Enter. Welcome to you and your brain. You will be navigating through a presentation on your brain. The major parts and functions, how your brain is protected,

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Welcome to you and your brain.

Welcome to you and your brain.

You will be navigating through a presentation on your brain. The major parts and functions, how your brain is protected, how your brain changes, and how your choices affect your brain FOREVER.

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Brain Parts & FunctionsBrain Parts & FunctionsBuilt in SecurityBuilt in Security

Brains needBrains need

Brain developmentBrain development

Your brain, your life, your choices!Your brain, your life, your choices!What the heck’s a neurotransmitterWhat the heck’s a neurotransmitter

Check out 3-D Brain Anatomy for more parts & more functions!

Click on the parts of the brain to to learn more about the function.

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

CerebellumBrain StemTemporal Lobe

Corpus Callosum

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Parts & Functions of the Human Brain

Frontal Lobe

•Found under your frontal bone.

•Center of reasoning, planning, movement (motor cortex), emotions, and problem solving.

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Parietal Lobe

•Found under the parietal bones, near the top of your head.

•Receives and interprets sensory input from the skin. (touch, pressure, temperature, & pain)

Temporal Lobe

•Found on the sides of your head under the temporal bones.

•Functions include speech perception, hearing, some types of memory


Occipital Lobe

•Found at the back of your head, under the occipital bone.

•Receives visual stimuli from the eyes

•Often referred to as the visual cortex


Cerebellum

•Found at the at the back of your head under the cerebrum.

•Means “little brain”

•Responsible for movement, balance, posture.

•Often takes over learned activities- Like riding a bike!

Brainstem

•Most basic part of your brain.

•Controls functions essential to life (breathing, digesting, eliminating waste, sleeping, maintaining body temperature…)

•Maintains these essential life tasks without conscious control


Corpus Callosum

•This is located centrally between the left and right hemispheres of your brain.

•It is a bundle of fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres.

• It is believed this area is involved in creativity and problem solving.

Click here to find out more about split brains!

The protection of your Brain

• Your brain sits inside your skull which protects it from physical damage.

•The cranium is the part of your skull that surrounds the brain.

•The cranium is made up of 8 bones that have fused together. List these bones in your notepacket!

•Your scalp also serves to protect your bones/brain.

Specialized coverings called Meninges: • Dura Mater- outermost

• Arachnoid Layer- middle

• Pia Mater- innermost

Foramen magnum:Opening at base of cranium (occipital bone) where the medulla oblongata extends, and nerves & blood pass into and out of the brain.

Images from http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/skull.html

Image from: www.mayoclinic.com and http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/meninges.html

*Here’s a good way to remember

the order of the meninges (innermost

To outermost): “The meninges PAD

the brain.” (Pia, Arachnoid, Dura) www.washington.edu/chudler/meninges.html

Check out the Meningeal Layers in a REAL brain!

Image from http://faculty.une.edu/com/fwillard/Meninges/

The skull protects your brain from the outside environmental dangers, but what about damage from inside the body itself? E.g., bacteria or viruses?Your brain is protected from the internal environment of your body by the blood brain barrier (BBB). Blood is responsible for moving materials around your body. You do not want all of the potential harmful substances in blood (like bacteria or viruses) to have access to your brain. So the outside of the blood vessels in the brain are made of cells that are VERY tightly packed together. These cells prevent large, unwanted molecules from entering the brain. Unless they are lipids - then they easily pass through.

Protecting your brain -From the inside

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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Brain DevelopmentAt birth you had the majority of all the neurons that make up your brain! But your brain only weighed about 400grams. By now your brain weighs1300-1400 grams. What accounts for the huge change in weight?

This picture shows how neurons change overtime by growing in size. Neurons continue to make new synapses (connections to other neurons) throughout your lifetime.

Click here to see what an

infant “sees”

Image from: Dr. Venkatesh Murthy, Harvard University. “Synapses: from vesicles to circuits” 7/12/05

The Teen BrainThe high school student’s (14-18yr) brain is still growing and developing. In fact these years are not only crucial to development but explain why teenagers think “differently” than adults.

What a teenager chooses to spend his/her time doing will

affect what neuronal connections are kept. The pathways in the brain that

are used are those that are kept. So someone who

spend a lot of time in front of the T.V. or video games will

be forging very different pathways than someone

who is active or spend time reading, or is well balanced

in activities.

http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101040510/brain/

The Teen Brain

These images show how the brain matures from the ages of five to 20. (Keep in mind each individual can be slightly different) The red/yellow colors indicate more gray matter while the blue(s) indicate less gray matter and a more mature brain.

