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Enhancing Peace OperationsEnhancing Peace OperationsWith Modern TechnologyWith Modern Technology
Dr. Walter Dorn, Royal Military College of CanadaChallenges Forum, 15 February 2013
“Concern for man himself and
his fate [humanity and its fate]
should be the chief interest of all
technical endeavors.
Never forget this in the midst of
your diagrams and equations.”
– Albert Einstein
Concern of international Concern of international community for community for humanityhumanity
Save lives and prevent Save lives and prevent sufferingsuffering
UN: Collective eyes and UN: Collective eyes and ears, Legs and armsears, Legs and arms
UN Peace OperationsUN Peace Operations
“The League of Nations … should be the eye of the nations to keep watch upon the common interest, an eye that does not slumber, an eye that is everywhere watchful and attentive.” Woodrow Wilson, Paris, 1919
PeacekeepingPeacekeeping
The Human Eye ... The Human Eye ... sometimes aided by binoculars
Monitoring Mandates• Cease-fires Cease-fires
• Peace agreementsPeace agreements
• Protected areas and persons (POC)Protected areas and persons (POC)
• Elections Elections
• Human rightsHuman rights
• Sanctions Sanctions
• Armed groups and spoilers (early warning)Armed groups and spoilers (early warning)
• Resource exploitationResource exploitation
• Safety & security of UN personnel (dilemma)Safety & security of UN personnel (dilemma)
““A MONITORING GAP”A MONITORING GAP”
Problems Of Unaided MonitoringProblems Of Unaided Monitoring
Limited capabilities ...Limited capabilities ...
• over large areasover large areas
• at nightat night
• for underground detectionfor underground detection
• in remote/difficult terrainin remote/difficult terrain
• information recording, analyzing, sharing information recording, analyzing, sharing
and storageand storage
Monitoring TechnologyMonitoring Technology
Increases Increases rangerange and and accuracyaccuracy of of observationobservation
Permits Permits continuouscontinuous monitoring monitoring Increases Increases effectivenesseffectiveness (including (including cost-cost-
effectiveness effectiveness in some cases)in some cases) Decreases Decreases intrusivenessintrusiveness Enhances Enhances safetysafety of staff in field of staff in field Provides Provides recordings/evidencerecordings/evidence
Source: W.Dorn
Satellite imagerySatellite imagery
Satellite Sentinel ProjectSatellite Sentinel Project
UAVsUAVs
Israeli
Australian
Canadian
AmericanJapanese
Hand launched
EUFOR UAV Support to MONUC (2006)EUFOR UAV Support to MONUC (2006)
B-Hunter
-Belgian contribution
Bosnia (2005) 400 flight hrs
-DRC (2006) 300 flight hrs
Arms race Arms race
President Kabila vs President Kabila vs Vice-President BembaVice-President Bemba
• Tanks shipped by railTanks shipped by rail
• Dugout canoes filled with Dugout canoes filled with small arms cross Congo small arms cross Congo RiverRiver
Kinshasa, 20-22 August 2006 Kinshasa, 20-22 August 2006
UAV experience in DRCUAV experience in DRC
Very useful imageryVery useful imagery
Operational problemsOperational problems• 1 shot down1 shot down• 1 crashed causing fatalities on ground1 crashed causing fatalities on ground• Info-sharing EUFOR/UNInfo-sharing EUFOR/UN
Political problemsPolitical problems• Host-state info demandsHost-state info demands
UAVsUAVs
Unmanned Aerial Unmanned Aerial ImagingImaging Systems Systems (UAIS)(UAIS)
DRC: 2007-2009DRC: 2007-2009 EOI: January 2013EOI: January 2013 Political leadershipPolitical leadership Modest systemModest system Manage expectationsManage expectations Recommendations: different typesRecommendations: different types
Night Vision
Thermal ImagingThermal Imaging
www.imaging1.com
RadarsRadars
Ground
Aerial
Underground
Airborne
Sea-based
Ground SensorsGround Sensors
Acoustic and seismicAcoustic and seismic
Sinai Field Mission Sinai Field Mission (SFM)(SFM)
Commercial systemsCommercial systems
(Source: www.cmc.sandia.gov)
Video CamerasVideo Cameras
2006 Nepal Comprehensive Peace Agreement2006 Nepal Comprehensive Peace Agreement
Electronic Eyes on Electronic Eyes on the Green Line (UNFICYP)the Green Line (UNFICYP)
Cost comparison: 10x cheaper (first year), 100x (subsequent)
Multisensor SystemsMultisensor Systems
Reconnaissance vehiclesReconnaissance vehicles• MobileMobile• Extendible mastExtendible mast• GSRGSR• Low light TVLow light TV• IR sensorsIR sensors• Laser range finderLaser range finder
Canadian Coyotes in Ethiopia-Eritrea Canadian Coyotes in Ethiopia-Eritrea (UNMEE)(UNMEE)
CF C
ombat C
amera, ISD
01-0030a, Bernier, 4, 2001
• Secure checkpoints
• Temporary Security Zone
• Night observation
CarlogCarlog
www.e-drivetech.com
Keeping Watch
ConclusionsConclusions
1. No technological fix … but technology can 1. No technological fix … but technology can
be of immense value in monitoring, be of immense value in monitoring,
preventing and mitigating conflict.preventing and mitigating conflict.
2. Technical monitoring can increase the 2. Technical monitoring can increase the
safety and security of peacekeepers as safety and security of peacekeepers as
well as the effectiveness of the mission.well as the effectiveness of the mission.
3. UN lacks the equipment, resources, 3. UN lacks the equipment, resources, preparation/training needed for preparation/training needed for
effective and efficient use of moderneffective and efficient use of modernmonitoring technologymonitoring technology
somesome monitoring technologies in monitoring technologies in somesome missions but missions but ad hocad hoc and and unsystematicunsystematic• radarsradars• NVE (Gen 2+)NVE (Gen 2+)
no thermal imagers, seismic or acoustic no thermal imagers, seismic or acoustic ground sensorsground sensors
platforms: recce vehicles and aircraftplatforms: recce vehicles and aircraft absence of policies, doctrine, SOPs and absence of policies, doctrine, SOPs and
training materialstraining materials need to re-engage capable contributorsneed to re-engage capable contributors
4. UN is4. UN is capable of incorporating capable of incorporating advanced technologiesadvanced technologies
Communications and information Communications and information technologytechnology
CarlogCarlog GIS progress GIS progress
• Commercial satellite imageryCommercial satellite imagery Aerial recce in DRCAerial recce in DRC
Monitoring technologies not Monitoring technologies not yet “tools of the trade,” but yet “tools of the trade,” but they can and should be.they can and should be.
IF THIS TECHNOLOGY-AIDED IF THIS TECHNOLOGY-AIDED
PRESENTATION DIDN’T WORK …PRESENTATION DIDN’T WORK …
FORGET EVERYTHING I SAIDFORGET EVERYTHING I SAID
Source: W.Dorn