Enlightenment. England Elizabeth I died childless, so her cousin James from Scotland became king = James I

Enlightenment

England

Elizabeth I died childless, so her cousin James from Scotland became king = James I

England

James I believed in divine right, absolute power = many fights with Parliament over $

James I was best known for supporting the creation of the King James version of the Bible

England

Charles I succeeded James and also believed in divine right

He wanted $ for his wars = petition Paliament

England Parliament exchanged $ for Charles I signing the

Petition of Right

The Petition of Right had 4 points King cannot imprison subjects without due cause King could not get taxes without Parliament King could not house soldiers in civilian homes King could not impose martial law in peacetime

England

Charles dissolved Parliament for 8 years until he needed $ to fight Scotland

Parliament tried to limit the king’s power = king arrested members = start of English Civil War

England

Charles (Cavaliers) v Parliament (Roundheads)

England Oliver Cromwell led the

Parliament forces and defeated Charles I

He then executed Charles I = 1st king executed

Cromwell then created the Commonwealth of England and became a military dictator

England

Cromwell outlawed sinful activities

After Cromwell’s death, England wanted the king to come back = Restoration = Charles II takes over

England

Habeas Corpus = a person cannot be held in prison for opposing a king

England Charles II = no children =

brother James II became king

James II was Catholic and England was not

Whig party did not want James and the Tories did

England James II had a son who would be Catholic = Parliament

got rid of James = Glorious Revolution

Called Glorious Revolution because of no bloodshed James’s daughter and her husband became king and

queen = William and Mary

England

Parliament created the English Bill of Rights = limited royal power

This turned England into a constitutional monarchy (laws limit the king’s power)

ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Medieval View of Science

*Unquestioning

*Based on ancient teachings or The Bible

*Geocentric Theory of the universe-the Earth was at the center and all the rest revolved around it.



The Scientific Revolution was a new way of looking at the world based on careful observation and a questioning of accepted beliefs.



What brought on the Scientific Revolution?

New ideas during the Renaissance

Translation of ancient Muslim manuscripts brought new knowledge to Europe

Exploration brought new knowledge and a willingness to accept new truths

New advances in math and astronomy

associated with exploration



NEW MODEL OF

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Copernicus studied astronomy and realized the sun was at the center. He proposed the heliocentric, sun centered theory.

Copernicus Kepler



A circular path did not fully explain the movement of the planets.

Johannes Kepler proved mathematically that Copernicus was basically correct, but it was an elliptical orbit, rather than circular.

Scientific Revolution

Galileo developed the mathematics of gravity and proved that objects fall at a predictable rate. He also created a telescope to study the stars and planets. He supported Copernicus’ heliocentric model.

He came in conflict with the Catholic Church. He was tried by the and forced to Catholic Church

and forced to say Copernicus was wrong and the Church was right.

In 1992 Pope John Paul II formally cleared Galileo and acknowledged Copernicus was right.

Galileo Galilei



THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Francis Bacon helped develop the Scientific Method by his proposal that scientists should use observation rather than relying on old knowledge.



WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?



Rene Decartes helped it along by developing analytical geometry that combined algebra and geometry. His findings supported the new movement known as skepticism.

“I think, therefore I am.”



SIR ISAAC NEWTON

Brought it all together in his universal laws of gravitation and motion proving that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun.



SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

BRINGS ADVANCES IN

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

Zacharias Jansser, a Dutch eyeglass maker, invented a microscope.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek used the microscope to see bacteria and red blood cells for the first time.



SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

BRINGS ADVANCES IN SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

Gabriel Fahrenheit developed a thermometer showing freezing at 32° while Anders Celsius created another scale with freezing at 0°.



THE SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION

BRINGS ADVANCES

IN MEDICINE

Galen, a physician during the Middle Ages, believed human anatomy was like a pigs. He dissected pigs but not humans.



In 1543 Andreas Vesalius dissected a human and showed actual human anatomy.



Edward Jenner used cowpox to prevent smallpox, thus creating the world’s first vaccine



Robert Boyle was the founder of modern chemistry. He proposed the idea of small particles making up matter. He also gave us Boyles Law that explains how volume, temperature and pressure of gas affect each other.



Isaac Newton said, “If have seen farther than others it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”

Who was he talking about?


22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE

ENLIGHTENMENT OR AGE OF REASON

Scientific Revolution led people to look for laws governing all aspects of society including human behavior, religion, education, economics and government.


22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPETWO THINKERS LEAD THE WAY

Thomas Hobbes John Locke

People were naturally

wicked

Needed a social contract

to provide order

Needed an absolute ruler

People could improve

themselves

Favored self-government

Rulers needed consent of

the people

Believed in natural rights—

life, liberty and property.

His ideas influenced the

US Constitution and Bill of

Rights



The French Philosophes

THINKER IDEA IMPACTVoltaire

*a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn.

