other sources of energy such as

: Distribution of Household by Cooking Energy in PAs, PDs and Nepal



bove table also clearly shows the wider



and firewood respectively in Butwal. This indicates that there may have different


: Distribution of Household by Sources of Cooking Energy

Total

Household %

24298 72.4

8190 24.4

467 1.4

0.1

127 0.4



Cooking energy Tinau Butwal Total


Electricity 1 0.0 1 0.0 2 0.0

Others 1 0.0 49 0.2 50 0.1

Not stated 15 0.4 380 1.3 395 1.2

Total 3,888 100.0 29,662 100.0 33550 100.0

Source: CBS, 2014

Use of Energy of Lighting at Household

Figure below illustrates that 67.3%, 78.6% and 92.6% household use electricity as source of lighting at

household in Nepal, PDs and PAs. This means access to electricity for lighting is better in the PAs as

compared to the PDs and Nepal. Likewise, 27.2%, 17.3% and 4.6% households use kerosene as source

of cooking energy in Nepal, PDs and PAs correspondingly. The use of other sources like bio-gas, solar

and other category is very nominal in all the areas.

Source: CBS, 2012 & 2014

Figure 5.17: Distribution of Households in Project Area, PD and Nepal by Sources of Lighting

Energy

Below table shows the sources of lighting energy at households in PAs. In Butwal, electricity is the main

source of energy for lighting at household (96%) whereas only 67% household in Tinau has access to

electricity. Therefore, about 22.7% household in Tinau uses kerosene for lighting at household. Likewise

about 9.1% household rely on solar light.

Table 5.31: Distribution of HHs by Types of Lighting Energy Usage – PAs

Lighting

energy Tinau Butwal Total


Electricity 2606 67.0 28449 95.9 31055 92.6

Kerosene 884 22.7 675 2.3 1559 4.6

Biogas 9 0.2 88 0.3 97 0.3

Solar 352 9.1 14 0.0 366 1.1

Other 22 0.6 61 0.2 83 0.2

Not stated 15 0.4 375 1.3 390 1.2

Total 3888 100.0 29,662 100.0 33550 100.0

Source: CBS, 2014

67.3

27.2

0.37.4 6.1

0.6

78.6

17.3

0.2 2.2 1.1 0.6

92.6

4.60.3 1.1 0.2 1.20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Electricity Kerosene Biogas Solar Other Not stated

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Sources of lighting

Nepal PDs PAs

Sanitation Facility at Household

In comparison to the PD and Nepal, the PAs have better in position in terms of access to sanitation

facility at household. A slightly more than 89% household has access to toilet facility at household which

figures are only 62.6 and 61.2% in PDs and Nepal correspondingly.


Figure 5.18: Distribution of Sanitation Facility at Household Level in Project Area, PD and Nepal

If we look the figure presented in table above, about 89.3% household has toilet facility at household.

However, this is not the same in Tinau and Butwal. About 94% household in Butwal has toilet facility

whereas 56.3% in Tinau. The statistical figures of

is not the same in Butwal and Tinau. In other words, sanitation situation is poor in Tinau than Butwal.

Table 5.32: Distribution of Household by Toilet Facilities in PAs

Toilet

Facility

Tinau

Household %

No 1686 43.4

Yes 2187 56.3

Not

stated 15 0.4

Total 3888 100.0

Source: CBS, 2014

Health Facility

This project alignment passes through community forest so there is no direct impact on health institute.

Moreover the villagers reported that there are no any health facilities at Basantapur Danda (top station).

According to the local people at top station

hours by walk and 1 hour by vehicles. Bamghat, the bottom station of the project, is about 2km from

Butwal city where several governmental and non

diseases are common cold, tuberculosis, heart problem, kidney problem, skin diseases, stone and so on.

Occupation

In the project area, the people have followed the different adaptive strategies for a living. According to

the local people the main sources of livelihood at Basantapur Danda (top station) are farming, wage

labor etc and at Bamghat (bottom station) are ag

0

20

40

60

80

100

Nepal

38.2

61.2




y 62.6 and 61.2% in PDs and Nepal correspondingly.

: Distribution of Sanitation Facility at Household Level in Project Area, PD and Nepal



whereas 56.3% in Tinau. The statistical figures of toilet facility at household shows situation of sanitation


: Distribution of Household by Toilet Facilities in PAs

Butwal Total

Household % Household

43.4 1,489 5.0 3,175

56.3 27787 93.7 29,974

386 1.3 401

100.0 29,662 100.0 33,550



According to the local people at top station, for the health facilities they have to go to Butwal which is 2


Butwal city where several governmental and non-governmental health facilities are available




labor etc and at Bamghat (bottom station) are agriculture and non-agriculture are the main sorurces of

PDs PAs

36.8

9.5

62.6

89.3

0.6 0.6 1.2

No Yes Not stated




: Distribution of Sanitation Facility at Household Level in Project Area, PD and Nepal



toilet facility at household shows situation of sanitation


: Distribution of Household by Toilet Facilities in PAs

Total

Household %

9.5

89.3

1.2

100.0



, for the health facilities they have to go to Butwal which is 2


governmental health facilities are available. The main




agriculture are the main sorurces of



livelihood. During the consultations with local people, it was reported that many household earn their

livelihood through foreign employment. A few households adjacent areas of the top and bottom stations

are involved in business. Besides, wage labour is also the source of earning.

Communication

In the project area, there are several means of communication. The main means of communication are

radio, television, mobileand internet. According to CBS report 2014, the largest proportion of household

has access to mobile (85%) and follow to cable television (63%), radio (51%), television (44%), computer

(18%), telephone (19.6%) and internet (6.7%). However, the access to different types of means of

communication is not the same.

Table 5.33: Distribution of Household percentage with means of Communication

Area

Total

household

Radi

o

Televisio

n

Cable

Televisio

n

Comput

er

Intern

et

Telephon

e

Mobil

e

phon

e

Tinau 3,888 65.5 18.8 10.3 1.1 0.5 1.4 65.3

Butwal 29,662 49.3 47.2 69.8 20.5 7.5 22.0 87.5

Project

area 33,550 51.2 43.9 62.9 18.3 6.7 19.6 84.9

Source: CBS, 2014

5.3.3 Cultural Environment

Religion and Festivals

During the consultation meeting for scoping of LCCP, the local people reported that there are mainly

Hindu and Buddhist religion on the project area. Mainly Dashain, Tihar, festival are celebrate around

project area. There will be “Mela” in Baisakh Purnima, Chaitra asthami and Dashain at Top Station

which lies in Basantapur Danda of Tinau Rural Municipality.

Cultural, Religious, Historical, Archeological and Tourism importance Sites

During the consultation meeting for scoping of LCCP, the local people reported that there are not famous

historical and archeological sites except some local temples such as Durga kalika temple and Siddababa

Homkunda at Basantpur dada of Tinau Rural Municipality. From the tourism point of view as from this

point one can take advantage of beautiful Mountain View as well as sun set and sunrise. From the top

station of the project we can see beautiful view of Butwal city and the weather is good.

Figure 5.19: Durga kalika temple and view of Butwal City from top station of the project



Market

The near about market is core city of Butwal which is 2 Km far from the bottom station of the project.

There is small market at Bamghat which is only 200m far from bottom station. No market around the top

station.

Settlements

The scoping survey found out that there is no human settlement in LCCP alignment. However, there are

settlements in the ‘Base Station’ and ‘Top Station’ of the project. The human settlement at Base-station

is located nearly 50 meters distant. This settlement is called Bamghat which is mixed settlement by caste

and ethnic group. It was reported that about 60 households are there. At the Top-station, there are

houses of Magar community. This settlement is called Basantapur-Danda which is approximately 60

meters from the proposed destination.



CHAPTER - 6: IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

6.1 Physical Environment

A. Cable Car

Construction Phase

Adverse Impact

i. Impact to local religious sites, tradition and culture.

The project has planned to maintain the existing Durga Kalika temple, Kamakhya Pith and Siddababa

Homkunda located at Basantapur Danda of Tinau Rural Municipality. The project construction site is

inside the existing sites of cultural and religious significance. But this project will not directly affect the

cultural site. This project will conserve the existing cultural site through augmentation and fulfilling the

local desires. As all the project facilities are within the site of historical importance, hence the project

impact on the site is significant. The construction workforce in the construction period will certainly

outnumber the village population and may hinder the local cultural and traditional norms. But, this could

be an opportunity to the local communities to spread their traditions and culture to the outside people.

The envisage impacts could be both positive as well as negative and depends upon the behaviors of

local people and the outside workforce. The envisaged impact is characterized as direct, moderate, site

specific and long term.

ii. Slope instability and land erosion

The major portion of the project area is confined at Basantapur Danda and Bamghat. The alignment of

cable car is confined in between Bamghat and Basantapur Danda which is approximately 3km in length

with ROW 15m on either side of the alignment. The project land has sloppy forest land. Due to clearance

of trees in the site of different project component, land erosion will be a problem. The envisaged impact

is characterized as direct, moderate, site specific and long term.

iii. Impacts of spoil disposal

The muck and spoil generated during the construction period will temporarily burden the project

environment. The spoil and muck disposed during these activities will be managed within the project

premises and the piling of the construction materials will be places such that it won’t affect the lifestyle of

the public. The envisaged impact is characterized as low, site specific and short term.

iv. Land use pattern and topography

The construction of the project will bring change in the existing land use of the area. The land use

change impacts are permanent as well as temporary. The permanent land use conversion will be due to

the construction of hotel/resort, view tower, picnic spots, entertainment area, food stall, parking area and

cable car alignment. The storage of construction materials and muck from excavation process may

change the land temporarily but will be reversed to previous state. The envisaged impacts are low, site

specific and long term (Table 6.1).

Table 6.1: Expected Land Use Changes in LCCP

Project Component Current Land Use Area in hectares

Bottom terminal station (permanent) Community Forest 2

Upper terminal station (permanent) Private Land of

Proponent 5

Tower and Alignment (permanent) Community Forest 9

Cam site (Temporary) Community Forest 0.2

Storage site (Temporary) Community Forest 0.25

Total 16.45

Source: Scoping Study of Lumbini Cable Car, 2019



Beside the above, 2 ha of land is used for bottom station situated at Bamghat near Butwal-Palpa section

of Siddhartha Highway. The land area occupied by the project structures and employer’s camp will be

changed permanently, while in other areas, the land use change will occur only during the project

construction. With the completion of the construction, these lands occupied by the project facilities will be

reverted back to the original land uses.

Temporary land use changes during construction period are relatively high by the project facilities these

changes are of temporary nature will not have a long lasting impact on the overall land use of the area.

The changes in the forest land use even though temporary will impart some impacts due to loss of

standing vegetation over the period of construction and thereafter for a considerable length of time. The

spoil & muck disposal sites are areas of low productivity, barren lands and the impacts associated are of

low significance only in the ecological terms.

v. Noise pollution

The construction activities especially machinery operations and material transport vehicles will generate

noise during the construction period near project site. Similarly, the use of generators used will increase

the background noise level. The envisaged impact is characterized as low, site specific and short term.

vi. Solid waste management

Basically, two types of solid waste will be generated from the construction site namely domestic and

construction waste. Domestic waste will be generated by the people who are directly and indirectly

involved and construction waste will be generated during the construction. The envisaged impact is

characterized as direct, moderate, site specific and long term.

vii. Increase in waste products

During the construction of project waste will be produce from construction material, spoil soil, stone etc

as well as from the workers which will engaged in the construction work. The envisaged impact is

characterized as direct, moderate, site specific and long term.

viii. Water pollution

Use of transportation vehicles during the construction period will increase pollutant in the water.

Excavation works, wastes generated by the construction workforce will increase the contaminants in

existing water resource. The envisaged impact is characterized as indirect, moderate, local and short

term.

ix. Landslide

As the project lies in chure region which geology is weak so during the construction work there may be

the possibility of land slide. The envisaged impact is characterized as direct, High risk, regional and long

term.

Beneficial Impact

i. Enhancement of slope stability

The land is envisaged to stabilize by using bio-engineering practice on project and project adjoining area.

Retaining wall also constructed if needed. The area has vulnerable to mass wasting due to number of

trees clear during project construction. So, the project will implement bioengineering practices as well as

it help to share the technical knowledge to local people. The envisaged impact is characterized as

moderate, site specific and long term.

ii. Erosion protection

During the construction phase, different vegetation will be cleared for the foundation work and right of

way which will increase the risk of land degradation activities such as erosion along the project site. So

the alignment of the project areas will have to take special management efforts for erosion control which



will be added as benefit impact for the project. The envisaged impact is characterized as moderate, site

specific and long term.

Operation Phase

Adverse Impact

i. Noise pollution

It is one of the key impacts of the project as during the operation phase, the inoculation of human beings

will result to production of noise. The top station of the project which will consist of Cable Cars, Hotel and

entertainment sites will produce huge amount of noise. Likewise, the base station will consist of ticket

counter, food stalls and bottom station, the noise produced will alter the overall functional aspect of the

community. The envisaged impact is direct, site specific, long term and of high impact.

ii. Solid Waste production and Management

In the operation of project, various wastes will be generated namely office waste, sanitary waste, liquid

waste, etc. from the Cable Car. The operational workforce, they consume goods and service to fulfill their

daily needs consequently it produces solid waste. In addition, day to day machinery activities can

produce some hazardous waste. Such as batteries, acid, diesel, petrol etc. The target of project is to

develop the tourism activities. Both domestic and international tourist and their activities are the source

of solid waste. The envisaged impact is characterized as direct, moderate, local and long term.

iii. Drainage management

During the operation phase of the cable car estimated quantity of waste water is around 250 cu.m. per

day. The project will have separate pipelines for the waste waters from the kitchen, laundry and

bathroom and toilet commodes. If the waste water is disposed directly to existing drainage system, it

may damage the existing drainage system and will spoil the local environment. The rain water shall be

collected through the side drains and curb stoned to the grit chamber and finally to the municipality

drainage network. The envisaged impact shall be high, the duration shall be long term, the extent shall

be site specific and the impact shall be direct, local, long term and high magnitude.

iv. Water pollution

Large quantities of toiletry liquid waste and solid waste from the project facilities could also find its way to

the local water resource. The spoil and muck generated from construction sites also find their way to

water bodies. The envisaged impact will be indirect in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and of

long term in duration.

