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Faculty: Dr. Alvin Fox
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE,ENTEROBACTERIACEAE,VIBRIO, CAMPYLOBACTERVIBRIO, CAMPYLOBACTER
AND HELICOBACTERAND HELICOBACTER
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Key WordsOpportunistic diseases Opportunistic diseases ShigellaShigellaDiarrheaDiarrhea Bacillary dysenteryBacillary dysenteryDiarrhea Diarrhea Shiga toxinShiga toxinUrinary tract infections Urinary tract infections Salmonella Salmonella enteritidisenteritidisLactose positive/negativeLactose positive/negative SalmonellosisSalmonellosisEnteropathogenicEnteropathogenic E. coliE. coli Salmonella Salmonella choleraecholerae--suissuisEnterotoxigenicEnterotoxigenic E. coliE. coli Salmonella Salmonella typhityphiHeat stable toxin Heat stable toxin TyphoidTyphoidHeat labile toxin Heat labile toxin ViViEnteroinvasiveEnteroinvasive E. coli E. coli Yersinia Yersinia entercoliticaentercoliticaEnterohemorrhagicEnterohemorrhagic E. coliE. coli VibrioVibrio choleraecholeraeVero toxin (ShigaVero toxin (Shiga--like)like) CholeragenCholeragen (cholera toxin)(cholera toxin)HemolysinHemolysin Campylobacter Campylobacter jejunijejunipilipili Helicobacter pyloriHelicobacter pylori
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–– septicemia, septicemia, –– pneumonia, pneumonia, –– meningitismeningitis–– urinary tract infectionsurinary tract infections
CitrobacterEnterobacterEscherichiaHafniaMorganellaProvidenciaSerratia
Opportunistic diseasesOpportunistic diseases--EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae
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EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae
• gastrointestinal diseasesgastrointestinal diseases–– Escherichia coliEscherichia coli–– SalmonellaSalmonella–– ShigellaShigella–– Yersinia Yersinia entercoliticaentercolitica
٥
•• HistocompatibilityHistocompatibility antigen (HLA) B27antigen (HLA) B27
– Enterobacteriaceae*Salmonella*Shigella*Yersinia
–– NotNot EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae**CampylobacterCampylobacter**ChlamydiaChlamydia
Reiter's syndromeReiter's syndrome
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• community acquired • otherwise healthy people
– Klebsiella pneumoniae* respiratory diseases* prominent capsule
–urinary tract infection–fecal contamination*E. coli*Proteus
–– ureaseurease (degrades urea)(degrades urea)–– alkaline urinealkaline urine
EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae
٧
EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae
•• gram negative facultative anaerobic rodsgram negative facultative anaerobic rods–– oxidaseoxidase negative (no negative (no cytochromecytochrome oxidaseoxidase))
٨
• E. coli– lactose positive – not usually identified– lactose positive sp. common, healthy intestine
• Shigella, Salmonella,Yersinia– lactose negative– identified
FecesFeces
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•• other sitesother sites– identified identified biochemicallybiochemically
EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae
١٠
SerotypesSerotypes
•• reference laboratoryreference laboratory–– antigens antigens
•• O (O (lipopolysaccharidelipopolysaccharide) )
•• H (H (flagellarflagellar) )
•• K (capsular) K (capsular)
١١
Diarrhea and DysenteryDiarrhea and Dysentery
١٢
Escherichia coliEscherichia coli
١٣
• E. coli and Shigella– genetically very similar – many similarities in diseases
Escherichia coliEscherichia coli
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EnteropathogenicEnteropathogenic E. coliE. coli
destruction of surface microvilli
• fever• diarrhea• vomiting • nausea • non-bloody stools
١٥
EnterotoxigenicEnterotoxigenic E. coliE. coli
•• diarrhea like cholera diarrhea like cholera •• milder milder •• travellerstravellers diarrheadiarrhea
١٦
EnterotoxigenicEnterotoxigenic E. coliE. coli
•• Heat labile toxinHeat labile toxin
–– like like choleragencholeragen
–– AdenylAdenyl cyclasecyclase activated activated
–– cyclic AMP cyclic AMP
–– secretion water/ionssecretion water/ions
