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History
While it is possible to identify earlier legal structures that
would today fall into the "environmental" law metric - for
example thecommon law recognition of private and public rights
to protect interests in land, such as nuisance, or post-
industrial revolution human health protections - the concept of
"environmental law" as a separate and distinct body of
law is a 20th Centurydevelopment.[1]The recognition that the
natural environment was fragile and in need of speciallegal
protections, the translation of that recognition into legal
structures, and the development of those structures into a
larger body of "environmental law" did not occur until about
the1960s. At that time, numerous influences - includinga growing
awareness of the unity and fragility of thebiosphere following
mankind'sfirst steps into outer space(see,
for example, the Blue Marble), increased public concern over the
impact of industrial activity on natural resources and
human health (see, for example, the1969 Cuyahoga River fire, the
increasing strength of the regulatory state, and more
broadly the advent and success of environmentalism as apolitical
movement- coalesced to produce a huge new body
of law in a relatively short period of time. While the modern
history of environmental law is one of continuing
controversy, by the end of the 20th Century, environmental law
had been established as a component of the legal
landscape in alldeveloped nationsof the world, manydeveloping
ones, and the larger project ofinternational law.
[edit] Controversy
Environmental law is often the source of controversy. Notably,
the early history of national environmental regulation
in the United States (at the time the world leader in
environmental regulation) was marked by relative political
unity.TheNational Environmental Policy Act (1969), theClean Air
Act(1970), the Clean Water Act (1972), and the
Endangered Species Act (1973) all were enacted with broad
bipartisan support, and ultimately signed into law by
RepublicanPresident Richard Nixon. Even then, however, critics
raised concerns regarding the need for such laws and
the costs involved in implementing them. Richard Nixon himself
initially vetoed the Clean Water Act, citing its
projected costs, though he was ultimately overridden by
Congress.[2] Debates over the necessity, fairness, cost, and
need for environmental regulation continue to this day.
[edit] Necessity
The necessity of directly regulating a particular activity due
to the activity's environmental consequences is often a
subject of debate. These debates may be scientific. For example,
scientific uncertainty fuels theongoing debate over
greenhouse gas regulation and is a major factor in the debate
over whether to ban pesticides.[3]
[edit] Cost
It is very common for regulated industry to argue against
environmental regulation on the basis of cost. Indeed, in the
U.S. estimates of the environmental regulation's total costs
reach 2% ofGDP,[4] and any new regulation will arguably
contribute in some way to that burden. Difficulties arise,
however, in performing cost-benefit analysis. The value of a
healthy ecosystem is not easily quantified, nor the value of
clean air, species diversity, etc. Furthermore environmental
issues may gain an ethical or moral dimension that would
discount cost.
[edit] Effectiveness
Environmental interests will often criticize environmental
regulation as inadequately protective of the
environment.Furthermore, strong environmental laws do not guarantee
strong enforcement. Nonetheless, the cost benefit analysis
for society at large between having laws that protect citizens
from toxic or dangerous living and work conditions such
as those that existed in the early industrial 1800's or not
clearly comes down on the side of regulation.
[edit] Environmental Law Around the World
Many countries have adopted comprehensive environmental laws.
Many nations ascribe to and follow, to varying
degrees, international agreements regarding environmental
issues.
[edit] International Environmental Law
Pollution does not respect political boundaries,
makinginternational law an important aspect of environmental
law.
Numerous legally binding international agreements now encompass
a wide variety of issue-areas, from terrestrial,
marine and atmospheric pollution through to wildlife and
biodiversity protection.
While the bodies that proposed, argued, agreed upon and
ultimately adopted existing international agreements vary
according to each agreement, certain conferences, including
1972's United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment, 1983'sWorld Commission on Environment and
Development, 1992's United Nations Conference on
Environment and Developmentand 2002's World Summit on
Sustainable Development have been particularly
important.
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[edit] IEL: Organizing principles
International environmental law's development has included the
statement and adoption of a number of important
guiding principles. As with all international law, international
environmental law brings up questions ofsovereignty,
legal reciprocity ("comity") and even perhaps the Golden Rule.
Other guiding principles include thepolluter pays
principle, theprecautionary principle, the principle
ofsustainable development, environmentalprocedural rights,common
but differentiated responsibilities, intragenerational
andintergenerational equity, "common concern of
humankind", andcommon heritage.
[edit] IEL: Sources
[edit] Treaties, protocols, conventions, etc.
International environmental agreements are generallymultilateral
(or sometimesbilateral
) treaties(a.k.a. convention,
agreement, protocol, etc.). The majority of such conventions
deal directly with specific environmental issues. There are
also some general treaties with one or two clauses referring to
environmental issues but these are rarer. [citation needed]
There
are about 1000 environmental law treaties in existence today; no
other area of law has generated such a large body of
conventions on a specific topic.[citation needed]
Protocols are subsidiary agreements built from a primary treaty.
They exist in many areas of international law but areespecially
useful in the environmental field, where they may be used to
regularly incorporate recent scientific
knowledge. They also permit countries to reach agreement on a
framework that would be contentious if every detail
were to be agreed upon in advance. The most widely known
protocol in international environmental law is theKyoto
Protocol, which followed from the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.
