Slide 1

Environment Economic Accounts in Mauritius

Prepared by: Mr. Anand Sookun (asookun@gmail.com), Mrs Nalini Meenowa, (cso_energy@mail.gov.mu)Statistics MauritiusMr. Jean Louis Weber,Independent Consultant (jlweber45@gmail.com)Presented by: Mrs Nalini Meenowa

Expert Meeting..

ContentsIntroductionTypes of Environmental Economic Accounts (EEA) developedEnergy use and Atmospheric Emissions AccountsWater AccountsMaterial Flows AccountsEcosystem/Natural Capital AccountsWay forwardConclusion

2BackgroundLocationPopulation : 1.27 Million Area of Republic of Mauritius : 2,040 km2 Is. of Mauritius1865 km2 and Islands of Rodrigues, Agalega and Chagos Archipelago approx 108 km2 Major Climatic Conditions: Sub Tropical Summer & WinterAverage annual rainfall : approx. 2000 mmPopulation Density:600 inhabitants/km2

3

Mauritius

4

The need for environmental accounting under the policy contexts

In Mauritius, the environmental issues are a matter of concern with population rise, economic developments in tourism and manufacturing, among others. The need for and use of proper statistics and accounts have been clearly felt in studies carried out such as:

The National Self Capacity Assessment for Environment (2005),The National Assessment Report on the Mauritius Strategy for Implementation of Sustainable Development in SIDS (2010), and The Mauritius Environment Outlook Report (2011).Maurice Ile Durable

5

Environmental Accounts and the policy contextSustainable Consumption and Production

Energy Policy

Sustainable TourismMaurice ile durableStatisticsIndicatorsAnalysisModellingScenariosSurveysNational AccountsEnvironmental AccountsEvidenceScienceDataThe set upFor the EEA, UNDP Consultants (Mr Rocky Harris) first mission (circa 2008) established priorities and sources for the Environmental-Economic AccountsEnergy use and atmospheric emissionsWater useMaterial flowsSecond mission (circa 2009), supported by AFDCompilation and estimation for 2002Illustrative applications, glossy brochureThird mission (circa 2010)Update for 2007Interpolation and extrapolationAnalysis and dissemination

The set up updatedFor the EEA Water UNSD supported capacity building (2011 and 2012) with some technical assistance from the Inter-Regional Advisor on SEEA (Mr Ricardo Martinez-Lagunes)Regional Workshop was held in Mauritius Preliminary Water Statistics and Accounts report was draftedIn 2012, the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) supported the development of Ecosystem/Natural Capital Accounts with a Consultants (Mr Jean Louis Weber) first mission in April 2013:Data stocktaking was carried outSecond mission (Sept 2013):Creation of GIS databaseProduction of preliminary accounts

Reference manuals adoptedFDES 2013, SEEA CF 2012The SEEA-Water IRWS, ISIC and CPC

9Gross Value AddedCarbon dioxide *Primary energy use*No decoupling for key SCP sectors1 in Mauritius yetIndex (2000=100) 1. SCP key sectors are all industrial sectors except agriculture, electricity and water supply, and public transport. * Including energy and emissions relating to electricity production, based on constant factors per unit of electricity.Selected Results for Energy Use and Atmospheric Emissions Accounts CO2 emissions from Mauritius key SCP sectors (ktCO2)Freight transport and business travelManufacturing use of carbon fuelsElectricity use ** Based on constant (average) emission factor per unit of electricity consumedSelected Results for Energy Use and Atmospheric Emissions Accounts Selected Results for Water use accountsShare of market activity

Selected Water use AccountsIndicators of Water Accounts by selected industrial groups, 2002 and 2007 13

Gross Value AddedWater useNo decoupling for hotels in Mauritius yetIndex (2000=100) 1. SCP key sectors are all industrial sectors except agriculture, electricity and water supply, and public transport.Selected Results for Water use accountsLinking greenhouse gas emissions and water useLakes and reservoirsWater distribution14ktCO2AgricultureDirect abstractionsWater supply treatment 24 ktCO2Leakage 10ktCO2Non-domestic useWaste water treatment 50ktCO2Domestic useWaste water collection 5ktCO2216mcmWater company admin 5ktCO265mcm45mcm105mcm465mcmSelected Results for Experimental Water use and Energy use accounts linkagesMaterial Flow Accounts ...... produce flawed and potentially misleading aggregate indicators

Possible applications:Material intensity of construction is construction output decoupling from resource use?Physical Balance of Trade are we consuming a greater share of the worlds resources

Example from UK construction output and use of construction materialsThis report is the first comprehensive one to show the relationship between the environment and the economyWater accounts presented in physical terms while monetary values are presented in summarised forms.

18Status of Latest Water Accounts

Water AccountsData Sources:Census of Economic Activities, CSOWater Resources UnitCentral Water Authority Water SupplierWastewater Management AuthorityIrrigation Authority??IPP??Central electricity Board??Water use accounts based mainly on Census of Economic Activities

20Water Use :An analysis of water use by sector reveals that, as might be expected, agriculture is a relatively intensive user (50%), hydropower-29%, households-9%, Manufacturing-2% and remaining UFW-10%

Water use intensity indicates the amount of water in million cubic metres used by a particular sector of the economy per million rupees of Gross Value Added (GVA) generated in that sector. Hydro power and Agriculture main. Though both have dropped 14 % and 25% respectively from 2002 to 2007

Water productivity measures the GVA generated in a particular sector per unit volume of water used. In 2007, this indicator was highest in Construction and Wholesale and Retail sectors with over Rs 20,000 million of GVA generated per million m3 of water used. Agriculture and Production of electricity sectors had the lowest rate with 17 million and 9 million rupees per million m3 of water used respectively Physical water stocks and flows within the environmentWater Resources in MauritiusSurface water resources 6 impounding reservoirs total capacity = 77.4 Mm3 annual yield = 135 Mm36 Potable Water Treatment Plants 3 major river abstractions (for Potable Water Supply)25 major river basins350 river run off takesGroundwater resources5 main aquifers406 wells300 Observation Wells107 Flow measuring station 114 Potable (90% of total Groundwater production)156 Private Agricultural (6%)136 Industrial (4%)

21RAINFALL PATTERN

3600 mm3000 mm2000 mm1000 mmPrecipitation mm

Average Annual Rainfall = 2011 mmSummer = 1340 mmWinter = 660 mm6Normal Monthly Precipitation (1971-2000) in Mauritius22Average annual rainfall as compared to normal (long term average 1971-2000), 1996 - 201123

The renewable water resources is slightly above 2000 cubic metres.

If Renewable water supply less than 1700 m3/person/yr, it is an indicator of water stress condition

Mauritius is among African countries vulnerable to water stress. (actual supply is around 2000m3/person/yr )24

Water flows in the environment and the economy Island of Mauritius 2011

25

Precipitation and Evapotranspiration A large portion of the precipitation is almost immediately returned to the atmosphere as evaporation and transpiration, typically known as evapotranspiration. The rest of the precipitation, often called effective precipitation, flows through the territory as surface runoff or as infiltration in the soil due to the force of gravity. Water eventually reaches the sea or other accumulation areas within the territory, such as lakes, artificial reservoirs or aquifers. In both cases it is eventually evaporated to contribute to generate more precipitation completing the water cycle

26

Water assets, Island of Mauritius, 201127

Water resources in Mauritius28Water Resources in MauritiusSurface water resources 6 impounding reservoirstotal capacity = 77.4 Mm3annual yield = 135 Mm36 Potable Water Treatment Plants 3 major river abstractions (for Potable Water Supply)25 major river basins350 river run off takesGroundwater resources5 main aquifers406 wells300 Observation Wells107 Flow measuring station 114 Potable (90% of total Groundwater production)156 Private Agricultural (6%)136 Industrial (4%)Water and Climate ChangeThe impact of climate change will most certainly be felt on the water security in Mauritius. Water availability is becoming a major concern with unpredictable precipitation patterns. Climate change will certainly affect the amount of renewable water resources available for use in the future, and causing droughts.29

Because ecosystem resilience is a central component of sustainable development and adaptability to climate change, the Government of Mauritius and the Indian Ocean Commission have decided to launch an experiment of ecosystems/natural capital accounts in the context of Implementation of the Small Island Developing States 'Mauritius Strategy' in the Eastern and Southern Africa and Indian Ocean (ESA-IO) region.30The Natural Capital/Ecosystem Capital Accounting (ENCA) project for MauritiusNational Accounts: SNA and SEEA

SEEA Part 1 Central Framework

SEEA Part 2Experimental Ecosystem Accounting

SEEA-EEA XXXSEEA-EEA YYY

SNAThe System of Environmental-Economic Accounts adopted by the UN Statistical Commission in 2012 (SEEA 2012) has been supplemented in 2013 by a volume on Experimental Ecosystem Accounting. The Ecosystem Capital Accounts (SEEA-ECA) under implementation in Europe are one of these experimentations.SEEA-ECA

EcosystemCapital Accounts

Jean-Louis Weber, 19 July 201331National Accounts: SNA and SEEA

SEEA Part 1 Central Framework

SEEA Part 2Experimental Ecosystem Accounting

SEEA-EEA XXXSNAThe System of Environmental-Economic Accounts adopted by the UN Statistical Commission in 2012 (SEEA 2012) has been supplemented in 2013 by a volume on Experimental Ecosystem Accounting. The Ecosystem Capital Accounts (SEEA-ECA) under implementation in Europe are one of these experimentations.SEEA-ECA-EU

EcosystemCapital Accounts

Jean-Louis Weber, 19 July 2013SEEA-ENCA-MU

Ecosystems/NaturalCapitalAccounts

32

TEC: Total Ecosystem Capability (ECU)

Indexes of Accessible Carbon/ BiomassIndexes of Accessible WaterIndexes of Accessible Landscape/ Biodiversity Services

SUM / 3

Basic resource(e.g. tons of Carbon/ Biomass)X=

ECU values per 1 km2 grid-cells SUMCalculation of Ecological Values in ECU & Total Ecosystem Capability (TEC)Jean-Louis Weber, 20July 2013ECU-PricesRegionEcosystemFinally, he presented Experimental implementation of ecosystem accounts in Europe.First, define 1 square km grids and assign land cover class for each grid.Then calculate total capital of each grid maybe by adding each component of ecosystem services such as accessible water surplus and carbon surplus and systemic services.

3334Results for ENCA : Land cover and changes from 2000 to 2010

Urban land cover35Results for ENCA : The biomass-carbon account

Woody biomass/ tons of CSugar cane harvest/ tons of CChange in NPP/ tons of C

36Results for ECA: the ecosystem water accountAccessible water by catchment, 2010, Mm3

Water use intensity stress index (stress when