english-spanish-handbook.pdf

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SAN FRANCISCO

If this manual is useful for one more person,

then this job has not been in vain.

Si este Manual es til para una persona ms,

entonces, este trabajo no ha sido en vano.

February 28th,2007

LONDON

Author:C.A. Chim PrezLic. in Education: Spanish and Literature

(Antioquias University)

Translations:English, french, italian and others.

Advising:Thesis / Monographs and Investigation projects, Pre- ICFES

Assistance:Maintenance and fixing: Laptops, Desktops; use and management of

softwares; PCsunlocking (pbp); recovery of information from

damaged disks (hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB)

Teacher (F.T.): E.I. LACEBE

ENGLISH SPANISH handbook


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(C.A.) Xu Chim Prez ENGLISH/SPANISHHANDBOOK Ao: 2007

I love EARTH PLANET And you? Page 2

GORK XAX MIZX SHTHARH

1. THE ALPHABET

A(i) B(bi) C(ci) D(di) E(i) F(ef) G(yi) H(ich) I(i) J(yi) K(ki) L(el, ol)M(em) N(an) O(u) P(pi) Q(ki) R(ar) S(ss) T(ti) U(i) V(vi) W(dbliu) X(eks)Y(wui) Z(zi).

2. NUMBERS2.1. Cardinal numbers

Uno (1): one (wun).Dos (2): two (tu).Tres (3): three (zr).Cuatro (4): four (far).

Cinco (5): five (fiv).Seis (6): six (siks).Siete (7): seven (svan).Ocho (8): eight (it).Nueve (9): nine (nin).Diez (10): ten (ten).Once (11): eleven (ilvan).Doce (12): twelve (tulv).Trece (13): thirteen (trtn).Catorce (14): fourteen (fortn).Quince (15): fifteen (fftn).Diecisis (16): sixteen (skstn).Diecisiete (17): seventeen (svantn).Dieciocho (18): eighteen (itn).Diecinueve (19): nineteen (nintn).Veinte (20): twenty (tunti)(*)Treinta (30): thirty (trti).(*)Cuarenta (40): forty (frti).(*)

Cincuenta (50): fifty (ffti).(*)Sesenta (60): sixty (sksti).(*)Setenta (70): seventy (svanti).(*)Ochenta (80): eighty (iti).(*)Noventa (90): ninety (ninti).(*)Cien (100): one hundred (wun jndrit).

(**)


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Mil (1000): one thousand (wun duzand).(***)Un milln (1.000.000): one million (wun mlion).(****)

NOTE:(*) The intermediate numbers or the tens (between 20 and 3090 and 100) are built taking thebasic numbers (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90), and adding to them the corresponding digit; forinstance: 23 = twenty three (tunti zri), 81= eighty one (iti wun), 95 = ninety five (ninti fiv).

(**) Basic numbers (the hundreds) between 100 and 1000 (thats to say, 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 700, 800, 900) are built changing the digit one (1) in the one hundred by thecorresponding digit; for example: 200= two hundred, 500= five hundred. For thecomplementary quantities, which are between 20 and 3090 and 100, you are to take the basicnumbers between 100 and 1000, adding it to them the tens with the respective intermediatequantity; for instance: 628= sixhundredtwenty eight, 367= threehundredsixty seven

(***) Basic numbers corresponding to the thousands (1000, 2000900.000) are built changingthe digit one (1) by the corresponding digit or quantity; for example: 5.000= five thousand,19.000= nineteenthousand. 500.000= five hundredthousand, 995.823= nine hundred ninetyfivethousandeight hundred twenty three.

(****) In the case of basic millions, these are built changing the digit one (1) by thecorresponding digit or quantity; for instance: 15.000.000= fifteenmillion, 16.732.124= sixteenmillion seven hundred thirty two thousand one hundred twenty four. Fort he intermediatequantities, we are to pay attention to this suggestion besides the preceding (three) suggestions,when necessary.

2.2. Ordinal numbers

Primero (1o

) = first (ferst).Segundo (2o) = second (skond).Tercero (3o) = third (terd).Cuarto (4o) = fourth (fortz).Quinto (5o) = fifth (fiftz).Sexto (6o) = sixth (siktz).Sptimo (7o) = seventh (svantz).Octavo (8o) = eighth (itz).Noveno (9o) = ninth (nintz).Dcimo (10o) = tenth (tentz).Decimoprimero (11o) = eleventh (ilvantz).

Decimosegundo (12o) = twelfth (tulftz).Decimotercero (13o) = thirteenth (trtintz).Decimocuarto (14o) = fourteenth (fortntz).Decimoquinto (15o) = fifteenth (fiftntz).Decimosexto (16o) = sixteenth (sikstntz).Decimosptimo (17o) = seventeenth (svantntz).Decimoctavo (18o) = eighteenth (itntz).Decimonoveno (19o) = nineteenth (nintntz).Vigsimo (20o) = twentieth (tuntitz).


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NOTE: To build basic ordinal numbers (thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth), change y by ie, addingth; in the case of the intermediate ordinal numbers, they are written taking the basic cardinalnumbers (20, 30, 4090), and adding the complementary ordinal number; for example: twentyfirst (vigsimo primero); fortyeighth (cuadragsimo octavo)

3. PREPOSITIONSAt:en, a, por, de, durante (It indicates relative/ static location).Above:sobre, encima de, superior a, ms arriba de, ms alto que.Against:contra, cerca de, en contraste con, por, para.Among:entre, en medio de, en el nmero de (when they are three or more things).Before:delante de, enfrente de, antes de, ante (in front of)Below:debajo de, inferior a.Beside:cerca de, junto, en comparacin de, fuera de.Besides:adems de, excepto, fuera de.Between:entre (relative to two things, countries, objects).

By:por, para, cerca de, junto a, al lado de.Down:bajando, debajo de.For:para, durante, por, a pesar de, desde hace, de.From:de, desde, de parte de (origin, displacement).In:en, de, dentro (particularly, it indicates internal location).In front of:delante de, enfrente de, frente a.In order to:para, con el fin de.Into:en, dentro de, hacia el interior deOf:de (content, property, matter cousin, unit of measurement ).Off:libre de, fuera (de)On:en, sobre, encima.

Out:por, all en.Over:sobre, encima de, por encima de, por, al otro lado deTo:a, para, por, con, hasta, en, segn, menos.Toward (towards):hacia, cerca de, tocante a, para con.Under:bajo, debajo de, inferior a.Until:hasta.Up:a (en) lo alto de, encima de, (hacia) arriba de, sobreUpon:en, sobre, encima de, contra, haciaWith:con, de.Within:dentro de, al alcance de, poco menos de, con un margen deWithout:fuera de, ms all de, sin.

NOTE: See enclose N 1(prepositions, some examples).


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4. PRONOUNS

4.1. Personal pronounsI(i): Yo (first singular person).

You(yi): T, usted (second singular person).He(ji): l (third singular person).She(shi): Ella (third singular person).It(it): l, ella, ello- neutro (third singular person; relative to animals, things).We(wu): nosotros, nosotras (first plural person).You(yi): Ustedes, vosotros, vosotras (second plural person).They(di): Ellos, ellas (third plural person).

4.2. Objective pronounsMe(mi): m, me (relative to Ior 1stsingular person).You(yi): t, te (relative to youor 2ndsingular person).

Him(jim): le, lo (relative to heor 3rdsingular person).Her(jer): le, la (relative to sheor 3rdsingular person).It(it): le. Lo, la (relative to he, she, neutral3rdsingular person: animals, things).Us(os, as): nos (relative to weor first plural person).You(yi): os, les, los, las (relative to youor second plural person).Them(dem): les, los, las (relative to theyor third plural person).

4.3. Possessive pronounsMine(min): mo(s), ma(s).Yours(yiars, yirs): tuyo(a), suyo(a), tuyos(as), suyos(as) (relative to you).His(jis): su, suyo(a), suyos(as) (relative to he/3rdsingular person).Hers(jers): su, suyo(a), suyos(as) (relative to she/3rdsingular person).Its(its): su, suyo(as)...(relative to it/3rdsingular person /animals, things, objects).Ours(urs): nuestro(a), de nosotros(relative to we).Yours(yiars, yirs): vuestro(a), de ustedes(relative to you).Theirs(dirs, ders): suyo(a), de ellos(as)(relative to they).

4.4. Pseudo reflexive in function of reflexive pronounsMyself(maislf): me, m mismo, yo mismo (relative to I).Yourself(yiorslf): te, t mismo, usted mismo, s mismo (relative to you).Himself(jimslf): se, s mismo (relative to he).

Herself(jerslf): se, s misma (relative to she).Itself(itslf): se, s mismo(a) / (relative toit).Ourselves(aurslvs): nos (relative to we).Yourselves(yiorslvs): os, se (relative to you).Themselves(demslvs): se (relative to they).

4.5. Possessive adjectivesMy(mi): mi, mis (relative to I).Your(yiar, yir): su, sus (relative to you).His(jis): su, sus (relative to he).Her(jer): su, sus (relative to she).

Its(its): su, sus (relative to it).


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Our(ur): nuestro(s), nuestra(s) /(relative to we).Your(yir, yiar, yir): vuestro(s), vuestra(s), su, sus (relative to you).Their(der, dir): su, sus (relative to they).

5. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS (WORDS)**WHAT(jut): Qu? Cul? What are you doing here?

(jut ar yi ding jer)*Qu est(s) haciendo aqu?

What is the price?(jut is de pris)*Cul es el precio? *Qu precio tiene?

What does she want to do?

(jut das shi wunt tu du)*Qu desea hacer ella?

**WHEN(jun): Cundo? When are they going to sing?

(jun ar di ging tu sing?*Cundo van a cantar ellos(as)?

When did you get back?(jun did yi guet bak)*Cundo regresaste? Cundo regres ud.? Cundo regresaron uds.?

**WHERE (jur): Dnde? Where were you the day before yesterday?

(jur wur yi de di bifr ysterdei)*Dnde estuviste anteayer? Dnde estuvo (estuvieron) usted(es) ayer?

Where does he come from?(jur das hi com from)*De dnde es l? De dnde procede (es oriundo) l?

**WHO (JU): Quin(es)? Who is she?(ju is shi)*Quin es ella?

Who knows where they live?(ju nus jur di liv)*Quin sabe dnde viven ellos(as)?

**HOW (ju): Cmo? Cun? Con qu? How is your sister?

(ju is yir sster)


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*Cmo est tu hermana? Cmo est su hermana?

How deep is that pond?(ju dip is dat pond)

*Cun profunda es esa poza (charca)?

How often does she visit you?(ju fen das shi vsit yi)*Con qu frecuencia te visita ella?

**WHY (jui): Por qu? Why did he do that?

(jui did ji du dat)*Por qu hizo eso (l)?

Why do you say (that) she is dangerous?[jui du yi si (dat) shi is dinyeros]*Por qu dice usted que ella es peligrosa?

