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ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS René Garreaud 1 and Art Miller 2 1 Universidad de Chile 2 Scripps Institution of Oceanography ICTP-CLIVAR Summer School on EBUS July 19, 2019

ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

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Page 1: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial

Teleconnections to EBUS

René Garreaud1 and Art Miller2

1Universidad de Chile 2Scripps Institution of Oceanography

ICTP-CLIVAR Summer School on EBUS

July 19, 2019

Page 2: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Desde cuando conocemos El Niño?

Gentileza de Ken Takahashi, IGP

Page 3: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Cálido y lluvioso

Cálido

Lluvioso

Verano

Invierno

Page 4: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Weather and Climate

Affecting the EBUS (CCS)• Weather: Short time scale (days): Affects things

directly - storms, rain, winds, heat waves, extreme events, balmy days

Winter storms Summer stratocumulus

Page 5: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Weather and Climate

Affecting the EBUS (CCS)• Climate: Long time scale (averages over months,

seasons, years, trends) accumulation of weather events that we assume to be meaningful

Aleutian Low: Winter North Pacific High: Summer

Stratocumulus Deck

(Marine Layer)

Storm Track

Variations

Page 6: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

A

Continente MarítimoPosa cálida

Baja presiónTermoclina profundaConvección Profunda

Anticiclónsubtropical

Cinturón delos Oestes

Condición media: Asimetría zonal y acoplamiento OA

Colores indican TSMFlechas delgadas viento en superficie

Pacifico OrientalLengua fríaAltas presionesTermoclina someraSubsidencia

© RGS @ DGF-UCh + CR2

Page 7: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

ENSO variability around the averages:

What controls the oceanic response? Focus on Winter: Strong Forcing => Strong response

Large-scale climate pattern variations organize

the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology

-Defining an ENSO Index and relating to biological variables

is frequently done, but…

-Physical processes in the ocean can vary in space and

can therefore affect the biology in different ways

-Understanding these processes is therefore critical to

unraveling mechanisms of biological variations

-Plus, lagged effects of ENSO forcing in the ocean

may have additional predictable components

Page 8: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO
Page 9: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Tropical Pacific Climatology

32˚F 68˚F 86˚FCourtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 10: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

WEP EEP

Courtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 11: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Tropical Pacific Climatology

32˚F 68˚F 86˚FCourtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 12: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Westerly wind bursts

Courtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 13: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

WEP EEP

Sea surface height

Courtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 14: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Variabilidad interanual en el Pacifico tropicalEN, LN (aT>0.5°C por 3 meses) : 1-2 años de duración, cada 3-7 años

Page 15: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Walker Circulation

Normal

Courtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 16: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Walker Circulation

El Niño

Courtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 17: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Introducción a la Meteorología – ENOS

UCH/FCFM/DGF – R. Garreaud

Page 18: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Estan la OS y EN asociados? SI.....

El Niño (TSM sobre el promedio) Anticiclón del Pacifico relativamente bajo

La Niña (TSM bajo el promedio) Anticiclón del Pacifico relativamente alto

Introducción a la Meteorología – ENOS

UCH/FCFM/DGF – R. Garreaud

Page 19: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

ENSO Indices

Courtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 20: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Bjerknes Feedback

Westerly wind burst

(weakened trades)

Flatten thermocline,

warm SSTAs

Shifted

Walker Circulation

Courtesy: Dillon Amaya

Page 21: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Mantención de El Niño: Mecanismo de Bjerknes(También refleja acoplamiento O-A: SST, SLP, Viento)

Page 22: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Iniciación de ENSO

• “Westerly wind bursts” asociados a MJO o Monzón del Asia

• Termoclina profunda en la región ecuatorial parece condición necesaria pero no

suficiente

1996-1998

Evolution

SST, Wind, OLR

150E – 90W

Along Equator

Page 23: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Mecanismos de transición de fase:

1. Teoría del oscilador retardado (Delayed Oscillator: Schopf and

Suarez 1988; Battisti and Hirtz, 1989): La memoria del océano es

provista por la profundidad de la termoclina mediante la propagación

y reflexión de ondas oceánicas. En este caso, el periodo de ENSO

es determinado por la velocidad de fase de las ondas en juego.