NIMH/UCLA Project Visualizes Maturing Brainhttp://www.loni.ucla.edu/~thompson/DEVEL/PR.html

??Click here to find out what the big deal about gray

matter is!

The Teen BrainDuring the teen years several parts of the brain finish developing.

•The frontal cortex goes through a growth period for approximately12 years, then continues to fine tune the connections. (Known as pruning)The frontal cortex houses your judgment/rational thinking and does not finish developing until about 20 years of age.

•The Corpus Callosum - the fibers that connect the two sides of the brain thicken.

•Cerebellum -recently scientists have thought this area changes a lot during the teen years.

•The Amygdala - found near the Corpus Callosum develops quickly and is where emotions are centered. Many teen brains rely on this center to make decisions before the frontal cortex is fully developed.

Click here to see an Click here to see an experiment showing experiment showing what part of the brain what part of the brain Teens use to process Teens use to process

emotionemotion

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What Matter?The neurons of the nervous system are often divided into two general categories. White Matter and Gray Matter. (The names indicate the color of that type of tissue.)

White Matter Gray Matter

• Generally responsible for carrying information

• White in color due to myelin sheath. • Gray/red in color due to the lack of myelin sheath.

• Generally responsible for processing information. (Nerve impulses are generated here.

Image from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg

What a brain wants, what a brain needs

Your brain cells use 2 times as much energy compared to other body cells.

Your brain cells receive their usable energy from mitochondria (just like other cells). Remember that mitochondria utilize glucose to make usable energy. So your brain NEEDS glucose!!

So your thinking that pop tart and soda you had for breakfast was a good idea? WRONG! Too much sugar at once is BAD and will actually cause a depletion in the amount of sugar available to the brain. You are better off having complex carbohydrates (fruits, veggies, & whole grains) and forget the processed sugar.

What about water? Remember that you’re your cells are mostly water. What would happen if a cell lost water? -It will not function properly. The same is true for your brain cells.

Don’t forget about oxygen! Brain cells begin to die with in minutes of being deprived of oxygen.

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Your Brain, your Life Your Choices!

Click on your choice of topics to find out how choices YOU make affect your brain.

Exercise

Sports

Sleep

DietDrugs

Alcohol

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Why should I care?

SportWhile there are enormous benefits to participating in

sports there are also some dangers to your brain.Some sports are more detrimental to the brain than others (boxing, football, soccer, horse back riding, bike riding, etc.)and a general awareness of the dangers is important. The CDC estimates that every year 300,000 sports-related concussions occur in the U.S. A concussion is a minor form of brain trauma where the individual loses consciousness for a short period of time. There is some concern regarding Second Impact Syndrome (SIS), when an athlete receives a second concussion before healing from the previous one. According to an Article in Discover magazine recent studies have shown that “football players with three or more concussions suffer depression at three times the normal rate.” The same article also sites a study comparing mental skills of soccer players to swimmers and runners that found soccer players are 3-4 times more likely to have deficits in memory and planning skills. To read "Lights Out" in December's (2004) issue of Discover click here. Studies indicate that repeated brain trauma can lead to long term problems. Muhammad Alli suffers from pugilistic Parkinson's syndrome (caused by repeated blows to the head) after a career of boxing.

Remember that brain cells DO NOT REGENERATE-when brain cells die they are gone forever.

Wearing a helmet when bike riding can reduce traumatic brain injury by 85%. Click on the helmet to learn more about concussions.Click here to read about

the statistics of high school and concussions

The Damage Caused by Concussion

Remember that brain cells DO NOT REGENERATE when brain cells die they are gone forever.

Graphic By Bryan Christie: Yeoman, Barry “Lights Out” Discover (online) December 2004 http://www.discover.com/images/issues/dec-04/sports-illus-65k.jpg

The Neurocascade

Stage 1: An impact slams the brain against the skull

Stage 2: To fuel the absorption of new potassium, the neuron consumes glucose.

Stage 3: The calcium clogged mitochondria are starved for oxygen causing a neuronal energy crisis. Blood flow drops and cells begin to die.

RIPNeuron

Your Life MenuYour Life Menu

Exercise

According to the Franklin institute online nearly 50% of people ages 12-21 do not participate in physical activity.

Less than 1/4 get at least a half hour of any type of physical activity!

Exercise has the following effects on our brains:

• increases cerebral blood flow which is important for brain growth/development and functioning

• increase in cognitive abilities

• a positive effect on neurotransmitters

• enhances our mood (there are conflicting theories why our mood is affected but there is agreement that it is affected)

A study in mice showed that those mice that exercised (using a wheel) were better able to learn and navigate a maze.

It’s hard to imagine being old when you are young! But studies show that daily exercise helps keep your brain young. It decreases brain tissue loss.