Beneficial Impact

i. Enhancement of slope stability

The land is envisaged to stabilize by using bio-engineering practice on project and project adjoining area.

The area has vulnerable due mass movement of people and their unsustainable activities. So, the

project will implement bioengineering practices as well as it help to share the technical knowledge to

local people. The envisaged impact is characterized as moderate, site specific and long term.

ii. Development of Eco-friendly physical infrastructure.

The project has planned to develop hotel and other structure which will be eco-friendly. The project has

prioritized to use the local resource, the concept are eco-based tourism activities. It helps to increase the

value of local product and locally available materials. The envisaged impact is characterized as

moderate, local and short term.

iii. Promotion and development of natural & cultural heritage, archeological and religious sites

The project site is culturally rich zone. However, it does not have cultural place including UNESCO site

and nationally significant place. It has local culture and tradition, as of tourism project, the local people

can get opportunities to explore their endemic culture and they get support to the preservation of culture

and cultural site. So, the impact is characterized as moderate, local and long term.



Table 6.2: Scoring of Physical Impact of Cable Car

S.N

Physical

Environmenta

l Issues

Impact

Area Nature Extend Duration

Magnitu

de

Total

Score

Significan

ce of

impact

1. Adverse Impacts

1. 1 Construction Phase

1.1.1

Impact to local

religious sites,

tradition and

culture DIA D SS(10) LT(20) M(20) 50

1.1.2

Slope

instability and

land erosion DIA/IIA D SS(10) LT(20) M(20) 50

1.1.3

Impacts of

spoil disposal IIA ID SS(10) LT(20) L(10) 40

1.1.4

Land use

pattern and

topography DIA D SS(10) LT(20) L(10) 40

1.1.5 Air pollution DIA D L(20) ST(5) M(20) 45

1.1.6 Noise pollution DIA D SS(10) ST(5) M(20) 35

1.1.7

Solid waste

management DIA D SS(10) LT(20) M(20) 50

1.1.8

Increase in

waste products IIA D SS(10) ST(5) H(60) 75

1.1.9 Water pollution DIA ID L(20) ST(05) M(20) 45

1.1.10 Landslide DIA D R(60) LT(20) H(60) 140

2. Operation Phase

2.1 Noise Pollution DIA D SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90

2.2

Solid waste

production and

management DIA D L(20) LT(20) M(20) 60

2.3

Drainage

management DIA D L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100

2.4 Water pollution IIA D L(20) LT(20) L(10) 50

Note: DIA= Direct Impact Area, IIA= Indirect Impact Area; D= Direct, ID= Indirect; SS= Site Specific, L= Local, R=

Regional; ST= Short Term, LT= Long Term, MT= Medium Term; H=High, M=Moderate and L= Low

B. Hotel/Resort

Construction Phase

Adverse Impacts

i. Loss of land use options – building construction implies an irreversible commitment, of land

resources

The large area of cultivated as well as barren land will be changed due to the development of different

infrastructure of the project. The proposed project needs huge area for the construction of the hotel

infrastructures which will affect the diverse form of land use pattern.The envisaged impact is

characterized as Direct in nature, site specific, long term and of high magnitude.



ii. Air, water and noise pollution

Air pollution

Potential impacts on the air quality during the construction Phase will be due to the fugitive dust and the

exhaust gases generated in and around the construction site. The activities like site clearance, use of

heavy vehicles and machinery will significantly contribute in air pollution. Moreover, the transportation of

construction materials such as sand, cement, brick to the construction site causes air pollution by

generating particulates and toxic gases like CO, hydrocarbons, CO2, SO2, NO2 etc. These activities may

cause breathing problems to the project personnel and nearby residents. Also, occasional odors

resulting from construction activities like welding, paving may disturb the nearby settlement. Open

defecation by the construction workers may release foul smell in the vicinity. The dust particles may

cause breathing problems to workers. The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Short

term.

Water pollution

Water resources are of environmental value to the community. The most susceptible locations for

contamination of water during construction phase are water logged areas that have water in them,

surface and ground water resources close to construction material storage yard, concrete mixer, surface

water bodies close to labor camps. The waste generated from construction activities, workers generated

organic waste and waste water will contaminate the nearby water source. Beside that the oil spillage

from construction equipment and vehicles may pose a threat to river and ground water quality. The

envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Long term.

Noise pollution

Noise is perceived as one of the most undesirable consequences of construction activity. The most

commonly reported impacts of increased noise levels are interference in oral communication and

disturbance in sleep. During the project construction Phase the noise levels at the project site and

adjacent areas would be expected to be higher than those normally occurring in the project area. The

project construction activities involving operation of heavy equipment for ground preparation, use of

generators, construction of building structure and movement of heavy machinery during the

transportation of construction materials and medical equipment will cause temporary increase of noise

levels in the project site.The envisaged impact is characterized as moderate, local and short term.

iii. Change in ground water level and water availability

During the construction stage the water requirement will be fulfilled through ground water. The total water

requirement during the construction phase will be supplied by ground water extraction. Since this project

lies in chure region, the ground water is shallow and the water quality is not good.The envisaged impact

is characterized as high, local and long term.

iv. Increased energy demand

The construction of mega structures consumes high energy. The use of different lighting, electrical

appliances in the construction site obviously demand the high electric power which may add the load on

the local electric supply. As a result sometime load shedding problem could be envisioned in the nearby

project area. The envisaged impact is characterized as low, local and long term.

v. Increased water demand

During the construction of hotel, large number of human resources are required which need more

amount of water for drinking, cooking, washing etc. Also construction work need water. So water demand

increases in project site. The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Long term.

vi. Increased wastes (solid, liquid) from construction and workers, i.e. generation of considerable

quantities of solid waste requiring proper disposal

Construction activities can generate many types of solid wastes. Mainly two types of wastes:

construction related solid waste and domestic waste will be generated during the construction phase.



These wastes can be hazardous if not handled properly. The waste like debris, broken brick piece, sand,

waste cement, domestic waste like organic food are the major waste. The organic wastes are

biodegradable and may decay to emit foul smell. Besides, they may also attract rodents, flies and other

insects which may result in further health hazard among the people working at the construction sites and

the people residing around the sites. The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Short

term.

vii. Health and sanitation in and around the project

During construction, temporary settlements and toilet facilities are needed for the construction workers.

Solid and liquid wastes resulted from these settlements have the potential to disrupt onsite sanitation.

Similarly, frequent visit of construction workers near water resources for washing clothes, bathing and

other activities will create pressure in local water and even challenge the health and safety status.

Besides, health and safety issues of construction workers are also important parameters of concern

during construction activities. The envisaged impact is characterized as low, site specific and short term.

viii. Land use change and land degradation

The large area of cultivated as well as barren land will be changed due to the development of different

infrastructure of the project. The proposed project needs huge area for the construction of the hotel

infrastructures which will affect the diverse form of land use pattern. The envisaged impact is

characterized as high, local and long term.

Beneficial Impact

i. Involvement of local people during construction of Hotel/resort

One of the constraints of Nepal in poverty alleviation is the lack of the employment opportunities. Along,

with the project, there will be more job opportunity to the locals. This project is proposed to provide more

than 30% job to local people. With the job opportunities the locals will have improvement in their

economic status. The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Short term.

ii. Local infrastructures upgrading

The project will focus on local development opportunities from the beginning of its construction phase.

Maintenance of road, drainage etc. are the prime concern of local development. The envisaged impact is

characterized as Low, Local and Long term.

Operation Phase

Adverse Impacts

i. Air, water and noise pollution

Noise Pollution

After the construction of the project, the inflow of people will comparatively increase in the area. Along

with that the rate of traffic density increases contributing to high noise level. Beside that the operation of

generators will be the source of noise. However, noise level will be comparatively low than the

construction phase. The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Short term.

Air Pollution

The operation phase of the project does not release any major air pollutant generating sources except

vehicular movement. Besides that, operation of generators, smell from kitchen waste will also pollute the

surrounding atmosphere. The envisaged impact is characterized as Moderate, Local and Long term.

Water Pollution

The large amount of water is required for the operation of daily activities of hotel. Relatively, waste water

is released in the same ratio. Waste water might be generated from different source like toilet, bathroom,

kitchen etc. This waste may pose threat to community health if the sewer system is not well maintained.

The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Long term.



ii. Disaster risk management (earthquake, fire hazard, etc.)

A Multi storey building poses a high risk of hazards like earthquake, fire hazard, lightning etc. The

possibility of loss of lives and properties is higher due to large project structure. Thus, the disaster

mitigation and preparedness holds a high significance. The envisaged impact is characterized as High,

Local and Long term.

iii. Drainage management

As discussed above, increase in the impervious layer such as parking lot, roads will undoubtedly

decreases water infiltration and increases runoff rate. This will ultimately set pressure on the local

drainage system causing greater impact on the drainage management of the area. The envisaged

impact is characterized as High, Local and short term.

iv. Energy consumption

High amount of energy is needed for the daily activities of the hotel. Modern equipment requiring high

energy will be used for the maintenance of temperature inside the room, beside that the street lamps,

lightning system, kitchen appliances, and other electrical appliances will need high amount of energy.

This will significantly consume high energy putting stress on local electric supply. The envisaged impact

is characterized as High, Site Specific and Long term.

v. Groundwater extraction and recharge

The estimation of water for the daily need of hotel is high. Relatively the rate of extracting water will

increase to fulfill the demand, resulting in the depletion of ground water level. This directly affects the

local water source nearby the project site. The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and

Short term.

vi. Solid and liquid waste management

The waste generated from hotel activities can be of various types among them some of the waste can be

hazardous. The hazardous parts of waste from hotel comprise of chemicals, ignitable, glasses; they

constitute a serious risk to public health and environment if these are not properly disposed or are

allowed to get mixed with other municipal waste. Moreover, the liquid waste from restaurants, kitchen,

and toilet may pose great threat to community health if the sewer system is not well maintained. The

envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Long term.

vii. Traffic management

Traffic density increases significantly with the rate of increase in the commercial markets and the flow of

number of people. Daily activities of people near project site will result in increase in traffic density.

Hence, there increase the risk of traffic accidents in the area. The envisaged impact is characterized as

Moderate, Local and Long term.

viii. Water management

The construction of project structure will increase the impervious layer such as buildings, sidewalks,

parking lots, and drive ways. This structure decreases rate of infiltration of rain water in to the ground

water table and increases the runoff rate. This ultimately causes adverse impact to the water

management as well as rain water harvesting. And moreover, it will create high pressure on local

sewage system. Decrease in water level will increase the water scarcity in the local area. The envisaged

impact is characterized as High, Local and Short term.

Beneficial Impact

i. Raising of local employment

After the completion of the proposed project, large numbers of staffs are required to run the hotel and to

provide the hospitality to the visitors. This will provide the opportunities to a large number of qualified

manpower. Besides this the hotel will also provide indirect employment to the organization dependent on

the hotel for their business. The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Local and Long term.



ii. Benefit from tourists influx

As the proposed project is located nearby the world heritage site i.e. Lumbini by which the project will be

able to provide quality service to the tourist. It will further enhance the flow of tourist to Lumbini and

periphery. The envisaged impact is characterized as High, Regional and Long term.

iii. Better access, support to local infrastructure improvement

The project aims to maintain the road of its vicinity. Similarly, the drainage of the project vicinity will be

managed in a proper way such that the project vicinity won’t experience water logging. There will be

more vehicles plying in the road after the project development. Along with transportation, the project will

support in the communication facilities in the project vicinity. The hotel will maintain the access roads and

maintain the cleanliness of the area. The envisaged impact is characterized as Low, Local and Long

term.

iv. Off spin developments

Along with the project development, the locals will have the opportunity of cottage industries, shops, bee

keeping, animal farming etc. The handicrafts from the cottage industries have a great market, which is

liked by tourists. Similarly, the project wills to fulfill the demand of daily uses materials such as milk,

honey etc. from the local market. The livestock, fruits, and vegetable, bakery business will be flourished

as there will be market for their products. The envisaged impact is characterized as Low, Local and Long

term.

6.3: Scoring of Physical Impact of Hotel

S.

N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Impact

Area

Natur

e Extend

Duratio

n

Magnitud

e

Total

Scor

e

Significanc

e of impact

1. Construction Phase

1.

1

Loss of land use

options- building

construction implies

an irreversible

commitment, of land

resources DIA D SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90

Very

Significant

1.

2 Air pollution DIA D L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85

Very

Significant

1.

3 Water Pollution DIA D L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100

Very

Significant

1.

4 Noise Pollution DIA D L(20) ST(O5) M(20) 45

Low

Significant

1.

5

Change in ground

water level and water

availability DIA D L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100

Highly

significant

1.

6

Increased energy

demand DIA D L(10) LT(20) L(20) 50 Significant

1.

7

Increased water

demand DIA D L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100

Highly

significant



S.

N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Impact

Area

Natur

e Extend

Duratio

n

Magnitud

e

Total

Scor

e

Significanc

e of impact

1.

8

Increased

wastes(solid, liquid)

from construction and

workers, i.e

generation of

considerable

quantities of solid

waste requiring

proper disposal DIA D L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85

Very

significant

1.