2. Teoría del oscilador recargado (Wyrtki 1975; Jin 1997): La memoria

del océano es provista por la profundidad promedio de la termoclina

la cual esta permanentemente fuera de equilibrio con el esfuerzo del

viento en la franja ecuatorial.

3. Otras teorías (oscilador advectivo-reflectivo, oscilador unificado).

Page 24: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Mecanismo de Bjerknes explica mantención de EN(LN)…pero cual es el gatillo?

WWB: Westerly wind burst1996-1998

Evolution

Wind, 20C-depth, SST

40E – 90W

2N-2S ave

Page 25: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Mecanismo de Bjerknes explica mantención de EN(LN)…pero cual es el gatillo?

WWB: Westerly wind burst

Page 26: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Cold

Warm20°S

20°N

Westerly Wind Burst

Downwelling

Trades (E)

Cold anomaly

Page 27: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

V’ > 0

Page 28: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Horel and Wallace, 1981

Classic Atmospheric Teleconnections from El Nino…

Hadley Cell contraction induced by tropical convection changes

Hot Box for

forcing PNA pattern

Karoly 1989

Hot Box for

forcing PSA pattern

DJF

Boreal winter Austral winter

Page 29: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO
Page 30: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Stronger upper-Level ST Jet

Climo. Storm Track

EN years Storm Track

H

Blocking High

WeakenedST High

H

Drier/WarmerDJF

Wetter-OND

Wetter-JJA

Drier-DJF

Colder

Wetter-JFMA

Warmer - DJF

Principales impactos climáticos durante años El Niño

Page 31: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Principales impactos climáticos durante años El NiñoCorrelación de Nino3.4 con precipitación y temperatura

Seco

LLuvioso

Cálido

Page 32: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Alexander et al., 2002

Seasonal Dependence of SLP and SST Teleconnections

(composite EN-LN, but actually non-linear)

Winter Summer

FallSpring

Page 33: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Local Oceanic Response to the Atmospheric Anomalies:

Dynamics and Thermodynamics

of Upper Ocean Variability

Dynamics of Currents: (Adiabatic Forcing)

Wind Stress (Ekman transport: Coastal upwelling)

Wind Stress Curl (Ekman pumping: Open-Ocean upwelling)

Thermodynamics of Ocean Temperature: (Diabatic Forcing)

Surface Heat Flux (Latent, Sensible, solar, radiative)

Advection (due to currents: Ekman, pressure-gradient, upwelled)

Vertical turbulent mixing

When the winds change, all these effects act together,

but in different relative strength in different places….

Page 34: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

ENSO variability around the Averages:

What controls the oceanic response? Focus on Winter: Strong Forcing => Strong response

Focus on Interannual to Interdecadal time scales

Aleutian Low anomalies force

surface heat fluxes,

Ekman current advection,

and turbulent mixing

(diabatic effects) to drive

East-West pattern of SST

Miller et al. (2004)

Nino

Page 35: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

ENSO variability around the Averages:

What controls the oceanic response? Focus on Winter: Strong Forcing => Strong response

Focus on Interannual to Interdecadal time scales

Aleutian Low anomalies force

surface heat fluxes,

Ekman current advection,

and turbulent mixing

(diabatic effects) to drive

East-West pattern of SST

Additionally, Aleutian Low

wind stress curl anomalies force

(adiabatically) thermocline

anoms (Ekman pumping)

that change the circulation of

the CCS and sea levelMiller et al. (2004)

Nino

Nino

Page 36: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Oceanic ENSO TeleconnectionsCoastally trapped Kelvin-like waves have potential

to travel from Equator to the California Coast

to alter the thermocline depth and currents

- Difficult to traverse Gulf of California

- Deformation radius ~25km

- More transient

- Radiation into Rossby waves loses energy

Atmospheric Teleconnections

- More persistent

- Drive thermocline anomalies of same sign

- Broader scale ~1000km

Page 37: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Courtesy: Boris DeWitt

Page 38: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Courtesy: Boris DeWitt

Page 39: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Ecosystem Response

• Bottom-up versus Top-Down (or “Side-In”)

- Productivity versus Habitat Suitability

(spawning especially) and Physiology

- Hostile environmental changes –

acidification, hypoxia, etc.