Animation from: http://philkaplan.com/thefitnesstruth/smallgroups.htm


SleepIf you spend an average 8 hours a day sleeping, how much of one year do you sleep away? If we “waste”

this much time sleeping there MUST be some value for our bodies.It seems as if we are not doing ANYTHING while we sleep,

however if we take a close look at our brains we will find that our brains are very active while our bodies sleep. Examine the graphs below, notice how active our brain is when we are asleep compared with awake!

Scientists still are not sure why we sleep but there are two theories.

Why we sleep?Two Theories:

1. Restorative Value

2. Adaptive Value

This is the theory that sleep has an restorative advantage. The body uses sleep time to recover from the mental and physical work that was done during the day. It is thought that REM sleep is used to restore mental functions and may even help reinforce new connections. (neuronal connections are believed to be the basis to learning and memory) SWS sleep is thought to allow physical recovery. Look at the graph on the previous page and compare the different types of sleep to the recorded brain and muscle activity.

Which animal sleeps the most? Take a guess then click here to find the answer.

Image from: http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/bear/

This is the theory that sleep has an adaptive advantage. While an animal was not foraging for food, hunting, etc the animal could conserve energy. Which do you think sleeps more the hunter or the hunted?

Lack of SleepAccording to the an article posted on the Society of Neuroscience web site a recent study showed the importance of sleep to procedural memory. The researchers had subjects repeatedly type a sequence using a key board. They found that there was no significant improvement when the subjects were tested 12 hours later. But there was a 20% improvement when the subjects had a full night sleep in between the original learning and being tested again.

We all know that lack of sleep makes us cranky, makes it difficult to concentrate on a task (listening to a lecture!), it slows down our reaction time, and even seems to make it more difficult to solve a problem.

Although sleep deprivation can lead to problems, including death, the verdict is still

out on whether or not 8 hours of sleep a night is going to help you live longer, so stay

tuned.Your Life MenuYour Life Menu

DietAs discussed previously your brain requires large amounts of glucose as a fuel source. But your brain requires other resources as well. Brains need a variety of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and lipids to function. Brains do more then use energy they also form new synapses (learning), make repairs to damaged cells, produce neurotransmitters, and more. All of these tasks require a variety of materials for successful brain function. Malnutrition while the brain is growing leads to obvious problems. It’s like running out of lumber before the house is built- no lumber the house does not get built, no nutrition - the brain does not get built. Remember if your body is starved so is your brain.

If your blood gets overdosed with sugar because you consumed too much glucose this can slow your brain down. If you want to have full mental capacity not only should you eat a “balanced diet” but stick to whole grains, veggies, fruits, and avoid pop tarts, cookies, candy…..

ToxinsLead

Mercury

Lead is quite toxic to the brain and is most dangerous to those whose brains are still developing. Lead blocks the majority of neurotransmitters by blocking Calcium channels. Pencil lead is not truly made of lead, in fact you probably are not exposed to very much lead on a daily basis. The major source of lead poisoning in young people is old lead paint.

What the heck is a

neurotransmitter?

Wright, Karen “Our Preferred Poison: A little mercury is all that humans need to do away with themselves quietly, slowly, and surely” DISCOVER Vol. 26 No. 03 March 2005

Every heard of the Mad Hatter? The fictional character from “Alice in Wonderland” who is found to be having a lovely tea party with no one in particular. This character was based on real life hatters who often went “mad” due to mercury poisoning, which often happened to individuals who made felt hats. Mercury is one of the most toxic substances known to man, it causes a number of problems which include neurological conditions. Mercury is an industrial pollutant and does build up in certain types of fish. There are certain limits to the amount of some types of fish people eat. But don’t use this as an excuse there are also omega-3 Fatty acids in fish that are GOOD for your brain.


Illegal DrugsClick on the drug below to find out how it affects the brain.

MarijuanaMarijuanaEcstasyEcstasy

CocaineCocaine

More information on drugs and the

brain


HeroinHeroin

MarijuanaMarijuana contains a molecule, elta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC for short), that binds to receptors found in brain neurons. The receptors are called cannabinoid receptors are found in the parts of the brain associated with memory, concentration, perception and movement. When THC binds to the receptors the nerve function is disrupted

“Why do we have cannabinoid receptors in our

brains?

We produce a chemical called anandamide which binds to cannabinoid receptors just like THC does. Scientists are not sure what anandamide does in the brain.

There is no known long term effect (although there is some suggestion that THC may affect memory) on the brain but there are temporary effects:

•Relaxation•Reduced coordination

•Lowered blood pressure

•Sleepiness

•Difficulty concentrating

• Altered sense of space and time.

