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Ensured Operations in the Commons: Counter-AA/AD Technologies of Interest
Stefanie Tompkins Deputy Director, Strategic Technology Office
Briefing prepared for the National Defense Industrial Association 9th Annual Disruptive Technologies Conference
5 December 2012
1 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.
Formed in 1958 to PREVENT and CREATE strategic surprise.
Capabilities, mission focused
Finite duration projects
Diverse performers
Multi-disciplinary approach…from
basic research to system engineering
As the DoD’s innovation engine, we are committed to the boldest, creative leaps…
2 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.
Engaging with DARPA
Comms, Networks, &
Electronic Warfare
Finding Difficult Targets (ISR)
Shaping the Environment
Advanced Weapon Systems
Advanced Platforms
Advanced
Space Systems
Global ISR
Cyber
Social Networks
Computational Social Science
Language
Transparency
Edge Finding
Training/ Education
Basic Science
Core
Devices
Integration
Power
Architectures
Application
Physical Sciences
Materials
Mathematics
Training &
Human Effectiveness
Biological Warfare Defense
Biology
DSO MTO I2O TTO STO AEO Agile
Programs with
Frequent Development
Cycles
Conduct Systematic Rigorous
Assessments
Explore New Contracting Approaches
Develop Strong
Relationships
Defense Sciences
Office
Microsystems Technology
Office
Information Innovation
Office
Tactical Technology
Office
Adaptive Execution
Office
Strategic Technology
Office
3 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.
4
STO focus areas
STO focus areas support critical military capabilities in all strategic environments:
• Communications– assured and reliable high bandwidth wireless worldwide with limited spectrum availability, contested RF operations, limited infrastructure, physical security, leverage of commercial technologies.
• ISR - finding difficult targets (underwater, underground, under canopy, inside of buildings, in a crowd, in weather, etc.) including ISR over denied areas.
• Navigation - GPS-equivalent location accuracy in GPS-denied areas, through flexible navigation systems that can be rapidly integrated and reconfigured to support air, land, and sea platforms in their operational environments.
Shaping the Environment
• All environment PNT. • Asymmetric warfare. • Extreme environment
operations.
ISR
• Finding difficult targets. • ISR in denied areas.
Comms, Networks and EW
• Warfighter access to timely information.
• Communications in complex environments.
• Efficient spectrum utilization.
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5
Communications
Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.
1.000E-03
1.000E-02
1.000E-01
1.000E+00
1.000E+01
1.000E+02
1.000E+03
1.000E+04
1.000E+05
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Peta
Byte
s pe
r m
onth
Global Internet Traffic
Military Communication Capacity
6
Communication leadership has reversed which has created new challenges
Military growth rate: 10x in 25 years
Source: Cisco
Source: Communications Week
Commercial growth rate: 10x in 5 years
OSD Mandates JTRS
In 20 years, Military Communications went from 1000x more capacity than Commercial to 1000x less today.
• Military communications today results from decisions made in the 1990s.
• But we didn’t predict:
• The rate of commercial traffic growth.
• The evolving diversity of services.
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Why not just use cellular communications?
Data rate per node (Mbits per second per node) – Link Capacity
10-2 10-1 10 102 103 104 1 105
106
105
104
103
102
10
1
10-3
Commercial delivers service to populated areas using fixed infrastructure
# Personnel deployed in Afghanistan
# Navy ships
# Army squads
Voice phone call
Smart phone
Residential Internet
Enterprise Internet
Internet core link rate
# Army brigades
Military needs to cover geography while mobile
How do we replicate commercial infrastructure capability with military constraints?
3G smartphones and JTRS have similar basic radio capability
Washington DC Area Base Stations
Size of an individual cell or cluster
Num
ber o
f nod
es –
Per
vasi
vene
ss
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High interference • Persistent, aggressive
jamming. • Congested spectrum. • Lack of spectrum
coordination.
Aggressive Exploitation • Signal Geolocation. • Signal Fingerprinting. • Signal Interception. • Encryption. • Cyber Attack.