[edit] Customary international law
Customary international law is an important source of
international environmental law. These are the norms and rules
that countries follow as a matter of custom and they are so
prevalent that they bind all states in the world. When a
principle becomes customary law is not clear cut and many
arguments are put forward by states not wishing to bebound.
Examples of customary international law relevant to the environment
include the duty to warn other states
promptly about icons of an environmental nature and
environmental damages to which another state or states may
beexposed, and Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration ('good
neighbourliness' or sic utere).
[edit] International judicial decisions
International environmental law also includes the opinions of
international courts and tribunals. While there are few
and they have limited authority, the decisions carry much weight
with legal commentators and are quite influential on
the development of international environmental law. One of the
biggest challenges in international decisions is to
determine an adequate compensation for environmental
damages.[5]
The courts include: theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ); the
international Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS);
theEuropean Court of Justice;European Court of Human Rights[6]
and other regional treaty tribunals. Arguably the
World Trade Organisation's Dispute Settlement Board (DSB) is
getting a say on environmental law also.
Important cases have included:
Trail smelter arbitration, 33 AJIL (1939)
Nuclear weapons testing cases, such as between New Zealand and
France before the International Court of
Justice;
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam Case, ICJ Rep (1997)
[edit] IEL: Administration and enforcement
Main article: United Nations Environment Programme
[edit] IEL: Education and Training
The IUCN Academy of Environmental Law[7] is a network of some 60
law schools worldwide that specialise in the
research and teaching of environmental law.
[edit] Australia
[edit] Environmental Law in China
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pedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_international_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-4%23cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-5%23cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail,_British_Columbia#Trail_smelter_arbitrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-6%23cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=16
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According to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, "China has
been working with great determination in recent
years to develop, implement, and enforce a solid environmental
law framework. Chinese officials face critical
challenges in effectively implementing the laws, clarifying the
roles of their national and provincial governments, and
strengthening the operation of their legal system."[8] Explosive
economic and industrial growth in China has led to
significant environmental degradation, and China is currently in
the process of developing more stringent legal
controls.[9] The harmonization of Chinese society and the
natural environment is billed as one of the country's top
national priorities.[10]
See alsoMinistry of Environmental Protection of the People's
Republic of China.
[edit] Environmental Law in the United States
Considered in terms of historical precedence and worldwide
emulation, the United States has been a world leader in
the development and implementation of environmental law. While
subject to criticism at home and abroad on issues of
protection, enforcement, over-regulation, and imposition of
externalities, the country remains an important source of
environmental legal expertise and experience.
[edit] U.S. Sources
Laws from every stratum of the laws of the United Statespertain
to environmental issues. TheUnited States Congresshas passed a
number of landmark environmental regulatory regimes, but many other
federal laws are equally
important, if less comprehensive. Concurrently, the legislatures
of the fifty states have passed innumerable comparable
sets of laws.[11] These state and federal systems are foliated
with layer upon layer of administrative regulation.
Meanwhile, the U.S. judicial system reviewsnot only the
legislative enactments, but also the administrative decisions
of the many agencies dealing with environmental issues. Where
the statutes and regulations end, the common law
begins.[12]
[edit] U.S. Federal statutes
Main article: List of United States Federal Environmental
StatutesSee also:Environmental policy of the United States
[edit] U.S. Federal regulation
Consistent with the federal statutes that they administer, U.S.
federal agencies promulgate regulations in theCode of
Federal Regulations that fill out the broad programs enacted by
Congress. Primary among these isTitle 40 of the Code
of Federal Regulations, containing the regulations of
theEnvironmental Protection Agency. Other import CFR
sections include Title 10 (energy), Title 18 (Conservation of
Power and Water Resources), Title 21 (Food and Drugs),
Title 33 (Navigable Waters), Title 36 (Parks, Forests and Public
Property), Title 43 (Public Lands: Interior) and Title
50 (Wildlife and Fisheries).
[edit] U.S. Judicial decisions
The federal and state judiciaries have played an important role
in the development of environmental law in the United
States, in many cases resolving significant controversy
regarding the application of federal environmental laws in
favor
of environmental interests. The decisions of the Supreme Court
in cases such as Calvert Cliffs Coordinating
Committee v. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (broadly reading the
procedural requirements of theNational
Environmental Policy Act
),Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill (broadly reading
theEndangered Species Act
), and,
much more recently, Massachusetts v. EPA (requiring EPA to
reconsiderregulation of greenhouse gases under the
Clean Air Act) have had policy impacts far beyond the facts of
the particular case.
See also:List of environmental lawsuits
[edit] U.S. Common law
The common law oftortis an important tool for the resolution of
environmental disputes that fall beyond the confines
of regulated activity. Prior to the modern proliferation of
environmental regulation, the doctrines ofnuisance (public or
private), trespass,negligence, and strict liabilityapportioned
harm and assigned liability for activities that today would
be considered pollution and likely governed by regulatory
regimes.[13]These doctrines remain relevant, and mostrecently have
been used by plaintiffs seeking to impose liability for the
consequences of global climate change.[14]
The common law also continues to play a leading role in
Americanwater law, in the doctrines ofriparian rights and
prior appropriation.