9

Heath and sanitation

in and around the

project DIA/IIA ID SS(10) ST(05) L(10) 25

Low

Significant

1.

10

Land use change and

land degradation D L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100 Significant

2. Operation Phase

2.

1 Noise pollution DIA D L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85 Significant

2.

2 Air Pollution DIA D L(20) LT(20) M(20) 60 Significant

2.

3 Water Pollution DIA D L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100

Very

Significant

2.

4

Disaster risk

management DIA D L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100

Very

Significant

2.

5

Drainage

management DIA D L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85

Very

Significant

2.

6 Energy consumption D SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90

Very

Significant

2.

7

Ground extraction

and recharge D/ID L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100

Very

Significant

2.

8

Solid and liquid waste

management D L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100

Highly

significant

2.

9 Water management D L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85

Highly

significant

Note: DIA= Direct Impact Area, IIA= Indirect Impact Area; D= Direct, ID= Indirect; SS= Site Specific, L= Local,

R= Regional; ST= Short Term, LT= Long Term, MT= Medium Term; H=High, M=Moderate and L= Low

6.2 Biological Environment

A. Cable Car

Construction Phase

Adverse Impact

i. Loss of forest and ecosystem diversity

The major uses of existing plants are fuel wood and fodder purpose. The project activities may disturb

the trend on public dependency, in-situ habitat and reduce the number of plants. It may loss the instinct

habitat of plant found on that area. Owing to introduction of invasivealien species day to day mass

movement at project site fragment the forest land and ecosystem diversity. The project is not going to

directly impact on the wildlife and wildlife habitat of the project area. During construction period,

clearance of the forested area has an impact on the habitat of the wildlife found in the project sites. Since

the loss forest area is not the prime habitat for most of the wildlife found in the area, being used for



occasional feeding ground, the loss is not visualized as being critical in the area wildlife habitat context.

Direct loss of wildlife by the land use change is not expected. However, some migratory fauna will have

impacted from project activities. The envisaged impacts due to loss of forest and ecosystem diversity is

characterized as direct in nature, local, long term and highly significant.

This project will have a direct impact on the 418 tree individuals of more than 40 species. Carbon and

biomass they stored within them will likely return back to atmosphere if that will be used in heating

proposes. Among them some are highly threatened species too.

Table 6.4: Summary Sheet of total loss and regeneration of species

S

N

Particular

site

No of

Regene

ration

No of

sapli

ng

No

of

pole

s

No

of

tre

e

Gross

volum

e

Cum

Net

volum

e

timbe

r Cft

Net

volum

e fuel

wood

stake

Biom

ass of

pole

Biom

ass of

tree

Total

Biom

ass

1

Lower

base

station

(Pole) 3109 336 99

25.36

996

513.8

24

0.762

457

22137

.73 0

2

Lower

base

station

(Tree) 34

41.82

226

883.3

064

1.184

366 0

36239

.19

3

Upper

base

station

(pole) 1088 117 25

2.581

787

31.14

527

0.119

88

2240.

897

4

Upper

base

station

(Tree) 5

4.511

945

100.0

729

0.118

217 0

3774.

877

5

Alignment

Row 15 m

both side

(Pole) 46638 5040 1187

169.4

938

2625.

735

6.708

014

13321

9.1

6

Alignment

Row 15 m

both side

(Tree)

37

8

1014.

043

22524

.88

26.50

112

80031

4.2

Total 50835 5493 1311

41

7

1257.

823

26678

.96

35.39

405

15759

7.7

84032

8.3

99792

6

Source: Field visit

ii. Fragmentation of forest land

Most of the tower alignment foundation passes through the forest area lying between Bamghat and

Basantapur Danda. A total of 9 hectares land passes through the three community forests nearby

namely Chure CF, Chudi Danda CF and Nyauli Basanta CF. The bottom station consists of about 2

hectares of government forest and which should be partially cleared for the creation of parking lots and

food stalls. The impacts is characterized as site specific, long term and high in magnitude.

iii. Destruction of Vegetation, flora & fauna

The construction workers will have more easy access to enter nearby vegetated areas as their camp will

be close to the construction site. They are likely to collect fire-wood and other forest products to fulfill



their cooking and heating demand. Sal, Champ, Simal, Satisal and Khayer are species which are

protected by GoN which are present in the project area. Low altitude areas, including the project

construction sites are relatively fragile and any construction activity adversely affects the flora including

to those of different threat categories. Any misconduct of the work forces increases the threat and

eventually loss of such plant species. The envisaged impacts is characterized as short term, direct in

nature and high in magnitude.

iv. Impacts on wildlife habitats particularly to protected, rare and endangered species

Some vegetation will be cleared for the project structures such as top station, base station and tower

establishment for cable car alignment. Though the impact is of small scale, vegetation clearance and

establishment of project structures will reduce and degrade the available habitat for wildlife species and

the species sensitive to such changes may move to safer are nearby the available forest during

construction period. These include mammals such as Porcupine, Rhesus Macaque, Wild Boar, Barking

Deer, etc. and some bird species. However, the impact of vegetation clearance on wildlife habitat is very

low as the vegetation loss is very less. Moreover, the project is of small scale that will establish fewer

structure and facilities and many of the facilities are of temporary type namely labor camp, construction

camp, material storage, etc. Thus, the impact due to vegetation clearance is temporary and it effects

vegetation in construction phase but the effect will be reduced gradually in operation phase. The impacts

is highly significant, site specific and long term in duration.

Beneficial Impacts

i. Empowerment for wildlife conservation

The project area is an ecological treasure of the different flora and fauna. It is a place of attraction for the

ecology lovers from around the nation. The concerns and activities of project will be for the protection

and conservation of the biodiversity during project construction period that will be awareness rising to the

local communities in disguise.

ii. Creation of Ecological Niche Zone

The cleared right of the way of the tower foundation in the forest areas provide enough light and space

for the new plant species which otherwise could not come up in the matured forest areas. Such stripes of

the cleared areas within the matured forest are the sites of rich plant diversity. Apart from this, such open

areas are also the sites of feeding for a range of wildlife species as the site provide open areas to

safeguard themselves from the common predators. In the above aspects, the clearance of trees

increases the ecological dimension for various plants and wildlife species.

iii. Afforestation

The project has set thought to plant the tree seedlings. It helps to maintain the ex-situ habitat for different

wildlife. The afforestation campaigns in different project site develop the patches of ecological niche and

maintain the water resource. The planted block during project construction and operation could act as an

ecological shelter that can check the wildlife from unwanted noise emit from project constructional

activities as well as save them from air pollutant, which produce during constructional period.

Operation Phase

Adverse Impact

i. Fragmentation of forest land

During the operation phase of the cable car and hotel, there are very few trees that need to be felled.

Trees that disturb the operation cable car need to be trimmed to shorter heights but direct cutting of the

tress in the forest will be stopped. The forest land will be fragmented according to its usage. The

community forests nearby will not be disturbed in their order of growth. The envisaged impacts is

characterized as site specific, long term and high in magnitude. Thus, the impacts is very significant.



ii. Destruction of vegetation, flora & fauna

The establishment of project structures reduces or degrades the wildlife habitat and its quality even after

the completion of the project. Movement of People for religious or recreational purpose through the

project area can further reduce and degrade the wildlife habitat. Species which are currently suffering

from human intervention around top and base stations will further suffer from additional people, business

activities and waste generation over there. Mammals such as Common Leopard, Deer’s and some bird

species move to nearby safer area during the day time. However, there is no loss of vegetation during

operation phase. Abolition of temporary structures and compensatory afforestation program in project

site will enhance wildlife habitat. Moreover, the concentration of people along the track way between

base and top station will decrease by the operation of cable car which can further enhance wildlife

habitat between top and base station. The envisaged impacts is characterized as short term, direct in

nature and high in magnitude.

iii. Impacts on wildlife habitats particularly to protected, rare and endangered species

Operation of cable car will generate less noise and vibration such that any impacts of cable car operation

on wildlife are not envisaged. However, the flow of large numbers of people in the project site along with

various business and recreational activities will increase level noise along with generation of waste.

Species which are sensitive to noise, pollution, vibrations will move to nearby safer area. However, the

wildlife species reported from the impact area are common and are less sensible to such changes. So,

the impact is considered as low.

The impact on rare, endangered, vulnerable, and protected species of flora during operational phase will

be highly decreased as all the project activities will have been completed. However, little chances of

impacting upon such species of flora and fauna can’t be denied. The impacts is highly significant, site

specific and long term in duration.

Beneficial Impact

i. Forest management and conservation

As per the forestry guideline, the project is mandated to afforest the lost tree species in ratio 1:25 in

consultation with the District Forest Officers and local communities or has to pay the required costs to

the District Forest Offices for afforestation purpose. Obviously, afforestation in the area will come into

force in the degraded areas of the project development area improving the vegetation cover in the area.

In long term propose, it helps to conserve the wild flora and fauna of project site.

ii. Empowerment for wildlife conservation

The project area is an ecological treasure of the different flora and fauna. It is a place of attraction for the

ecology lovers from around the nation. The concerns and activities of project will be for the protection

and conservation of the biodiversity during project operation period that will be awareness rising to the

local communities in disguise. The project will minimize the impact over wildlife behavior, will happen due

to mass movement of visitors and operational activities.

6.5: Scoring of Biological Impact of Cable Car

S.N. Biological

Environment

Direct/Indirect

Impact

Extent Duration Magnitude Total

Score

Significance

of Impacts


1 Loss of forest and

ecosystem diversity

Direct L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100 Highly

Significant

2 Fragmentation of

forest land

Direct SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90 Very

significant

3 Destruction of

Vegetation, flora &

fauna

Direct SS(10) ST(05) H(60) 75 Significant



4 Impacts on wildlife

habitats particularly to

protected, rare and

endangered species

Indirect SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90 Very

significant

2. Operation Phase

a Fragmentation of

forest land


significant

b Destruction of

Vegetation, flora &

fauna

Direct SS(10) ST(05) H(60) 75 Significant

c Impacts on wildlife

habitats particularly to

protected, rare and

endangered species

Indirect SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90 Very

significant

Note: D= Direct, ID= Indirect; SS= Site Specific, L= Local, R= Regional; ST= Short Term, LT= Long Term, MT= Medium Term; H=High, M=Moderate and L= Low

B. Hotel/ Resort

There is no significant impact on biological environment during construction and operation phase of

hotel/resort as it will be constructed in barren land.

6.3 Social-economic and Cultural Environment

The following adverse and beneficial impact on socio-economic environment during construction and

operation phase are identified for the proposed project

A. Cable Car

Construction Phase

Adverse Impact

i. Haphazard growth of population

The project construction site falls on the outer fringe of Butwal and Palpa district. In respect to the

development sense, this area is still in a developing phase. The construction of Lumbini Cable Car is

going to affect the population as there will be immense opportunities of development. Since, this area will

be economically fruitful; immigration of people for business opportunities might create a disturbance in

the existing environment. Also impacts related to unprecedented pregnancy as a result of the workers in

the construction phase will aid in the growth of population. Currently, transportation from the top station

to the nearby city takes around 3 hours on foot as it is devoid of facilities of transportation. The

construction of the Cable Car will also reduce the transportation time thus people might opt to stay in

their residential area causing an increment to the population. The envisaged impact is indirect, high

magnitude, site-specific and long term.

ii. Haphazard Construction of building and development infrastructure

During the construction phase, series of construction works will go on side by side. Thus, there are

chances that the construction might be haphazard and it might affect the overall functionality of the local

inhabitants. Since, the area consists of three community forests (Chure CF, Nyauli Basanta CF and

Chiuri CF) and haphazard construction will affect the functionality of the society as a whole. The

envisaged impact is direct, site specific, moderate and short-term.

iii. Pressure on social services and facilities

During the construction period, about 300 workers as well as few other people looking for business

opportunity will migrate to the project site. As the number of workers is not so high, the available

infrastructures of Basantapur Danda Community and Bamghat Community can accommodate and fulfill



the majority of services except water supply, health and sanitation. The increase in population will have

additional pressure on water supply system of Basantapur Danda Community and Bamghat Community

as the existing water supply will be insufficient. Moreover, the existing electricity line needs to be

upgraded for the various construction activities. The envisaged impact is direct, short term, site specific

and possess moderate magnitude.

iv. Health and sanitation problem

The construction workers of the project will be people from various parts of the Rupandehi district, Palpa

district as well as from the whole country. These workers might be suffering from several communicable

diseases and those diseases could get transmitted among each other. The construction activities such

as the use of heavy equipment, rock excavation, working in critical areas such as on steep hill slopes

may cause accidents and injuries. The most common injuries that might occur are falling from

scaffoldings or other structures, injuries due to falling objects such as rocks or their construction

equipment. In most of the cases, the victims would most likely be construction workers along with the

local people and visitors. Likewise, improper management of sanitation may cause breakout of

epidemics of diarrhea and dysentery along with other communicable diseases to the community. The

impact will of direct nature, the extent of which will be local, short term and will be of high magnitude.

v. Traffic management

The project area is categorized into three categories; top station, bottom station, and tower foundation

area. The bottom station of the project falls at Bamghat which is a part of the Palpa-Butwal of Siddhartha

Highway. Being a highway, this area is densely populated by vehicles and as a result of which the traffic

is going to get affected. The bottom station will consist of parking venue, ticket counters and food stalls;

this area will create a major chaos in the management of traffic as it falls in the gateway of Butwal. At the

top station, the area is scarcely populated and traffic management will not be of big issue except for

Melas during Baisakh Purnima, Chaitra Asthami and Dashain. The predicted impact is direct in nature,

site specific, high magnitude and will have long term impacts.

vi. Impact on gender, indigenous, tribal and vulnerable groups

In regards to the gender, the overall population of the project area consists of the following information:

Table 6.6: Gender based division

Ward No: 3 Total Area Total Households Male Female

2.94 3039 5476 5366

Source: District Profile, Butwal Sub-metropolitan Area, 2074

The project affected area doesn’t include or displace any households and the households in close

proximity have been studied. The detail of the population of households lying at Basantapur Danda is

listed in the following table.

