Lecture Notes in Bioengineering

Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan · Ahmad Munir Che Muhamed · Nur Fahriza Mohd Ali · Denise Koh Choon Lian · Kok Lian Yee · Nik Shanita Safii · Sarina Md Yusof · Nor Farah Mohamad Fauzi Editors

Enhancing Health and Sports Performance by DesignProceedings of the 2019 Movement, Health & Exercise (MoHE) and International Sports Science Conference (ISSC)

Lecture Notes in Bioengineering

Advisory Editors

Nigel H. Lovell, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of NewSouth Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia

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Federico Rossi, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno,Fisciano, Italy

Alexei V. Samsonovich, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George MasonUniversity, Fairfax, VA, USA

Fabio Babiloni, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza,Rome, Italy

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Lecture Notes in Bioengineering (LNBE) publishes the latest developments inbioengineering. It covers a wide range of topics, including (but not limited to):

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Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan •

Ahmad Munir Che Muhamed •

Nur Fahriza Mohd Ali •

Denise Koh Choon Lian •

Kok Lian Yee • Nik Shanita Safii •

Sarina Md Yusof • Nor Farah Mohamad FauziEditors

Enhancing Health and SportsPerformance by DesignProceedings of the 2019 Movement, Health& Exercise (MoHE) and International SportsScience Conference (ISSC)

123

EditorsMohd Hasnun Arif HassanFaculty of Mechanical and AutomotiveEngineering TechnologyUniversiti Malaysia PahangPekan, Pahang, Malaysia

Ahmad Munir Che MuhamedAdvanced Medical and Dental InstituteUniversiti Sains MalaysiaKepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Nur Fahriza Mohd AliMalaysian Journal of Movement,Health & ExerciseUniversiti Malaysia PahangPekan, Pahang, Malaysia

Denise Koh Choon LianCentre for Community Education& Wellbeing, Faculty of EducationUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia

Kok Lian YeeDepartment of Sports StudiesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia

Nik Shanita SafiiSchool of Healthcare SciencesUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sarina Md YusofFaculty of Sports Science and RecreationUniversiti Teknologi MARASelangor, Malaysia

Nor Farah Mohamad FauziFaculty of Health SciencesUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ISSN 2195-271X ISSN 2195-2728 (electronic)Lecture Notes in BioengineeringISBN 978-981-15-3269-6 ISBN 978-981-15-3270-2 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2

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Preface

Two of the most prestigious annual conference relating to Sport Science and Healthin Malaysia was held in Kuching, Sarawak, from September 30, 2019, to October 2,2019. This joint conference of the 6th International Conference on Movement,Health and Exercise and the 12th International Sports Science had attractedresearchers and sports practitioners from various backgrounds to share and dis-seminate current research updates and evidence-based findings and translate theminto winning practices through scholarly communication.

The theme chosen for this joint conference “Enhancing Health and SportsPerformance by Design” is very relevant to the national agenda of producingworld-class athletes via a systematic development program.

This peer-reviewed conference proceeding highlights high-quality researchfindings covering 8 areas of sports science and technology, which include ExerciseSciences, Human Performance, Physical Activity and Health, Sports Medicine,Sports Nutrition, Management and Sports Studies and Sports Engineering andTechnology.

The publication of this proceedings in Lecture Notes in Bioengineering willassist in maximizing the accessibility of readers and the popularity of these papers.

Mohd Hasnun Arif HassanAhmad Munir Che Muhamed

Nur Fahriza Mohd AliDenise Koh Choon Lian

Kok Lian YeeNik Shanita SafiiSarina Md Yusof

Nor Farah Mohamad Fauzi

v

Organizing Committee

Chairman

Ahmad Munir CheMuhamed

Lifestyle Science Cluster, Advanced Medicaland Dental Institute, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Deputy Chairman

Mohd NidzamJawis

School of Health Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Logistics

Chin Ngien Siong Department of Physical Education and HealthInstitute of Teacher Education, Batu LintangCampus, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

Website and Publication

Mohd Hasnun ArifHassan

Faculty of Mechanical and AutomotiveEngineering Technology, Universiti MalaysiaPahang, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia

vii

Scientific Committee

Noorsuzana Binti MohdShariff

Lifestyle Science Cluster, Advanced Medicaland Dental Institute, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Rohayu Binti Hami Lifestyle Science Cluster, Advanced Medicaland Dental Institute, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Ooi Cheong Hwa Lifestyle Science Cluster, Advanced Medicaland Dental Institute, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Hazwani Binti AhmadYusof @ Hanafi

Lifestyle Science Cluster, Advanced Medicaland Dental Institute, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Salbiah Bt Md Isa Lifestyle Science Cluster, Advanced Medicaland Dental Institute, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Mohd Nidzam Jawis Exercise and Sport Science Program, Schoolof Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Marilyn Ong Li Yin Exercise and Sport Science Program, Schoolof Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Ooi Foong Kiew Exercise and Sport Science Program, Schoolof Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Chen Chee Keong Exercise and Sport Science Program, Schoolof Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Hairul Anuar Hashim Exercise and Sport Science Program, Schoolof Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Oleksandr K.Krasilshchikov