**WHOSE (juz): De quin(es)? Whose houses are those?

(juz jusis ar duz)*De quin(es) son esas casas?

Whose wallet is this?(juz wulit is diz)*De quin es esta cartera?

**WHICH (juch): Cul(es)? Which are your shoes?

(juch ar yir shuz)*Cules son tus (sus) zapatos?

Which is his trouble?(juch is jis trbol)*Cul es su problema? Cul es el apuro (la dificultad) de l?

6. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (PRONOUNS)**THIS (diz): este, esta / ste, sta, esto [plural: THESE (diz)] This little truck is very beautiful

(diz ltol trok is vri bitifol)*Esta camioneta es muy bonita.

That shirt is nice, but I prefer this (one).[dat shert is nis bat i prifr diz (wun)]*Esa camisa es muy linda, pero prefiero sta.


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These soldiers are brave.(diz sl-yiers ar briv)*Estos soldados son valientes.

**THAT (dat): ese, aquel / se, aqul, eso [plural: THOSE (duz)] That gentleman is my uncle.

(dat gntolman is mi nkol)*Ese caballero es mi to.

Look that is my old town!(luk dat is mi uld tun)*Mira ese es mi viejo poblado!

Those are their books.(duz ar dir buks)

*Esos (aquellos) son sus libros.

7. AUXILIARY (defective and/or modal) VERBS AND EXPRESSIONSWith these verbs and expressions no auxiliary is needed to ask or to answer.

CAN:poder (relative to competence to do something), saber. COULD:pasado de can(It also indicates probability or possibility). MAY:poder (It indicates permission, authorization, possibility, desire or assertion). MUST:deber, tener que, deber de (obligation; it also means justification). MIGHT:ser posible; podra, podramos (possibility). OUGHT:deber (modo potencial); debiera, debiramos, debierais

SHOULD:deber; debera, deberamos (to form present and past conditional). WOULD: ending a of some verbs in Spanish (present and past conditional); besidespotential mode, it also forms imperfect tense of the indicative mode when it indicates costum.

HAVE:aux, cuando significa haber (in USA) y cuando significa haber o tener (inGreat Britain).

BE: aux. ser o estar; tambin, significa haber (as auxiliar), deber, tener, haber(character or existential mode), hacer, andar en, tocar a, depender de.

NOTE: See enclose N 2(auxiliary verbs, defective, and modal).

8. THE AUXILIARIES: Do, Does, Did, WillAuxiliaries (do, does, did, will) are utilized to ask, and answer (forms: short afirmative, shortnegative, and long negative); they are also utilized to emphasize (to affirm flat). All ofthese auxiliaries are used with verbs requiring them to ask or to answer, that isto say, they are utilized with verbs and expressions distinct to auxiliary,defective or modal verbs and/or expressions.

The auxiliaries,DO and DOES, are utilized with present tense (indicative mode).

DO Auxiliaryis utilized with the following persons:I (first singular person), you (second singular person), we (first plural person), and they (thirdplural person).


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DOES Auxiliaryis utilized with: SHE, HE, IT(third singular person).

DID auxiliaryis utilized with past tense ( indicative mode) con todas las personas (I,You, He, She, It, We, You, They); DID is the past form of DO and DOES.

WILL auxiliary is utilized to form the simple future tense of the verbs; it is usedwith all the persons, and in some cases is replaced with SHALL. Shall wasutilized (and it is still used as archaism) with the first person (both singular andplural: Iand WE).

Examples: Do they have to suffer an examination today?

(du di jav tu sfer an iksaminishon tudi)*Deben (tienen) ellos (que) presentar un examen hoy?

*Yes, they have to suffer an examination today.*Yes, they do.*No, they do not.*No, they do not have to suffer an examination today.

Does she fix the meals?(das shi fiks de mils)*Prepara ella las comidas?

*Yes, she fixes the meals.*Yes, sh e does.*No, she does no t.*No, she does not fix the meals.

Did you go to the beach yesterday?(did yi gu tu de bich ysterdei)*Fuiste (Fuisteis) a la playa ayer?

*Yes, I (We) went to the beach yesterday.*Yes, I (We) did .*No, I (We) did no t.

*No, I (We) did not go to the beach yesterday. Will he be on time really?

(wul ji bi on tim rli)*Realmente llegar (l) a tiempo?

*Yes, he will be on time really.*Yes, he w ill.*No, he will n ot.*No, he will not be on time really.


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Will (shall) I have to work tomorrow?[wul (shal) i jav tu wurk tumrou]*Tendr yo que trabajar maana?

*Yes, you will have to work tomorrow.*Yes, you will.*No, you w il l not.*No, you will not have to work tomorrow.

9. To BE Verb(ser o estar) in simple tenses (Indicative mode)

Present tense:I am(i am): soy o estoy.You are(yi ar): eres o ests, (ud.) es o sta.He is(ji is): (l) es o est.

She is(shi is): (ella) es o est.It is(it is): (l, ella, ello) es o est (relativo a animales, cosas, eventos)We are(wu ar) somos o estamos.You are(yi ar): sois o estis, (uds.) son o estn.They are(di ar): (ellos o ellas) son o estn.

Past tense:I was(i wus): Yo era (fui, estaba, estuve).You were(yi wur): eras (fuiste, estabas, estuviste), ud. Era (estaba)He was(ji wus): (l) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).She was(shi wus): (ella) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).It was(it wus): (l, ella, ello) era (estaba, fue, estuvo).We were(wu wur): ramos (estbamos, fuimos, estuvimos).You were(yi wur): erais (fuisteis, estabais), uds. eran (estaban).They were(di wur): (ellos o ellas) eran (estaban, fueron, estuvieron).

Future tense:I will be(i wul bi): ser o estar.You will be(yi wul bi): sers o estars.He will be(ji wul bi): (l) ser o estar.She will be(shi wul bi): (ella) ser o estar.

It will be(it wul bi): (l, ella, ello) ser o estar.We will be(wu wul bi): seremos o estaremos.You will be(yi wul bi): seris o estaris, (uds.) sern o estarn.They will be(di wul bi): (ellos o ellas) sern o estarn.

9.1. To BE verb: questions and answers (affirmative and negative forms)Are they faithful?

(ar di fitzfol)*Son ellos (ellas) confiables (de confianza)?

*Yes, they are faithful.

*Yes, they are.


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*No, they are not.*No, they are not faithful.

Is she in?

(is shi in)*Est ella en casa?

*Yes, she is in.*Yes, she is .*No, she is n ot.*No, she is not in.

Are you student?(ar yi sstdent)*Eres (es) t (usted) estudiante?

*Yes, I am student.*Yes, I am.*No, I am n ot.*No, I am not student.

Were you sick last week?(wur yi sik last wuk)*Estabas (estuviste) enfermo la semana pasada?

*Yes, I was sick last week.*Yes, I was.*No, I was no t.*No, I was not sick last week.

Will you (bothor al l) be ready in ten minutes?[wul yi (butz or ol) bi rdi in ten mnits]*Estarn (uds.) listos en diez minutos?

*Yes, we will (shall) be ready in ten minutes.*Yes, we will (sh all).

*No, wil l (shall) not.*No, we will (shall) not ready in ten minutes.

10. THE TIME What time is it? What is the time?

(jut tim is it) (jut is de tim)*Qu hora es? *Qu hora es?

*Its ten to five(its ten tu fiv): cinco menos diez.*Its ten before five(its ten bifr fiv): cinco menos diez.*Its ten to (before) five[its ten tu (bifr) fiv]: faltan diez para las cinco.

*Fifteen minutes past (after) three.


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[fftn mnits past (fter) zri]*Tres y quince.

*A quarter past (after) four.

[e qurter past (fter) far]*Cuatro y cuarto.*Cuatro y quince.

*Its six oclock in the morning.(its siks aklk in de mning)*Son las seis en punto de la maana.

*Seven and thirty (a half).[svan and trti (e jaf)]*Siete y treinta (media).

11. CONTRACTIONSNormal form: Contracted form:Am not aint(*)

Are not arentCan not cant, cannotCould not couldntDid not didntDo not dontDoes not doesntHad not hadntHas not hasntHave not haventHe (she, it) has hes, shes, itsHe (she, it) is hes, shes, itsI (you, he, she, it, we, they) will Ill, youll, hell, shell, itll, well, theyllI (you, we, they) have Ive, youve, weve, theyveIs not isntMight not mightntMust not mustntOught not oughtnt (generalmente no se contrae)

Should not shouldntThere is (will be) theres, therell beThey are theyreWas not wasntWe are wereWere not werentWhy not wontWill not wontWould not wouldntYou are youre

NOTE:

(*)

AINTexpression is also the contracted form of: Am not, Are not, Is not, Have not, Has not.


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12. DAYS OF THE WEEK, MONTH OF THE YEAR, AND DATES12.1. Days of the weekSunday(sndei, sndi): domingo.Monday(mndi, mndi): lunes.

Tuesday(tisdei, tisdi): martes.Wednesday(wunsdei, wunsdi): mircoles.Thursday(trsdei, trsdi): jueves.Friday(fridei, fridi): viernes.Saturday(stordei, stordi): sbado.

12.2. Months of the yearJanuary(yniueri, ynueri): enero.February(fbriueri, fbrueri): febrero.March(march): marzo.April(iprol): abril.

May(mi): mayo.June(yin): junio.July(yiuli): julio.August(guest, gost): agosto.September(septmber): septiembre.October(oktber, oktber): octubre.November(navmber): noviembre.December(dizmber): diciembre.

12.3. DatesAugust the 21st, 1999.

(guest de tunti ferst, nintnninti nin)*21 de agosto de 1.999.

April the 9th, 1960.(iprol de nintz, nintnsksti)*9 de abril de 1.960.

December the 31th(dizmber de trti ferst)*Treinta y uno de diciembre.

Today its May the 1

st

, Day of the Worker.(tudi its mi de ferst, di ov de wurker)*Hoy es primero de mayo, Da del Trabajo o del Trabajador.

December the 15th, 2009.[dizmber de fftntz, tuntiu (zro) nin]*15 de diciembre del 2009.

NOTE:in relation with the dates in English: the names of the months begin with capital letter; in the caseof the days, ordinal numbers are utilized; the years are read in centuries, adding the remaining quantities

to them, just as it was seen in the previous examples .


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13. IDIOMS(See encloses- Enclose N 3)13.1. Idiomatical expressions with To BE verb:To BE (to BE):indica futuro (with both genders).

To BE afraid of:tener miedo a (de).To BE angry:estar molesto, tener rabia (enojo, furia).To BE back:regresar, volver, retornar.To BE cold:tener fro.To BE frightened:tener miedo (de), espantarse, estar espantado.To BE hot:tener mucho(a) calor.To BE hungry:tener hambre.To BE in a hurry:tener prisa.To BE in with:ser muy amigo(a) de, gozar de las simpatas de.To BE in:estar (encontrarse) en casa (shop, restaurant, bar).To BE off:irse, estar equivocado.