Table 6.7: Indigenous tribes and vulnerable groups

Ward No: 3 Total Population Total Households Male Female

21 4 11 10

Source: Field Survey, 2019

Women are vulnerable group of people of the project area. Women might be given less preference for

employment by contractors. Moreover, their daily wage might be less than that of men. The indigenous,

tribal and vulnerable groups might be given less preference for employment by the contractors. The

predicted impact is indirect in nature, local, high magnitude and will have short term impacts.

vii. Child labor issue

The local children especially boys get distracted and might get involved in small business and other

manual work around the construction site where they might be exploited with less pay. All these



consequences possibly will put the education of children at peril. The effect of the envisaged impact is

indirect, local, short term and of high magnitude.

viii. Aesthetic impacts due to stockpiling of the construction materials

The Project Affected Area is a hill-top lying in Ward no:3 of Tinau Gaupalika, being a hill-top the view of

Butwal Sub-metropolitan area can be clearly seen. Being aesthetically pleasant area, the stockpiling of

resources might falter the beauty of the area. The bottom station lies around 500 m far from the Butwal-

Palpa roadway. Overall, the stockpiling of construction materials at the project affected area will affect

the beauty of the area. The effect of the envisaged impact is direct, short term, site-specific and of

possess moderate magnitude.

ix. Impact on place of historical, archeological, and religious importance

Due to the construction of Cable Car, there are various affects posed on the historical, archeological, and

religious sites in the top station. The bottom station is devoid of any sort of such sites. Whereas in the

top station there are various religious sites such as Kamaksya Mai, Siddha Baba Hom Kunda, etc. These

places however important they might seem, it is quite difficult to make the visitors understand their

importance. The effect of the envisaged impact is indirect, long term, local and possesses high

magnitude.

Beneficial Impact

i. Employment opportunities

The project will provide employment to the local community in the project construction depending on their

capacity, skill and qualification. Likewise, the local people desire to work in project during various

discussion of EIA baseline study. The project will prioritize highly marginalized groups in project works

for the enhancement of their socioeconomic conditions. Thus, the local people could generate

substantial income from unskilled, semi-skilled, and administrative work in the project resulting in

economic enhancement. The benefit obtained could be of long duration if the earned wage income is

saved and utilized for other commercial and enterprise activities.

ii. Increase in economy activity

New markets might get developed nearby project site to meet the demand of construction workers

resulting in the enhancement of economic activities in the project area. During construction period, the

construction workers will reside in the project area for a considerable period of time. In this period, the

demands for different types of food and other daily needed commodity goods will increase in the project

area. In addition, the demand of local products such as milk, meat, vegetables, fruits, clothes, etc. will

also rise simultaneously creating business opportunities for the locals. The supply or selling of local

products and other commodity goods to the project personnel and the construction workers will increase

income of the local people, thereby enhancement of their economic condition.

The local entrepreneur of the project can start their own business and earn money for their household

expenditure through the production and sale of agricultural goods and livestock products in local markets

opened for the project.

iii. Enhancement of local social services and facilities

The project will launch various programs through environmental enhancement programs and corporate

social responsibility that will enhance the social services such as road, water supply, sanitation,

electrification, etc.

iv. Enhancement of technology

New and modern form of technology in the form of cable car will be introduced in the district, which will

encourage the private investors to invest in the project of such tourism potentials in the district.



Operation Phase

Adverse Impact

i. Traffic management

After the operation of the project, unmanaged traffic will cause a great hassle. The bottom station which

falls on the Butwal-Palpa road of Siddhartha Highway will consist of ticket counter, parking, food stalls,

etc. During the heavy number of arrivals, traffic will be great problem, whereas at the top station, only the

high density of people management will be a problem. The predicted impact is direct in nature, local,

high magnitude and will have long term impacts.

ii. Haphazard Construction of building

The operation of the project will bring inhabitants apart from various places, since it will be economically

feasible. The immigrants will be seeking for multiple opportunities to expand their business or household,

thus there will be haphazard and unplanned construction of buildings and infrastructures. The predicted

impact is direct in nature, site specific, high magnitude and will have long term impacts.

Beneficial Impact

i. Employment opportunity

The project will provide employment to the local people in operation phase of the project ion

administration works, security guards and supervising and maintenance works as per their skill,

education and ability.

ii. Increase on land value

The area nearby the project site is entirely dominated by the community forest land. However, the value

of private land nearby the project area will be increased with the implementation of Lumbini Cable Car

project due to the development of market centers and various income generating activities.

iii. Private investment Promotion

New markets might get developed in the project area and its vicinity exposing various business

opportunities to local people. Many people will get involved in various opportunities in the form of

business and trade provided by cable car such as restaurants, religious items, local products, etc. Thus,

they can generate substantial income to uplift and improve their economic condition.

Trade and business is directly proportional to the number of visitors. Thus, the operation of cable care

will result in the higher flow of people from various parts of Nepal and abroad in the project area. Thus,

additional hotel and lodges will be built in the project area along with the opening of several types of

shop and travel agencies. Thus, many people from both outside and inside the project area will get

involved in various business and trade created by the operation of cable car such that they can generate

substantial income to uplift and improve their economic condition.

iv. Boost in local tourism industry

Tourism will be promoted through cable car resulting in the increment of pilgrims and visitors in

Kamakshya Mandir, Samasya Mai Mandir, Siddha Baba Thapana Mandir and Siddha Baba HomKunda.

Local people can also increase their influence on tourism development, as well as improve their job and

earning prospects, through tourism-related professional training provided by the project.

v. Increase in Revenue

Local governmental institutions and central government will get revenue in the form of various taxes paid

by the project which can be utilized for the various development works.

vi. Foreign income Generation

The operation of Lumbini Cable Car will certainly lure foreign visitors because of the cool climate of the

area. The bottom station of the project is around 1.5 hours’ drive from Lumbini and 2.5 hours’ drive from

Tansen which are the nearest famous touristic destination. Thus, the involvement of foreign visitors will



also introduce foreign income. Overall, this project will increase the foreign exchange reserve of the

country.

vii. Recreational opportunity

The mean average temperature of Butwal Sub-metropolitan area is 24° C and during the day-time it can

be quite hot. Lumbini Cable Car will be a hub for recreational activities as it lies close to both Butwal and

Palpa. It will also be an escape from the busy life of the people as the construction of Hotels; Food Stalls

will provide new opportunity. An area of 21 ropanis is separated for Picnic area

Table 6.8: Scoring of Socio and cultural impact of cable car

S.N. Social and

Socio-economic

Environment

Direct/Indirect

Impact


Score

Significance of

Impacts

C Construction Phase

Adverse Impacts

C.1 Haphazard

growth of

population

Indirect SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90 Very significant

C.2 Haphazard

Construction of

building and

development

infrastructure

Direct SS(10) ST(05) M(20) 35 Insignificant

Impact

C.3 Pressure on

social services

and facilities


Impact

C.4 Health and

sanitation

problem

Direct L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85 Very significant

C.5 Traffic

management

Direct SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90 Very significant

C.6 Impact on

gender,

indigenous, tribal

and vulnerable

groups

Indirect L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85 Very significant

C.7 Child labor issue Indirect L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85 Very significant

C.8 Aesthetic

impacts due to

stockpiling of the

construction

materials


Impact

C.9 Impact on place

of historical,

archeological,

and religious

importance

Indirect L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100 Insignificant

Impact

Beneficial issues and impacts

B.1 Employment

opportunities

Positive Impacts



S.N. Social and

Socio-economic

Environment

Direct/Indirect

Impact


Score

Significance of

Impacts

B.2 Increase in

economy activity

Positive Impacts

B.3 Enhancement of

local social

services and

facilities

Positive Impacts

B.4 Enhancement of

technology

Positive Impacts

S.N. Social and

Socio-economic

Environment

Direct/Indirect

Impact


Score

Significance of

Impacts

B. Operation Phase

Adverse Impacts

B.1 Traffic

management


Significant

B.2 Haphazard

Construction of

building

Direct SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90 Very significant

Beneficial Issues and Impacts

B.1 Employment

opportunity

Positive Impacts

B.2 Increase on land

value

Positive Impacts

B.3 Private

investment

Promotion

Positive Impacts

B.4 Boost in local

tourism industry

Positive Impacts

B.5 Increase in

Revenue

Positive Impacts

B.6 Foreign income

Generation

Positive Impacts

B.7 Recreational

opportunity

Positive Impacts


B. Hotel/Resort

Construction Phase

Adverse Impacts

i. Impact on social cohesion due to in-migration of outside workers

During the construction of hotels for Lumbini Cable Car, there will be influx of a few outside workers.

Since, the construction phase for the hotel will last two years, they will be temporarily residing in the

area. Thus, there might be problem for cohesion because of differences in cultures and traditions among



workers and the inhabitants. The inhabitants might feel encroached socially and morally. The predicted

impact is indirect in nature, local, high magnitude and will have short term impacts.

ii. Labor influx

The inhabitants of Bamghat and Basantapur Danda will not be enough for the overall work to be carried

out in that area. Thus, per the needs of Lumbini Cable Car project workers from different diaspora and

culture will be introduced to the project. Thus, the influx of labors might create a problem in the area. The

envisaged impact is direct in nature, site specific, low magnitude and will have short term impacts.

iii. Gambling, alcohol consumption, drugs, prostitution may prevail

Gambling, alcohol consumption, drugs and prostitution are the considered as a means of cheap-fun. The

workers during the construction phase will be doing a heavy loaded work, thus for recreation they might

involve in such activities. A total of 300 workers will be working in the project and thus they will be

involved in such impacts. The envisaged impact will be direct in nature, local, high magnitude and will

have long term impacts.

iv. Occupational health and safety of workers

The key activities of the Lumbini Cable Car construction are foundation excavation, frameworks,

concreting, assembling of the tower, erecting of tower, and flitting of insulators, earthling, stringing of

cables and testing etc. Occupational health and safety risks for the construction workers in the

construction of hotel include exposure to physical hazards from use of heavy equipment and cranes; trip

and fall hazards; exposure to dust and noise; falling objects; work in confined spaces; exposure to

hazardous materials; and exposure to electrical hazards from the use of tools and machinery. The

envisaged impact will be direct in nature, local, high magnitude and will have long term impacts.

v. Impact on existing structures and communities

The construction of hotel will be done at Basantapur Danda. Currently, there are no structures apart from

temples. There might be impact on these structures. The community around the hotel consists of only

four households which will not be affected by the construction of hotel. The envisaged impact will be

direct in nature, site-specific, high magnitude and have long term impacts.

vi. Impact on religious, historical and archaeological sites

The religious sites in the project area are Kamakshya Mai Temple, Samasya Mai Temple, Durga Mai,

Siddhababa Thapana Temple, Baraju Temple, all of which are considered in a single temple and

Siddhababa Hom Kunda. The envisaged impact will be direct in nature, local, high magnitude and will

have long term impacts.

vii. Issues related to access to water resource

The construction of hotel requires consumes ample amount of water. The drinking water resources

around Basantapur Danda are mainly natural pool resoruces i.e. Byad Khola (around 230 m from the

residence), Dhara (200 m from the residence) and Thulo Padhera (around 50m east of the residence).

The water resources are currently only used for drinking purpose and will not be sufficient for the

construction of hotel. Thus, the envisaged impact is direct in nature, local, high magnitude and will have

long term impacts.

viii. Community health, safety and security

During the construction of cable car, a wide range of workers will be employed and they might not all be

healthy. Prevalence of communicable and non-communicable diseases can impact the whole community

during the construction phase. Issues of theft and burglary might also erupt because of the high number

of workers. The impact predicted possess indirect impact which will have short term impacts of high

magnitude and the extent of which is local.



ix. Gender discrimination

During the construction phase, high number of workers of all genders will be employed. There are high

chances of gender discrimination form both the workers and the employers. The predicted impact is

indirect in nature, local, high magnitude and will have short term impacts.

x. Child labor issue

The construction of the hotel might also involve children which should be forbidden. The effect of the

envisaged impact is indirect, local, short term and of high magnitude.

Beneficial Impact

i. Employment opportunities

The construction of cable car will create a surge of employment as a huge number of workers are

required for the construction of the project.

ii. Enhancement of local social services and facilities

The local social services and facilities are the core of the people of Basantapur Danda. The construction

of cable car will certainly enhance the available local social services and create new opportunities for

further development.

Operation Phase

Adverse Impacts

i. Haphazard growth of outside the premises

The operation of hotel involves huge opportunities for economic enhancement. Likewise, it is predicted

that the operation of cable car and hotel will inflate the price of land. Thus, it will be a feasible investment

to make. Being a pleasant and cool area, people will be willing to invest and construct areas for business

and settlement around the area. The growth of buildings and population might be haphazard outside the

premises as encroachment of available environment will be a problem. The envisaged impact is indirect

in nature, local, long term and of high magnitude.

ii. Population Growth

The operation of Hotel at the top station in Basantapur Danda will create a surge of growth in population.