Exercise and Sport Science Program, Schoolof Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

viii Organizing Committee

Contents

Exercise Science

Determination of Cardiac Function Using ImpedanceCardiography During Jogging With and Without Breast Support . . . . . 3Kunanya Masodsai and Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul

Changes in Immune Response to Moderate Exercisein Active Trainees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Aparup Konar, Sridip Chatterjee, and Samiran Mondal

Effects of Attentional Focus Among Novices and Elite Athletesin Sprinting Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Saidatul Nur Syuhadah Mohamed Sabadri, Jeffrey Low Fook Lee,Shaza Mohd Shah, Nursyaidatul Hafiza Madzlan,and Maisarah Mohd Saleh

The Effects of Myofascial Release Using Foam Rollingand Resistance Band Assisted Stretching on Malaysian RugbyPlayers’ Lower Body Power and Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Nurul Afiqah Bakar, Nurul Hidayah Amir, Ammar Md Zaini, Luke Nikol,and Mohd Hazwan Zikri Abdul Halim

The Effects of High Intensity Functional Interval Trainingon Selected Fitness Components Among Young Badminton Players . . . 42Pathmanathan K. Suppiah, Angelica Joanne Joummy, Md. Safwan Samsir,Muralindran Mariappan, Hasnol Noordin, and Abdul Mu’iz Bin Nor Azmi

The Effect of Amplitude (Response Complexity) in ChoiceReaction Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Mohd Syrinaz Azli, Mohar Kassim, Jorrye Jakiwa, Siti Azilah Atan,and Emmy Hainida Khairul Ikram

ix

Effect of Medial Longitudinal Arch Height on Static and DynamicBalance Among UiTM Female Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Salvastore Sam and Nur Khairunisa Abu Talip

The Relative Age Effect in Malaysia Youth Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Shaza Mohd Shah, Jeffrey Low Fook Lee, Nursyaidatul Hafiza Madzlan,Saidatul Nur Syuhadah Mohamed Sabadri, and Maisarah Mohd Saleh

Human Performance

The Acute Effects of Exercises Order During Upper-Lower BodyAlternated Supersets Among Trained Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Muhammad Hannan Sazali, Mohamad Shahrul Azzfar,Nur Ikhwan Mohamad, and Ali Md. Nadzalan

Body Composition and Muscular Performance of MalaysianYoung Male State Level Weightlifting, Cycling and Squash Athletes . . . 91Norsuriani Samsudin, Foong Kiew Ooi, and Chee Keong Chen

Development of a Soccer-Specific Running Protocol for YoungSoccer Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Siti Azilah Atan and Mohar Kassim

The Potentiating Effects of an Eccentric Load on HorizontalJumps Among Handball Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114M. N. Muhammad Zulqarnain, A. Jasmi, T. Wahidah,S. M. P. Sharifah Maimunah, and Adam Linoby

The Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Malay LanguageRevised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R)Among Adolescent Malaysian State Level Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Liew Guo Chen, Hairul Anuar Hashim, Ngien Siong Chin,Yee Cheng Kueh, and Garry Kuan

Conventional Jump Warm-Up with and Without Jumping Ropeon Jumping Ability Among Volleyball Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Lawrence Balang Bungkong, Nur Khairunisa Abu Talip,and Wan Firdaus Wan Chik

Identification of Running, Jogging and Walking Activitiesfor Female Athletes Indoor Hockey in 2016 PON Matches . . . . . . . . . . 142Mohammad Faruk, Irmantara Subagio, and Heryanto Nur Muhammad

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing in Thermoneutral Enhances ProlongedRunning Performance Compared to Hot-Humid Environment . . . . . . . 148Harris Kamal Kamaruddin, Cheong Hwa Ooi,and Ahmad Munir Che Muhamed

x Contents

Which Joint Angle Changes Have Most Influence on DartRelease Speed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Nurhidayah Omar, Farah Syahida Abdul Nasir, and Ahmad Faizal Salleh

The Influence of Anthropometrics, Physical Fitness, and TechnicalSkill on Performance of U-12 Youth Soccer Players in Malaysia . . . . . . 170Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki, Mohamad Razali Abdullah,Mohamad Shafaat Fadzil, Muhd Faris Nazer,Muhammad Hafiz Zufaimey Ismail, Khairie Koh Abd Hadi Koh,Noraini Nazarudin, Siti Musliha Mat-Rasid,Mohd Syaiful Nizam Abu Hassan, Amr Alnaimat,Muhammad Rabani Hashim, Hafizan Juahir, and Rabiu Muazu Musa

Management and Sports Studies

Identifying Element of Academic Enhancement Supportfor Student-Athlete Using Fuzzy Delphi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Mohd Zulfadli Rozali, Saifullizam Puteh, Faizal Amin Nur Yunus,Affero Ismail, and Thariq Khan Azizuddin Khan

A Review of Pathways Towards Expert Performance on EliteYouth Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Mohd Faridz Ahmad, Jeffrey Low Fook Lee, and Ali Md Nadzalan

The Relationship Between Organizational Commitmentand Internal Service Quality Among the Staff in Majlis SukanNegeri-negeri in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Phylicia Phoa Siew Ching, Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin,and Pathmanathan K. Suppiah

Accessibility Dimensions (Factors) of Parks and Playgrounds . . . . . . . . 206Ellail Ain Mohd Aznan, Ahmad Fikri Mohd Kassim,Nurul Hidayah Amir, Mohd Khairulanwar Md Yusof,Mohd Syafiq Miswan, and Nur Anis Fatima Amir

Physical Activity and Health

Influence of Individual Physical Activity on EMG MuscleActivation Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Maisarah Sulaiman, Aizreena Azaman, and Azli Yahya

Immediate Effect of Single Bout of Karate Exercise on Heart Rate . . . . 223Puneet Bhattacharya and Sridip Chatterjee

Incorporating Traditional Games in Physical Education Lessonto Increase Physical Activity Among Secondary School Students:A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235‘Arif Azlan, Nadzirah Ismail, Nor Farah Mohamad Fauzi,and Ruzita Abd Talib

Contents xi

Muscle Strength in Male Youth that Play Archery During LeisureTime Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Norsham Juliana, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Nadia Ahmad Roslan,Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Abd Rahman Hayati, and Sahar Azmani

The Effect of Zone, Gender, RAE and Fitness VariablesTowards Fitness Status and Anthropometric Attributesof Children in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki, Mohamad Razali Abdullah,Siti Musliha Mat-Rasid, Hafizan Juahir, Mohd Syaiful Nizam Abu Hassan,Nik Naleesa Nasuha Rusmadi, Muhammad Ziyad Yazid,Fatin Zulaikha Azmin, Tengku Nur Arnie Tengku Ghazali,Amr Salem Falah, Muhammad Rabani Hashim, and Rabiu Muazu Musa

Sports Engineering and Technology

Offline LabVIEW-Based EEG Signals Analysis to Detect VehicleDriver Microsleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271N. Sulaiman, K. S. Goh, M. Rashid, S. Jadin, M. Mustafa, M. Z. Ibrahim,and F. Samsuri

Vision Based Automated Badminton Action Recognition Usingthe New Local Convolutional Neural Network Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Nur Azmina Rahmad, Muhammad Amir As’ari, Mohamad Fauzi Ibrahim,Nur Anis Jasmin Sufri, and Keerthana Rangasamy

Investigation of Different Time-Series Segmented Windowsfrom Inertial Sensor for Field Hockey Activity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . 299Norazman Shahar, Nurul Fathiah Ghazali, Muhammad Amir As’ari,Tian Swee Tan, and Mohamad Fauzi Ibrahim

Effect of Stroke Rate Increment on Power Output and FootAsymmetries Force Among Malaysian University Rower . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Fakhrizal Azmy Nasruddin, Ab Aziz Mohd Yusuf,Mohd Azizi Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Ridwan Jaafar,Hadafi Fitri Mohd Latip, and Muhamad Noor Harun

Object Detection Approach Using Single Shot Multibox Detectorfor Sprinting Movement Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318Muhamad Khairi Kamarudin, Muhammad Haikal Satria,Hadafi Fitri Mohd Latip, and Atikah Muhammad

Physical Fatigue Prediction Based on Heart Rate Variability (HRV)Features in Time and Frequency Domains Using Artificial NeuralNetworks Model During Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326Zulkifli Ahmad, Mohd Najeb Jamaludin, and Ummu Kulthum Jamaludin

xii Contents

The Effect of Compression Socks on Running Kinematicsin Experience and Novice Runners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Muhammad Hanis Jefry, Hosni Hasan, Mohd Azim Nural Azhan,Mohd Iqbal Misnon, Raja Mohamed Firhad Raja Azidin,and Hashbullah Ismail

The Classification of Skateboarding Trick Manoeuvres:A K-Nearest Neighbour Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Muhammad Ar Rahim Ibrahim, Muhammad Amirul Abdullah,Muhammad Nur Aiman Shapiee, Mohd Azraai Mohd Razman,Rabiu Muazu Musa, Muhammad Aizzat Zakaria, Noor Azuan Abu Osman,and Anwar P. P. Abdul Majeed

The Application of Artificial Neural Networks in PredictingBlood Pressure Levels of Youth Archers by Meansof Anthropometric Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348Rabiu Muazu Musa, Muhammad Zuhaili Suhaimi,Anwar P. P. Abdul Majeed, Mohamad Razali Abdullah,Siti Musliha Mat-Rasid, and Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan

Sports Medicine

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among ProfessionalFootball Athletes in Sabah, Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Mohamad Azwan Aziz, Muhammad Yusri Yunus,and Redzal Abu Hanifah

External Snapping Hip Syndrome: A Case Report of a ProfessionalHockey Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Muhammad Yusri Yunus, M. G. Matthew, and Redzal Abu Hanifah

Ouch! My Hip Hurts: A Rare Case Report of Rectus FemorisMuscle Tear Causing Failure in Hip Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Lavinen Kumar Sugumar, G. M. Mariam, and M. Y. Yau

Sports Nutrition

A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Dietary NitrateSupplementation on Blood Pressure, Exhaled Nitric OxideLevel and Maximal Isometric Handgrip Strengthin Pre-hypertensive Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Adam Linoby, Ameerul Adzim Azrin, Mohd Aizzat Adnan,Nur Hidayah Asilah Za’don, Mohd Hanifa Sariman,Muhammad Zulqarnain Mohd Nasir, and Raja Nurul Jannat Raja Hussain

The Effect of Various Carbohydrate Concentrations Mouth Rinsingon Intermittent Running Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Nur Athirah Idrus, Al Hafiz Abu Bakar, Mohd Faiz Putra Abd Razak,Norfaezah Mohd Rosli, Ahmad Fikri Mohd Kassim,and Harris Kamal Kamaruddin

Contents xiii

Nitrate-Rich Red Spinach Extract Supplementation IncreasesExhaled Nitric Oxide Levels and Enhances High-Intensity ExerciseTolerance in Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Adam Linoby, Mohd Nurthaqif, Muhamad Noor Mohamed,Maisarah Mohd Saleh, Yusandra Md Yusoff,Noor Azila Azreen Md Radzi, Siti Aishah Abd Rahman,and Saidatul Nur Syuhadah Mohamed Sabadri

The Role of Fitness Status in the Performance-Enhancing Effectsof Dietary Inorganic Nitrate Supplementation: Meta-analysisand Meta-regression Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Adam Linoby, Sarina Md Yusof, Ahmad Dzulkarnain Ismail,Kalam Azad Isa, Syed Shahbudin Syed Omar, Masshera Jamaludin,and Sharifah Maimunah Syed Mud Puad

An Overview of a Dietary Pattern Among Malaysian EnduranceAthletes in Relation to Glycemic Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435Zaini Bahari, Nik Shanita Safii, and Ahmad Munir Che Muhamed

Sports Psychology

Coach-Athlete Relationship and Coaching Effectiveness in TeamSports Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Ahmad Fikri Mohd Kassim, Wan Faizal Iskandar Wan Abdullah,Siti Jameelah Md Japilus, and Asmahan Shahirah Azanuar Yusri

Motivation in Physical Activity: Smartphone SportTracker Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Siti Fadhilah Abdul Hamid, Nur Nadiah Ismail,Fatin Aqilah Abdul Razak, and Nurul Nadiah Shahudin

The Relationship Between Motivation and Leadership Style AmongPKNS Football Academy Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Syed Husin Syed Ahmad and Vincent Parnabas

The Effects of Brain Breaks Physical Activity Solutionson Processes of Change in Physical Activity Amongthe Malaysian Primary School Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481Hussein Rizal, Mawar Siti Hajar, Ayu Suzailiana Muhamad,and Garry Kuan

The Effects of Brain-Breaks on Short-Term Memory AmongPrimary School Children in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Mawar Siti Hajar, Hussein Rizal, Ayu Suzailiana Muhamad,and Garry Kuan

Effects of Using EEG Neurofeedback Device to Enhance EliteBowlers’ Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Qasim Raza, Marilyn Li Yin Ong, and Garry Kuan

xiv Contents

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Skill-RelatedFitness Among the Under-15 Football Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Mohammad Saifatullizam Mustafa, Marilyn Li Yin Ong,Siti-Azrin Ab Hamid, and Garry Kuan

Perceived Risk and Perceived Competence in White Water RaftingActivity at Kampar River, Gopeng, Perak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Hajar Asmidar Samat, Nelfianty Mohd Rasyid,Thariq Khan Azizuddin Khan, Mohd Noorazlan Ab Aziz,Mustakim Hashim, and Helme Basal

The Effects of Integrating Biofeedback Training into a 12-WeekPeriodized Training Program on Galvanic Skin Responseand Anxiety Level Among Junior Archers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528Mon Redee Sut Txi, Hairul Anuar Hashim, and Oleksandr Krasilshchikov

Changes in Galvanic Skin Responses Following a Single SessionTraining of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique AmongAdolescent Football Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538Sharifah Maimunah Syed Mud Puad and Hairul Anuar Hashim

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Contents xv

Exercise Science

Determination of Cardiac FunctionUsing Impedance Cardiography During

Jogging With and Without Breast Support

Kunanya Masodsai1,2(&) and Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul1

1 College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University,Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand

kunanyamasodsai@gmail.com2 Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University,

Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Abstract. The goal of this study was to use a non-invasive method of impe-dance cardiography to investigate the consistency of cardiac variables, in par-allel with metabolic function. Thirteen healthy females underwent tworandomized jogging conditions: without breast support (NB) and with breastsupport (jogging bra, JB). Cardiorespiratory and metabolic functions werecontinuously recorded at rest, during exercise on the treadmill at a constantspeed of 4 mph at 60, 70 and 80% of age-predicted maximum heart rate fol-lowed by a 5-min recovery. The results showed that there were no significantdifferences in resting cardiac variables, including cardiac output (CO), heart rate(HR), stroke volume (SV), end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume(ESV) and cardiac index (CI). The parallel intensity-dependent characteristics ofboth cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables during jogging were also deter-mined. The results showed normal cardiac functions during and after joggingwith no significant differences of CO, HR, SV, EDV, ESV and CI between twoconditions (P > 0.05). Metabolic variables showed no significant differencesbetween the two conditions (P > 0.05) for oxygen consumption ( _VO2), carbondioxide production ( _VCO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). With narrowranges of the standard errors of the mean and parallel alterations of metabolismat rest, during exercise and recovery from two conditions, this study concludedthat a non-invasive impedance cardiography method can possibly reflect chan-ges of both cardiorespiratory and metabolic functions. In addition, it is sug-gested that breast supports in females during treadmill running induce nolimitations on both cardiorespiratory and metabolic functions.

Keywords: Running bra � Breast support � Gas exchange � Cardiacimpedance � Metabolism

1 Introduction

Hemodynamic determination is usually conducted via invasive hemodynamic mea-surement such as the Swan-Ganz catheter, with unsure results [1]. Invasive Swan-Ganzcatheter method can only be done at rest and not during physical activity [2]. Another

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020M. H. A. Hassan et al. (Eds.): MoHE 2019, LNBE, pp. 3–12, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_1

non-invasive method, echocardiography, can be done only at pre- and immediate post-exercise [3]. Clinical and exercise specialists have looked at alternative methods tomeasure cardiac functions during physical activity under certain stresses such as duringphysical activity.

Impedance cardiography (ICG), a non-invasive method for the estimation ofhemodynamic variables, is based on the assumption that the thorax is a homogeneousfluid cylinder, composed of blood, tissues, air and organs. Therefore, these tissuescontain a fixed resistance. So, to measure ICG a low steady current amplitude (1.5 mA,86 kHz) generated by external electrodes (located in the thoracic and cervical skinregions) can be captured as instantaneous voltage changes around the thoracic cavityaccording to Ohm’s law [4]. When a steady minimal electric current is applied to thethorax, the voltage changes are directly proportional to the impedance changes.Baseline thoracic impedance (Z0) is the sum of the impedance of all constant thoraciccomponents. The alteration of dynamic Z (dZ/dt) is, therefore, derived solely from fluidchanges, and then converted to stroke volume and cardiac output values using math-ematical algorithms [5]. Validations of non-invasive cardiac impedance has beenshown during constant cycling exercise in healthy fit subjects [6], in patients with lungproblems [7] and in children [8]. It has been reported that this method could also giverelevant cardiac information during non-steady motion such as running.

Active females have been shown to be at high risk of breast pain from repeatedexcessive breast swinging motions [9]. However, only 13% of adolescent females [10]and 41% of women use jogging bra during physical activity [11] because they reportdiscomfort from tightness, mastalgia and dyspnea [11, 12] and the belief that a joggingbra will diminish lung functions and deviated respiratory pattern toward rapid andshallow breathing [13]. It has been reported that the numbers of females involved withphysical activity has been increasing [14]. Few studies have focused on in-depthcardiac variables in females jogging without breast support [15, 16]. The purpose ofthis study was to use this non-invasive ICG method to investigate the characteristics ofchanges in cardiorespiratory system during different metabolic demands in femalesubjects during treadmill running by comparing cardiorespiratory and metabolicfunctions with and without breast support.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Participants

Thirteen healthy active females (ages 20–25 yrs), with B and C breast cup sizes,voluntarily participated in this study. Inclusion criteria consisted of those who were freefrom cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal disorders, had regular menstrual cyclewithin 6 months prior to participating in the study, not using hormone replacementtherapy, non-pregnant, non-smoking and non-alcoholism. Objectives, experimentalprocedures, risks and benefits of the study were explained to potential study

4 K. Masodsai and R. Chaunchaiyakul

participants before completing the informed consent forms. Individual bra size wasidentified [10], then an appropriate jogging bra was provided for each individual.Subjects’ instructions were provided to remind them to keep their normal diets andconsume enough water to ensure euhydration status. Each subject was informed toavoid coffee, tea, tobacco or alcohol, and strenuous physical activity on the day prior totesting. This study was conducted under the Human Research Ethics Committee ofMahidol University, Thailand (MU-IRB 2013/159.1112).

2.2 Experimental Procedures

For confidential, only female investigators were allowed to conduct the tests in theclosed room within the laboratory. Prior to exercise testing, each subject’s anthropo-metric data was collected as well as estimated physical activity level using a ques-tionnaire. The treadmill running tests were conducted on two separate occasions. Eachvisit was randomized with subjects either not wearing a bra (NB) or wearing a joggingbra (JB). The tests were performed at the same phase of their menstrual cycle. Prior tothe treadmill test each subject performed a callisthenic warm up, then the treadmillexercise was started at 2 mph, for 3 min. A constant speed of 4 mph was continuouslykept up to 80% of age-predicted maximum heart rate (MHR). Various parameters werecollected at rest, 60%, 70%, and 80% of MHR, and 5 min of recovery. Gas analyzer(Oxycon Mobile, German) had been utilized to determine respiratory functions,including respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (V E) andmetabolic functions, including oxygen consumption ( _VO2), carbon dioxide production( _VCO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Cardiac functions, including cardiacoutput (CO), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), end diastolic volume (EDV), endsystolic volume (ESV), cardiac index (CI), were continuously monitored by using non-invasive impedance cardiography method (Physioflow®, France).

2.3 Statistical Analysis

All data were presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Two-waysANOVA-repeated measure was used for significant difference analysis with Tukey’spost hoc test. Significant level was accepted at P-value less than 0.05.

3 Results

3.1 General Characteristics

Subjects age and height were 22.85 ± 2.69 years and 163.1 ± 1.42 cm respectively.General characteristics (Table 1) revealed the normal ranges of their anthropometricvariables within this age [17]. No significant differences of the above variables withinthree months of this crossover design experiment.

Determination of Cardiac Function Using Impedance Cardiography 5

3.2 Resting Cardiac Variables

Most of the resting cardiac variables in the present study (Table 2) were in the rangesof other references. While HR, EDV and ESV fell in the ranges covered by othermethods, CO, and CI showed slightly lower values. Even though different methodswere used from other studies, it was quite confident to conclude that impedance car-diography reflected the reliable resting cardiac variables.

3.3 Changes in Metabolic Variables During Exercise

During jogging, changes in _VO2 and _VCO2 (Fig. 1A and B) significantly increasedfrom resting values in both conditions. In NB, _VO2 and _VCO2 values declinedimmediately as jogging was ceased. But _VO2 in JB recovered after the first minute(P < 0.05) while _VCO2 recovered after 3 min (P < 0.05). Increasing in RER of bothconditions was shown after 70%MHR intensity throughout the study period (P < 0.05).No significant differences between conditions were found.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of female subjects during the study.

Variables No bra (n = 13) Jogging bra (n = 13)

Weight (kg) 56.45 + 5.79 56.29 + 5.60BMI (kg.m−2) 21.70 + 1.77 21.78 + 1.68Body fat (%) 22.91 + 2.75 22.93 + 2.70Lean body mass (%) 28.03 + 1.67 28.15 + 1.69Waist circumference (cm) 74.38 + 6.40 74.66 + 6.83Hip circumference (cm) 94.88 + 5.02 94.34 + 5.19

BMI, body mass index.

Table 2. Resting cardiac variables including HR, SV, CO, CI, EDV and ESV measured fromthe present study with additional value of _VO2max. Methods of determinations and referencesare defined.

Variables This study Ranges/Methods/References

Heart rate (bpm) 72.39 ± 2.38 68.9 ± 0.8/myocardial perfusion imaging/ [18]Stroke volume (ml/beat) 51.36 ± 3.25 49-112/echo magnetic resonance imaging/ [19]Cardiac output (L/min) 3.76 ± 0.25 5-7/Dye dilution/ [20]Cardiac index (L/min/m2) 2.38 ± 0.15 3-5/Dye dilution/ [20]End diastolic volume (ml) 111.19 ± 5.57 76-161/echo magnetic resonance imaging/ [19]End systolic volume (ml) 59.83 ± 3.95 17-63/echo magnetic resonance imaging/ [19]_VO2max (ml/min/kg) 36.82 ± 1.14 22.6 ± 4.3, Quantitative Radionucleotide

Angiography/ [21]34.0-41.8/in-direct methods/ [17]

_VO2max, maximal oxygen consumption.

6 K. Masodsai and R. Chaunchaiyakul

3.4 Changes in Cardiac Variables During Exercise

Most of cardiac variables showed the intensity-dependent characteristics (Fig. 2) withnarrow SEM ranges for both conditions. During jogging, there were increasing ofEDV, SV, HR, CO and CI (Fig. 2A, C, D, E and F). During recovery, there wereincreasing of HR, CO and CI (Fig. 2D, E and F). ESV showed steady valuesthroughout the study (Fig. 2B). No significant differences between conditions werefound.

3.5 Changes in Respiratory Variables During Exercise

Most of respiratory variables increased as intensity-dependent characteristics whereRR, VT and VE significantly increased from resting values during jogging butimmediately recover as exercise was ceased (Fig. 3A, B and C). No significant dif-ferences between conditions were found.

Fig. 1. Changes in metabolic variables, _VO2, _VCO2 and RER during and after jogging.Symbols a and b represent significant different from resting values of NB and JB respectively.

Determination of Cardiac Function Using Impedance Cardiography 7

4 Discussion

There are parallel alterations of metabolism at rest, during exercise, and recovery fromtwo jogging conditions of without and with breast support. In addition, with narrowranges of the standard errors of the mean from both metabolic and cardiorespiratoryvariables, this non-invasive impedance cardiography method reflects changes of bothcardiorespiratory functions. It is suggested that breast supports in females during physicalactivity induce no limitations on both cardiorespiratory and metabolic functions. Withpost-jogging discomfort, jogging without breast support is not recommended.

The durations when subjects in NB condition approached 60, 70 and 80%MHRwere 7.06 + 1.66, 12.08 + 2.82 and 14.88 + 1.95 min, whereas in JB were 8.50 + 1.80,14.82 + 2.80 and 23.05 + 3.23 min (means + SEM) respectively. There was significantdifferent jogging duration between NB and JB only at 80% MHR (P < 0.05). Inaddition, subjects in NB complained breast discomfort by the end of jogging. Thesteeper heart rate responses at 80%MHR of NB condition from this study imply thatjogging exercise without breast support is not recommended [16, 22].

Fig. 2. Changes of cardiac variables at rest, during jogging and recovery. Symbols a and brepresent significant different from resting values of NB and JB respectively.

8 K. Masodsai and R. Chaunchaiyakul

This study shows the coexistent changes of cardiorespiratory and metabolismfunctions. No changes in _VO2, of either NB or JB reveal no limitation of metabolismgenerated from sports bra during exercise. Metabolism during exercise shows anintensity-dependent pattern for both NB and JB. However, JB induced higher meta-bolic demand during first few minutes of recovery. It was determined that _VO2 and_VCO2 at rest was approximately about 250 and 200 ml/min respectively [23]. Thiscauses the ratio between _VCO2/ _VO2 (RER) to be 0.8. During higher metabolicdemand, like exercise, increasing in _VO2 and _VCO2 is known to be intensity-dependent [24]. This will cause deviations of RER from 0.8 towards nearly or above1.00 which reflects carbohydrate aerobic combustion. If exercise intensity is prolonged,RER may deviate toward 0.7 for fat metabolism [23–26]. The deviations of RERremain even though exercise had been stopped. This reflects that the existing andcontinuing of high metabolism. Higher RER > 1.00 during recovery in jogging bracondition likely indicates the involvement of anaerobic processes [27]. Thus, 5 minrecovery period in the present study was not appropriate for exercise at moderate tohigh intensity of >80% MHR.

Fig. 3. Changes of respiratory variables at rest, during jogging and recovery. Symbols a and brepresent significant different from resting values of NB and JB respectively.

Determination of Cardiac Function Using Impedance Cardiography 9

The feeling of chest wall restriction will change breathing pattern from unsatisfiedsensation [13]. If this really exists, we might find differences in resting respiratoryvariables in JB but not in NB. With no significant different between resting respiratoryvariables between NB and JB (Fig. 3), we conclude that putting on jogging bra will notinduce any changes in breathing pattern as previously believed. At very high pressuremodels, this will cause skin furrows [27], and alters respiratory pattern [28, 29]. Animmediate ventilator responses to exercise is proposedly derived from neural drives andlater from blood-borne mediators from exercising muscles [30]. During low to mod-erate exercise, increasing in VT and RR are in the proportion to intensity [31].Increasing too fast breathing frequency will induce higher airways resistance even innormal healthy subjects [32]. The present study found effective respiratory adjustmentsduring recovery.

Physical activity induces higher ventricular contraction. Thus, cardiac contractilityand rhythm are activated [33]. Increasing of HR and SV resulted in higher cardiacoutput [34]. These compensatory conditions remain similarly with NB and chest wallstrapping (JB). In contrast to a previous study, lung volumes were diminished to 35%from extremely high chest wall restriction [34]. In our model, low elastic recoil ofelastic bra’s garment may not affect hemodynamic within the thorax. Increasing in SVand CO in both NB and JB during jogging is most likely associated with higher RR[35], which possibly affect cardiac function and will bring about higher SV [34]. Withconstant body surface area, increasing in CI is mainly due to increasing in CO. Thismeans that suitable hemodynamic to all body parts is maintained [36]. In parallel tometabolic variables, it was shown that cardiac variables in sedentary females (ages 23–26 yrs) during treadmill exercise increased in parallel to metabolic variables [37]. Thesecharacteristics were found in moderately trained females (18–30 yrs) [38].

5 Conclusion

The parallel concomitant changes of metabolism and cardiorespiratory systems underthe same stress reveal that non-invasive impedance cardiography method can be used todetermine changes in cardiorespiratory system. This study also indicates no limitationof jogging bra on metabolic and cardiovascular profiles during constant speed jogging.In addition, jogging bra is recommended for safety and effectively for breast supportwithout functional limitation.

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12 K. Masodsai and R. Chaunchaiyakul

Changes in Immune Response to ModerateExercise in Active Trainees

Aparup Konar1(&), Sridip Chatterjee2, and Samiran Mondal3

1 Office of the Director of Physical Instruction, Sports Board,Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India

kaparup@gmail.com2 Department of Physical Education, Jadavpur University,

Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India3 Department of Physical Education, Visva Bharati University,

Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India

Abstract. Many questions are still reaming about the mechanism by whichregular moderate training to the magnitude of the specific immune response. Thepurpose of this study was to investigate the influence of regular moderatetraining on specific immune response in human body.A less air polluted zone of Burdwan, West Bengal, India was selected for this

study. Total 32 male subjects chosen out of which 18 subjects (mean age25 ± 2.06 years) treated as regular habit of Moderately Trained (MT) group and14 subjects (mean age 22.5 ± 1.79 years) were act as Sedentary Control(SC) group from the same area. Specific immune variables such asImmunoglobulin G (IgG), CD4 (Helper T cells) percentage, CD4/CD8 ratio,Albumin and Albumin Globulin ratio were examined. Mean, SD and indepen-dent ‘t’ test were used for statistical analysis by using IBM SPSS 20.0 versionsoftware.The higher mean were observed in MT group compared to SC group in all

specific immune variables although there was no significant difference foundbetween both groups.Regular moderate training habit may be increased in modulating the specific

Immune response which is a possible biologic efficiency to foster the defenseagainst disease on human health.

Keywords: Moderate training � Immune response & physical educationstudents

1 Introduction

The immune system is the vital body system that improves one’s sense of wellbeing &general health and does a remarkable job of defending against disease causing micro-organism. Exercise and training habit may be the most effective defense mechanism toproduce strong functioning of immune system on human health. Regular physicalexercise &training can have a positive effect and appears to improve functioning of thespecific immunological response on human body. The effect of regular exercise on the

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020M. H. A. Hassan et al. (Eds.): MoHE 2019, LNBE, pp. 13–20, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_2

specific immune response has been received very little evidence to suggest clinicalsignificance and many questions are still reaming. Several reports have indicated that,exercise and training produce significant increase in specific immune components(Cordova et al. 2010; Grazzi et al. 1993; Karpinski et al. 2001; Krebs 1992; Miles et al.2003; Kendall et al. 1990; Malm et al. 2004). Though there are also evidences thatregular physical activity had negative effect on specific immune parameters in responseto exercise (Ramel et al. 2003; Wu et al. 2004; Nehlsen-Cannarella et al. 1991; Weisset al. 1995; Brown et al. 2015). Research findings also showed that no changes in thespecific immune variables over the exercise training (Shimizu et al. 2011; Buyukyaziet al. 2004; Barriga et al. 1993; Bachi et al. 2015; Gleeson et al. 2000; Karacabey et al.2005). With this brief background the specific objective of the present study was toobserve the effect of regular moderate exercise on selected specific immune variables inactive trainees.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Study Area and Subjects

The city of Burdwan (Latitude 22° 56′-23° 53′ North, Longitude 86° 48′-88° 25′ East)West Bengal, India was selected as study location which is a less air polluted area inIndia. Total thirty two (32) male subjects were selected out of which 18 postgraduatestudents (Mean Age: 25 ± 2.06 yrs) from the Department of Physical Education,Burdwan University participated in this study, pursuing regular curriculum of PhysicalEducation classes during the two previous years treated as Moderately Trained(MT) group and 14 residential students (Mean Age: 22.525 ± 1.79 yrs) from otherstream such as Zoology, Chemistry, Physics, History, Bengali & Political Science werechosen as Sedentary Control (SC) group. None of the subjects had the history ofsmoking, drink alcohol, or were taking medication may alter the measureable variablesand affect the hormonal response.

2.2 Physical Activity Programme

Moderately trained group subject trained daily in two sessions, a morning session thatconsisted of a 2 h practical workout of major games & sports with conditioning and anafternoon session consisting of a 2 h game practice. Cardio-respiratory fitness effi-ciency were assessed to maintain the homogeneity of the subjects. Resting heart ratevaried 57 ± 4.80 beats/minute and exercise heart rate varied 142 ± 9.10 beats/minute.The range of resting respiratory rate was 16 ± 3.84 breaths/minute and exercise res-piratory rate was 26 ± 5.56 breaths/minute. All subjects followed a similar and con-trolled diet throughout the session and they belong to families with very similar

14 A. Konar et al.

background of demographic status like socioeconomic, sociocultural, nutritional,psycho physiological and educational. The details of the training protocol in presentedin the Table 1.

2.3 Experimental Design

For selection of the subjects, simple random sampling was adopted. The subjects werepart of a demographic comparative study design with moderately trained and sedentarycontrol groups to determine the influence of regular moderately training and recre-ational activities on specific immune response. The study design is presented in theFig. 1.

Table 1. Detail programme of physical activity followed by the training

Days Morning Session Practical Class(6.30 am to 8.30 pm)

Afternoon Session Practical Class3.30 pm to 5.30 pm

Monday General conditioning (30 min)Athletic class on running (45 min)Mass demonstration class (45 min)

Major game practice(football/volleyball/kabaddi)

Tuesday General conditioning (30 min)Gymnastic class (45 min)Mass demonstration class (45 min)

Major game practice(basketball/handball/kho kho)

Wednesday General conditioning (30 min)Athletic class on running (45 min)Mass demonstration class (45 min)

Major game practice(football/volleyball/kabaddi)

Thursday General conditioning (30 min)Gymnastic class (45 min)Yoga class (45 min)

Major game practice(basketball/handball/kho kho)

Friday General conditioning (30 min)Aerobics class (45 min)Yoga class (45 min)

Formal and mass demonstrationactivities

Changes in Immune Response to Moderate Exercise in Active Trainees 15

Subjects were selected according to the formulation of objectives of the study. Theexperiments were done only in the regular moderate training group and compared itwith the regular recreational activity group as sedentary control to draw final findings.

The researcher had collected blood samples and measured all the specificimmunological health variables in a standard laboratory (namely Future Health Care,Kolkata, India) which is licensed under the West Bengal Clinical Establishment Act1950. Before collecting the measurements, all the testing procedure was duly calibratedon time. Since the test of all the above specific immunological health variables wereconducted in a reputed pathological research laboratory, reliability of data was estab-lished automatically. The test procedures are all valid since the methods adopted werefrom standard literature.

2.4 Variables Studied

To fulfill the objective of the study, two types of variables i.e. immunological andbiochemical variables were assessed.

(Regular Training Participants)

(Convenient Sampling)

Moderately Trained Group Sedentary Group

(Process for data analysis)

Target Population

Training Group (Male)N= 18

(Mean age 25±2.06 yrs.)

Control Group (Male)(Age sex matched)

N= 14(Mean age 22.5±1.79 yrs.)

Sampling

Fig. 1. Flow chart of the study design

16 A. Konar et al.