To BE out of:no tener ms.To BE out:estar fuera de casa, estar en la calleTo BE right:tener razn, estar en lo cierto.To BE starving:morirse de hambre, tener hambre excesiva.To BE the matter with:tener, pasar, ocurrirTo BE thirsty:tener sed.To BE tired:estar cansado, sentirse cansado.To BE to:deber, tener que.To BE up to:estar a la altura de, ser competente paraTo BE warm:tener calor.To BE wrong:no tener razn, estar equivocado.

13.2. Idiomatical expressions with To COME:To COME about:suceder, girar, cambiar de direccinTo COME across:encontrarse con, atravesar.To COME apart:desprenderse, desunirse, caerse (por partes).To COME away:apartarse, retirarse, largarse.To COME back:regresar, volver, retornar.To COME before:llegar antes, anteponerse.To COME between:separar, desunirTo COME in:entrar.

To COME into:obtener, recibir, heredar, entrarTo COME out:salir.

13.3. Idiomatical expressions with To GET:To GET crazy:volverse loco.To GET back:volver, regresar, retornar.To GET in:entrar.To GET into:conectar(se) a, entrar.To GET off:bajar(se) de (un vehculo o nave).To GET on:subir(se) a (un bus, un avin).To GET out:salir.

To GET sad:entristecerse.


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To GET sick:enfermarse.

13.4. Idiomatical expressions with To HAVE:To HAVE at:atacar, embestir.

To HAVE breakfast(lunch, dinner): desayunar (almorzar, cenar).To HAVE on:llevar puesto.To HAVE to:tener que, deber.To HAVE to do with:tener que ver con.

13.5. General idiomatical expressions:At that:sin ms.But then:pero por otro lado, pero al mismo tiempo.By the way:a propsitoFrom now on:de ahora en adelante.On the other hand:de otra parte.

From then:de all en adelante, desde entonces.From time to time:de vez en cuando.Now and then (again):de vez en cuando.Now that:ya que.Now then:ahora bien.On the contrary:por el contrario.Side by side:lado a lado, uno al lado del otro.Then and there:al momento, ah mismo.To be a mere skeleton:quedar slo los huesos.To be quiet:quedarse callado, quedarse quieto.To cut onesway:labrar su camino.To get married:casarse.To have nothing to see with:no tener nada que ver con.To make onesliving:ganarse la vida.To make up onesmind:tomar una decisin, resolverse, decidirse.To put in(on, across, out):introducir [poner(se), llevar a cabo, sacar]To shut up:quedarse callado, callarse (expresin muy severa).To take for(on, off, in, up):considerar (tomar, quitarse, admitir, subir).To take it easy:calmarse, ir con cuidado, descansar, ir despacioUpon that:sobre eso.

NOTE:onesexpression is replaced by the possessiveadjective corresponding to the mentioned person

(my, your, his, her, its, our, their).

14. EXPRESSIONS OF EXISTENCE(There is, there was, there are, there were) There is(der is): hay (singular form). There are(der ar): hay (plural form). There was(der wus): hubo, haba (singular). There were(der wur): hubo, haba (plural). There will be(der wul bi): habr (singular and plural).

Examples: There isa tasty cake there.

(der is e tisti kik der)


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*Hay un apetitoso bizcocho ah (all, all).

*Is there a tasty cake there?(is der e tisti kik der)

*Hay un apetitoso bizcocho ah?

*Yes, there is a tasty cake there.*Yes, there is.*No, there is no t.*No, there is not a tasty cake there.

There aretwo parrots shouting.(der ar tu prots shuting)*Hay dos loros gritando.

*Are there two parrots shouting?(ar der tu prots shuting)*Hay dos loros gritando?

*Yes, there are two parrots shouting.*Yes, there are.*No, there are not.*No, there are not two parrots shouting.

There wasan accident last night.(der wus an ksident last nit)*Hubo un accidente anoche.*Was there an accident last night?(wus der an ksident last nit)*Hubo un accidente anoche?

*Yes, there was an accident last night.*Yes, there was.*No, there was no t.*No, there was not an accident last night.

There werethree nice houses on that corner.(der wur zri nis jusis on dat crner)*Haba tres lindas casas en esa esquina.

*Were there three nice houses on that corner?(wur der zri nis jusis on dat crner)*Haba tres lindas casas en esa esquina?

*Yes, there were three nice houses on that corner.*Yes, there were.*No, there were no t.

*No, there were not three nice houses on that corner.


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There wil l bea party next week.[der wul bi e prti (pri) neks wuk]*Habr una fiesta la prxima semana.

*Will there be a party next week?[wul der bi e prti (pri) neks wuk]*Habr una fiesta la prxima semana?

*Yes, there will be a party next week.*Yes, there will .*No, there wil l n ot.*No, there will not be a party next week.

15. TAG QUESTIONS (Questions of corroboration)For this kind of construction, the following thing should keep in mind:

The grammatical tense of the main verb. If main verb needs or not an auxiliary. If the expression is affirmative or negative one.

According to the previous thing, it is necessary to the following to elaborateTag questions:

1. If the expressions is affirmative, and besides that, the main verb is in thepresent tense, and it needs auxiliary (to ask and/or to answer), DOauxiliary isutilized if the subject is: I, You, We, They; DOES auxiliary is utilized if thesubject is: He, She, It- followed by the negation (NOT), and by thecorresponding personal pronoun.

2. If the expression is affirmative, and the main verb is in Past Tense; besidesthat, if the verb needs auxiliary to ask and/or to answer, DID auxiliary is utilized(with all the persons), followed by the negation (NOT), and by the correspondingpersonal pronoun.

3. If the expression is affirmative, and it is in simple future tense; besides that,the main verb needs auxiliary to ask and/or to answer, then WILL auxiliary is

utilized, followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding personalpronoun.

4. If the expression is affirmative, and the main verb does not require auxiliary(because it is auxiliary, defective or modal), then, the main verb is utilized toask, followed by the negation (NOT), and by the corresponding personalpronoun.

5. If the expression is negative, it is necessary to keep in mind:a. If the main verb is in the present tense, and needs auxiliary, DO or DOESauxiliaries are utilized (as correspond), followed by the corresponding personal

pronoun.


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b. If the main verb is in the past tense, and it requires auxiliary, DID auxiliary isutilized (with all the persons), followed by the corresponding personal pronoun.

c. If the main verb is in the future tense, and it needs auxiliary, we have to

utilize WILL auxiliary (with all the persons), followed by the corresponding personalpronoun.

d. If the main verb does not require auxiliary neither to ask nor to answer, then,the same main verb is utilized, followed by the corresponding personal pronoun.

Examples:Basic expression: Tag question:

They want to buy a new house. Dont they?(di wunt tu bi e ni juz) (dont di)

*Ellos(as) quieren comprar una casa nueva No es verdad?

Ariadne lovescountry music. Doesn t she?(riadn lovs kntri misik) (dsent shi)*Ariadna adora la msica campirana No es verdad?

Katherine brought some presents. Didn t s he?(kterin brot som prsents) (ddent shi)*Catalina trajo algunos regalos. No es verdad?

Latin America will import food products. Won t i t?(ltin amrica wul imprt fud prdoks) (wunt it)*Amrica Latina importar alimentos. No es verdad?

You should be careful. Sho ul dn t y ou ?(yi shud bi krfol) (shdent yi)*Debera(s)(n) tener cuidado. No es verdad?

She doesnt want to study German. Does she?(shi dsent wunt tu sstdi yrman) (das shi)*Ella no desea estudiar alemn. Verdad?

We didnt learn the lesson. Did you?(wu ddent lern de lson) (did yi)*Nosotros no aprendimos la leccin. Verdad?

He would rather to stay in. Wouldn t he?(ji wud rder tu ssti in) (wdent ji)*l preferira quedarse en casa. No es verdad?

NOTE:generally, Tag Question is negative, AUXILIARY (auxiliary expression, defective or modal verb) iscontracted together with the negation (NOT).


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16. To HAVE VERB(as auxiliary: HABER in Spanish)Present: Past:I have: yo he I had: hube, habaYou have: t has; usted ha You had: hubiste

He has: l ha He had: hubo, habaShe has: ella ha She had: hubo, habaIt has: (l, ella, ello) ha It had: hubo, habaWe have: nos. hemos We had: hubimos, habamosYou have: vos. habis; uds. han You had: hubisteis, hubieronThey have: ellos(as) han They had: hubieron, haban

17. FIRST GENERAL VOCABULARY (complementary)Airplane(rplein): avin.Apple(pol): manzana.Army(rmi): ejrcito.

Avenue(vniu): avenida.Bag(bag): bolsa.Bank(bank): banco.Bathroom(bzrum): bao.Battle(btol): batalla.Bean(bin): frjol, habichuela, judaBed(bed): cama.Bedroom(bdrum): alcoba.Belt(belt): cinturn, correa.Bird(berd): ave, pjaro.Biscuit(bskuit): bizcocho.Blade(blid): cuchilla.Boat(but): barco, bote.Bottle(btol): botella, envase.Boy(bi): muchacho.Building(blding): edificio.Bull(bul): toro.Bullfight(bulfit): corrida (de toros).Bullring(blring): ruedo, corralejaButter(bter): mantequilla.Cake(kik): bizcocho, panqueque.

Campus(kmpos): campo (de una universidad).Can(can): caneca, envase (metlico), lata.Cap(cap): caperuza, gorro.Car(car): carro.Card(card): tarjeta.Ceiling room(sling rum): cielo raso.Chair(cher): silla.Chicken(chken): pollo.Child(child): nio.Cigarette(cgaret): cigarrillo.City(cti): ciudad.

Cloud(clud): nube.


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Coat(cut): abrigo.Coconut(cconet): coco.Colledge(klich): colegio (de carreras profesionales).Corn(corn): maz.

Corner(krner): esquina, rincn.Country(kntri): pas, campo, campia.Court(cort): corte o sala (de justicia), cancha (deportiva).Cow(ku): vaca.Crab(crab): cangrejo.Curtain(krten): cortina.Desert(dsert): desierto.Dessert(dizrt): postre.Door(dor): puerta.Dot(dat): alarma.Downtown(duntun): centro (de una ciudad).

Drum(drom): tambor.Duck(dek): pato.Eagle(gol): guila.Electric bulb(ilktrik belb): bombilla.Eyeglasses(iglsis): gafas, anteojos.Feather(fder): pluma.Fish(fish): pez, pescado.Floor(floor): piso.Fork(fork): tenedor, trinche (para comidas).Fretsaw(frtso): segueta.Game(guim): juego.Hat(jat): sombrero.Hawk, falcon(jok, flcon): halcn.Hen(jen): gallina.High School(jisskul): escuela secundaria, colegio de bachillerato.Hill(jil): colina.Hour(uar): hora.House(juz): casa.Hurricane(jrikin): huracn.Jacket(yket): chaqueta.Jigsaw(ygso): segueta.