The operation of Hotel requires 200 skilled and unskilled workers. The workers will be temporarily

staying at the Hotel area and will create an increase in the population temporarily. The envisaged impact

is indirect, high magnitude, site-specific and long term.

iii. Gender discrimination

During the construction phase, high number of workers of all genders will be employed. There are high

chances of gender discrimination form both the workers and the employers. The predicted impact is

indirect in nature, local, high magnitude and will have short term impacts.

iv. Child labor issue

The construction of the hotel might also involve children which should be forbidden. The effect of the

envisaged impact is indirect, local, short term and of high magnitude.

v. Food Safety

The operation of hotel will require huge amount of food services for both workers and the visitors. The

food services will be of high demand and if the supply isn’t met properly, prevalence of stale and

unhealthy food will create a huge impact. The envisaged impact is indirect in nature, site-specific,

moderate term and of high magnitude.

Beneficial Impact

i. Long-term local employment opportunities

The operation of hotel will require around 50 skilled and 150 unskilled labors as the hotel will operate for

a long term. The laborers will have an opportunity for employment because of its operation. It will be



highly beneficial for the locals as they will have a sense of ownership and will get employment at their

own home. Thus, the operation of hotel will create long-term employment opportunities for the locals.

ii. Indirect employment opportunities

Apart from the direct involvement in hotel, creation of indirect employment will also take place. During the

operation phase of hotel, it will require high amount of resources such as vegetables, milk and other

items. The hotel will create an increase in the overall demand, thus for the supply of which it will seek for

multiple opportunities with the local entrepreneurs. Thus, it will create a raise in the indirect employment

opportunities around the area.

iii. Business opportunities

The creation of hotel will introduce high number of foreign and Nepali tourists. These tourists will seek for

souvenirs, local items and recreational services, as a memory of their visit. In regards to such economy,

there will be a huge creation of business opportunities as the hotel will seek to fully satisfy its customers.

iv. Expansion of support industries

During the operation phase of the hotel, it will require aid from different support industries such as Dairy

industry, Safety and Security Industry, Bank and Financial Institutions, Grocery industry, etc. All of these

services will be availed with the help of these support industries. This sort of impact is a creation of the

demand-supply market and is supposed to increase on a long run as per the needs of the visitors.

v. Expansion of local supportive business opportunities

The local area is quite supportive in terms of vegetation and cultural aspects. Since, the area is rich in

vegetables and groceries, the business opportunities will certainly enhance.

vi. National economic benefits

The operation of a 5-star hotel at Basantapur Danda will aid in the national economic benefits as it will

lure tourists and also will build the foreign exchange reserve.

vii. Benefit from tourists influx

Tourist influx will create huge benefits to both the locals and the employer as they will act as a means of

knowledge sharing and technology transfer.

viii. Revenue generation

The hotel will generate huge revenue and taxes will be timely paid to the government. Apart from which

different activities of Corporate Social Responsibility will also increase because of the revenue.

Table 6.9: Scoring of socio-economic impact of Hotel/Resort

S.N. Social and Socio-

economic

Environment

Direct/Indirect

Impact


Score

Significance

of Impacts

C. Construction Phase

Hotel

Adverse Impacts

C.1 Impact on social

cohesion due to in-

migration of

outside workers

Indirect L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85 Very

significant

C.2 Labor influx Direct SS(10) ST(05) L(10) 25 Insignificant

Impact




economic

Environment

Direct/Indirect

Impact


Score

Significance

of Impacts

C.3 Gambling, alcohol

consumption,

drugs, prostitution

may prevail


Significant

C.4 Occupational

health and safety

of workers


Significant

C.5 Impact on existing

structures and

communities


significant

C.6 Impact on religious,

historical and

archaeological

sites


Significant

C.7 Issues related to

access to water

resource


Significant

C.8 Community health,

safety and security


significant

C.9 Gender

discrimination


significant

C.10 Child labor issue Indirect L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85 Very

significant

Beneficial issues and impacts

B.1 Employment

opportunities

Positive Impacts

B.2 Enhancement of

local social

services and

facilities

Positive Impacts


economic

Environment

Direct/Indirect

Impact


Score

Significance

of Impacts

B. Operation Phase

Adverse Impacts

B.1 Haphazard growth

of outside the

premises

Indirect L(20) LT(20) H(60) 100 Highly

Significant

B.2 Population Growth Indirect SS(10) LT(20) H(60) 90 Very

significant

B.3 Gender

discrimination


significant



B.4 Child labor issue Indirect L(20) ST(05) H(60) 85 Very

significant

B.5 Food Safety Indirect SS(10) MT(10) H(60) 80 Very

significant

Beneficial Issues and Impacts

B.1 Long-term local

employment

opportunities

Positive Impacts

B.2 Indirect employment

opportunities

Positive Impacts

B.3 Business

opportunities

Positive Impacts

B.4 Expansion of

support industries

Positive Impacts

B.5 Expansion of local

supportive business

opportunities

Positive Impacts

B.6 National economic

benefits

Positive Impacts

B.7 Benefit from tourists

influx

Positive Impacts

B.8 Revenue generation Positive Impacts




CHAPTER - 7: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

7.1 Design

Heavy concrete structure is avoided, and light steel structures are used in the design of tower,

anchorage and terminal buildings. These steel structures will be designed to be more resilient to

earthquake. Additionally, it will avoid the use of local construction materials such as boulders and

aggregates from the project site avoiding environmental degradation. Moreover, the system used is bi-

cable with only two gondola which has less vibration than that of mono cable type. Additionally, driving

station has been designed at the bottom station due to availability of abundant flat land with good slope

stability condition.

7.2 Project site and cable car alignment option

The top and bottom stations as well as towers stations are mainly considered for the stability point of

view. The best alignment is fixed based on stability condition of the ground and less vegetation loss.

There is no any possible alternative alignment for this project.

7.3 Technology, Procedure of operation, time-schedule and raw material to be used

Both construction works and operation of cable car will be executed at day time. Moreover, explosives,

heavy excavators and breakers will not be used wisely for excavation works and will be executed

sincerely in spite of more time consumption. Thus, the selected construction approach will be labor

based approach with minimum utilization of the large machines. The approach is considered beneficial

as it provides maximum job opportunity to the local residing in the project area and is environment

friendly as well. Moreover, local raw materials such as sand, aggregate, boulders, wood etc, will not be

used from approved quarry outside the project area. Furthermore, the existing electricity supply will be

used to avoid use of diesel generator in construction works. However, sound proof diesel generator will

be used in operation as back up energy source. Solar energy will be used in construction camps for

lighting as an alternative energy sources.

7.4 Environment Management Plan

The project has given higher consideration for environmental preservation through proper management

of waste, spoil, construction material, storage and batching plant. These sites will be purposely

established on degraded and barren areas of the forest land to be acquired for the proposed project to

cause minimum impact on environment. For, proper identification of the environmental aspects of the

project area, the project has developed an environmental management plan for the construction and

operation phase.

7.5 Whether or Not the Risks Resulting from the Implementation of the Proposal can be accepted

While selecting the project layout, the project has avoided geologically vulnerable areas. Thus, the best

possible stable areas have been selected for the establishment of tower and stations. The international

standard for the construction and safety related aspects will be duly implemented by the proponent.

Moreover, the project will imply fencing provisions at susceptible site for the minimization of foreseen

risk. Therefore, the project has given due consideration for minimization of risk.

7.6 Other Matters Including No Project Option and No Forest Option

Tourism is considered as one of the best alternatives for the economic enhancement in Nepal. Nepal is a

country with high potential for tourist and is a land for all season tourism. The establishment of the cable

car shall contribute the nation by way of value addition in the tourism industry which ultimately shall

contribute the nation by way of value addition in the tourism industry which ultimately shall result into



boosting the economic strength of the area and the nation as a whole. Considering, the condition "No

Action Option" of the proposed project will cease these opportunities for tourism and will also halt in

promoting new modes of transportation like cable car in the country along with demoralization of private

investors.

The layout of cable car has been planned and designed to minimize the loss of forest resources to the

extent possible. All, the two alternatives selected for the cable car are situated in forest land. However,

the proposed alternative is the best alternative requiring less forest land considering the topographical

setting and slope stability and will not induce any significant impact on vegetation's of the area.



CHAPTER - 8: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURE

8.1 Adverse Impacts

The impact identified and predicted in chapter 6 of this report are without mitigation scenario. This

section of the report has proposed environmental mitigation measures required to avoid or minimize

adverse impacts and maximize beneficial impacts. The proponent of Lumbini Cable Car Project i.e

Lumbini Cable Car Private Limited will be primarily responsible for all mitigation measures. Furthermore,

the adverse and beneficial impacts that are not identified during the EIA study if later discovered during

the construction and operation phases will be mitigated or enhanced by the proponent and the proponent

will compensate the affected parties for losses of lives or properties due to the implementation of the

project as per the prevailing laws of GoN.

8.1.1 Physical Environment

This section of the report has prescribed the practical and cost- effective mitigation measures to

minimize and compensate the effects of physical adverse impact identified in the chapter 6 of this report

to acceptable level.



Table 6.1: Mitigation Measure for Physical Impacts

S.N

Physical

Environmental

Issues Mitigation Measures Mitigation Cost (NRs.) Remarks

A. Cable Car

1. Adverse Impacts

1.1 Construction Phase

1.1.1

Impact to local

religious sites,

tradition and

culture

Stock piling of construction materials far from the religious and

cultural sites

Train workforce to respect the local culture and tradition and its

preservation.

Included in project civil

cost

Included in contract bid

document to abide by the

provision

1.1.2

Slope

instability and

land erosion

Hill slope will not be disturbed and excavation works will be

carried out manually in critical hill slope

Excavation works will be carried out only for the required area

and the nearby area will not be disturbed

Bioengineering practice and slope protection measure to control

the soil erosion and landslide will adopt


cost



provision

1.1.3

Impacts of spoil

disposal

Use of spoil as a filling materials and rest will properly manage in

spoil disposal site

Included in overall project

cost



provision

1.1.4

Land use

pattern and

topography

The forest loss will be mitigated through the compensatory

plantation and conservation practice of GoN

Residual impact of the project

Execution of all the works related to construction and

establishment of project facilities within this land area

Utilization of not more than required forest land

The nearby forest will not be disturbed

Cost included in loss of

forest and vegetation

(Biological mitigation

measures)

Mentioned in biological

mitigation measures

1.1.5 Air pollution

Control pollutant at source by using efficient Machine and use of

less emission technology.

Include in overall project

cost



S.N

Physical

Environmental


1.1.6 Noise pollution

Regular maintenance of construction vehicles, machineries and

equipment's to control mechanical noise

Procurement of low noise generating compressors, water pumps

and generators

The equipment's or machineries generating vibration will be

placed in strong foundation


cost and contractor cost


document and project

operation policy to abide

by the provision

1.1.7

Solid waste

management

The generated wastes of project will be properly collected,

segregated, disinfected and disposed of

Open burning of waste will not be allowed in and around the

construction site premises No cost



provision

1.1.8

Increase in

waste products

Waste produce from construction materials will be reuse if

possible and will be dumped in proposed dumping site if reuse

isnot possible

Biodegradable waste will be used for making compost manure

and non-biodegradable will be dumped in proposed dumping site





provision

1.1.9 Water pollution

Spoil and liquid waste will not disposed in stream and it will be

recycle if possible





provision

1.1.10 Landslide

Landslide prone area will be conserve by plantation of trees like

Uttis, amriso, bamboo etc.

Included in overall project

civil cost



provision

1.2 Operation Phase

1.2.1 Noise Pollution

Increase in noise level by increased flow of people is the residual

impact of the project and cannot be avoided at day time

Any operation activities related to the project will be avoided in

night hour

Procurement of low noise generating generators

Proper and regular maintenance of the generators to control

mechanical noise No cost



provision



S.N

Physical

Environmental


1.2.2

Solid waste

production and

management

The generated wastes of project will be properly collected,

segregated, disinfected and disposed of

Open burning of waste will not be allowed in and around the

project premises

Plastic Use in the top and bottom station will be banned Include in project civil cost



provision

1.2.3

Drainage

management

Sewage and Runoff pipelines were made different in order to

avoid mixtures of wastes and water

Waste water will be mixed into nearest stream and waste water

will be treated No cost



provision

1.2.4 Water pollution

Provision of adequate infrastructure facilities such as drainage

system, waste water collection and conveyance including

treatment and reuse has been developed. There will be two

separate sewer lines collecting wastewater from the bathroom

and kitchen and other from toilets. There will be provisional of

septic tank and primary treatment plant for effluents No Cost



provision

1.2.5 Air Pollution

The project will coordinate with district police office (Traffic Unit)

for entry of vehicles possessing pollution clearance certificate in

Butwal-Palpa district


cost



provision



S.N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Mitigation Measures

Mitigation Cost (NRs.) Remarks

B. Hotel

1. Adverse Impact

1.1 Construction Phase

1.1.1

Loss of land use

options- building

construction implies

an irreversible

commitment, of

land resources

Half of the open space will be maintained which will facilitate

ground water recharge, maintain the greenery. Open spaces,

ground coverage will be maintained

Included in project civil cost

Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.2

Air, water and

noise pollution

All the loose material either stacked or transported should be

covered with tarpaulin. The construction area should be

fenced and covered with CGI sheet. Water sprinkling should

be done at the location where the dust generation is

anticipated. All vehicles and machinery used in the project

should be in compliance with emission standards set for

vehicles and machinery by MoFE. Mask should be provided to

the workers engaged in dust generation activity. Included in contractor cost


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.3

spillage and dumping of liquid and waste on the ground

should be strictly prohibited to all the work force in the project

area and if it happens, the underground seepage shall be

immediately control to prevent Groundwater pollution. Runoff

from the construction site should not be allowed to stand

(water logging) or enter into nearby drain. The sewage from

those temporary toilets will be disposed in the septic tank and

the effluent to the soakage pit (Convention septic treatment).

