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| C O N F I D E N T I A L |

Push the Envelope:High-Performance Design in High-Rise Buildings

Brett Bridgeland Architect, CEM, LEED APSeventhwave, supporting ComEd Energy Efficiency Program

Allison McSherry Architect, CEM, LEED AP BD+CKlein & Hoffman

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Presenters

Brett BridgelandArchitect, CEM, LEED APSeventhwave, supporting ComEd Energy Efficiency Program

Allison McSherryArchitect, CEM, LEED AP BD+CKlein & Hoffman

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Code: Compliance Pathways

Jan. 1, 2016 IECC 2015 Mandatory Illinois State Energy Code

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IECC 2009

IECC 2012

IECC 2015

Std. 90.1-2013

- 14.0%- 4.5%

- 11.8%

- 4.5%

- 18.5%

- 8.7%

Code: Performance Improvements

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Code: 2015 IECC Compliance Paths

OR90.1-2013

OR

Comply with :C402, C403,

C404 & C405

Comply with :C406

&

Commissioning

Prescriptive

&

Comply with :C402.5, C403.2,

C404, &C405.2|3|4|6

C407 – Total Bldg

Performance ≤85% V.S. Code

Performance

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Code: ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Compliance Paths

x.1 General

x.2 Definition of Compliance

x.4 Mandatory Provisions

x.5 Prescriptive Option

x.6 Trade-Off Option

11ECB Option

App G PRMOption ??

x.8 Products

x.7 Submittals

x.1 General

x.2 Definition of Compliance

x.4 Mandatory Provisions

x.5 Prescriptive Option

x.6 Trade-Off Option

11ECB Option

App G PRMOption ?

x.8 Products

x.7 Submittals

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Code: Illinois Energy Conservation Code

https://www.illinois.gov/cdb/business/codes/Pages/IllinoisEnergyConservationCode.aspx

Compliance• ASHRAE 90.1 User’s Manual compliance forms; or• COMcheck; or• Comparable compliance materials approved by the

AHJ; or• Seal of the architect/engineer as required by

Section 14 of the Illinois Architectural Practice Act, Section 12 of the Structural Engineering Licensing Act and Section 14 of the Engineering Practice Act

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Code: Capital Development Board Projects

• ASHRAE 90.1-2013 is the applicable code for all CDB projects

• Green Buildings Act - Public Act 096-0073• Requires LEED, Green Globes, or equivalent

• LEED Silver/2 Green Globes required > 10,000 square feet

• Must meet highest standards but certification not required < 10,000 square feet

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Code: Chicago Energy Conservation Code

https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/bldgs/supp_info/chicago-energy-conservation-code.html

• Registered Energy Professional• A professional review the drawings PRIOR to

submittal for building permit review

• C4.2.3 Urban heat island provisions (roofing)

• Minimum roof reflectance requirements

• Historic buildings• Mandatory compliance unless Commission on

Chicago Landmarks determines building is exempt

• Existing roofs• Technical infeasibility variance allowed

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Code: Compliance

• REP in Chicago• Registered Energy Professional (REP)

must stamp drawings:• Must still show compliance through

COMcheck, ASHRAE forms, or energy model.

• What about VE?• Were energy savings features removed?• Were the changes captured in the energy

compliance documentation?

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Code: Performance Path – LEED/Green Globes

• Appendix G does not show code compliance• Informative, not normative, appendix

• LEED/Green Globes currently references ASHRAE 90.1-2010Appendix G

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Code: Prescriptive Path – Window Wall Ratio (WWR)

40%

30%**2 options for 40%

≥50/25% conditioned sq.ft. is Daylight Zone

& Daylight Zoned & VT=1.1*SHGC

If Proposed < 40% WWR model Baseline as Proposed WWRIf Proposed > 40% WWR model Baseline as 40% WWR

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Code: Prescriptive Path – Fenestration Orientation

ASHRAE 90.1-2013 5.5.4.5

AW ≤ (AT)/4 & AE ≤ (AT)/4or

AW x SHGCW ≤ (AT x SHGCC)/4 &

AE x SHGCE ≤ (AT x SHGCC)/4

ASHRAE ONLY!

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Code: Opaque Wall U-Value

Climate Zone 5A ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Table 5.5-5

IECC 2015Table C402.1.3

Opaque ElementsNonresidential Nonresidential

AssemblyMaximum

InsulationMin. R-Value

InsulationMin. R-Value

Roofs

Insulation Entirely above Deck U-0.048 R-30 c.i. R-30 c.i.