Knife(nif): cuchillo.Ladder(lder): escalera (movible, transportable).Lifter(lfter): ascensor.Lion(lion): len.Little truck(ltol trok): camioneta.Living room(lvin rum): sala.Market(mrkit): mercado.Marsh(marsh): cinaga.Matress(mtris): colchn.Meat(mit): carne.Medal(mdol): medalla.

Mountain(munten): montaa.


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Mouse(muz): ratn.Net(net): red.Nut(not): tuerca.Ocean(ushan): ocano.

Octopus(ktopos): pulpo.Oil(il): aceite, petrleo.Opus(pos): obra (literaria, dramtica).Park(park): parque.Parrot(prot): loro.Passenger elevator(psinyer levitor): ascensor.Phanter(pnter): pantera.Pig, hog(pig, jog): cerdo.Pineapple(pinpol): pia.Plate(plit): plato, placa.Plateau(plat): meseta.

Pond(pond): charca, poza.Praerie(prri): pradera.Purse(pers): bolso.Rain(rin): lluvia.Raincoat(rincout): impermeable.Rainproof (rinpruf): impermeable.Rice(ris): arroz.Ring(ring): anillo.River(rver): ro.Road(rud): carretera, camino.Room(rum): cuarto, pieza.Rooster(rster): gallo.Sack(sak): saco.Saw(so): sierra.Screw(sskru): tornillo.Screwdriver(sskrudriver): destornillador.Sea(si): mar.Seagull(sgol): gaviota.Serpent(srpent): serpiente.Shirt(shert): camisa.Shoe(shu): zapato.

Shopping center(shping cnter): Centro Comercial.Shovel(shvol): pala.Shrimp(shrimp): camarn.Sky(sski): cielo.Snake(ssnik): culebra.Sock(sok): media.Sof(sufa): sof.Sparrow hawk(ssprou jok): gaviln.Spoon(sspn): cuchara.Stair(sstr): escalera (fija o corrediza).Staircase(sstrkis): escalera.

Stocking(sstking): calcetn.


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Storm(sstrm): tormenta.Stream(sstrm): arroyo.Street(sstrt): calle.Table(tibol): mesa.

Tablecloth(tibol klotz): mantel.Telephone(tlefun): telfono.Thunder(tnder): trueno.Tie(ti): corbata, lazo.Tiger(tiguer): tigre.Time(tim): tiempo, hora.Towel(twuel, twuol): toalla.Tower(twuer): torre.Town(tun): pueblo, poblado.Train(trin): tren.Trousers(trusers): pantalones.

Truck(trok): camin.Truck driver(trok driver): conductor (de buses).Turkey(trki): pavo.Umbrella(ambrla): sombrilla, paraguas.Underpants(nderpants): pantaloncillos.University(yinivrsiti): universidad.Valley(vli): valle.Vulture(vlshor): buitre.Weapon(wupon): arma.Whale(juiol): ballena.Worm(wurm): gusano, lombriz.

18. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY[See enclose Number 4: PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY(Additional Vocabulary)]Abdomen(bdomen): abdomen.Ankle(nkol): tobillo.Arm(arm): brazo.Ass(as): trasero.Asshole(asjul): ano.Back(bak): espalda.Buttocks(btoks): nalgas.Calf(kaf): pantorrilla.Cheek(chik): mejilla.Cheekbone(chkbn): pmulo.Chestchest): pecho.Chin(chin): barbilla.Ear(ir): oreja, odo.Elbow(lbou): codo.Eye(i): ojo.Eyebrow(ibro): ceja.Eyelash(ilash): pestaa.Foot(fut): pie.

Forefinger(forfnguer): ndice.


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Forehead(frid): frente.Hair(jer): cabello.Hand(jand): mano.Head(jed): cabeza.

Heel(jil): taln.Hip(jip): cadera.Knee(ni): rodilla.Leg(leg): pierna.Lip(lip): labio.Middle finger(mdol fnguer): dedo medio o corazn.Mouth(mutz): boca.Nape(nip): nuca.Navel(nivol): ombligo.Neck(nek): cuello.Nipple(npol): pezn.

Nose(nuz): nariz.Penis, prick, cock(pnis, prik, kak): pene.Ring finger(ring fnguer): dedo anular o dedo mdico.Shoulder(shlder): hombro.Skin(skin): piel.Small finger(ssml fnguer): meique.Thigh(ti): muslo.Thumb finger(tomb fnguer): pulgar.Tit(tit): teta.Waist(wuist): cintura.Wrist(rist): mueca.

19. CONJUGATION OF VERBS(regular ones)

To conjugate regular verbs we have to do the following thing:

a.The ending of the verbs.

b.Besides that, it is important to see the gramatical person and the person inthe expression or sentence.

(**) If verbs end with: S, SH, CH, X, Y

1

(preceded by a consonant), Z orVOWEL, it is necessary to do the following:

Add ES if main verb is in the simple present tense (Indicative Mode), when it iswith the third singular person (He, She, It), except when the verb ends with Y1;when it ends with Ypreceded by a consonant1, firstly, the Y is replaced byI, and thenESis added; if verb ends with the vowelE, simply the consonantSis added.

With the other persons (I, You, We, They) verb has no change, that is to say, itis written just as it appears originally.


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To verbs with endings distinct to the mentioned ones (**), including verbsending with Y preceded by a vowel, the consonant Sis just added (if verb is withthe third singular person, simple present tense of the Indicative mode); with the other persons (I,You, We, They) verbs are written with no change.

(***) If verbs are in the simple past tense (Indicative Mode), the suffixEDis addedto the verb (with all the persons: I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They); it is tokeep in mind that verbs ending with Y (preceded by a consonant), firstly theychange the Yletter by I, and then the suffixEDis added.

Examples:

Simple present tense: Simple past tense:

*FISH(fish): pescar.

I fish: yo pesco I fishedYou fish: (t) pescas, ud. Pesca You fishedHe fishes: (l) pesca He fishedShe fishes: (ella) pesca She fishedIt fishes: (l, ella, ello) pesca It fishedWe fish: (nos.) pescamos We fishedYou fish: (vos.) pescais, uds. Pescan You fishedThey fish: (ellos, ellas) pescan They fished

*WATCH(wutch): mirar, vigilar, observar, velarI watch: miro, observo I watchedYou watch: miras, observas You watchedHe watches: (l) mira, observa He watchedShe watches: (ella) mira, observa She watchedIt watches: (l, ella, ello) mira It watchedWe watch: (nos.) miramos. We watchedYou watch: (vos.) mirais You watchedThey watch: (ellos, ellas) miran They watched

*MISS(mis): extraar, errar, fallar, echar de menos, perderI miss: (yo) extrao I missed

You miss: extraas, ud. extraa You missedHe misses: (l) extraa He missedShe misses: (ella) extraa She missedIt misses: (l, ella, ello) extraa It missedWe miss: (nos.) extraamos We missedThey miss: (ellos, ellas) extraan They missed

*FIX(fiks): reparar, preparar (las comidas), fijar (un objeto)I fix: (yo) reparo I fixedYou fix: (t) reparas (ud.) repara You fixedHe fixes: (l) repara, prepara He fixed

She fixes: (ella) repara, prepara She fixed


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It fixes: (l, ella, ello) repara, prepara It fixedWe fix: (nos.) reparamos, preparamos We fixedYou fix: (vos.) reparais, preparais You fixedThey fix: (ellos, ellas) reparan They fixed

*COPY(cpi): copiarI copy: (yo) copio I copiedYou copy: (t) copias, (ud.) copia You copiedHe copies: (l) copia He copiedShe copies: (ella) copia She copiedIt copies: (l, ella, ello) copia It copiedWe copy: (nos.) copiamos We copiedYou copy: (vos.) copiais, (uds.) copian You copiedThey copy: (ellos, ellas) copian They copied

*BUZZ(bozz): murmurar, zumbarI buzz: (yo) murmuro I buzzedYou buzz: (t) murmuras You buzzedHe buzzes: (l) murmura He buzzedShe buzzes: (ella) murmura She buzzedIt buzzes: (l, ella, ello) murmura It buzzedWe buzz: (nos.) murmuramos We buzzedYou buzz: (vos.) murmurais You buzzedThey buzz: (ellos, ellas) murmuran They buzzed

*WHEEDLE(judol): engatusar, conseguir por medio de halagosI wheedle: (yo) engatuso I wheedledYou wheedle: (t) engatusas You wheedledHe wheedles: (l) engatusa He wheedledShe wheedles: (ella) engatusa She wheedledIt wheedles: (l, ella, ello) engatusa It wheedledWewheedle: (nos.) engatusamos We wheedledYou wheedle: (vos.) engatusais You wheedledThey wheedle: (ellos, ellas) engatusan They wheedled

*PLAY(pli): jugar, tocar (msica), hacer (una mala jugada o pasada)

I play: (yo) juego I playedYou play: (t) juegasud. juega You playedHe plays: (l) juega He playedShe plays: (ella) juega She playedIt plays: (l, ella, ello) juega It playedWe play: (nos.) jugamos We playedYou play: (vos.) jugaisuds. Juegan You playedThey play: (ellos, ellas) juegan They played


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20. SINGULAR AND PLURAL OF SOME NOUNS

Generally, nouns with regular plurals are those ending with: S, SH, CH, X, Y(preceded by a consonant), Z or VOWEL, and the majority of nouns with endings

distinct to the mentioned ones, with some exceptions; all in all, they follow thesame rules to conjugate regular verbs (respect to the terminations of those verbs and theirutilization with the third singular person, simple present tense of the Indicative Mode ), as shownsubsequently:

20.1. Regular plurals:Singular: Plural:Ash(ash): ceniza ashesBranch(branch): rama, sucursal branchesBull(bul): toro bullsButt(bot): nalga, extremo butts

Buzz(bozz): zumbido buzzesChurch(cherch): iglesia churchesClock(clak): reloj (de pared, de torres) clocksCountry(kntri): pas, campo, campia countriesCow(ku): vaca, hembra (de elefante) cowsCup(kep): copa, taza, pocillo cupsDeer(diir): venado, ciervo deersDog(dog): perro(a), can dogsEye(i): ojo eyesFlag(flag): bandera flagsFox(foks): zorro(a) foxesHand(jand): mano handsHorse(jors): caballo, caballete (de madera) horsesLip(lip): labio lipsStair(str): escalera stairsStar(sstr): estrella, astro starsTree(tri): rbol treesWatch(wutch): reloj (de pulso, de bolsillo) watches

20.2. Irregular plurals:*Axis(ksis): eje axes

*Bacterium(baktriem): bacteria bacteria*Crisis(krisis): crisis crises*Datum(ditem, dtom): dato data*Knife(nif): cuchillo knives*Leaf(lif): hoja (de rbol) leaves*Life(lif): vida lives*Thesis(tsis): tesis theses*Thief(dif): ladrn thieves*Wife(wuif): esposa wivesChild(child): nio(a) childrenFish(fish): pez, pescado fish

Foot(fut): pie feet


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Goose(guz): ganso geeseLouse(luz): piojo liceMan(man): hombre menMouse(muz): ratn mice

Ox(oks): buey oxenTooth(tutz): diente teethWoman(wman): mujer women

21. IRREGULAR VERBS

The suffix S is added to verbs when they appear with the third singular person,that is to say, He, She, It (when they are in the simple present tense of the Indicative Mode );except some of them ending with vowel, especially with O, to which the suffix-ESis added, and the special cases, such as: TO BEverb (See apart number 9),and TO HAVE verb (See apart number 16). Some of them, as CATCH

(coger) follow the rule to conjugate regular verbs ending withCH (in the simplepresent tense of the Indicative Mode, with the third singular person only).

Subsequently, a list of some irregular verbs is presented:Be(bi): ser, estar, tener, sentirBecome(bikm): llegar a ser, hacerse, convertirse enBite(bit): morderBring(bring): traerBuild(bild): construirBuy(bi): comprarCatch(catch): atrapar, coger, asir, sorprender

Choose(chuz): escogerCome(kom): venir.Cost(kust): costarCut(ket): cortarDo(du): hacer, tributar, trabajar en, resolver, andar enFight(fit): pelearForget(forgut): olvidar, olvidarse deForgive(forguv): perdonar.Get(guet): conseguir, obtener, recibir, ir por, tomar, llevarGive(giv): dar, ofrecer, causar, ocasionarGo(gu): ir, ir por, llevar (una ruta, un camino), tolerarHave(jav): tener, haberHit(jit): golpearKeep(kip): guardar, mantener, conservarKnow(nu): conocerLearn(lern): aprenderLet(let): permitirMake(mik): hacerPay(pi): pagarPut(put): poner, colocarRead(rid): leer

Say(si): decir


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See(sii): verShut(shat): cerrarSing(sing): cantarSleep(sslp): dormir

Speak(sspk): hablarStand(sstnd): ponerse de pieSweep(sup): barrer, arrastrar, arrebatar, recorrer (con la mirada)Swim(sum): nadarTake(tik): tomar, llevar, traer, coger, aceptar, arrebatarTeach(tich): ensearTell(tel): contar, referir, decirThink(tink): pensarUnderstand(ndersstnd): entender, comprenderWin(wun): ganarWork**(wurk): trabajar

Write(rit): escribir

Grammatical tenses and past participles of some irregular verbs:

Present: Past: Past Participle:Be(am, is, are) was, were beenBecome became becomeBite bit bitten, bitBring brought broughtBuild built builtBuy bought bought

Catch caught caughtChoose chose chosenCome came comeCost cost costCut cut cutDo did doneFight fought foughtForget forgot forgotten, forgotForgive forgave forgivenGet got gotten, gotGive gave givenGo went goneHave had hadHit hit hitKeep kept keptKnow knew knownLearn** learned, learnt learned, learntLet let letMake made madePay paid paidPut put put

Read read(red) read(red)


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Say said saidSee saw seenShut shut shutSing sang sung

Sleep slept sleptSpeak spoke spokenStand stood stoodSweep swept sweptSwim swam swumTake took takenTeach taught taughtTell told toldThink thought thoughtUnderstand understood understoodWin won won

Work** worked, wrought worked, wroughtWrite wrote written

NOTE:**LEARNand WORK verbs,as well as some other verbs, acept or present two forms: regular andirregular (they conserve their meanings in both cases).

22. COMPLEMENTARY READING

MUNICIPALITY OF HOLY CROSS OF LORICA

Don Juan de Torrezal Daz Pimienta founded the population of Holy Cross of Gait, in May the3rd, 1740, this name was taken because in that date the Day of the Holy Cross is celebrated,and because the place was located in the territory of the Indian Chief Gait. This place, besideseasy to flood, was really unhealthy, for that reason, Don Antonio de la Torre y Mirandatransferred the town to a higher place, the Islet of the Orica. From there the name of HolyCross of Lorica was originated.

The municipality has an extension of 1,033.7 square kilometers (Km2). Of all this territory, aconsiderable part due to the frequent floods is wasted, particularly during the period of rains,because Lorica is the natural reservoir for the immense quantity of water that flows back in thisbend coming from the Sin River (which begins to grow in the Knot of Paramillo, WesternMountain Range, and has an approximate extension of 332 kilometers).

Lorica has an ardent climate approximately during 240 days of the year; while the remaining125 days has a pleasant and smooth climate thanks to the strong hug and to the delicate andsubtle caresses that lavish themselves the breezes originating in the majestic Caribbean Seawith the coquettish hills and the tops of the leafy trees that grow imposing in the fertile lands ofthe magical Sin Valley. Lorica, besides that, is one of the most attractive and kindly cities ofthe Department of Crdoba and on the Northern Coast of Colombia. It nailed like strategic pointand obliged route for the tourists who travel by road from the interior of the country toward thebeaches of Coveas, Tol, San Bernardo del Viento and Moitos, Lorica has been constitutedin commercial epicenter for all the adjacent municipalities and, including, for more distantmunicipalities, in the same Department of Crdoba and for other departments.

Lorica was declared some few years ago " National Cultural and Tourist Patrimony". The NobleLady, the Old and Lordly City, the paradise where embrace and kiss themselves the waters andthe breezes of the Sin River and the ones coming from the Caribbean Sea, located at 5 meters


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above sea level, has modern plans of urbanization and enlargement of the road ring to do ofthis peaceful small place of Colombia a municipality that looks with security and serenity towarda promissory future. To recover the level of progress and industrialist and commercial push thathad already a long time ago when it was still a province of the Department of Bolvar.

Lorica, in the older zone, is a delight and a rest for our eyes to contemplate the old buildingswhich take to natives and foreigners back to different epochs in the past (which includes thecolonial and the republican periods) among these buildings are: the Old Market or Large Mesh,Afife Matuk building (Chekre building or Fort of Patty), Gonzlez building, Mogolln building,Parish of Holy Cross of Lorica, and other historic relics (July the 20thBridge or Old Bridge, theMetallic Bridge, the Plaza of the Cross among others).

In Lorica, formerly cradle of the sinuan small- mouthed fish (where, according to some well-informed persons about the matter, it was enough to jump into the waters of the Sin River, ofthe Large Marsh or of its small rivers and moist grounds to trap many fish with our hands), theyare relevant the typical dishes of the regional and, especially, local gastronomy: small-mouthed fish broth, dog fish jumble (jumble meal), the unparalleled rice with coconut and otherspecialties that do the delights of its fellow country people, and trap the will of all one who visitit, whether as business, for recreation or to rest.

With respect to the general culture (art, painting, music, literature), Lorica counts on manypersonalities of international, national, regional and local renown, as are: in literature: ManuelZapata Olivella (R.I.P.), David Snchez Juliao, Nelson Castillo Prez; in p ainting and plasticarts in general: Marcial Alegra (painter who despicts regional manners and customs), ManuelSalvador Viola Guerra (great teacher of the plastic arts, and famous caricaturist of thequotidianity- that his example, both in the arts and his dedication to the job lasts a very longtime, and that it be emulated by the new generations), Adriano Ros Sossa; in history andpedagogy: Fernando Daz Daz (R.I.P.), brothers Bernardo and Hctor Chim Prez (noticeableeducators in Lorica), Jos Gabriel Gonzlez Fernndez (educator, geographer, historian andpromoter of ecological tourism), Fernando Slovez (Italian resident in Lorica- R.I.P.), Carlos

Pacheco Mora (teacher of Physical Education who enjoys of a good retreat and rest), LuisGarca Oquendo (the syndical activist of the sincerity), Luis Miguel Pico Romn (promoter ofsciences from the school and leader of ecological groups), Ricardo Ramos and RamnSeplveda (magicians for numbers, and others); in poetry and declamations: Professor MoralesAustin (R.I.P.) and many other ones in different artistic and professional fields belonging to thelong list that locates Lorica as "Cradle of the culture, of the agriculture and of thestockbreeding".

With regard to parties and celebrations, in Lorica the following events are carried out: May the3rd Party, Parties of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception (December the 8th, WhirlNeighborhood or Barrio Remolino), Natural Watermelon Festival (when summer just begins inthis region, Saint Gabriel Section or Barrio San Gabriel), festival of the Mat (Rural District ofSan Nicols of Bari), Craftmanship Fair: pottery and manufactures (in the middle of October

Month, Rural District of San Sebastian), Festival of Rice (Rural District of the Doctrine) andmany other events or celebrations, especially during the period of summer in this Magical,Attractive and Marvelous Paradise called Bajo Sin (Lowlands of the Sinu Valley).

The beautiful City of Lorica counts on a good cover with regard to public utilities (aqueduct,sewerage, gap of oxidation, health, telephony, electric energy) and to ways ofcommunication. In the educational field, Lorica has many public institutions: Lcides C. BersalEducational Institution (conspicuous educational institution, which gives samples of irrepressibleovercoming, with graduate students splitted throughtout the world and excellent teachers),Antonio de la Torre y Miranda Educational Institution, Saint Cross Educational Institution,Agricultural and Technical Institute of Lorica (ITA) and in the private order (Normal SantaTeresita, Politechnical Lyceum of the Sin, Lorica City Institute, Admiral Columbus Central HighSchool).


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Lorica has the privilege to count on an excellent geographical location and with a marvelousrelief (almost all the municipality is of level grounds) and with the most fertile lands; besides thatit has many bodies of water: Sin River; Large Marsh; moist grounds of Cotoc Arriba(Castilleral), as well as of Cotoc Abajo, Nario, Palo de Agua, Malena, Santa Mara, San Jos,Old Riverwhich raises Lorica to a privilege place for the lovers of ecological tourism.

With regard to the sports and recreative activities, Lorica has excellent courts and sportssettings: Stadium to play baseball (May the 3rdStadium), Stadium or court for softball and/or forthe healthy sport of the ball of rubber, Stadium to play Soccer

Currently, the municipal administration carries out magnificent works of social interest, amongwhich can be cited: Students Avenue, Enlargement of the Jess Mara Lugo Avenue (whichincludes bridge of arches); in a not very distant future, they expect to culminate the New MarketPlaza of Lorica, the New Bus Station, and other works (construction of new schools orenlargement of the physical plants of some existing ones) that will raise Lorica to the categoryof "Magnificent contrast between the marvelous past and the post- modernity, between thebeautiful and arrogant urban architecture and the prosperous farm industry, between theroughness and uprightness of its peasants and laborers and the intelligentsia of its inhabitantsin general".

ADDITIONAL DATASOURCE: DANE AND NATIONAL PLANNING OFFICE (2005-2006)

MUNICIPALITY OF HOLY CROSS OF LORICA, Departament of Cordova

MunicipalityExtension

Km2Population Density

RuralDistricts

RuralVillages

Distance in Kms toMontera

Lorica 1,033.7 139,774 135.22 30 164 59

POPULATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF HOLY CROSS OF LORICA (2005-2006)Urban Population Rural Population Total Population

Lorica 42, 855 30.66% 96, 919 69.34% 139,774

23. COMPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY

Bend(bend): recodo.Bus Station(bos sstishon): Estacin de Buses, Terminal de Transportes.Coquettish(kketish): coqueto(a).

Cradle(kridol): cuna.Craftmanship(krfmanship): artesana.Dog fish(dog fish): moncholo, pez perro.Easy to flood(si tu flud): anegadizo.Fellow country people(flou kntri ppol): coterrneos.Foreigner(friner): extrao, extranjero, forastero, forneoFormerly[frme(r)li]: otrora.Gap of oxidation(gap ov aksidishon): laguna de oxidacin.Hug(jog): abrazo.Indian chief(ndian chif): cacique.Intelligentsia(intliyensia): intelectualidad.

Islet(ilit): isleta.


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Jumble or jumble meal(ymbol or ymbol mil): revoltijo, revoltillo.Laborer(liborer): labriego.Large Mersh(larch mersh): Ranchn.Lavish(lvish): prodigar

Leafy(lfi): frondoso.Level ground(lvol grund): planicie.Lordly[lr(d)li]: seorial.Marsh(marsh): laguna.Mat(mat): estera, petate.Moist Ground(mist grund): humedal.Mountain range(munten rench): cordillera.Nail(niol): enclavar; ua, puntillaNeighborhood(niborjud): vecindad, barrioOld Market(uld mrkit): Mercado Viejo.Older zone(ulder zun): zona antigua.

Peasant(psant): campesino.Pleasant(plsant): agradable.Pottery(ptri): alfarera.Relic(rlik): reliquia.Relief(rilf): relieve.Roughness(rfnis): rudeza.Rural District(rrol dstrik): corregimiento.Rural village(rrol vlich): vereda.Sea level(si lvol): nivel del mar.Sewerage(serch, serich): alcantarillado, desage, aguas negras.Small- mouthed fish(ssml muzt fish): bocachico.Smooth(ssmtz): suave.Stockbreeding(sstk- brding): ganadera.Subtle[s(b)tol]: sutil.To be wasted(tu bi wuist): desperdiciarse.To begin to grow(tu bigun tu gru): nacer (un ro).To flow back(tu flu bak): refluir.Unhealthy(anjltzi): insalubre, poco saludable.Uprightness(op-ritnis): honestidad.Watermelon(wutermlon): sanda, patilla.Takeback(tik bak): volver, regresar, remontar

Whirl(jurl): remolino.NOTE: when in the figured pronunciation (which always appears between parenthesis, after each Word orexpression in English) appear cases such as: [s(b)tol] or [lr(d)li], this indicates that figuredsound isolated inside the parenthesis can be pronounced, too or it can be omitted; when this, mentionedexamples can be pronounced as: [stol] [sbtol] or [lrli] [lrdli].

24. SEASONS OF THE YEARAutumn, Fall(tom, fol): otoo.Spring(ssprng): primavera.Summer(smer): verano.Winter(wunter): invierno.


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25. PASSIVE VOICE25.1. Simple passive voiceThe simple passive voice is formed interchanging the place and thegrammatical function between the agent subject (subject of the expression or

sentence in active voice) and the patient subject (generally, the direct object).To structure the passive voice, the following thing should keep in mind:

Grammatical tense of the main verb (that is to say, if it is in the present, past or futuretense).

To BE verb is used as a link (auxiliary) without changing the grammaticaltime of the main verb, followed by the past participle of the verb thatappeared as main one in the active voice.

The patient subject (direct object) of the active voice becomes "virtualsubject" in the passive voice; in turn, the agent subject of the active voicepasses to perform the role of receiver [preceded of the preposition POR (BY:

in English)].

Examples:

Active voice:*Mariettaunderstood the lesson.(marita nderstud de lson)*Marietta entendi la leccin.

Pasive voice:*The lessonwas understood by Marietta.(de lson wus nderstud bi marita)*La leccin fue entendida por Marietta.

Active voice:*Ralphlistens to the radio.(ralf lsens tu de ridio)*Ralph escucha la radio.

Pasive voice:*The radiois listened by Ralph.

(de ridio is lsent bi ralf)*La radio es escuchada por Ralph.

Active voice:*Some criminal peoplekill many whalesdaily.(som crminol ppol kil mni juiols dili)*Algunos criminales destruyen (eliminan) muchas ballenas diariamente.

Passive voice:*Many whalesare killed daily by some criminal people.(mni juiols ar kilt dili bi som crminol ppol)

*Muchas ballenas son eliminadas diariamente por algunos criminales.


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Active voice:*Colombiawill export thebest m eattowards other countries.[colmbia wul eksprt de best mit tordz (towurdz) der kntris]*Colombia exportar la mejor carne hacia otros pases.

Passive voice:*The best meatwill be exported towards other countries by Colombia.(de best mit wul bi eksprtid tordz der kntris bi colmbia)*La mejor carne ser exportada hacia otros pases por Colombia.

25.2. Composed passive voiceTo form the composed passive voice is necessary to do the following thing:

As well as in the simple passive voice, it is necessary to see thegrammatical time of the auxiliary verb (in the active voice).

To HAVE verb is utilized as a link (auxiliary), followed by the past participle ofthe To BE verb and, and also of the past participle (significant non- personalform) that accompanies the To HAVE verb in the active voice.

The patient subject (direct object) of the active voice becomes "virtualsubject" in the passive voice; in turn, the agent subject of the active voicepasses to perform the role of receiver [preceded of the preposition POR (BY:in English)].

Examples:

Active voice:

*Anniehas eaten two f ish.(ni jas ten tu fish)*Anita ha comido dos pescados.

Passive voice:*Two f ishhave been eaten by Annie.(tu fish jav bin ten bi ni)*Dos pescados han sido comidos por Anita.

Active voice:*Elizabeth and B ettyhave bought dresses.(lizabet and bti jav bot drsis).*Isabel y Beatriz han comprado vestidos.

Passive voice:*(The) dres seshave been bought by Elizabeth and B etty.[(de) drsis jav bin bot bi lizabet and bti]*Los vestidos han sido comprados por Isabel y Beatriz.


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26. GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES (sentence patterns)

Simple sentences:

Affirnative expressions or nuclear sentences:Subject + main verb + complementHe is an architect.She has a headache.They want to buy vegetables.The cat chases away mice.Seals live in the poles.My grandfather plays chess.Pollution is bad for life in general.

Simple interrogative sentences (when verb requires auxiliary)xx:

Aux. +Subject + verb + complementDoes the cat chase away mice?Do Seals live in the poles?Does my grandfather play chess?Do they want to buy vegetables?

Simple interrogative sentences with auxiliary verbs (defective):Aux. Verb + subject + complementIs he an architect?Is pollution bad for life in general?Can they speak Japanese?Are you very sick?Would you like to drink something now?

Interrogative sentences (using interrogation words or adverbs):Interrg. Adv. + aux.(Aux. verb) + subject +complement (verb+)What do you do?What does she do?Where do you come from?What can I do for you?What do you want?

When are they going to travel?How do you pronounce this word?Why does the child cry?Who does she love really?What is the time?

Long affirmative answersxx:(Yes) Adv. +subject +main verb +complementYes, he is an architect.Yes, seals live in the poles.


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Short affirmative answers:(Yes) Adv. + subject + aux. (aux. verb)Yes, he is.Yes, my grandfather does.

Yes, seals do.

Short negative answersxx:(No) Adv. + subject +aux. (aux. verb)+NOTNo, he is not (isnt).No, my grandfather does not (doesnt).No, seals do not (dont).

Long negative answersxx:(No) Adv. +subject +aux.() +complementNo, seals dont live in the poles.

No, my grandfather doesnt play chess.No, he isnt an architect.

27. ADJECTIVE (EXPRESSIONS AND/OR ADVERBS) OF COMPARISON

Although there is not standard rule, generally, the monosyllabic words andalmost all the bisyllabic ones (especially the ones that are accentuated in thelast syllable) form the comparative one of increment and the superlative adding-ER and -EST, respectively; the adjectives finished in "AND (preceded ofconsonant)" change the "AND" by "I" before adding the respective suffixes;some adjectives (monosyllabic ones, especially) which finish in consonantpreceded by a vowel, duplicate the consonant.

27.1. Of superiority (superlatives)

Referring word: Superlative:Cold(kuld): fro. The coldestCool(kul): fresco. The coolestFat(fat): gordo, grasiento. The fattestHappy(jpi): feliz. The happiestHard(jard): duro, difcil. The hardest

Hot(jot): caliente. The hottestLarge(larch): grande. The largestLong(long): largo. The longestOld(uld): viejo. The oldest, The eldestShort(short): corto, breve. The shortestStrong(strng): fuerte. The strongestTall(tol): alto. The tallestThin(tzin): delgado. The thinnestTough(tof): arduo, difcil. The toughestWarm(wurm): caluroso. The warmestWise(wuiz): sabio, listo. The wisest


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27.2. Of comparison (of increment and of equality)

Referring word: Comparative (increment):Cold(kuld): fro. Colder

Cool(kul): fresco. CoolerFat(fat): gordo, grasiento. FatterHappy(jpi): feliz. HappierHard(jard): duro, difcil. HarderHot(jot): caliente. HotterLarge(larch): grande. LargerLong(long): largo. LongerOld(uld): viejo. Older, elderShort(short): corto, breve. ShorterStrong(strng): fuerte. StrongerTall(tol): alto. Taller

Thin(tzin): delgado. ThinnerTough(tof): arduo, difcil. TougherWarm(wurm): caluroso. WarmerWise(wuiz): sabio, listo. Wiser

As poor as(as pur as): tan pobre como.As tall as(as tol as): tan alto(a) como.As thin as(as tzin as): tan delgado(a) como.As wise as(as wuiz as): tan sabio(a) como.As short as(as short as): tan corto(a) como, tan bajo(a) como.As fool as(as ful as): tan tonto(a) como.As rich as(as rich as): tan rico(a) como.

27.3. Of inferiority

To form the comparative and superlative of inferiority LESS and LEAST areutilized.

Referring: Comparative: Superlative of inferiority:Intelligent Less intelligent (than) The least intelligentDelicious Less delicious (than) The least delicious

Interesting Less interesting (than) The least interesting There are some adjectives forming the comparative and superlative in an

irregular way, such as:

Referring: Comparative: Superlative:Bad, ill worse WorstGood, well Better BestFar farther, further Farthest, furthestMuch, many More Most


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28. SAYINGS, PROVERBS AND IDIOMS**They are hand and glove together.(di ar jand and glov tuguder)**(Ellos) son ua y carne /(Ellos) son ua y mugre.