Freedom of thought and expression

Used satire*

Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights

Enlightenment

Voltaire


22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE The French Philosophes

THINKER IDEA IMPACT

Montesquieu Separation of powers was best way to prevent abuse.

Later called “checks and balances”

US Constitution



THINKER IDEA IMPACT

Rousseau Committed to individual freedom

Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness and forced them to obey unjust laws

The only good government was a direct democracy

Constitution and Bill of Rights

“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” Rousseau



THINKER IDEA IMPACTBeccaria Laws were to

preserve order not punish crime

Against torture and cruel punishment

There should be speedy trials

Constitution and Bill of Rights



Women and the Enlightenment

Most male philosophers took the traditional view

Women writers tried to improve the status of women

Mary Wollstonecraft published an essay: “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” in 1792

It supported the rights of women especially in the area of education, career choice and political rights.



Children and the Enlightenment

During the Enlightenment, this idea changed. People believed children should be educated and allowed to mature.

New toys, such as the rocking horse, appeared. Children's clothes were made differently. Children’s literature such as Mother Goose was printed.



IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Belief in progress in society,

government and science

Recognition of the importance of

the individual

More secular (worldly) outlook

on life

Chardin

Enlighenment

Enlightenment ideas spread with the help of women

Salons were events held by rich women where enlightenment ideas were discussed and sometimes financed

Enlightenment

Denis Diderot received $ at salons to start his project: Encyclopedia

Salons and the encyclopedias helped spread the Enlightenment ideas

Enlightenment

Art during the Enlightenment was dominated by the baroque style

Baroque style was grand, ornate style

Enlightenment

Baroque music played by Johann Sebastian Bach and George Handel

Enlightenment

Baroque style gave way to Neoclassical style Neoclassical music was simple and elegant Great neoclassical composers were Franz Joseph

Haydn, Wolfgang Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven

Enlightenment

Novels also became extremely popular Examples: Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, Henry

Fielding’s Tom Jones, and Samuel Richardson’s Pamela


22.3 SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

ENLIGHTENMENT AND MONARCHY

OLD IDEA

The state and the citizens exist to serve the monarch

NEW IDEA

The monarch exists to serve the state and support citizens’ welfare.



ENLIGHTENMENT AND MONARCHY

Enlightened despots accepted the philosophy that they

should respect the peoples’ rights.

They had no intention of giving up power. They were

motivated to accept changes because they wanted to:

Make their country more powerful

Make their rule more effective



ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

Frederick II (the Great)

Wanted his people to be

happy and cared about

their welfare

Ended many abuses

Granted many freedoms

such as religion, press

and education

Did not end serfdom

Needed landowner support

Called “first servant of the state”



ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

Joseph II

Ruled Austria 1780-1790

Legal reforms and freedom

of the press

Most radical reformer of

the age

Abolished serfdom and

required cash payment

Landowners hated him

Most reforms reversed after his death


22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

In 1760, George IIIbecame king of England.

The colonies were growing and becomingricher. They also expectedthe same rights as allEnglish subjects.

George needed to pay for theFrench and Indian War.



Navigation Tax (1660’s)-colonists could only sell to the British and pay high taxes on non-British goods.

This led to smuggling

by the colonists and

the anger at the British.



Stamp Act (1765)- a tax had to be paid on all documents including wills, newspapers and deeds. The outraged colonists boycotted British goods and the Act was repealed in 1766.



The Declaration goes on to list grievances and specifically accuses King George III of

abusing his powers.



The American Revolution lasted from 1776-1781.

The Colonists won because:

1. France entered the war and sent

Lafayette to help

2. Time was on their side

3. They were defending their

homeland

4. British generals made mistakes


22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONArticles of Confederation Create

a Weak Government

The first government was created

by the Articles of Confederation.

There was no judicial or executive

branch, only Congress was created.

Each state had one vote. It could

not collect taxes or regulate trade.

Passing laws was difficult because

9 out of 13 states had to agree.

That would be 35 today.



SHAY’S REBELLION

When Massachusetts refused

to issue paper money so

farmers could repay debt,

Daniel Shay and others

rebelled. It was put down

but showed the need for a

strong national government.



THE US CONSTITUTION

Many compromises:Two housesContinue slaverySlaves are 3/5th of a personAmendments satisfied the

Anti-federalists

Created a federal system where power is shared between the national and state governments



The Federalists wanted a fiscally and militarily strong nation state, and showed little interest in states' or individual rights. They did not want the freedoms provided by the Bill of Rights. Alexander Hamilton and John Jay were the chief supporters of this view.

Hamilton Jay



Anti-federalist applied to a

group that supported a

less centralized federal

government in which the

states and individuals

retained more power.

They supported the Bill of

Rights. Thomas Jefferson

believed this.

Documents

Enlightenment. England Elizabeth I died childless, so her cousin James from Scotland became king = James I