Metal Buildinga U-0.055 R-19 + R-11 LS R-19 + R-11 LS

Attic and Other U-0.027 R-49 R-38Walls, Above-Grade

Mass U-0.090 R-11.4 c.i. R-11.4 c.i.Metal Building U-0.069 R-0 + R-19 c.i. R-13 + R-13 c.i.

Steel-Framed U-0.064 R-13.0 + R-10 c.i. R-13 + R-7.5 c.i.

Wood-Framed and Other U-0.064 R-13.0 + R-7.5 c.i. R-13 + R-3.8 c.i.

or R-20

Slab-On-Grade Floors

Unheated F-0.730 R-15 for 24 in. R-10 for 24” below

Heated F-0.860 R-20 for 48 in. R-15 for 36” below

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Code: Common Mistakes – Spandrel Panels

• Vision vs Opaque• Fenestration – transparent or

translucent glazing materials

http://www.carlenglass.ie/services/spandrel-panels/#prettyPhoto

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Code: Thermal Bridge Impacts

• Not fully addressed in the energy codes• Only accounts for thermal bridging of studs

• Important to consider to prevent condensation

• R-19 batt ≈ R-9 effective • R-value in 16” o.c. steel stud wall

• Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide • Resource for typical constructions• https://www.bchydro.com/powersmart/business/programs/new-construction.html#thermal

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Code: Diminishing Returns

Fricklas, Richard L. “Roof Insulation and Diminishing Returns.” 14 May 2008.

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Code: Opaque Wall Improvement Costs

Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide – Appendix D

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Code: Prescriptive - Fenestration U-Value

ASHRAE 90.1-2013Table 5.5-5Climate Zone 5A

Fenestration AssemblyMax. U

Assembly Max.

SHGCVertical Glazing, 0%–40% of Wall Nonresidential

Nonmetal framing (all) U-0.32

SHGC-0.40 all

Assembly Min. VT/SHGC

1.10

Metal framing, fixedU-0.42

Metal framing, operable U-0.50

Metal framing (entrance door)

U-0.77

IECC 2015Table C402.4

Climate Zone 4Nonresidential

Vertical fenestration

U-factor

Fixed fenestration 0.38

Operable fenestration 0.45

Entrance doors 0.77

SHGC

SEW 0.40

N 0.53

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Code: Window Performance Factors

• U-value• Heat transmission in unit of time through unit area of a

material or construction and the boundary air films, induced by unit temperature difference between the environments on each side.

• Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC)• The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through

the fenestration area to the incident solar radiation.

• Visual Transmittance (VT)• The ratio of visible radiation entering the space through

the fenestration product to the incident visible radiation.

http://vistawindowreplacements.com

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Code: Window Frame U-Value

• Un-thermally broken frames typical U-values = 1.0 range.

• Frames with poured and debridged thermal break typical U-values = 0.65 (R-1.5) range.

• Frames with isobar thermal break typical U-values in 0.39 (R-2.6) range.

http://www.wausauwindow.com

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Code: COG vs. Assembly U-Value• The U-factor of the total window

assembly combines the insulating value of the glazing proper, the edge effects in the IGU, and the window frame and sash.

• The center-of-glass U-factor assumes that heat flows perpendicular to the window plane, without addressing the impact of the frame edge effects and material.

• Center-of-glass (COG) Typical value 0.29 BTU/ ft2-hr-°F (low-e IG).

• Edge of Glass (EOG) Typical value 0.34 BTU/ ft2-hr-°F (aluminum spacer).

• Frame Typical value 0.90 BTU/ ft2-hr-°F (thermal break).

LBNL THERM 6.3/WINDOW 6.3 NFRC Manual

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Code: COG vs. Assembly U-ValueArea = 24ft2

U-Value = 0.4 BTU/ft2-hr-F

Area = 8ft2U-Value = 0.5 BTU/ft2-hr-F

25% reduction in performance

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Code: Window Improvement Costs

Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide – Appendix D

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Code: Glass Considerations

• Things to Consider• Aesthetic impact• Daylighting potential• Occupant comfort

• Glare• Thermal comfort

LBNL/DOE “Tips for Daylighting with Windows”

Code IECC 2015 ASHRAE 90.1-2013

SHGC SEW = 0.40N = 0.53 All = 0.40

VT N/A Assembly Min. VT/SHGC = 1.10

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Envelope Commissioning

Goals of ECx?• Establish projects goals:

• OPR• Improve envelope performance:

• Condensation• Water intrusion.• Energy performance.

• Simplify construction:• Ease of constructability.• Less disciplines involved.• Less opportunity for installation error.

• Oversee mock-ups and testing:• Ensure proper installation.• Verify performance goals are met.

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Envelope Commissioning

Des

ign

Dec

isio

ns

Pre-Design Conceptual Design Design Development0%

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Envelope Commissioning and Code

• ASHRAE 90.1-2016 Air Barrier Requirements• §5.4.3 Air Leakage requires a

continuous air barrier:• Testing• Materials• Assemblies

• NEW! §5.9.2 Verification:• Whole building air leakage testing

(blower door).• ECx ‘light’

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ComEd Energy Efficiency Program – New Construction

Deliver high-quality education and training.

Provide expert technical assistance.

Offer financial incentives for implementation.

Image courtesy of Gerding Edlen, photo by Steve Somen

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ComEd Energy Efficiency Program – New Construction

Xavier Apartments, Photo by Mark Ballogg

Since 2009586 buildings113 million ft2

completedpipeline

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ComEd Energy Efficiency Program – New Construction

• ComEdComEd.com/BizIncentives

• Peoples GasPeoplesGasRebates.com

• North Shore GasNorthShoreGasRebates.com

• Nicor GasNicorGasRebates.com

Xavier Apartments, Photo by Mark Ballogg

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WWR & ComEd Energy Efficiency Program

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Useful Daylight Index (UDI)

40% 0.385

85% 0.340

WWR UDI

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Impact on Electric Lighting

85% 10%40%WWR

WHOLEBUILDINGENERGYSAVINGS

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Optimizing Views, Privacy, Light & Comfort

40% WWR 85% WWR

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Envelope Properties - Views

Photo by Seventhwave

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Optimizing Views, Privacy, Light & Comfort

photo copyright: VHT Studios

John Hancock Center, Chicago

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Optimizing Views, Privacy, Light & Comfort

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Thermal Comfort & Operative Temperature

8am

5pm

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

40% WWR85% WWR

+1000 comfortable hours/year(~1/3 of those occur during evening)

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Envelope Properties - Energy

40% WWR+

Code BaselineEnvelope

85% WWR+

Code BaselineEnvelope

85% WWR+

ImprovedEnvelope

Glazing Assembly R-value 2.38 2.38 2.86

Opaque Assembly R-value 18.2 18.2 23.8

Envelope Average R-value 5.0 2.7 3.3

Increased Conduction (Baseline) +82% +51%

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 0.40 0.40 0.30

Increased Solar Gain (Baseline) +113% +59%

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External Shading

• May improve comfort on south exposure.

• Ineffective on east/west unless extensive.

• Minor reduction of annual energy cost.

• Adversely impacts passive heating.

• Attachment thermal bridging may offset savings (e.g. unbroken balconies).

• Cost prohibitive.Edith Green-Wendell WyattFederal Building, Portland, OR

Aqua Tower, Chicago, IL

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First Cost

• Complicated

• Opaque assemblies can be more expensive per sq. ft. of façade:- Wind loading- Built-up vs modular- Multiple trades- Volume pricing

• Have to consider whole picture:- Assembly performance, including frame and attachments- Other upgrades for code compliance- Modular opaque assemblies- HVAC sizing- Elimination of perimeter heating or forced air altogether

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Integrative Design & Next-gen HVAC

• Reducing cooling loads in Chicago climate unlocks next-gen HVAC.

• Radiant hydronic:- Pump warm/cool water through slab or panels in the space- Controls both air and surface temp- Very low fan energy & small DOAS ducts- Modest temps higher equip efficiency- Quiet- Clean interior design

• Passive heating & cooling

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Integrative Design

DEVELOPER

ARCHITECT

Builder

Subs

O&M

MEP Engineer

EnergyConsultant

Leasing /Broker

FinancingCostConsultant

Manufacturers

Incentives

ProgramPro FormaSchedule

EntitlementsEUI

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Performance Benchmarking

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Thank You

Brett BridgelandArchitect, CEM, LEED APSeventhwave, supporting ComEd Energy Efficiency Programbbridgeland@seventhwave.org

Allison McSherryArchitect, CEM, LEED AP BD+CKlein & Hoffmanamcsherry@kleinandhoffman.com