**Birds of a feather flock together.(berds ov e fder flok tuguder)**Dios los cra y ellos se juntan / Dime con quin andas y te dir quin eres.

**Hunger is the best sauce.(jnguer is de best soz)**A buen hambre no hay pan duro /Con hambre no hay pan duro.

**For foolish talk, deaf ears.(for flish tok dif irs)

**A palabras necias, odos sordos.

**To be as common as dirt.(tu bi as cmon as dert)**Abundar como la mala hierba / Ser como la plaga/ Ser como la verdolaga.

**Clothes dont make the man.(kluz dont mik de man)**El hbito no hace al monje /Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona sequeda.

**To look for knots in a bulrush.(tu luk for nots in e bolrsh)**Buscarle tres pies al gato / Buscar lo que no se ha perdido.

**like father, like son.(lik fder, lik son)**De tal palo tal astilla / Hijo de tigre sale (nace) pintado.

**Saying and doing are two different things.(sying and ding ar tu dferent zings)

**Del dicho al hecho, hay mucho trecho.**Where theres smoke, theres fire.(jur ders ssmuk ders fiar)**Donde hubo fuego, las cenizas quedan.

**The unexpected always happens.(di anikspktid lwuis jpens)**De donde menos se piensa (de cualquier matorral) salta la liebre.

**To kill the fatted calf.

(tu kill de ftid caf)


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**Echar o botar la casa por la ventana.

**Man proposes, God disposes.(man propusis, god dispusis)

**El hombre propone, Dios dispone y la mujer lo descompone.

**Nothing ventured, nothing gained.(nzin vnshort, nzin guent)**Quien no arriesga, no gana /Quien no arriesga un huevo, no tiene pollos.

**A friend in need is a friend indeed.(e frend in nid is e frend indid)**En la crcel (en el hospital y en el peligro) se conocen los amigos.

**Thats a horse of a different color.

(dats e jors ov e dferent clor)**Ser harina de otro costal.

**Quick as a wink.(kuk as e wunk)**En menos de lo que canta un gallo / Rpido como polvo de gallo.

**Theres no royal road to learning.(ders nu ryal rud tu lrning)**La letra con sangre entra.

**A bird in hand is worth (than) two in the bush.[e berd in jand is wurtz (dan) tu in de bosh]**Ms vale pjaro en mano que ver un ciento volando.

**An ounce of prevention is worth (than) a pound of cure.[an unz ov privnshon is wurtz (dan) e pund ov kir]**Ms vale prevenir que curar.

**Actions speak louder than words.(kshons sspk luder dan wurds)

**Obras son amores, pero no buenas razones / Un hecho vale ms que milpalabras.

**Out of the frying pan and into the fire.(ut ov de frying pan and ntu de fiar)**Salir de Guatemala y meterse en Guatepeor.

29. USEFUL (OR COMMON USE) PHRASES

Asking for information or requesting services:*Is there anyone here to wait on me?

(is der inwun jer tu wuit on mi)


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*Hay alguien (aqu) que pueda atenderme?

*What do you want? / What can I do for you? / May I help you?(jut du yi wunt / Jut ken i du for yi / Mi i jlp_iu)

*A la orden! / Qu se le ofrece? / En qu puedo servirle?****

****The three expressions are synonymous.

*Please, take me to the Colombian Embassy.(plis tik mi tu de colmbian mbasi)*Llveme a la Embajada de Colombia, por favor.

*Where can I get a good restaurant?(jur ken i guet e gud rstorant)*Dnde puedo encontrar (conseguir) un buen restaurante?

*Could you tell me where the Subway is?(kud yi tel mi jur de sbwuei is)*Podra decirme dnde queda el Subterrneo?

*How can I get to the Fifth Avenue?(ju ken i guet tu de fiftz vniu)*Cmo puedo llegar a la Quinta Avenida?

BEING IN BAD FIXES (EN GRANDES APUROS):*Could you tell me where a bathroom (water closet) is?[kud yi tel mi jur e batzrum (wuter clsit) is]*Podra decirme dnde queda un bao (un sanitario)?

*I want to do pis.(i wunt tu du pis)*Tengo ganas de orinar.

*I want to do shit.(i wunt tu du shet)*Tengo ganas de ensuciar.

*I feel a little sick, and I think Im going to vomit.(i fil e ltol sik and i zink im ging tu vmit)*Me siento ligeramente enfermo(a) y creo que voy a vomitar.

*Doctor, help me. I have a bad headache.(dktor, jlp_mi. i jav e bad jdeik)*Doctor, aydeme. Tengo un terrible dolor de cabeza.

*Help Help. Somebody stole my handbag and my Money!(jelpjelp. smbdi sstul mi jndbag and mi mni)

*AuxilioAuxilio. Alguien rob mi bolso y mi dinero!


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IN A RESTAURANT (EN UN RESTAURANTE):

*Waiter (waitress). Bring me the menu, please.[wuiter (wutris) bring mi de mniu plis]

*Mesero (mesera). Trigame el men, por favor.

*I want a food of chicken and rice.(i wunt e fud ov chken and ris)*Quiero un plato de arroz con pollo.

*Bring me, fried potatoes with bacon, mustard and an Apple (orange) juice.[bring mi frit potitos wuz beicon, mstard and an pol (rench) yuz]*Trigame, papas fritas, con tocino, mostaza y un jugo de manzana.

*I just want to drink a pop (coke)

[i yast wunt tu drink e pap (kuk)]*Slo quiero tomarme una gaseosa (Coca- Cola)

*Bring me the bill, please.(bring mi de bil)*Trigame la cuenta, por favor.

TALKING OVER THE TELEPHONE (HABLANDO POR TELFONO)

*Hello. This is Paul Gaskill speaking.(jelu dis is pol gskil sspking)*Hola. Habla Paul Gaskill.

*Is Miss Turner in?(is mis trner in)*Se encuentra la seorita Turner?

*Im sorry. Shes not at the moment.(im sri. shis no in at de mument)*Lo siento. Ella no se encuentra en el (este) momento.

*Could you leave a message to her?(kud yi liv e msich tu jer)*Podra dejarle un mensaje (una razn)?

*Of courseJust tell her I called, and that I call her back later.(ov corsyast tel jer i kolt, and dat i kol jer bak liter)*Por supuestoDgale que llam y que la vuelvo a llamar luego.

30. SIGNS, NOTICES AND WARNINGS*Fasten belt(fsen belt)

*Cinturones ajustados.


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*Fasten your belts.(fsen yir belts)*Ajusten sus cinturones.

*Dont smoke.(dont ssmuk)*No fume.

*Walk.(wuk)*Cruce o Ya puede cruzar (en los semforos).

*Dont walk.(dont wuk)*No cruce.

*Danger. High Voltage.(dinyer. Ji vultich)*Peligro. Alto Voltaje.

*Electrified Fence.(elktrifid fens)*Cerca o Valla Electrificada.

*Dont trespass.(dont trspas)*No traspase / No viole / No infrinja

*Police Line. Dont cross.(pols lin. don cros)*Lnea policial. No cruce.

*Warning: Poisonous Products.(wurning pisones prdokts)*Advertencia: Productos Txicos o Venenosos.

*Dont throw trash on the floor. Use the trash can.(dont zru trash on de floor. ius de trash can)*No arroje basura en el piso. Use la caneca.

*Dont spit on the floor (in the aisle)[dont spt on de floor (in di iol)]*No escupa en el piso (en el pasillo)

*(Keep) silent, please.[(kip) silent pliz]*(Haga) silencio, por favor.


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*Dont do it.(dont du it)*No lo haga / No lo intente.

31. COMPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY (2)Actor (ktor): actor.Actress (ktriz): actriz.Alcohol (lcojol): alcohol.Algebra (lyibra): lgebra.Ant (ant, ent): hormiga.Appendicitis (apendisitis): apendicitis.Architect (rkitekt): arquitecto.Athlete (zlit): atleta.Attempt (atmpt): prueba, tentativa, esfuerzo.Aunt (ent): ta.

Automobile (tomobil): automvil.Bar (bar): cantina.Basement (bisment): stano.Beer (ber): cerveza.Black (blak): negro.Blood (blod): sangre.Blow (blu): soplido, golpe, estallido.Blue (blu): azul.Boot (but):bota (calzado), inicio o iniciar (computacin).Brother in law (brder in lo): cuado.Bullfighter (bulfiter): torero.Burst (berst): estallido, explosin.Business (bsnis): negocio, oficio, asuntoCalendar (klendar): calendario.Century (snchuri): siglo, centuria.Chase away (chis ewui):ahuyentar.Children (chldren): nios, hijos.Climber (klimer): escalador, alpinista.Colony (cloni): colonia.Column (clom):columna.Cooker (kker): cocinero.

Copper (cper):cobre.Cotton (cton): algodn.Cousin (ksin): primo(a).Crime (krim): crimen.Crush (crosh): choque, colisin, accidente.Daughter (dter):hija.DDR (di- di- ar / dbol dta rit): Doble tasa de transferencia.Dead (ded): muerto.Death (detz): muerte.Download (dunlud): descargar.Draft (draft): letra de cambio.

Driver (driver): conductor (de un carro), controlador (en computacin).


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Dust (dost): polvo.East (ist): este, oriente.Educator (yukeitor): educador.Electrician (electrshan): electricista.

Empire (empiar): imperio.Engineer (nyinir): ingeniero.Family (fmeli): familia.Father (fder): padre.Father in law (fder in lo): suegro.Fear (fer): temor.Feeble (fbol): dbil, ineficaz.Fireman (fiarman): bombero.Fisherman (fsherman): pescador.Fornight (frnait): quincena.Fruit (frut):fruto, frutas.

Gallon (glon): galn.Gardener (gardner):jardinero.Give up (guiv ap):rendirse, darse por vencido(a), claudicarGlass (glas): vidrio, vaso, copa.Goddaughter (gad- dter): ahijada.Godfather (gadfder): padrino.Godmother (gadmder): madrina.Godson (gdson): ahijado.Grandfather (grandfder): abuelo.Grandfather (grandfder): abuelo.Grandmother (grandmder): abuela.Gray (gri): gris.Green (grin): verde.Growth (grotz): crecimiento, desarrollo.Gutts (gots): tripas, intestinos.Hammer (jmer): martillo.Headache (jdeik): dolor de cabeza.Heart (jart): corazn.Heart attack (jart atk, jratk): ataque cardiaco.Hundredweight (jndrit- wuit): quintal.In cash (in cash): en efectivo.

Inch (inch): pulgada.Industry (ndostri): industria.Influenza (influenza): gripe.Iron (iron): hierro, plancha elctrica.Language (lngich):idioma, lenguaje, lengua (hablada o escrita).Laptop (lptop): Computadora Porttil.Laugh (laf): risaLeather (lder): cordobn, cuero.Liason (liison): enlace.License (lisens): licencia.Liter, litre (lter): litro.