Austere environments • Temperature range. • Shock, vibration. • Altitude. • Abuse. • SWAP, Battery life.
Just use commercial technology?
Military unique operations limit commercial applicability
What tactical communications does the military need?
8 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.
9
Technology enablers • Aligned with commercial:
• Components to access more spectrum.
• Low power devices. • Efficient data dissemination.
• Military-specific:
• High power RF and optical components.
• Security.
System capabilities • Aligned with commercial:
• Spectrum sharing. • High frequency communications (short
range). • Architectures and processes for rapid
technology refresh. • Interoperable devices via the network. • Black core.
• Military-specific: • High frequency communications (long
range). • Communications with and without
infrastructure. • Electronic protection (e.g. AJ, anti-geo). • High assuredness.
Building blocks
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10
Communication vision (localregionalglobal)
GLOBAL
REGIONAL
LOCAL
Lower Tier(WNAN/ MG)
Mid Tier
Upper/ ISR Tier(FOENEX/ ISIS/ ARGUS)
ISIS
ARGUS
WNAN/MG
Coalition
WNANMG MG
MG MG
FOB
Cell Tower
• CENTCOM Focus (1995-2012) • Mobile Ground Forces - Cost, SWAP, and Assurance
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11
Some key challenges for advanced architectures • Communications in RF-denied environments. • Counter advances in adversary electronic warfare capabilities. • Multifunctional devices.
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Recent initiatives
WNAN • Commercial components for rapid
and cost-effective refresh. • Integrate SoA spectrum access
and mobile networking technologies.
MAINGATE • IP-Based voice and data
interoperability via gateway. • Federated security approach
(black core). • Mobile ad hoc network backbone.
Fixed Wireless at a Distance • Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output
Distributed antennas. • Mbps at 10’s of kilometers.
FOB Protecte
d towers
Aerostat
Strategic
Terrain
Passive Reflect
ors
500 ft
5,000 ft
Ground Vehicle FOB
Shadow UAV
UHF(10 Mb/s/radio)
Shadow UAV
Mobile Hot Spots • Leverage of commercial millimeter wave
components. • Increase power levels to achieve military
range requirements. • Low SWAP for small platforms.
12
Comms, Networks and EW programs provide Warfighter access to timely information, communications in complex environments, and efficient spectrum utilization.
13
ISR
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14
ISR landscape
ISR in current operations has been characterized by an environment that is generally permissive access for our sensors and sensor platforms. • Most of the focus has been on tracking vehicles/people and mapping the
environment. • This is a data-rich environment limited only by the cost (time/money) of
collection and our ability to convert information to knowledge.
There is an additional set of important targets for which, even in permissive environments, only limited and often ambiguous signals can be collected. • These data-poor environments include finding WMD, submarines, tunnels,
activity inside of buildings, as well as human ID.
As the current conflicts wind down, it is likely that the need to collect against areas that are restrictive access will increase. • This greatly complicates ISR for both data-rich and data poor environments.
Each region (permissive/restricted, data-rich/data-poor) has its own set of technical challenges.