Noise generating activities in the night time zone should be

prohibited. Noise level will be monitored on weekly basis

during the project construction phase so as to ensure that the

levels do not exceed 85 dBA. Provision of low sound

emitting/super silence type generators and incasing of

generator with sound proof facility. Included in contractor cost



S.N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Mitigation Measures


1.1.4

Change in

aesthetics of area

Storage and piling of construction materials will be confined to

the project sites only. The construction area will be fenced and

enclosed with CGI sheet.

No cost


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.5

Change in ground

water level and

water availability

The water will be extracted as per the permitted quantity by

the government agency. Moreover the open space for

recharging the water is also available.

No cost


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.6

Increased energy

demand

Demand of high energy during the operation of machinery will

be reduced using high capacity generators. Priorities to use

CFL, LED lamp instead of filament/tungsten lamps for the

lightening around the project area. Solar Energy will be utilized

for the lightening in common public places. No cost


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision



S.N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Mitigation Measures


1.1.7

Increased water

demand

Private tankers shall be used to supplement the water from

the surface water sources located nearby project sites. High

Water demand during the construction phase will be fulfilled

through the ground water extraction. Included in project cost

1.1.8

Increased wastes

(solid, liquid) from

construction and

workers, i.e

generation of

considerable

quantities of solid

waste requiring

proper disposal

Separate bins with different coding colors for categorical

waste will be provided for the workers. Solid waste generated

during construction phase will be separated and reused as far

as possible. Other collected waste will be appropriately

disposed by coordinating with the municipal waste disposal

system.

In order to mitigate adverse impacts on river water pollution

due to surface runoff, waste water provision of adequate

infrastructure facilities such as drainage system, waste water

collection and conveyance including treatment and reuse will

be developed during the construction phase. The waste

generated from the camp site location should be prohibited on

disposing to nearby water sources. Included in project cost

1.1.9

Health and

sanitation in and

around the project

Regular Health checkup for the workers will be carried out.

First aid kits should be provided to the workers for minor

injuries and health problem. The workers will be aware to

create hygienic environment around the camp sites. Personal

Protection Equipment (PPE) such as helmets, masks, gloves

etc. will be provided to every workers. Included in civil cost

1.1.10

Land use change

and land

degradation

The fertile top soil excavated during construction will be

disposed at the open space and plantation will be done to

maintain greenery around the project area. Included in project cost

1.1.11

Likely imacts of

earthquake disaster

Emergency response plan for the disaster should be

developed. Included in project Cost

1.2 Operation Phase



S.N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Mitigation Measures


1.2.1

Air, water and

noise pollution

Adequate greenbelt will be developed and maintained.

Purchased of high quality generator with low emission. Stack

Height of the generator will be maintained at least 30 m from

the ground.

Provision of adequate infrastructure facilities such as drainage

system, waste water collection and conveyance including

treatment and reuse has been developed. There will be two

separate sewer lines collecting wastewater from the bathroom

and kitchen and other from toilets. There will be provisional of

septic tank and primary treatment plant for effluents

The noise pollution during the operation phase will be

mitigated by purchasing the super silence type generator and

encapsulating it. The hotel/resorts conference halls should be

equipped with sound proof wall. The use of horn will be

strictly banned in and around the hotel area, especially

focusing on the sensitivity of the visitors. Appropriately

managed parking area is proposed to manage the traffic

movement and for vehicle parking. The proposed green belt

and double gazed window will attenuate the noise generated

by passing of vehicular movement. Included in project cost

1.2.2

Disaster risk

management

In the design component of the project adequate measures

has been taken as per the provisions of the National Building

Code. The hotel/resorts is designated with more than half

open spaces which could be the gathering place during any

disaster. Emergency Response plan will be developed during

emergencies. Emergency exits will be provided in the hotel.

Emergency lights will be installed in passages and doors with

exit signs. Included in project cost



S.N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Mitigation Measures


1.2.3

Drainage

management

Adequate infrastructure facilities such as suitable drainage

system, wastewater collection have been designed for the

proper drainage management. The hotel proponent shall help

financially to expand the capacity of existing drainage system

in and around the proposed site, especially in Basantapur

Danda. The provision will be made to prevent the flow of rain

water of surface water directly into the nearby stream or storm

water by maintaining the open space as much as possible to

allow the percolation of water down into the soil and by

harvesting the rain water. Included in project cost

1.2.4

Energy

consumption

Hotel shall give priority on using energy efficient equipment

and technologies. CFL, LED lamps will be installed instead of

filament lamps. And moreover the proposed building structure

is designed in such that the maximum light will penetrate into

the building. The solar energy will be utilized for the lightning

in common public places such street lights, parking lots etc. Included in project cost

1.2.5

Ground extraction

and recharge

The extraction of ground water will be done as per the

permission of Drinking Water Board. Water from terraces and

wells will be diverted to this infiltration well. Included in project cost



S.N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Mitigation Measures


1.2.6

Solid and liquid

waste management

Collection procedure for generated solid wastes, the separate

collection bins are provided at each rooms of hotel and

restaurant. The composition of solid waste generated is similar

to municipal solid waste in which larger fraction of waste is

biodegradable. The arrangement has been worked out such

that there shall not be any mixing of waste i.e. biodegradable

and non-biodegradable. The waste will be properly segregated

at source by providing the color bins in each section as

mentioned earlier. The complex will highly emphasize the

concept of reduce, reuse and recycle of wastes as far as

possible. A separate solid waste central collection chamber

has been designed on the hotel premises for the composting

of the biodegradable wastes. The scrapes shall be supplied to

scrappers for the recycling. The effectiveness of the source

segregation and collection of those wastes will be monitored

by the appointed personnel from the hotel. Remaining waste

shall be sent to the municipal waste management system. Included in project cost

1.2.7

Traffic

management

There will be side walk for the vehicles and visitors. Different

traffic signs such as 'No road side parking way' shall be

approached. Sufficient parking lot on the premises of hotel

and at the base station. Included in project cost



S.N

Physical

Environmental

Issues

Mitigation Measures


1.2.8 Water management

Whenever there is more demand of water than can be

supplied from municipal supply and groundwater withdraws,

water supplied from private tankers shall be used to

supplement the deficit. For collecting storm water, storm water

drainage network has been provided during the design Phase.

The water thus collected will be used for gardening and

cleaning purposes. The excess water from this tank shall be

diverted to recharge pit for recharging of the shallow ground

water table. The excess water from the recharge pit shall be

diverted to drain. Included in civil cost

8.1.2 Biological Environment

This section of the report has prescribed the practical and cost- effective mitigation measures to minimize and compensate the effects of biological adverse

impact identified in the chapter 6 of this report to acceptable level.

S.N Physical

Environmental

Issues

Mitigation Measures Mitigation Cost (NRs.) Remarks

A. Cable Car


1.1 Adverse Impacts

1.1.1 Loss of forest and

ecosystem

diversity

The project contractor will collaborate with the local municipality,

village council, CFUGs and District Forest Office for the conservation

of forest and maintain diversity in ecosystem.

Included in the contractors cost

1.1.2 Fragmentation of

forest land

In collaboration with the CFUGs, the total land to be fragmented from

the nearby forest should be discussed.


A separate committee for the coordination and management of the

forest land will be separated and consultation with the locals will be

done on a regular basis.

No cost



S.N Physical

Environmental

Issues


1.1.3 Destruction of

Vegetation, flora &

fauna

The vegetation, flora & fauna will be regularly monitored and

compensation of 25 trees will be done, if one tree is cut. Conservation

programs on a communal scale will be done.

Addressed in environmental

enhancement cost


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.4 Impacts on wildlife

habitats

particularly to

protected, rare

and endangered

species

Since, there are no traces of protected, rare and endangered species

in this area. The wildlife species around the area should be monitored

and plans for protection should be made. Apart from the protection

plans, spots for breeding will be untouched by the project.


enhancement cost


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

2. Operation Phase

2.1 Adverse Impacts

2.1.1 Fragmentation of

forest land

Same as in 1.1.2 Included in Project Cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

2.1.2 Destruction of

vegetation, flora &

fauna

Same as in 1.1.3 No cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

2.1.3 Impacts on wildlife

habitats

particularly to

protected, rare

and endangered

species

Same as in 1.1.4 No Cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision



S.N Physical

Environmental

Issues


2.1.4 Compensation

plantation

This project will cut-down a total of 418 tree individuals. As a

governmental rule this project must have to plant a total of 10450 tree

seedlings of locally available in a designed area will be fixed after

decision among project stakeholders. The project will again replant

3483 seedlings in the next year and all of them have to properly taken

care until five years and hand over to the governmental authority.

Included in Project cost Included in projects plan and policy and contract bid document to abide by the provision

2.1.5 Habitat protection Safely translocation of threatened species which will fell down during

project construction.

No cost Included in projects plan and policy and contract bid document to abide by the provision

8.1.3 Social and Cultural Environment

This section of the report has prescribed the practical and cost- effective mitigation measures to minimize and compensate the effects of social and cultural

adverse impact identified in the chapter 6 of this report to acceptable level.

S.N Social and Cultural

Environmental

Issues


A. Cable Car


1.1 Adverse Impacts

1.1.1 Haphazard growth

of population

The project contractor will collaborate with the local municipality and

village council for haphazard urbanization process


Local people will be prioritized for employment in project construction

works.

No cost Included in contract

bid document to

abide by the

provision




Environmental

Issues


Outside workers will be encouraged to stay in construction camp by

arranging necessary recreational facilities within the camp

Included in the project cost and

contractors cost

Included in contract

bid documents and

project policy to

abide by the

provision.

1.1.2 Haphazard

Construction of

building and

development

infrastructure

Proper monitoring and evaluation channels will be developed for the

haphazard urbanization and construction of buildings with minimum

affect to the existing environment.

Included in the contractors costs The monitoring and

evaluation will be

done with

collaboration of the

government

1.1.3 Pressure on social

services and

facilities

The project contractor will be set up its own persistent water supply

with adequate strong facility for workforce in the construction camps

without affecting community water supply system

Included in the contractors cost Included in the

contractors cost

The project will enhance the existing health care unit of by providing

essential medicine and necessary equipment as well as in supporting

infrastructure development and recruitment of health personnel.


enhancement cost

No additional cost

required

The project will upgrade the existing electricity staff and workers in

construction camps

Included in project cost Included in project

cost

The project will established grocery shop for the project staff and

workers in construction camps

Included in the project cost and

contractors

Included in contract

bid documents to

abide by the

provision

1.1.4 Health and

sanitation problem

Personal protective equipment’s such as helmets, gloves, boots

mask, ear plugs, safety belts, etc. will be provided to all workers as

per the nature of their work

Included in the contractors cost Included in contract

bid document to

abide by the

provision

Preparation and implementation of health and safety plan/measure for

the project personnel


bid document to

abide by the

provision




Environmental

Issues


First aid health facility will be managed at construction site Included in the contractors cost Included in contract

bid document to

abide by the

provision

Regular safety instruction and safety drills to project personnel prior

to, during and after working hours in a routinely manner


bid document to

abide by the

provision

Compulsory provision of accidental insurance of project workers in

contract clause


bid document to

abide by the

provision

Preparation and implementation of health and safety plan for local

people and visitors in case of accidents and injuries by construction

activities of project.


bid document to

abide by the

provision

1.1.5 Traffic management The bottom station will consist of parking lot and the traffic will be

managed accordingly.

Included in the project costs

1.1.6 Impact on gender,

indigenous, tribal

and vulnerable

groups

Discrimination in regards to gender, indigenous, tribal and vulnerable

groups will be forbidden

No cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

Job opportunities will be prioritized to marginalized group of people No cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision




Environmental

Issues


1.1.7 Child labor issue Under aged children (below 16 years of age) will not be employed for

the construction jobs or in other job of construction camps and project


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.8 Aesthetic impacts

due to stockpiling

of the construction

materials

A separate area will be allocated for the stockpiling of construction

materials. The area will be separated in a discarded area that won't

cause any disturbances to the functioning of the society.

Included in the project cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.9 Impact on place of

historical,

archeological, and

religious importance

Identification and promotion of historical sites will be done. They will

be preserved and promoted for tourism related activities.


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

The places of historical, archaeological and religious importance will

not be hampered by the project. The religious sites will be renovated

as per the needs of the society.

2. Operation Phase

2.1 Adverse Impacts

2.1.1 Traffic management Mitigation measures as specified in 1.1.5

2.1.2 Haphazard

Construction of

building

Mitigation measures as mentioned in 1.1.2

B. Hotel/Resort


1.1 Adverse Impacts




Environmental

Issues


1.1.1 Impact on social

cohesion due to in-

migration of outside

workers

The in-migrants will be made aware about the prevalent cultures and

traditions.

Included in project cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.2 Labor influx Any disturbances to the society caused by outside workers will have

serious consequences. The grievances of the society will be timely

updated and then solved accordingly.

Included in contractor's cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

The available labor won't be sufficient for the construction of the

whole project. Thus, labor influx is necessary. The selection process

will give opportunities to the residents of the project area in the first

place and only then call for further labors.


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.3 Gambling, alcohol

consumption, drugs,

prostitution may

prevail

Issues of gambling, alcohol consumption, drugs and prostitution will

be timely recorded and analyse accordingly. These issues if

frequently reported will result to expulsion of the employees.


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.4 Occupational health

and safety of

workers

Preparation and implementation of health and safety plan/measures

for project staffs, passengers and local people of nearby settlements


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

Local government will be assisted in controlling of transmission of

communicable diseases


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision




Environmental

Issues


1.1.5 Impact on existing

structures and

communities

There are no existing structures and communities in the project site,

thus there are no mitigation measures.