Liver (lver): hgado.


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Load (lud): carga, cargar.Lung (long): pulmn.Machine (machn): mquina.Manager (mniyer): gerente, administrador.

Masonry (misonrri): carpintera.Mile (mil): milla.Milkman (mlkman): lechero.Mind (mind): mente.Miss (mis): seorita.Mister (mster): seor.Mistress (mstris), Mrs. (msis): seora, esposa.MODEM (mudem): MODulador /DEModulador.Mother (mder, mder): madre.Mother in law (mder in lo): suegra.Motherboard (mderbart): Tarjeta Madre.

Nephew (nfiu): sobrino.Nickel (nkol): niquel.Niece (nis): sobrina.Nitrogen (nitroyen): nitrgeno.North (nortz): norte.Orange (rench): naranja, anaranjado.Owe (u): deber (relativo a deuda).Oxygen (ksiyen): oxgeno.P.O. Box (pi- u- boks):Apartado Areo, Apartado de Correo, Apartado Postal.Passport (psport): pasaporte.Patent (ptent): patente.PBX (pi- bi- eks): conmutador.Physician [fa(i)sshen]: mdico.Pilot (pilot): piloto.Pink (pink): rosa, rosado.Plumber [plm(b)er]: plomero.Policeman (polsman): polica.Pound (pund): libra.Powder (puder): polvo (facial), talco.Produce (prdius): producto, provisiones Produce (prodis): producir.Purple (prpol):prpura, morado.

Reason (rson): razn, causa, motivoRed (red): rojo.Rhythm (rzem): ritmo, armonaSalt (sot): sal.Science (siens): ciencia.Scissors (ssors): tijeras.Seal (sil): foca.Search (serch): buscar.Sharppoint (sharpint): pico, pica (relativo a herramienta).Silver (slver): plata, plateado.Singer (snguer): cantante.

Sir (ser): seor.


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Sister (sster): hermana.Sister in law (sster in lo): cuada.Slipper(s) [sslper(s)]: chancla(s), sandalia(s).Son (son): hijo.

South (sutz): sur.Spire [sspi(a)r]: capitel.Step brother (sstp- brder): hermanastro.Step child (sstp- child): hijastro(a).Step children(sstp- chldren): hijastros.Step daughter (sstp- dter): hijastra.Step father (sstp- fder): padrastro.Step mother (sstp- mder): madrastra.Step sister (sstp- sster): hermanastra.Step son (sstp- son): hijastro.Stirrup (sstrop): estribo.

Stone (sstun): piedra.Sugar (shguer, shgar): azcar.Teacher (tcher): profesor, maestro (de escuela).Terrace (tras): terraza.Testicle (tsticol): testculo.Theater, theatre (tater): teatro.Touch (toch):tacto, toque, roceUncle (nkol): to.Violet (violet): violeta.Way (wui): camino, senda, manera, forma, costumbreWest (wust): oeste, occidente.White (juit): blanco.Wire (wuiar): alambre.Wound (wnd, und): herida, lesin, daoYard (yard): yarda.Yellow (ylou): amarillo.

32. THE ARTICLES (defined and undefined ones)THE(de; di, when it is before a sonorous vowel): l, la, los, las.

*The cat(de cat): el gato.

*The apple(di pol): la manzana.*The whales(de juiols): las ballenas.*The trees(de tris): los rboles.

A (e, a): un, una (before a consonant or of a semivowel).

*A seal(e sil): una foca.*A crocodile[e crcodai(o)l]: un cocodrilo.

*A one- story house.(e wun sstri juz)

*(Una) casa de un solo piso (de una sola planta).


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AN(an): un, una (when it is before a sonorous vowel).

*An orange(an rench): una naranja.*An engineer(an nyinir): un ingeniero.

SOME(som): unos, unas, algunos, algunas (really, it is the plural of A and AN).

*Some people(som ppol): algunas personas.*Some managers(som mniyers): unos (algunos) administradores.*Some metal plates(som mtol plits): unas placas (de autos)

33. UNDEFINED PRONOUNS AND EXPRESSIONS

ANYBODY(nibdi): alguno, alguien, cualquiera; nadie, ninguno.

*There isnt anybody able to do that.(der sent nibdi ibol tu du dat)*No hay nadie capaz de hacer eso.

*Anybody else?(nibdi els)*Alguien ms?

ANYONE(niwun): alguno, alguien, cualquiera.

*Is there anyone here talking English (Spanish)?[is der niwun jer tkin nglish (sspnish)]*Hay alguien aqu que hable ingls (espaol)?

*Anyone is able to do it.(niwun is ibol tu du it)*Alguien (alguno) puede hacerlo.

ANYTHING(niting): algo, alguna cosa, cualquier cosa; nada.

*I dont want anything else.

(i dont wunt niting els)*No deseo nada ms.*I dont have anything to see in that question.(i dont jav niting tu si in dat kuschon)*No tengo nada que ver con ese asunto.

EVERYBODY(vribdi): todos, todo el mundo.

*Everybody is to clean the house.(vribdi is tu clin de juz)*Todo el mundo debe limpiar la casa.


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*Everybody won the examination.(vribdi wun iksaminishon)*Todos ganaron el examen.

EVERYONE(vriwun): todos, todo el mundo, cada uno.

*Everyone is a winner if he wishes it.(vriwun is e wuner if hi wushis it)*Todo el mundo es ganador, si se lo propone (si as lo desea).

*Everyone is looking for you long since.(vriwun is lking for yi long sins)*Todo el mundo te est buscando hace mucho tiempo.

EVERYTHING(vriting): todo.

*Everything is fine.(vriting is fin)*Todo est bien.*Not everything is right.(not vriting is rit)*No todo est bien / No todo funciona (marcha) bien.

NO ONE[n(u)wun]: nadie, ninguno.

*No one else must be here now.(nu wun els mast bi jer nu)*Nadie ms debe estar aqu ahora.

*No one is to get out of the Food Program.(nu wun is tu guet ut ov de fud prgrem)*Ninguno debe quedar por fuera del Programa de Alimentos.

NONE(non): nadie, ninguno.

*No, none came.

(nu, non kim)*No, nadie vino / No, no vino nadie.

*I am waiting for just none.(i am wuiting for yast non)*No estoy esperando a nadie.

NOTHING(nzing): nada.

*I have nothing.(i jav nzing)

*No tengo nada.


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*She says she has nothing else to report.(shi ses shi jas nzing els to riprt)*Ela dice que no tiene nada ms que informar.

SOMEBODY(smbdi): alguien.

*Somebody is trying to trespass the forbidden limits.(smbdi is trying tu trspas de forbden lmits)*Alguien est tratando de traspasar los lmites prohibidos.

*Somebody is asking for help over there.(smbdi is sking for jelp uver der)*Alguien est pidiendo ayuda por all.

SOMEONE(smwun): alguien.

*Someone else is coming.(smwun els is cming)*Viene alguien ms / Alguien ms viene.

*Someone shouts too much on the upper floor.(smwun shuts tu mach on di per floor)*Alguien grita demasiado en el piso superior.

SOMETHING(smting): algo, alguna cosa.

*I would rather to talk about something else.(i wud rder tu tok abut smting els)*Preferira hablar de algo diferente.

*Would you like something to drink right now?(wud yi lik smting tu drink rit nu)* Te gustara tomar algo en este momento?

34. OPPOSITESReferring word: Opposite word:

Brave(briv): bravo Coward(kuard)Clean(clin): limpio Dirty(drti)Dark(dark): oscuro Light(lit)Difficult(dficolt): difcil Easy(si)Fast(fast): rpido Slow(sslu)Fat(fat): gordo(a) Thin(tzin)Heavy(jvi): pesado Light(lit)Large(larch): grande Small(ssml)Male(miol): macho, varn Female(fimiol)Much(mach): mucho Little(ltol)Muscular(mskiular): musculoso Skeletal(sskletol)

Rough(rof): spero Soft(soft)


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Tall(tol): alto(a) ShortWhite(juit): blanco Black(blak)Wide(wuid): ancho, amplio Narrow(nrou)Wise(wuis): sabio, listo Dull(dol)

35. THE AFFIXES (prefixes, suffixes)-ABLE: expresses condition, quality, and characteristic.*Honor(nor): honorable

-DOM:expresses condition, spirit state, domain, jurisdiction*King(King): rey; kingdom: reino.

-ESS: is utilized to indicate female gender of some nouns.*Waiter(wuiter): mesero, dependiente; Waitres s: mesera.

-EST: is utilized to form some superlatives.*Low(lu): bajo, inferior; lowes t: el ms bajo, nfimo.

-FUL: expresses condition of abundance, high or low level, quality*Beauty(biti): belleza; beautifu l: bonito(a).

-HOOD: expresses integration, phase*Neighbor(nibor): vecino; neighborhood: vecindad. Child: childhood.

-LESS: it indicates absence, lacking.*Stain(sstin): mancha, xido; stainless:inoxidable.

-LIKE: indicates resemblance, form to be or to act*child(child): nio(a); childl ike: como nio.

-LY: due to this suffix, adjectives become adverbs.*Slow(sslu): lento; slowly: lentamente.

-NESS: is utilized to form abstract nouns (condition, state)*Fit(fit): ajuste; fitness: conveniencia, aptitud, buena condicin (fsica)

-SHIP: indicates condition, relation, charge, rank*Friend(frend): amigo(a); friendsh ip: amistad. Scholar: scholarsh ip

UN-(an): expresses opposition, resistance, irrevocability / reversibility*Delete(delt): borrable; undelete: revertir (deshacer) borrado.

IM-(im): indicates opposition, contrary, extreme difficulty.*Possible(psibol): posible; impossible: imposible.


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36. PROGRESSIVE TENSES: present and pastThe progressive or continuous tenses are formed in the presence of the To BEverb (as auxiliary or link) and the form -ING of the significant verb; that is to say,the form -ING of the significant verb goes immediately after the To BE verb in

the logical affirmative structure (sentence). These grammatical tenses indicatethat actions are unfinished (in the progressive past) and that are still happening(in the progressive present).

Progressive past:

RUN(ran): correr; RUNNING: corriendo.

*He was running in the park when it began to rain.(ji wus rning in de park jun it bign to rin)*l estaba corriendo en el parque cuando empez a llover.

WATCH(wutch): mirar, ver, observar; WATCHING: observando, viendo

*They were watching T.V. when the electric energy failed.(di wur wutching ti vi jun di elktrik neryi filt)*(Ellos) estaban viendo televisin cuando fall la energa elctrica.

HAVE LUNCH(jav lonch): almorzar; HAVING LUNCH: almorzando.

*I was having lunch when you called.(i wus jving lonch jun yi kolt)*(Yo) estaba almorzando cuando (t)

Documents

english-spanish-handbook.pdf