•• Heat stable toxinHeat stable toxin
–– GuanylateGuanylate cyclasecyclase activated activated
–– cyclic GMPcyclic GMP
–– uptake water/ionsuptake water/ions
١٧
• Dysentery- resembles shigellosis
EnteroinvasiveEnteroinvasive E. coliE. coli (EIEC )(EIEC )
١٨
EnterohemorrhagicEnterohemorrhagic E. coliE. coli
• Usually O157:H7
Transmission electron micrograph
Flagella
١٩
MeatMeat• Hemorrhagic
– bloody, copious diarrhea
– few leukocytes
– afebrile
• hemolytic-uremic syndrome
– hemolytic anemia
– thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
– kidney failure
٢٠
•• Vero toxin Vero toxin –– ““shigashiga--likelike””
•• HemolysinsHemolysins
EnterohemorrhagicEnterohemorrhagic E. coliE. coli
٢١
TreatmentTreatment --gastrointestinalgastrointestinaldiseasedisease
•• fluid replacementfluid replacement
•• antibioticsantibiotics
–– not used usually unless systemic not used usually unless systemic
––e.g. hemolytice.g. hemolytic--uremia syndromeuremia syndrome
٢٢
E. coliE. coli fimbriaefimbriae
mannosemannose
Type 1Type 1
galactosegalactose–– glycolipidsglycolipids–– glycoproteins glycoproteins
P P
٢٣
ShigellaShigella
•• S.S. flexneriflexneri, S., S. boydiiboydii, S., S. sonneisonnei, S., S.dysenteriaedysenteriae–– bacillary dysenterybacillary dysentery
–– shigellosisshigellosis•• bloody fecesbloody feces
•• intestinal painintestinal pain
•• puspus
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ShigellosisShigellosis
•• within 2within 2--3 days3 days–– epithelial cell damageepithelial cell damage
٢٥
ShigellaShigella sonneisonnei
٢٦
Shiga toxinShiga toxin
•• enterotoxicenterotoxic
•• cytotoxiccytotoxic
•• inhibits protein synthesisinhibits protein synthesis– lysing 28S rRNA
٢٧
ShigellosisShigellosis
•• man only "reservoir"man only "reservoir"
•• mostly young children mostly young children
–– fecal to oral contactfecal to oral contact
–– children to adultschildren to adults
•• transmitted by adult food handlerstransmitted by adult food handlers
–– unwashed handsunwashed hands
٢٨
Treating shigellosisTreating shigellosis
• manage dehydration
• patients respond to antibiotics– disease duration diminished
٢٩
SalmonellaSalmonella
Flagella
٣٠
SalmonellaSalmonella
•• 2000 antigenic "types2000 antigenic "types””
•• genetically single speciesgenetically single species–– S. S. entericaenterica
•• disease categorydisease category–– S. S. enteritidisenteritidis
–– many serotypesmany serotypes
–– S. S. choleraecholerae--suissuis
–– S. S. typhityphi
٣١
SalmonellosisSalmonellosis
•• S. S. enteritidisenteritidis–– the common salmonella infectionthe common salmonella infection
–– poultry, eggspoultry, eggs–– no human reservoirno human reservoir
–– Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis •• nausea nausea
•• vomiting vomiting
•• nonnon--bloody stoolbloody stool
•• selfself--limiting (2limiting (2 -- 5 days)5 days)
٣٢
SalmonellosisSalmonellosis
uncomplicated cases (the vast majority) antibiotic therapy not useful
٣٣
S.S. choleraecholerae--suissuis
• much less common
• septicemia
• antibiotic therapy essential
٣٤
TyphoidTyphoid•• enteric feverenteric fever
•• severest salmonella diseaseseverest salmonella disease
•• Salmonella Salmonella typhityphi
•• rare in USrare in US
•• epidemicsepidemics
–– third worldthird world
–– Europe Europe
** historical historical
٣٥
SalmonellaSalmonella typhityphi
•• human reservoirhuman reservoir–carrier state common
•• contaminated foodcontaminated food
•• water supplywater supply
•• poor sanitary conditionspoor sanitary conditions
٣٦
TyphoidTyphoid
acute phase, gastroenteritis acute phase, gastroenteritis
gall bladdergall bladder––shedding, weeksshedding, weeks
septicemiasepticemia-- occurs 10occurs 10--14 days14 days–– lasts 7 dayslasts 7 days
gastrointenteritisgastrointenteritis
٣٧
S.S. typhityphi
•• Vi (capsular) antigen Vi (capsular) antigen –– protectiveprotective
٣٨
TyphoidTyphoid --TherapyTherapy
•• AntibioticsAntibiotics
–– essentialessential
•• Vaccines Vaccines
–– ineffectiveineffective
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YersiniosisYersiniosis
• Yersinia entercolitica–gastroenteritis
– Scandinavia common
– US*colder regions
٤٠
YersiniosisYersiniosis
•• transmission transmission
–– fecal contamination, domestic animalsfecal contamination, domestic animals•• water water
•• milkmilk
–– meatmeat
٤١
YersiniaYersinia
Diarrheafeverabdominal painantibiotic therapy recommendedoccassional bacteremia
٤٢
YersiniaYersinia --isolationisolation
cold enrichmentcold enrichment
٤٣
•• similarsimilar•• less severe diseaseless severe disease
Y. Y. pseudotuberculosispseudotuberculosis
٤٤
VibrioVibrio choleraecholerae
٤٥
Vibrios
•• Gram negative rodsGram negative rods
•• comma shapedcomma shaped
•• facultative anaerobesfacultative anaerobes
•• oxidaseoxidase positivepositive
•• simple nutritional requirementssimple nutritional requirements
•• readily cultivatedreadily cultivated
٤٦
OccurrenceOccurrence --choleracholera
• third world
• US
– uncommon
*traveler
*ingestion of sea-food
٤٧food
feces
waterwater–– freshfresh–– saltsalt
Transmission - V.V. choleraecholerae
٤٨
CholeraCholera -- attachmentattachment
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Cholera toxinCholera toxin-- CholeragenCholeragen
•• B binds toB binds to gangliosidesgangliosides
•• provides channel for Aprovides channel for A
•• A catalyses ADPA catalyses ADP--ribosylationribosylation–– regulator complexregulator complex
–– activatesactivates adenylateadenylate cyclasecyclase
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• massive secretion of ions/water into gut lumen
• dehydration and death • therapy
– fluid replacement– antibiotic therapy
• vaccination – partially effective – not generally used– international travelers
CholeraCholera --therapytherapy
٥١
• raw sea-food• grows best in high salt • not common in US• diarrhea
VibrioVibrio parahemolyticusparahemolyticus
٥٢
CAMPYLOBACTERCAMPYLOBACTER && HELICOBACTERHELICOBACTER
•• Gram negative rodsGram negative rods•• curved or spiral curved or spiral •• genetically relatedgenetically related
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CampylobacterCampylobacter
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C.C. jejunijejuni
• infects the intestinal tract of animalsinfects the intestinal tract of animals–– cattle and sheepcattle and sheep–– major cause of abortionsmajor cause of abortions
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Transmission
• milk
• meat products
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CampylobacterCampylobacter
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IsolationIsolation -- CampylobacterCampylobacter
•• microaerophilicmicroaerophilic
•• grows best 42grows best 42ooCC
٥٨
•• diarrheadiarrhea•• malaise malaise •• feverfever•• abdominal painabdominal pain• usually self-limiting • antibiotics occassionally• bacteremia
––small minoritysmall minority
CampylobacterCampylobacter -- symptomssymptoms
٥٩
•• stomach mucosastomach mucosa
•• ulcersulcers
Helicobacter pylori
٦٠
UreaseUrease
•• Important in neutralizing stomach acidImportant in neutralizing stomach acid
٦١
• Culture- urease NH4+ CO2
• mucosal endoscopy NH4
• radioactive CO2 breathafter feeding radioactive urea
DiagnosisDiagnosis --HelicobacterHelicobacter
٦٢
TherapyTherapy -HelicobacterHelicobacter
•• AntibioticsAntibiotics
–– cures ulcerscures ulcers
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Summary statementSummary statement
•• sanitary measures sanitary measures
–– protect the water supply protect the water supply
•• food/water borne epidemics food/water borne epidemics
–– rare US rare US
–– common third worldcommon third world
•• zoonoticzoonotic infections infections
–– contaminated animal products contaminated animal products
–– less well controlledless well controlled
–– common US and elsewherecommon US and elsewhere
٦٤
TherapyTherapy• severe diarrheasevere diarrhea
–– fluid replacement essentialfluid replacement essential
•• antibiotic therapy sometimes used in local antibiotic therapy sometimes used in local infection but always in systemic diseaseinfection but always in systemic disease