[edit] U.S. Administration
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-7%23cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-8%23cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-8%23cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-9%23cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-10%23cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-10%23cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-11%23cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Federal_Environmental_Statuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-13%23cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_water_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_appropriation_water_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-7%23cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-8%23cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-9%23cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-10%23cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-11%23cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Federal_Environmental_Statuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-13%23cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_water_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_appropriation_water_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=26
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7/29/2019 ENVI LAWS
4/4
In the United States, responsibilities for the administration of
environmental laws are divided between numerous
federal and state agencies with varying, overlapping and
sometimes conflicting missions. TheU.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) is the most well-known federal agency,
with jurisdiction over many of the country's national
air, water and waste and hazardous substance programs.[15] Other
federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
ServiceandNational Park Servicepursue primarily conservation
missions,[16] while still others, such as theUnited
States Forest Service and theBureau of Land Management, tend to
focus more on beneficial use of natural resources.[17]
Federal agencies operate within the limits offederal
jurisdiction. For example, EPA's jurisdiction under the Clean
Water Act is limited to "waters of the United States".
Furthermore in many cases federal laws allow for more stringent
regulation by states, and of transfer of certain federally
mandated responsibilities from federal to state control. U.S.
state governments, therefore, administering state law adopted
under statepolice powersor federal law by delegation,
uniformly include environmental agencies.[18] The extent to
which state environmental laws are based on or depart
from federal law varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Thus, while a permit to fill non-federalwetlands might require a
permit from a single state agency, larger and more
complex endeavorsfor example, the construction of a coal-fired
power plantmight require approvals from
numerous federal and state agencies.
See also:List of environmental organizations#Government
organizations
[edit] U.S. Enforcement
In the United States, violations of environmental laws are
generally civil offenses, resulting in monetary penalties and,
perhaps, civil sanctions such as injunction. Many environmental
laws also provide forcriminal penalties for egregious
violations. Environmental agencies often include separate
enforcement offices, with duties including monitoring
permitted activities, performing compliance inspections, issuing
citations and prosecuting wrongdoing (civilly or
criminally, depending on the violation). EPA's Office of
Enforcement and Compliance Assuranceis one such agency.
Others, such as the United States Park Police, carry out more
traditional law enforcement activities.
Adjudicatory proceedings for environmental violations are often
handled by the agencies themselves under the
strictures ofadministrative law. In some cases, appeals are also
handled internally (for example, EPA's EnvironmentalAppeals Board).
Generally, final agency determinations may subsequently be appealed
to the appropriate court.
Other environmental law enforcement agencies include:
Fora Verde, a branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces which was
established decades ago to protect against
environmental crimes.[19]
Green Police, an environmental task force inNew Jersey.[20]
Veteran Environmental Patrol ofIsraelstarted fielding uniformed
officers in 2001.[20]
[edit] U.S. Education and training
Environmental law courses are offered aselective coursesin the
second and third years ofJDstudy at many Americanlaw schools.
Curricula vary: an introductory course might focus on the "big
five" federal statutesNEPA, CAA,
CWA, CERCLA and RCRA (or FIFRA)and may be offered in conjunction
with a natural resources law course.
Smaller seminars may be offered on more focused topics. Some
U.S. law schools also offer an LLM orJSD
specialization in environmental law. Additionally, several law
schools host legal clinics that focus on environmental
law, providing students with an opportunity to learn about
environmental law in the context of real world disputes
involving actual clients.[21]U.S. News & World Reporthas
consistently rankedVermont Law School,Lewis & Clark
Law School, andPace University School of Law as the top three
Environmental Law programs in theUnited States,
with Lewis & Clark and Vermont frequently trading the top
spot.[22]
Many American law schools host student-publishedlaw journals.
The environmental law reviews atYale,Harvard,
Stanford,Columbia,NYU and Lewis & Clark Law School are
regularly the most-cited such publications.[23]
International environmental lawyers often receive specialized
training in the form of an LL.M. degree at U.S.
institutions, after having a first law degree often in another
country from where they got their first law degree.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-14%23cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-15%23cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-16%23cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-17%23cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizations#Government_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizations#Government_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Park_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Park_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-18%23cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-GP-19%23cite_note-GP-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-GP-19%23cite_note-GP-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-GP-19%23cite_note-GP-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-GP-19%23cite_note-GP-19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=28http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elective_class&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elective_class&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elective_class&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_clinicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-20%23cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-20%23cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_University_School_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_University_School_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-21%23cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-21%23cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-22%23cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-14%23cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-15%23cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-16%23cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-17%23cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizations#Government_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Park_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-18%23cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-GP-19%23cite_note-GP-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-GP-19%23cite_note-GP-19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit§ion=28http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elective_class&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_clinicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-20%23cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_University_School_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-21%23cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_Law_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law#cite_note-22%23cite_note-22