Page 40: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Model simulation of Ecological Response to ENSO

3-month lagged correlation NINO-3.4 with Model

(Nathali Cordero-Quiros et al., 2019)

Page 41: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Courtesy: Boris DeWitt

Page 42: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Thanks!

ICTP-CLIVAR Summer School on EBUS

July 19, 2019

René Garreaud and Art Miller

Page 43: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Three surprisingly Niños

René D. Garreaud1,2

1. Centro del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR22. Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile

DJF 2015 DJF 2016 DJF 2017

Page 44: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Niño3.4

Niño1+2

Time (mark indicates January)

Failed

Godzilla

Coastal

6-month lead prediction range

What happened in the last decade?

Tres niños sorprendentesEN

SO In

dex

(°C

)

3.41+2

El Niño

La Niña

Page 45: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Mecanismo de Bjerknes explica mantención de EN(LN)…pero cual es el gatillo?

WWB: Westerly wind burst

Page 46: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

S. Hu and A. Fedorov; PNAS 2016

WWB: Westerly wind burst

2014

Que pasó el 2014?

Page 47: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

WWB

2014

EWB: Easterly wind burst

S. Hu and A. Fedorov; PNAS 2016

Que pasó el 2014?

Page 48: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Our findings suggest that EWBs, when occurring during the development phase of El Niño, represent another important factor limiting this predictability. A more comprehensive investigation of EWBs will be needed to address all relevant questions, including for example, what causes EWBs during El Niño development…

…the occurrence of the June of 2014 EWB, the strongest during satellite observations, coincided with the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, with persistently stronger easterly Trade winds….

Buuu….El Niño 2014 “falló” pero sembró una buena semilla….

Page 49: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Karumuri Ashok & Toshio Yamagata

Nature 461, 481-484(24 September 2009)

Alisios más intensos / Mayor InsolaciónMayor surgencia en Pac. OrientalMayor hundimiento en Pac. Occidental

Energía ingresa al océanoCorrientes distribuyen el calor lateramente

Alisios más débilesMenor surgencia en Pac. OrientalAumento de evaporación (LE)

Energía sale del océanoAtmosfera distribuye la energía globalmente

Fases ENSO como un sistema de carga/descarga de Energía

Page 50: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

SST (Niño3.4)

Heat Content

Page 51: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

EWBWWB

Page 52: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Finalmente la energía se descargó

Page 53: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Y bueno, después del calentamiento…(EN2016)

Page 54: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Perspectivas para el verano 2017….

Frío, frío

Page 55: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Perspectivas para el verano 2017….

Frío, frío

Page 56: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Y de pronto… El Niño costero 2017

Niño3.4

Niño1+2

Time (mark indicates January)

6-month lead prediction range

ENSO

Ind

ex (°C

)

3.41+2

El Niño

La Niña

Coastal

Page 57: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Southern Oscillation Index

Niño 3.4 (°C)

Niñ

o 1

+2 (°C

)

JFM Mean ENSO Indices1870-2017

1925

Diversidad de eventos El Niño/La Niña….

1998

2016

1983

1878

2017

Page 58: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Gentileza Ken Takahashi, IGP

Page 59: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

LE = f(u,Ta,SST)RS

Viento costero y SST…el huevo y la gallina?

Garreaud 2018b

SST Viento costero ???

Page 60: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

Garreaud 2018b

Calentamiento costero y precipitación

Page 61: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

NW Peru storms, 03 March 2017 GPM radar 17 dBZ isosurfaceSource: Harold Pierce, NASA GSFC

Calentamiento costero y precipitación>200 fallecidos, 3.1 Bill US$

Page 62: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO
Page 63: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

(a) 200 hPa height and OLR anomalies (15-30 January 2017)

(b) Rainfall deciles January 2017

El ardiente verano 2017

Page 64: ENSO and Tropical-Subtropcial Teleconnections to EBUS · Large-scale climate pattern variations organize the oceanic physical processes that affect ocean biology-Defining an ENSO

(b) Zonal wind anomaly, 15-31 Jan 2017, 280°E

Hei

ght

[m A

SL]

Latitude

El ardiente verano 2017