enviroment and emerging development issues

8/13/2019 enviroment and emerging development issues

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Role of

Environment

and Emerging

Development

Issues


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India - a soft State??

It has excellent environmental laws, butpolitics and/or corruption prevent their

effective implementation.

The result has been disastrous for ourenvironment and hence for the economy

too, as we are now seeing.


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Indias environmental laws

span more than a century

1865 British take forest lands from princes

1927 Forest Act, amended 1980

1974 Water Act

1981 Air Act

1986 Environment Protection Act

1991 Coastal Regulation Zones


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New Laws are moving fromthe general to Specifics

This has been made possible under the 1986Environment Protection Act

1989 Hazardous Waste Rules

1998 Biomedical Waste Rules

1999 Rules for Recycled Plastics,Fly Ash Notification

2000 Municipal Solid Waste Rules

2000 Battery Mgt & Handling Rules


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In 1972 a conference was held for the first timeever to discuss an issue like environment

pollution control under UNITED NATIONS. The conference was know as STOCKHOLMES

CONFERENCE .

473 countries meet internationally to discussenvironment pollution problems.

Lt. Mrs. Indira Gandhi represented India in thisconferenceand voiced strongly before and afterconference


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The Water Act 1974 Salient features of the Act (Water Act)-

objectives To prevent and control water pollution To maintain wholesomeness of water To establish control on State Boards for

prevention and control of pollution To empower the Boards for

prevention/control of pollution To provide penalties for contravention of the

provisions of the Act To establish control on state water testing

laboratories.


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The Air(Prevention and Control

of Pollution) Act, 1981 The air act deals with the control of emission of

noxious substances from industries and automobiles.

Basically, air act is applied only to specified industrial

processes in notified areas called the air pollutioncontrol areas (APCA) .

The functions under the act are entrusted to thecentral and state boards created under the wateract.

The state government declares an area as air

pollution control area only after consulting with stateboard .

The specified industries in the APCA have to seek thepermission of the board to emit noxious substances.


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BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY


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BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY, 1984

The case is about a company UNIONCARBIDE.

There was a leakage of toxic gasmethane isocynade in the Bhopal plant ofUnion Carbide.

Death of more than 2000 people andenvironmental hazard.

Negotiation with Supreme court of Indiaby Union Carbide for givingcompensation of 750 crore to the victims.


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ENVIROMENT PROTECTION ACT

1986 To provide the protection and improvement of

environment. In EPA, article 48A, specify that the State shall

protect and improve the environment. Also to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the

country. Acc. to sec 51(A) every citizen shall protect the

environment EPA is applicable to whole India, including J&K. With all these objectives the basic objective for

the formation of EPA Was SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT


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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT- Need of the hour

-For any development resource are needed.

-it will be available if we manage it efficiently.

-this is the main focus of sustainable

development.

-it means that fulfilling the needs of present

generation in such a way that resources are

there for the future needs and aspiration ofupcoming generations.


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Major environmental issues

Tragedy of commons

Global warming

Ozone depletion

Carbon emission


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Tragedy of commons

Commons" means the resource is owned

by:

No one OR

Owned by a group=all who have access to

the resource.

It can include the atmosphere, oceans,

rivers, fish stocks, nationalparks, advertising, and even parking

meters.


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Tragedy of commons

an economics theory by Garrett Hardin

the depletion of a shared resource by

individuals or group , acting independentlyand rationally for the group's long-termbest interests by depleting the commonresource

The concept is often cited in connectionwith sustainable development andenvironmental protection.


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GLOBAL WARMING

Increase in the average earthtemperature.

Its increased by 0.8 degree celcius after1980

Major reason is due to industry andautomobile pollutants, green housegases, aerosol and soot.

Result in melting down of glacier and canresulted in 0.59cm of rise in the sea level.


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CARBON EMISSION

Earth atmosphere consists of green housegases like carbon dioxide, ozone,

methane which performs the greenhouseeffect cycle.

Increase in green house gases in last 20years by 1.57%

Resulting in increasing in the globalwarming.


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OZONE DEPLETION

Ozone is the gas which resides on the toplevel of our earth.

Protects earth from harmful U.V rays. Actsas a shield.

Due to increase in green house gases andcfc i.e chloroflouro carbon ozone layer is

being depleted which further adding intoglobal warming.


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KYOTO PROTOCOL

Convention on climate change

Negotiated in 1997

Opened for signature in 1998

Came into force in February 16, 2005


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Highlights Agreement under which industrialized countries will

reduce their collective emissions of greenhousegases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990

Compared to the emissions levels that would beexpected by 2010 without the Protocol, this targetrepresents a 29% cut.

The goal is to lower overall emissions from sixgreenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrousoxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs.

National targets range from 8% reductions for theEuropean Union and some others to 7% for the US, 6%for Japan, 0% for Russia, and permitted increases of8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland.


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RIO SUMMIT

An Earth Summit officially known as theUnited Nations Conference on

Environment and Development, was heldin June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro

Participated by over 170 states worldwide(114 of whom were represented by Heads

of States of Governments)


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Rio Declaration onEnvironment and

DevelopmentPrinciple 1 Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable

development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life inharmony with nature.

Principle 3 The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet

developmental and environmental needs of present and futuregenerations.

Principle 5 All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of

eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement forsustainable development,in order to decrease the disparities in

standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority of thepeople of the world.

(27 in all)


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Copenhagen Summit

Report on Copenhagen is events thattranspired in December 2009 at the

UNFCCC conference of the Parties(COP15), including the drafting of theCopenhagen Accord and subsequentpublic discourse.


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COP15 The most recent Conference of the parties was

COP15 in Copenhagen, Denmark

It was significant due to an increasing internationalpush for new binding climate change legislature.

The focus was on attempting to draft newlegislation and deciding if goals set by the KyotoProtocol should continue post-2012.

Time was also spent on improving the clean

development mechanism and drafting decisionson adaptation, technology and capacity building.


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Thank You!Anjana Viswanathan

Sandarbh GoswamiSarmistha Bhanja

Shruti Jain

Vishal Nawalgaria

Documents

enviroment and emerging development issues