N/A Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.6 Impact on religious,

historical and

archaeological sites

Mitigation measures as proposed in A(Cable Car), S.n. 1.1.9

1.1.7 Issues related to

access to water

resource

Local government will be advised of various environmental

consequences associated with the operation of cable car such as

degradation of sanitation condition, shortage of water supply, solid

waste management, etc. and asked to step in for management


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

Local government will be assisted in planning the expanding

settlement if requested


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.8 Community health,

safety and security

Mitigation measures as proposed in A(Cable Car) Sn. 1.1.4

1.1.9 Gender

discrimination

Both men and women will be provided with equal opportunity in

project works by maintaining gender balance.


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

Implementation of female friendly construction environment with

separate toilet for women

Included in the contractor cost Included in projects

plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision




Environmental

Issues


Women of PAS (s) will be provided training for upgrading their

expertise and skill in project related works to recruit them in the

project works


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

1.1.10 Child labor issue Mitigation measures as proposed in A(cable Car) Sn. 1.1.7

2. Operation Phase

2.1 Adverse Impacts

2.1.1 Haphazard growth

of outside the

premises

The growth outside the premises will be checked regularly in

coordination with the local government.


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

2.1.2 Population Growth Trainings on the usage of contraceptives will be provided to the

employees.


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

2.1.3 Gender

discrimination

Mitigation measures as prescribed in B(Hotel/Resort) Sn. 1.1.9

2.1.4 Child labor issue Mitigation measures as proposed in A(Cable Car) Sn. 1.1.7

2.1.5 Food Safety Stale foods will be discouraged from distribution and should be

disposed accordingly.


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision

The hotel will follow the dimensions of food security as prescribed by

Food and Agricultural Organization


plan and policy and

contract bid

document to abide

by the provision



CHAPTER - 9: ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT

9.1 Background

Main livelihood of the majority of the household is based on the subsistent agriculture, business, services

(private/government) and abroad. The community forests are the common properties, which provide a

number of goods and services to the local communities. The disadvantageous, poor and destitute people

are dependent on these forest resources and any effects to these common resources have direct and

indirect implications on the livelihood of these people.

The Environmental Enhancement program formulated in the section below is developed by the

proponent to address the various losses of the development area communities and also to meet the

development aspiration of the local area communities. The programs designed for implementation are

certainly not going to meet all the aspiration of the people, however will partially fulfill the aspiration

within the limits of the project capacity. The project intends to implement the environmental enhancement

programs as a part of its corporate responsibility and seek full co-operation from the local communities in

the implementation of the selected programs.

The environmental programs designed are more of thematic nature and ensure to fund the thematic

areas as specified in sections below. The programs will be fully developed within the given budgetary

limits in specific locations as identified by the local area communities of the ward-3 of Butwal Sub-

metropolitan City and ward-3 of Tinau Rural Municipality. The project envisages constitution of

Environmental Enhancement Committee (EEC) in the project affected areas in a democratic way by the

local people. The EEC of the affected areas will have a responsibility to select the specific program in the

chosen thematic development sector. The project will provide support to on the selected program

through EEC.

To give a sense of local ownership to the programs to be implemented on the project support, allocated

funds will be matched with local contribution in cash and kinds. The EEC will have a responsibility to

arrange such matching funds from local contribution and will keep all documents and accounts related to

the supported programs. Such an approach is found to work effectively in other areas, particularly in the

program decision making by the local community and in operating and maintaining the programs after

the completion.

Apart from the above, the EEC will have a function of monitoring of the project activities on behalf of the

project area people and provide inputs to the project Environmental and Social Unit (ESU) for better

environmental and social performance.

9.2 Programs of Local Aspirations

The following are the key programs aspired by the local communities for project assistance: Considering

the aspiration of the local communities the project has formulated following plan with costs for the

affected areas in the aspired sector of development.

1. Training Program for Skill Development

2. Training Programs to developed awareness for the conservation of plans and animals

3. Support for NTFP Enhancement Programs

4. Support to Community Forest

5. Agricultural/Horticulture and Herbal Development

6. Women Development Program

7. Assistance for the Landslide Protection

8. Support to communities as corporate social responsibilities



9.2.1 Training Program for Skill Development

Job opportunities available by the project should be given to the people of the local area as much as

possible. However, due to the lack of required skills among the local communities, chances of local

employment except for the unskilled jobs is minimum. It is therefore, the project has a plan to enable the

local communities by provisioning required skill training programs to the local area people. Such trainings

will be given to about 200 persons of the project areas. Preference to such trainings will be prioritized for

the seriously project affected communities. Second priority shall be given to the disadvantage ethnic

groups of the project areas.

9.2.2 Training Programs for Biodiversity Awareness

The proponent will organize biodiversity awareness programs for the people of project areas particularly

for school children. Awareness programs will focus the school teachers of the project area. The objective

is to make the Lower secondary schools teachers capable to to teach/raise awarness for biodiversity

conservation related subjects to students. The trained teachers are envisaged to disseminate

knowledge on the local environment and biodiversity to the school children and prepare them for the

protection of environment and biodiversity.

9.2.3 Support for NTFP Enhancement Programs

The project area are endowned with a number of NTFP species which could be commercially used for

the benefit of the local communities by ex-situ plantation. Lack of knowledge among the project area

communities is a limitation in the plantation of available NTFP species at commercial scale. To fulfil this

gap, the project will implement an NTFP commerical development program in the project area. The

program will be launched at the project district level and will comprise two components. The first

component will provide training in the commercial plantation of the NTFP species suitable to the affected

project area, the second component will encourage the local communities to plant such NTFP species

along the ROW cleared forested areas particularly the government forest in agreement with the district

forest office, community forest areas in agreement with the Community Forest User Groups and in

private forests in agreement with the private forest owners. This program is envisaged to minimize the

risk of week invasion in the cleared ROW areas of the forests and also help in the minimisation of

erosion of the cleared forest land.

9.2.4 Support to Community Forest

There are potential community forest area in the project area. The project will assit the local communities

of such potential area with the assistance of the District Forest Office in the management and wise use

of the community forest user groups and awareness deliver to FUGs regarding carbon sink and carbon

trade. So, they will economically benefited by carbon trade mechanism.

9.2.5 Agricultural/Horticulture and Herbal Development

Rural agricultural jobs are based on the availability of the land for agriculture. It is essential to enhance

the capabilities of the people on the agricultural front. This could be done by training people for the new

methods of agricultural enhancement. Horticulture and herbal farming practices could enhance the

income level of the people significantly. Co-ordination of the agricultural/horticultural/herbal development

program particularly in the hinterlands of the project area open venues of sustainable agricultural

development and income generation in the rural areas.

9.2.6 Women Development Program

The socio-economic survey reveals female folks status in the society. Most of them have only primary

education, have very limited rights on the property; majority depends upon the male counterpart for

decision making and above all have the highest burden of work load (household). Their participation in

the community development or in any social organization is minimal. Livelihood skills are limited to



agriculture and household requirements. Though they represent nearly half of the population in the

project area, they live a very drudgery life.

Though, girl trafficking is not noted as a serious problem in the area at present, high mobility of the

outsiders even in the hinterlands during the construction period, is likely to raise such issues. Ignorance

to sexual health among the women folks of the project area is likely to expose them with the STD, HIV

and AIDS. There is a great need of family health and sexual health education to the women folks of the

area.

A specially designed women development program to enhance their quality of life and to cater family

health, household sanitation and income generation skills, education on STD, HIV AIDS, family planning,

and girl trafficking in the project affected areas will be implemented as a part of the women development

program. Details of the programs will be designed after interaction with the women folks of the area

through the local Ama Samuha.

9.2.7 Assistance for the Landslide Protection

The project construction activities lead to the threat of the land slide and land degradation. A special

program to protect the landslides through bio-engineering (afforestation) will be supported by the project.

9.2.8. Support to Communities as Corporate social Responsibilities

Various community support program will be designed based on public voice in close consultation with

them. Such program could be in health, education, water supply and sanitation and other infrastructure

development. It is one of the parts of corporate social responsibilities of LCCP. For this project Rs.

12000000 are allocated.

9.3. Cost Summary Environmental Enhancement Programs

Table 9.1 summarizes the costs summary for the Environmental Enhancement Program.

Table 9.1: Cost Summary Environmental Enhancement Program

SN Environmental Enhancement Program Costs (NRs.)

1 Training Program for Skill Development 10,00,000.00

2 Training Programs for Biodiversity Awareness 6,00,000.00

3 Support for NTFP Enhancement Programs 4,00,000.00

4 Support to Community Forest 5,00,000.00

5 Agricultural/Horticulture and Herbal Development 10,00,000.00

6 Women Development Program 5,00,000.00

7 Assistance for the Landslide Protection 5,00,000.00

8 Community support programs 12000000



CHAPTER - 10: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

10.1 Introduction

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an important management tool to ensure the proper

implementation of the mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts and

maximizing the beneficial impacts. It set out environmental management requirements and develops

procedures to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in this EIA

study report will be carried out in subsequent stages of project development. An EMP basically includes

project monitoring, auditing and project management. The project has the prime responsibility for the

implementation of the environmental management plan.

The key objectives of EMP are:

To formulate project management activities for the implementation of EMP;

To formulate a monitoring program for baseline, impact and compliance monitoring;

To formulate an environmental auditing program to be implemented after project construction

Thus, the EMP of the project includes for essential components namely (a) Environmental Management

Structure (b) Environmental Mitigation Management Plan (c) Environmental Monitoring Management

Plan and (d) Environmental Auditing Plan.

The EMP prepared for the proposed project is based on the experiences of previously constructed

projects of similar nature, findings of the EIA study, and reviewing of other EMPs prepared for the

Environmental Management as well as Act, Regulations and Guidelines relevant to the similar projects of

GoN.

10.2 Relevant Legislation, Environment Standard and Permit and Approvals

10.2.1 Legislation

The relevant constitution, laws, acts, rules, regulations, guidelines, plans, policies, strategies of GoN

along with international conventions relevant to implementation of LCCP are listed below:

Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2049 BS (1993), Forest Policy, 2071 BS (2015), Tourism

Policy, 2065 BS (2009 AD), Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2070-2076 BS (2014-

2020 AD), Environment Protection Act, 2053 BS (1997 AD), Soil and Water Conservation Act, 2039 BS

(1982 AD), Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 BS (2012 AD), Labor Act, 2074 BS (2018 AD), Tourism

Act, 2035 BS (1978 AD), Nepal Tourism Board Act, 2053 BS, and Acquisition Act, 2034 BS (1977 AD),

National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 BS (1973 AD), Environment Protection Rule, 2054

BS (1997 AD), Forest Rules, 2051 BS (1995 AD), Solid Waste (management & resource mobilization),

Regulations, 2070 BS (2013 AD), Nepal Tourism Board Regulation, 2055, National Environment Impact

Assessment Guidelines, 2050 BS (1993), Forest Products Collection and Sale / Distribution Directives,

B.S. 2073 (2016), National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2069 BS (2012 AD), Nepal Vehicles Mass

Emission Standard 2068 BS (2012 AD), Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 BS (1992 AD),

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973 (2029

B.S.).

10.2.2 Environmental Standard

National Ambient Air Quality Standards and Nepal's Drinking Water Quality Standard was reviewed and

attached in Annex Checklists and data sheets. These air and water quality standard will be the baseline

for the EIA study. The baseline monitoring will be conducted and the conclusions will be made out in the

basis of NAAQS and NDWQS.



10.2.3 Environmental Permits and Approvals

Environmental Permits and Approvals relevant to LCCP are presented in Table below

Table 10.1: Environmental Permits and Approvals

Issues Authority Approvals and Permits

Environmental Impact

Assessment Reports and

Environmental Management

Plans

Ministry of Forests and

Environment, Ministry of Federal

Affairs and General

Administration

Approval

Tree clearing form

Government of Forest

DFO, Rupendehi and Palpa

district, Ministry of Forests and

Environment, Cabinet

Approval and Permit

Permits and Approval of local

Governments for project

activities

Butwal Sub-metropolitian city

and Tinau Rural Municipality

Approval and Permit

10.3 Environmental Management Structure

The effective implementation of environmental management plan, the environmental management

structures of LCCP is presented to illustrate the connection with different parties and stakeholders to

be involved directly or indirectly during the different phases of construction and operation of the project.

The proponent is mainly responsible of Project management Office as the environment protection rules

of Nepal assert that proponent is responsible for the environmental Management.

In spite of the overall responsibility of the proponent to execute environmental management plan, a

number of the parties other that the proponent have to share a responsibility to regulate, advice and

ensure that the provisions of the environmental management plan are adequately implemented as per

the recommendation of EIA. In order to show the linkage of these parties to be involved directly or

indirectly during the different phases of the project development and operation in obedience with the

existing act and rules, the project environment management framework of LCCP is prepared. The parties

envisaged to share roles and responsibilities in the environmental management plan are listed below:

a.) Ministry of Forest and Environment (MoFE)

b.) Ministry of Culture , Tourism and Civil Aviation (MCTCA)

c.) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and General Administration (MoFAGA)

d.) Construction Supervising Engineers

e.) Environmental Specialist/ Botanist/ Zoologist/ Socio-economic/ Environmental Engineer

f.) Construction Contractors (CC)

g.) Environmental and Social Units (ESUCP and ESUOP)

h.) District Coordination Committee (DCC), Rupandehi and Palpa Districts

i.) Affected Municipality namely Butwal SMC and Tinau RM

Moreover, the project will establish project Management Office (PMO) both for construction and

operation phase namely Project Management Office for construction phase (PMOCP) and Project

Management Office for operation Phase (PMOPP) in order to ensure that the recommend mitigation,

enhancement and monitoring actions in the EIA are duly implemented, monitored, assessed, evaluated

and disseminated to the stakeholders for feedback and improvement. Additionally, PMO will establish

separate units namely Environmental and Social Units (ESU), Public Information and Grievance Redress

Units (PIGRU) and Safety Management Unit (SMU). The main purpose of establishing these offices is to

ensure effective implementation and management of environmental, Social, Safety and other

responsibilities of PMO such as environmental mitigation management plan, safety management plan,



grievance handling and dissemination of information of the project to general public and concerned

stakeholders.

10.3.1 Environmental and social Unit

ESU will be established within PMO for construction as well as operation phase namely Environmental

and Social Unit for Construction Phase (ESUCP) and Environmental and Social Unit for Operation Phase

(ESUOP) for the appropriate implementation of Environmental Mitigation Management Plan (EMMP),

Environment Enhancement Program (EPP) and Environmental Monitoring Management Plan (EMMP) of

the project stakeholders and coordinate with the different line agencies. ESU comprises of several

experts as Environmental Engineers, Environmentalist, Botanist, Sociologist and Zoologist.

The key tasks of the ESUCP are:

Implementation and documentation of Environment Management Plans of the Project.

Monitoring of Environmental Mitigation Measures and Enhancement Measures and its

performance as per EIA and EMP and preparation of the report of the same.

Executing baseline and impact monitoring as per the requirement of Monitoring Management

Plan and preparation of the report of the same.

Coordination with the project officers and contractors for the implementation of Environmental

Mitigation Management Plan.

The key tasks of the ESUOP are:

Implementation and documentation of Environment Management Plans of the Project.

Monitoring of Environmental Mitigation Measures and Enhancement Measures and its

performance as per EIA and EMP and preparation of the report of the same.

Executing baseline and impact monitoring as per the requirement of Monitoring Management

Plan and preparation of the report of the same.

Implementation and documentation of the Environmental Management Plans of the project.

10.3.2 Public Information and Grievance Redress Unit (PIGRU)

PIGRU will be established under PMO for both construction and operation phase namely Public

Information and Grievance Redress Unit for Construction Phase (PIGRUCP) and Public Information and

Grievance Redress Unit for Operation Phase.

PIGRUOP will have two main functions:

Disseminate project’s information to the local people and affected parties

Receive complains from the local peoples and employees for necessary actions

This unit will disseminate information with regard to the rights of the communities/individuals on various

aspects of Environment and Social issues related to the project. Regular meetings will be conducted with

the local communities and individuals at the regular intervals to give information about project activities.

Moreover, information regarding mitigation measures the notice board of this unit and such information

will be updated regularly. Public Relation Officer of this unit will visit the project impact area regularly to

provide assistance to the community/ Individuals of project area on the matters related to the projects

actions and impacts. The information collected at the community level will be passed to the concerned

PMO staff to take needed action for effective management of project environment and social issues.

The key tasks of PIGRC in construction and operation phase are:

Dissemination of information to the concerned stakeholders of the project and coordinate with

different line agencies.

Organizing meeting with concerned stakeholders and documenting the minutes of meeting.



Receive complains from the local peoples and employees for necessary actions.

10.3.3 Safety Management Unit (SMU)

In addition, a separate Safety Management Unit (SMU) will be established under PMO for operation

Phase that comprises safety experts. This unit will implement necessary safety measure related to the

construction and operation of LCCP.

10.4 Cost for Office Establishment, Administration Works, Human Resources, etc. for PMO and its units

The cost associated with office establishment, administration works and staffs and civil infrastructure

required for PMO and its units (ESU, PIGRU and SMU) for construction as well as operation phase is

included in project construction and management cost.

For recruiting required experts related to the PMO and its units, the regular staffs of the project with past

experience in the implementation of environmental provisions will be assigned in ESU (for Environmental

Mitigation Management Plan and Environmental Enhancement Program), PIGRU and SMU as these

staffs need to implement additional environmental provisions that are not included in the contract

documents of the contractors and liaison with various governmental and non-governmental

organizations. The required costs of these experts are also included in the project cost and no additional

cost is allocated in environmental cost.

However, the project will hire necessary experts or consultants in addition to regular staffs to execute

several assignments related to environmental monitoring management plan which will work under ESU

related to construction and operation phase. Thus the additional cost is allocated for Environmental

Monitoring Management Plan in Environmental Cost.

10.5 Environmental Mitigation Management Plan

The environmental Mitigation Measures and the Environment Enhancement Program presented in

Chapter 8 will be implemented in various phases of construction and operation phase of the project. The

project has the prime responsibility for the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan.

The Environmental Mitigation Management Plan briefly Environmental Impacts, mitigation measures

proposed for the enlisted impacts, responsible authority, timing of actions and tentative financial

requirements, which are mentioned in the following Table.

10.6 Environmental Monitoring Management Plan

Environmental Monitoring Management Plan is the third essential component of Environmental

Management Plan. This plan comprises of collection and analysis of data to measure environmental

changes associated with construction and operation of the project and follow-up the mitigation measures

suggested in earlier sections. Thus, this plan evaluates the execution of proposed mitigation measures

and monitoring actions and evaluates the effectiveness of the implemented measures. As stated earlier,

the environmental monitoring management plans will be carried out by outscoring the necessary experts

or consultants such as Environmental Engineers, Environmentalist, Botanist, Sociologist, Zoologist, etc.

along with the regular staffs of the project and will be executed under the related ESU of PMO.

The major objectives of environmental monitoring management plan are:

To continuously monitor changes to baseline environmental conditions during construction and

operation activities

To measures the success of compliance of mitigation measures proposed for minimizing the

potential environmental impacts



To make sure that the impacts related to the project are within the limits of envisaged impacts of

EIA study and to implement corrective actions or new adaptive management programs, as

required, if proposed mitigation measures are unable to reduce or eliminate potential project

related impacts, or meet the predetermined level of performance

Taking into account of the above objectives, three types of monitoring plans are included in the proposed

plans which are termed as Baseline Monitoring Management Plan. These Monitoring Plans will be

executed as per the requirement.

10.6.1 Baseline Monitoring Management Plan

Baseline Monitoring is required to compile and maintain the database on environmental condition prior to

the project implementation, which is especially important if the project is delayed due to unforeseen

circumstances, such data recorded before the project implementations will facilitates comparison of

information obtained in monitoring activities conducted during the project construction. Majority of

environment baseline information have been already enlisted in the EIA study. Thus, these information

needs to be incorporated through Baseline Monitoring plan before the commencement of the

construction works of the project. Below table 10.2 present the baseline Monitoring Management Plan in

the matrix format showing monitoring indicators, method, location, frequency and costs.

10.6.2 Compliance Monitoring Management Plan

Compliance Monitoring Management Plan is essential in order to encourage and promote the proponent

to comply with the requirements as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set forth during

the project approval. The compliance monitoring will monitor whether the mitigation measures and

environmental enhancement programs recommended in the EIA report were actually implemented as

designs of construction and operation phase. Hence, it is desirable to ensure the integration of mitigation

measures in the document, if any, which should fully reflect environment obligations to be compiled with

by the proponent or by the contractor. The management of LCCP will incorporate the contractor’s

responsibility in the bid document. Table 10.3 Below Present the Compliance Monitoring Management

Plan in matrix format showing all the monitoring description.

10.6.3 Impact Monitoring Management Plan

The actual impacts that have occurred due to project implementation should be closely monitored during

the construction and operation phase of the project for the effective implementation of mitigation

measures. Moreover, regular meetings should be held with the implementation of mitigation measures.

Also regular meetings with the locals to access the impacts of the project on the community and

environment and take note of their concerns. Thus the impact monitoring management plan comprises

monitoring of well documented baseline indicators elaborated from the baseline environment for a

comparative environmental assessment in various stages of the project development. Below Table 10.4

shows the Impact Monitoring Management Plan.



Table 10.2 Baseline Monitoring Plan

S.N Monitoring issues Monitoring Indicators Methods Location Frequency Schedules Responsible agency Costs 1 Air quality Ambient air quality for

TSP/PM10 High/ low volume sampler, inspection, measurement and comparison of data

with ambient standard

Construction Site

Once Prior to construction phase

Outsourcing Monitoring consultants/ Reporting to ESUCP under PMOCP

50,000

2 Noise Level Noise Level

Measurement of noise using Noise

Level Meter

Construction Site

Once Prior to construction phase


15,000

3 water Quality NAWQS standard

Regular measurement of water quality parameters as suggested by NAWQS

Construction Site Once

Prior to construction phase


60,000

4 Soil Quality and stability General parameters

Regular Measurement of Soil quality parameters and comparison of data with ambient standard

Construction Site Once

Prior to construction phase


75,000

The total cost estimated for Baseline Monitoring which is not included in project cost is NRs. 2, 00,000.



Table 10.3 Compliance Monitoring Management Plan

S.N Monitoring issues

Monitoring Indicators Methods Location Frequency

Responsible agency Costs

Construction Phase 1 Environmental

Mitigation Measures

All Environment Mitigation Measures proposed in chapter 8

Direct Observation, documentation, discussions with the local communities and consultation with the local government

Construction Site

Daily/Weekly/Monthly ESU under PMO Included in contractor cost and project cost

2 Environmental Enhancement Measures



Construction Site

Daily/Weekly/Monthly ESUCP under PMOCP

Included in contractor cost and project cost

3 Water Quality Parameters ;Standard for effluents discharged into inland water from the construction sites and camps

As per the community ranch limit of standard for effluents discharged into inland surface

Immediate points after the treatment units of discharged from aggregates crushing Plants

Monthly ESUCP under PMOCP


4 Air Quality PM 10, CO, SOX, NOX

Instrumental measurement of air quality by high or low volume samples for parameters

Construction Site





S.N Monitoring issues

Monitoring Indicators Methods Location Frequency

Responsible agency Costs

5 Noise Quality Sound Pressure Level

As per the sound pressure standard. Direct observation and community discussion

Construction Site



6 Occupational Health

Outbreaks of diseases in the camps, reporting of sickness of the workers, no. of fatal incidents, availability of ambulance

Site supervision disease in camps site, reporting of sickness of the workers, no. of fatal incidents, availability of ambulance

Construction Site and camp site

Twice a month ESUCP under PMOCP


Operational Phase 1 Environmental

Mitigation Measures



Construction Site and their surrounding

Daily/Weekly/Monthly ESU under PMO Included in contractor cost and project cost

2 Drinking Water Parameters Enlisted Drinking water quality standard

Water supply and reservoir and one end tap of the operation camp

Once a year Outsourcing monitoring consultant




Table 10.4: Impact Monitoring Management Plan

S.N Monitoring issues Monitoring Indicators Methods Location Frequency Responsible agency Costs

Construction Phase 1 Slope Instability/

Landslide No. of incidence of landslide, slope failure, debris flow and deposition of debris in down slope

Site observation and mapping of the same in appropriate scale

Construction site and its immediate periphery

Every Month during project construction

ESUOP under PMOOP

Included in the project cost

2 Erosion Erosion of soil and deposition in down slopes




ESUOP under PMOOP


3 Air Quality PM 10, CO, SOX, NOX Instrumental measurement of air quality by high or low volume samples



ESUOP under PMOOP


4 Noise Quality Sound Pressure Level Instrumental measurement of noise a weighted averages (dBA) by noise level meters

Basantapur and Bamghat Community

Twice a year ESUOP under PMOOP


5 Land Pollution Sites of open defecation and garbage or solid waste disposal

Direct Observation Adjoining areas within 100 m from the proposed project site

Daily ESUOP under PMOOP




S.N Monitoring issues Monitoring Indicators Methods Location Frequency Responsible agency Costs 6 Ecological Status of

forest and vegetation

Status of forest in terms of coverage and density of species

Direct Observation and community discussion

Forest areas within 100 m from proposed project area

Two season a year

ESUOP under PMOOP


7 Wildlife Status of wildlife in terms of presence of species



Two season a year

ESUOP under PMOOP


8 Public health Outbreak of epidemic disease in the settlements nearby construction camps

Direct observation and document of health institutions, consultation with health workers and local people

Nearby Settlement areas

Monthly ESUOP under PMOOP


9 Law and Order No.of cases and incidence of theft, burglary, social unrest, police cases, etc.

Direct observation and consultation with local communities and representatives of Butwal SMC and Tinau Rm, reports in police post

Construction Camps

Monthly ESUOP under PMOOP


operational Phase



S.N Monitoring issues Monitoring Indicators Methods Location Frequency Responsible agency Costs 1 Slope Instability/

Landslide No. of incidence of landslide, slope failure, debris flow and deposition of debris in down slope




ESUOP under PMOOP


2 Ecological Status of forest and vegetation

Status of forest in terms of coverage and density of species



Two season a year

ESUOP under PMOOP


3 Wildlife Status of wildlife in terms of presence of species



Two season a year

ESUOP under PMOOP


4 Law and Order No. of cases and incidence of theft, burglary, social unrest, police cases, etc.

Direct observation and consultation with local communities and representatives of Butwal SMC and Tinau Rm, reports in police post

Construction Camps

Twice a year for first five years of project implementation

ESUOP under PMOOP




Chapter 11 Conclusion

The Implementation of Lumbini Cable Car project will enhance trade and tourism. The beneficial impacts

and environment Enhancement program that come with the establishment and implementation of the

project will result in improved life quality of the local people. Moreover, the livelihood of the local people

will get enhanced through direct employment in the project workers as well as various opportunities

created by the project.

The project area will have least adverse impacts to the environment. The majority of predicted impacts

are of low significance and most of the impacts can be easily mitigate to acceptable limits. Thus, the

benefits from the project investments are more significant as compared to the adverse impacts. The

project is feasible from the technical, environmental and economic point of view.

The prompt implementation of LCCP are recommended with the proper incorporation of the

environmental management plans as suggested in the report.