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15
ISR landscape – challenges
Operational challenges
Collection characteristics
Technical challenges permissive access
(e.g., Iraq, Afghanistan)
Technical challenges
restricted access (e.g., Iran, N. Korea)
• Tracking vehicles and dismounts
• 3D mapping • Uncovering
Social/Cyber networks
Data-Rich - collection limited by number/availability of assets and ability to derive knowledge from information
• Performance vs. cost (time, personnel, funds)
• Exploitation/big data
• Vulnerability – cost trade • Sensor/platform capabilities
• Tracking submarines
• Finding WMD • Finding Tunnels • Activity inside of
buildings • Human ID • Operations in
challenged environments
Data-Poor – limited signals that are often ambiguous
• Understanding “physics” of
signatures • Developing/tailoring sensors
and sensor systems to balance Pd, Pfa
• Area coverage
Finding Difficult Targets
Operate at Standoff
Operate within denied space
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16
ISR landscape – STO focus
Operational challenges
Collection characteristics
Technical challenges permissive access
(e.g., Iraq, Afghanistan)
Technical challenges
restricted access (e.g., Iran, N. Korea)
• Tracking vehicles and dismounts
• 3D mapping • Uncovering
Social/Cyber networks
Data-Rich - collection limited by number/availability of assets and ability to derive knowledge from information
• HALOE • ISIS • ARGUS
• ISIS • Multi-function Sensing • DASH • MIST • ADAPT
• Tracking submarines
• Finding WMD • Finding Tunnels • Human ID • Activity inside of
buildings • Operation in
challenged environments
Data-Poor – limited signals that are often ambiguous
• DASH • MIST • ViSAR • ISIS • HALOE • Radio Map • Arctic
Finding Difficult Targets
Operate at standoff
Operate within denied space
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17
Integrated Sensor Is Structure (ISIS)
Brown Water
Blue Water
Urban
SEA LAND AIR
Foliage Penetration
Pulse-to-Pulse aperture reconfiguration enables all missions simultaneously
• Designed for 10 year operational lifetime (launch and forget).
• No in-theater ground support. • Potential for substantial reduction in O&S
cost.
• Precision knowledge of all air and ground moving targets to include foliage obscured.
• Engagement quality target tracks – air, ground, and maritime.
• 24/7/365 sensing with 99% on-station capability.
Gro
und
targ
ets
Air
targ
ets
High altitude, precision radar provides an all weather, high-definition, integrated picture of all moving targets.
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18
Distributed Agile Submarine Hunting (DASH)
Goal: • Search (>500 x 500 km) and hold (track) targets – at reduced risk and cost:
• Active sonar has long range but episodic holding. • Passive sonar has short range but continuous holding. • Achieve both with scalable distributed systems that standoff from water line.
Approach: • Sonar from below. • Non-acoustic sensing from above.
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19
Technical opportunities
Finding Difficult Targets
•New system concepts for collecting hidden or difficult data.
•Combining sensor modalities and exploiting new algorithms.
•Computational approaches for otherwise unachievable resolution and ranges.
Overarching opportunities
•Leveraging commercial products and practices.
•Providing multifunctional sensor systems for increased capability at reduced system weight and power.
Operate at standoff • Sensor resolution vs. range and cost.
• Nontraditional sensing modalities.
Operate within denied space
• Risk-tolerant advantage with distributed, lower-cost sensors .
• Survivable sensors (countermeasure-resistant) and sensor platforms.
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Making sensors cost-effective and weight/power efficient
• Adapt commercial hardware and software development processes for use with military sensor system development.
• Rapid manufacture of sensor systems that incorporates new optical components and fabrication methods.
• Multifunctional sensor systems for increased capability at reduced system weight and power.
Low cost sensor systems through the use of commercial development processes
Manufacturable GRIN lenses (MGRIN)
Above - First ADAPT hardware delivered in July 2012
ADAPT
20 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.
21
STO focus areas
STO focus areas support critical military capabilities in all strategic environments:
• Communications– assured and reliable high bandwidth wireless worldwide with limited spectrum availability, contested RF operations, limited infrastructure, physical security, leverage of commercial technologies.
• ISR - finding difficult targets (underwater, underground, under canopy, inside of buildings, in a crowd, in weather, etc.) including ISR over denied areas.
• Navigation - GPS-equivalent location accuracy in GPS-denied areas, through flexible navigation systems that can be rapidly integrated and reconfigured to support air, land, and sea platforms in their operational environments.
Shaping the Environment
• All environment PNT. • Asymmetric warfare. • Extreme environment
operations.
ISR
• Finding difficult targets. • ISR in denied areas.
Comms, Networks and EW
• Warfighter access to timely information.
• Communications in complex environments.
• Efficient spectrum utilization.
Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.
www.darpa.mil
22 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited.