English(Advanced(Yearly(Exam(Summary(Notes((

(

Length'–(2(papers(of(2(hours(each(Weight(–(30%(Paper'1':'Change''

• Short(Answer(responses(on(unseen(texts(related(to(change((40(minutes)(• Write(a(Short(Story(on(an(aspect(of(change((40(minutes)(• Write(an(essay(on(an(Australian(poem(studied(as(a(set(text(in(class(and(the(

topic(of(change.(Include(a(support(text.((40(minutes)(Paper'2':'2Modules'

• Write(an(essay(on(the(text(Macbeth((1(hour)(• Write(an(essay(on(Short(Stories(that(have(been(studied(in(class((1(hour)(

(

English(Advanced(Yearly(Exam(Summary(Notes((

(

Aspects'of'Change'in'given'texts'–'Overview'Last(of(His(Tribe(

• Change(in(Culture(• Change(is(inevitable((• Forced(Change(

Loch(and(Gorge(• Violent(change(• Change(in(life(to(death(• Physical(Change(• Change(in(20th(Century(Perceptions(• Difference(in(perspective(

Harry(Wood(• Lack(of(change((• Economic(Prospects(change(• Physical(Circumstances(

o Language(Techniques(! Pun(U(“(Woods(Gone”(! “Digging(his(way”(! Alliteration(U(“Coal(Caves”(! “Digging(his(way(out(of(poverty”(ironic(because(it(was(in(the(time(of(

the(great(depression(! “The(mine(nearly(took(him”(personification(

o Quotes(From(text(! “Pricks(at(their(tubs(of(meat(with(a(current(charged(bar”(He(is(a(

cold(heartless(man(! “Maggot(bubbles(of(flesh”(This(contrasting(with(his(repulsive(nature(! “edge(the(house(and(yard”(He(is(building(up(a(barrier((! “they(wont(be(poor”(referring(to(his(grandchildren(! “Something(more(than(survival”(Last(line,(very(powerful.(It(reflects(

back(on(his(life(when(the(only(option(was(to(survive.(Widower(in(the(Country((

• Refusal(to(Accept(Change(• Lack(of(change((• Inevitable(change(to(come((signs(are(already(peaking)(

o Language(Techniques(! Juxtaposition(U(the(contrast(between(light(and(darkness(! Repetition(U(“i’ll”((! Personification(and(Metaphor(U(“(Paddock(aching(in(the(heat”(he(is(

aching(himself(! Mechanical(tone(U(throughout(the(poem(

o Quotes(From(Text(! “I’ll(get(up(soon(now(and(leave(my(bed(unmade”(

He(isn’t(bothered(he(is(just(doing(through(the(motions(! “i(get(up(late(now”(

This(emphasizes(the(same(point(made(above(! “roof(reflects(the(sun(and(makes(my(eyes(water”(

This(is(his(“excuse(to(cry”((! “my(thoughts(to(dance(and(fade(away”(! “sitting(at(the(head(of(the(table”((

He(is(still(in(this(way(of(thinking(that(nothing(has(changed,(he(is(still(in(charge.(When(quite(fondly(he(isn’t,(he(has(no(control(over(the(situation(at(hand.(

! “the(screaming(was(only(a(possum”(This(indicating(that(he(experiences(nightmares(

An(Absolutely(Ordinary(Rainbow(• Change(in(Self((individual)(• Change(in(society((• Change(in(perspective((social)(

English(Advanced(Yearly(Exam(Summary(Notes((

(

• Refusal(of(change(o Language(Techniques((

! Repetition(U(“stop(him”(no(one(can((! Simile(U(“longing(for(tears(as(children(for(a(rainbow”(! Biblical(Reference(U(“as(many(follow(her(also(receive(it”,(“(a(halo...(

stood(around(him”(,(“sit(at(his(feet”,(“believers”(o Quotes(From(Text(

! “she(receives(the(gift(of(weeping”(! “their(minds(longing(for(tears(as(children(for(a(rainbow”(! “refuse(to(weep(for(fear(all(acceptance”(

Widower'in'the'country'2'Themes'of'change.(((1.(Is(not(accepting(the(change(that(has(been(forced(upon(him(

“Leave(my(bed(unmade”(he(is(leaving(his(bed(unmade(because(it(is(his(wifes(task,(he(is(not(accepting(that(he(has(to(do(this(task(because(his(wife(is(gone.((“Pause(to(look(across”(“and(then(I’ll(go(in,(boil(water(and(make(tea”(He(pauses(because(he(doesnt(want(to(stop(and(think(about(what(has(happened,(he(does(not(want(to(accept(it.(He(occupies(himself(with(another(ask(so(he(doesnt(have(to(think(about(the(change.(He(is(avoiding(it.((“I(will(simply(watch”(He(is(knows(it(has(happened(but(he(just(watches,(not(processing,(not(accepting.(Just(watching.((“Sitting(at(the(head(of(the(table”(he(wants(to(sit(at(he(head(of(the(table,(be(the(man(of(the(house,(very(controlling(of(everything(that(is(going(on.(he(tries(to(hold(onto(this,(he(refuses(to(change(to(the(man(that(is(now(alone.((

2.(Negative(Change(“for(I(get(up(late(now”(This(is(a(negative(change(because(he(wants(to(stay(in(the(dark(of(his(mind,(dreaming(of(he(past(when(he(wasnt(alone.(He(doesnt(want(to(get(up(and(face(the(reality(of(his(life.((“Aching”(It(shows(how(he(is(hurting.((“makes(my(eyes(water”(He(is(sad,(he(needs(an(excuse(to(cry(and(grieve,(so(he(makes(himself(to(believe(that(the(sun(in(his(eyes(makes(him(cry.(When(really(it(is(just(the(change(creeping(up(on(him.((“Evening(will(draw(in”(as(this(closes(the(end(of(the(second(stanza(it(shows(is(that(the(next(part(of(the(poem(is(going(to(make(us(feel(worse(and(the(widower(is(going(to(get(more(negative.(The(evening(is(worse(for(him.(“Coming(on(dark”(This(links(to(the(stanza(prior(and(keeps(the(theme(of(negative(change(“the(screaming(was(only(a(possum”(This(shows(us(that(he(is(used(to(having(nightmares(and(waking(up(screaming.((

3.(The(change(is(uncontrollable(Change(is(uncontrollable,(as(we(see(in(this(poem(the(main(change(is(death.(As(we(know(death(is(uncontrollable.(Also(we(can(see(that(he(thinks(that(he(could(of(stopped(the(death(of(his(wife(in(the(last(stanza(when(he(says(“Last(night(I(thought(i(dreamt(U(but(when(i(woke.(The(screaming(was(only(a(possum(skiing(down”(he(is(having(a(nightmare(about(his(wifes(death.(Why?(Does(he(think(he(is(guilty,(and(he(could(of(stopped(her(from(dying?(This(shows(us(that(he(thinks(us(that(he(can(control(the(situation(when(he(actually(cant,(because(change(is(uncontrollable.((

4.(Change(is(inevitable(This(poem(shows(us(that(change(is(inevitable(because(we(can(see(through(the(poem(that(he(will(eventually(have(to(change,(and(that(he(already(is(but(not(admitting(that(to(himself.(We(can(see(this(from(the(line(“the(roof(reflects(the(sun(and(makes(my(eyes(water”(this(shows(us(that(he(is(accepting(the(change(but(not(allowing(to(believe(he(is.(The(change(in(him(is(inevitable(and(it(will(happen(very(soon(as(we(see(him(going(through(the(stages(of(grief(in(this(piece.((Harry(Wood(U(Summary(of(change(((((*(Positive(or(negative?(Both((((*(What(kinds(or(types/categories(of(change((((*(behaviors,(beliefs/values/attitudes(‘Harry(Wood’(by(John(Foulcher,(is(a(poem(set(in(the(1920U30s(which(explores(the(idea(of(change.(This(poem(shows(us(what(happens(when(change(does(not(occur(in(a(person.(Harry(throughout(the(whole(poem(says(the(same;(harsh,(cruel(man(that(was(just(seeking(to(survive.(He(did(at(some(point(have(social(change(with,(a(wife(of(which(he(had(children(with(however,(as(he(was(an(introvert(and(had(his(mind(set(on(just(surviving(and(never(really(“living(life”.(With(Harrys(attitude(and(beliefs(never(changing(it(created(a(negative(aspect(on(his(life,(with(his(family(leaving(him(and(him(living(alone.(Although(throughout(his(life(change(did(happen(around(him(he(never(

English(Advanced(Yearly(Exam(Summary(Notes((

(

changed(with(it,(if(you(don’t(change(with(the(times(you(get(left(behind,(we(see(this(happened(to(Harry(Wood.(Overall(the(poem(is(negative(change.((The(economical(change(of(him(changing(jobs(from(working(in(the(mines(to(being(a(foreman,(this(is(also(a(emotional(as(a(contributing(factor(of(him(leaving(is(because(he(almost(died(in(the(minds(and(this(effected(him.(He(leapt(to(the(change(that(would(create(him(a(better(life.(At(the(end(of(the(poem(he(encounters(a(personal(change,(he(realises(that(he(was(only(surviving(and(even(though(he(wants(to(change(live(a(good(life,(he(realises(it(is(to(late(for(him(and(decides(to(give(his(grandchildren(what(he(wanted.(The(harshness(of(Harry(Wood(towards(people(and(life(matches(the(era(of(the(great(depression(and(the(harshness(of(the(Australian(bush.(The(great(depression(was(a(hard(time(where(everyone(had(to(defend(for(themselves(and(survive(to(avoid(the(rising(poverty(rates,(Harry(does(this(as(it(shows(how(he(is(surviving(by(leaving(the(mines(because(of(the(fact(he(could(die(etc.(The(Australian(bush(is(very(rough,(dry,(plain(and(what(you(see(is(basically(what(you(get,(there(is(no(mystery(to(him.((((((((*(His(harshness(matches(the(era(of(the(great(depression(and(the(harshness(of(the(Australian(bush((((*(its(a(time(of(great(poverty(U(everything(was(about(survival((he(faces(death(throughout(his(life)((((*(did(life(in(the(mines(change(him(((((*(does(he(choose(to(isolate(himself?((in(the(mines(and(on(the(farm)((((*(does(he(have(feeling(for(anyone>((ie(the(man(he(fires,(his(family)(is(this(just(a(product(or((a(reflection(of(the(changing(times(around(him?(has(society(caused(him(to(change?(did(he(have(to(change(to(survive?((((*(as(this(is(a(time(where(showing(emotion(was(not(acceptable(U(they(tended(to(value(humour(U(you(didnt(show(us(how(tough(it(was((don’t(show(its(affecting(you)((

33

Harry Wood by John FoulcherHarry Wood worked in the mines, digging his wayout of poverty, finding in his twenties an empty foreman's place.

Once, he told us, he fired a man for fooling with the ropes, and the union went out for weeks. He held on, though, and they sank back to the sleek coal caves one man short, breathing again the air invisible from rock.

And one time collapsing the moment he started, the mine nearly took him, he heard them say, 'Wood's gone'. as the shovels rattled in the earth.

Now he's bought the farm, and every year before market he herds the steers in by himself, pricks at their tubs of meat with a currentcharged bar until they panic and take the long unbroken slope creaking into the truck.

Kangaroo bones pocked with skin and maggot bubbles of flesh edge the house and the yard.

At night, he sitsand talks of the mines, stares at the dark window-when he's dead,the farm will go to his grandchildren,and they won't be pooras he was, and they'll have time, he believes, for something more than survival.

1. Why does Harry want to leave the mine?2. What events in the mine reveal Harry’s mental toughness?3. What aspect of Harry’s attitude is similar to when he was in the mine and how is

this represented by his treatment of the animals?4. Why will the farm go to his grandchildren and not his children?

36

LOCH ARD GORGE by John Foulcher

We climb along a weathered cream precipice,

! look down into the waves.

! tide thrust into the dark interior of earth

!with a sound like fire uncontrolled.

!A century ago, there was a shipwreck here. Its

gravestones

! hump the grass

! a hundred yards away you can just make out their

names.

! the hammocks of bone and meat

! lugged from the sea and dumped in the soil.

!Sheep and cattle surround the place.

! kicking tufts of unconcern

! through the sea’s brittle, incessant static.

! their heads slung

to the grass their teeth locked on the earth.

While, somewhere past the unfinished cliffs,

savage dark fish

are tearing their prey apart, blood phrasing

the water decked with light.

We climb along a weathered cream precipice,

! look down into the waves.

! tide thrust into the dark interior of earth

!with a sound like fire uncontrolled.

!A century ago, there was a shipwreck here. Its

gravestones

! hump the grass

! a hundred yards away you can just make out their

names.

! the hammocks of bone and meat

! lugged from the sea and dumped in the soil.

!Sheep and cattle surround the place.

! kicking tufts of unconcern

! through the sea’s brittle, incessant static.

! their heads slung

to the grass their teeth locked on the earth.

While, somewhere past the unfinished cliffs,

savage dark fish

are tearing their prey apart, blood phrasing

the water decked with light.

We climb along a weathered cream precipice,

! look down into the waves.

! tide thrust into the dark interior of earth

!with a sound like fire uncontrolled.

!A century ago, there was a shipwreck here. Its

gravestones

! hump the grass

! a hundred yards away you can just make out their

names.

! the hammocks of bone and meat

! lugged from the sea and dumped in the soil.

!Sheep and cattle surround the place.

! kicking tufts of unconcern

! through the sea’s brittle, incessant static.

! their heads slung

to the grass their teeth locked on the earth.

While, somewhere past the unfinished cliffs,

savage dark fish

are tearing their prey apart, blood phrasing

the water decked with light.

1. How does the poet draw the reader into the events?2. How does the poet devalue human life?3. What aspects of change does this poem convey?

41

7.Last of His Tribe

Change is the law. The new must oust the old. I look at you and am back in the long ago, Old pinnaroo lonely and lost here, Last of your clan.Left only with your memories, you sit And think of the gay throng, the happy people, The voices and the laughter All gone, all gone, And you remain alone.

I asked and you let me hear The soft vowelly tongue to be heard now No more for ever. For me You enact old scenes, old ways, you who have used Boomerang and spear. You singer of ancient tribal songs, You leader once in the corroboree, You twice in fierce tribal fights With wild enemy blacks from over the river, All gone, all gone. And I feel The sudden sting of tears, Willie Mackenzie In the Salvation Army Home. Displaced person in your own country, Lonely in teeming city crowds, Last of your tribe.

Oodgeroo of the tribe Noonuccal (1920–1993)

Focus QuestionMust change bring sadness?

1. Under the ‘law of change’, what must happen?2. What positive things are gone because of this change?3. How do we know that the old pinaroo (Aboriginal man from Pinaroo) was once

an important figure in the Aboriginal community? Does he retain any of this status?

4. What is ironic about the name of the Aboriginal man and the fact that he is a ‘displaced person in (his) own country”?

5. “Lonely in teeming city crowds” is an oxymoron. Why is this an oxymoron and what other language techniques can you find?

6. How do we know that the author has a sense of regret at the events that have taken place?

42

No More Boomerang No more boomerang No more spear; Now all civilized -- Colour bar and beer.

No more corroboree, Gay dance and din. Now we got movies, And pay to go in.

No more sharing What the hunter brings. Now we work for money, Then pay it back for things.

Now we track bosses To catch a few bob, Now we go walkabout On bus to the job.

One time naked, Who never knew shame; Now we put clothes on To hide whatsaname.

No more gunya, Now bungalow,

Lay down the stone axe, Take up the steel, And work like a nigger For a white man meal

No more fire sticks That made the whites scoff. Now all electric, And no better off.

Bunyip he finish, Now got instead White fella Bunyip, Call him Red.

Abstract picture now -- What they coming at?Cripes, in our caves we Did better than that.

Black hunted wallaby, White hunt dollar;White fella witchdoctor Wear dog-collar.

No more message-stick;Lubras and lads. Got television now, Mostly ads.

Paid by hire purchase In twenty year or so.

Lay down the woomera, Lay down the waddy. Now we got atom-bomb, End everybody.

Oodgeroo of the tribe Noonuccal(formerly Kath Walker)

1. What are three positive aspects of indigenous life which have disappeared?2. The poet uses sarcasm to show her disgust at changes that have taken place. Find 3 examples.

Oodgeroo of the tribe Noonuccal(formerly Kath Walker)

1. What are three positive aspects of indigenous life which have disappeared?2. The poet uses sarcasm to show her disgust at changes that have taken place. Find 3 examples.

3. The author describes much change that has taken place. What is her conclusion about this change and why is she convinced that it is dangerous

and unhelpful?

43

The Widower in the Country

I'll get up soon, and leave my bed unmade.I'll go outside and split off kindling wood,

From the yellow-box log that lies beside the gate,

And the sun will be high, for I get up late now.I'll drive my axe in the log and come back in

With my armful of wood, and pause to look across

The Christmas paddocks aching in the heat,The windless trees, the nettles in the yard...

And then I'll go in, boil water and make tea.

This afternoon, I'll stand out on the hill

And watch my house away below, and howThe roof reflects the sun and makes my eyes

Water and close on bright webbed visions smearedOn the dark of my thoughts to dance and fade away,

Then the sun will move on, and I will simply watch,Or work, or sleep. And evening will draw in.

Coming on dark, I'll go home, light the lamp

And eat my corned-beef supper, sitting thereAt the head of the table. Then I'll go to bed.

Last night I thought I dreamt - but when I wokeThe screaming was only a possum skiing down

The iron roof on little moonlit claws.

Les MurrayFocus question: To what degree does marriage or a relationship ending change our life?

1. Is the Widower a happy man? 2. The Widower doesn’t make his bed yet he chops wood. Why does he do some tasks and not others?3. What words and images suggest that the Widower is simply ‘going through the motions’ and has no purpose to his life? (Find 5 examples)

44

An Absolutely Ordinary Rainbow

The word goes round Repins,

the murmur goes round Lorenzinis,at Tattersalls, men look up from sheets of numbers,

the Stock Exchange scribblers forget the chalk in their handsand men with bread in their pockets leave the Greek Club:

There's a fellow crying in Martin Place. They can't stop him.

The traffic in George Street is banked up for half a mileand drained of motion. The crowds are edgy with talk

and more crowds come hurrying. Many run in the back streetswhich minutes ago were busy main streets, pointing:

There's a fellow weeping down there. No one can stop him.

The man we surround, the man no one approaches

simply weeps, and does not cover it, weepsnot like a child, not like the wind, like a man

and does not declaim it, nor beat his breast, nor even

sob very loudly—yet the dignity of his weepingholds us back from his space, the hollow he makes about himin the midday light, in his pentagram of sorrow,

and uniforms back in the crowd who tried to seize himstare out at him, and feel, with amazement, their minds

longing for tears as children for a rainbow.

Some will say, in the years to come, a haloor force stood around him. There is no such thing.

Some will say they were shocked and would have stopped himbut they will not have been there. The fiercest manhood,

the toughest reserve, the slickest wit amongst us

trembles with silence, and burns with unexpectedjudgements of peace. Some in the concourse scream

who thought themselves happy. Only the smallest childrenand such as look out of Paradise come near him

45

and sit at his feet, with dogs and dusty pigeons.

Ridiculous, says a man near me, and stopshis mouth with his hands, as if it uttered vomit—

and I see a woman, shining, stretch her handand shake as she receives the gift of weeping;

as many as follow her also receive it

and many weep for sheer acceptance, and morerefuse to weep for fear of all acceptance,

but the weeping man, like the earth, requires nothing,the man who weeps ignores us, and cries out

of his writhen face and ordinary body

not words, but grief, not messages, but sorrow,hard as the earth, sheer, present as the sea—

and when he stops, he simply walks between usmopping his face with the dignity of one

man who has wept, and now has finished weeping.

Evading believers, he hurries off down Pitt Street.Les Murray

fromThe Weatherboard Cathedral, 1969

Focus QuestionHow can the actions of an individual change an entire society?

1. What would you change about society if you could?2. If you wanted to change society, how would you go about doing this? How could you be sure that the changes were permanent?3. Why do you think the man is crying? Why does the poet think the man is crying?4. What are Repins, Lorenzinis, and Tattersalls and what is their significance?5. List 3 types of people who are affected by the crying?6. Besides humans, who else is affected?7. How is the man’s public crying different from other demonstrations of public grief?8. What have the authorities trued to do to the crying man?9. What will some people try to do to the crying man in later years?10. Who sits at the feet of the crying man? Who is the poet reminding us of?11. What happens to people who question the crying man’s integrity?12. Why do the onlookers start crying?13. Why is man using ‘grief’ and ‘sorrow’, nit ‘words’ and ‘messages’?14. Why does the man ‘evade believers’ when he leaves? What point is the poet making?

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