•Hallucinations

•Delusions

•Impaired memory

•Disorientation

Illegal Drugs MenuIllegal Drugs Menu

Ecstasy Ecstasy,3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine or "MDMA”

is a dangerous drug to party with. There are risks of dying during use but this page will discuss long term affects on

the brain. MDMA (Ecstasy) affects serotonin in the brain by causing the release of serotonin, keeping serotonin from being cleaned up, and depleting available serotonin. This leads to an elevated mood but the loss of serotonin will lead to a depression of the mood. Maybe even worse than the depression that follows ecstasy is the damage caused to brain cells. Examine the picture to the right, notice the extensive damage several weeks after ecstasy use and even after seven years the damage is still very visible.

Did you know that ecstasy was first invented and used as a medicinal drug but the use was stopped after scientists found it caused brain damage. Illegal Drugs MenuIllegal Drugs Menu

CocaineCocaine is a VERY dangerous drug, it can

cause long term damage to your brain and death. Cocaine acts by blocking dopamine removal within the brain, especially in the reward centers of the brain. A

rewarding event causes the release of dopamine in the brain and is associated with good feelings. Cocaine blocks the removal of the neurotransmitter dopamine causing it to build up between neurons which leads to constant firing of those neurons producing the good feelings. When the effects of cocaine wear off the individual often starts to feel depressed, which leads to the next use (to stop the depressed feeling). Cocaine can lead to death because it increases blood pressure and constricts blood vessels which can lead to a stroke (bleeding in the brain). Recent studies have found that cocaine causes a depletion in memory and higher brain function.

Image from: http://www.nida.nih.gov/pubs/teaching/Teaching4.html

“The PET scan allows one to see how the brain uses glucose; glucose provides energy to each neuron so it can perform work. The scans show where the cocaine interferes with the brain's use of glucose - or its metabolic activity. The left scan is taken from a normal, awake person. The red color shows the highest level of glucose utilization (yellow represents less utilization and blue shows the least). The right scan is taken from a cocaine abuser on cocaine. It shows that the brain cannot use glucose nearly as effectively – hence the loss of red compared to the left scan. There are many areas of the brain that have reduced metabolic activity. The continued reduction in the neurons' ability to use glucose (energy) results in disruption of many brain functions.” NIDA


Click here to see an animation of cocaine’s affect on the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Heroin

Or you can spell it by its chemical name: diacetylmorphine.

In 1973, scientists discovered that the brain had receptors for opiates. In other words, there are places on neurons that recognize opiates. These receptors were located in parts of the brain important for breathing, pain and emotions. The discovery of opiate receptors in the brain raised the question as to why neurons would have such receptors. Two years later, scientists found the answer: the brain manufactures its own opiates known as "endorphins." Endorphins are always in the brain, but they are released in greater amounts when people and animals are in pain or under stress.


AlcoholAlcohol is a small molecule that easily passes the blood brain barrier. (Remember the blood brain barrier protects your brain from internal

invaders and chemicals) Alcohol is very easily absorbed by the body and the brain.

Research shows that alcohol consumption before the brain has finished developing leads to less development. Alcohol introduced during brain development causes problems with the brain systems associated with learning and memory .

The images to the left shows an alcoholic man and a non-alcoholic man. Notice the ventricle space is much larger in the alcoholic man. Long-term drinking results in loss of brain tissue as well as causes other damage to the brain


NeurotransmittersNeurons must be able to communicate

with each other they do this by passing on signals. There are two types of ways neurons signal one another, both result in a charge flowing from one neuron to the next. Neurotransmitters are one way neurons signal each other. One neuron releases a “neurotransmitter” and the other neuron has special receptors that bind to the transmitter thus sending information. There are hundreds of neurotransmitters below are just a few.

SerotoninDopamineEpinephrineAcetylcholine

Click here to see an animation of neurotransmitters in action.

Image from: http://www.besttreatments.co.uk/btuk/images/epilepsy_neurotransmitter.gif

This is a picture of three neurons, each neuron is connected to at LEAST one other neuron. The zoomed in portion shows how neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and bind to the next.

Click here for more

information about neurotransmitters

Click here for more

information about neurotransmitters

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Image from: http://www.wonderquest.com/images/2004-04-09-brain.jpg

Why should I care?

Why should I care?

Your brain is like a computer with one REALLY big difference. You can back up all the information on your computer and if it crashes you can restore all the information. Once the neurons in our brains that held a particular memory or knew how to speak are gone we can’t get them back.


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Enter. Welcome to you and your brain. You will be navigating through a presentation on your brain. The major parts and functions, how your brain is protected,