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English Peppered MothExample
Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution
English Peppered Moth Example
Galapagos Ground FinchStudy by Rosemary and Peter Grant
In dry years average beak depth increases-birds with large bills survive better-more large seeds available
In wet years average beak depth decreases-birds with small bills survive better-more small seeds available
Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies
• Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean)
• Correlated changes in life history characteristics with type of predator
• Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile guppies
• Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large sexually mature guppies
• Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age
The Experiment
• Experimental Group: guppies transplanted from pike cichlid to killifish pools
• Control Group: guppies that remained in pike cichlid pools
• What happened??
• Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an average of 14% greater mass
Inorganic Chemistry
• Atom, Molecule
• Subatomic Particles:protons (+), electrons (-), neutrons
• Atomic nucleus: protons + neutrons
• Atomic number = # protons
• Atomic Weight = # protons + # neutrons
• # Protons = # Electrons
Isotopes
• Differ in number of neutrons
• 12C 6p 6n 6e-
• 14C 6p ?n 6e-
• 14C 6p 8n 6e-
• Isotopes are radioactive
• Can be used as tracers
• Can date materials
Dangers of Isotopes?
• 1986 Chernobyl
• 1979 Three Mile Island
• Strontium?
Energy
• Capacity to do work
• Potential vs. Kinetic
• Different states of potential energy for electrons
• Electron arrangement in outer shell
• 3 Main Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen
Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons
Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons
Hydrogen Bond: weak bond between a polar bonded hydrogen and a polar bonded oxygen or nitrogen
WATER: polar covalent andhydrogen bonds
Properties of Water: Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion: holds water together within a vesselAdhesion: water sticks to vessel wall resisting gravity
High Surface Tension
Properties of water:(Due to hydrogen bonding)
• Cohesion/Adhesion
• High surface tension
• High specific heat
• High heat of vaporization
• Lower density as a solid than a liquid
• Good solvent
Solute + Solvent = Solution
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
• Hydrophilic: water-loving, attracted to water and dissolves easily in water
• Hydrophobic: water-fearing, does not dissolve easily in water (nonpolar)
Acids, Bases and Buffers
Acid: high H+
Base: low H+
pH: measure of H+
Acid Rain:Destroys Lakes
Buildings and Statues
Ocean Acidification
• Overproduction of carbon dioxide through fossil fuel combustion
• Oceans absorb carbon dioxide
• Ocean acidification: CO2 dissolves in seawater and reacts with water to form carbonic acid (lowers ocean pH)
• Less carbonate for reef calcification
CO2 dissolved in ocean reacts with water to form carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Hydrogen ions form more bicarbonate with carbonate ions making them unavailable for calcification by marine animals such as coral
Coral reefs increase biodiversity,protect shorelines, feeding ground for fish species (fisheries), tourism
Figure 4.9 P. 64
Origin of life(Miller)
ATP = Cellular Energy
Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
How macromolecules are made and broken down
Monosaccharides- 1 sugar
Major nutrient for cells, stored as di or poly saccharide
Linear and Ring Forms
Disaccharides- 2 sugars
2 monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis
Polysaccharides- 3 or more sugars
Many monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis
Cellulose
Storage Polysaccharides
• Starch storage molecules in plants-repeating units of glucose
• Glycogen storage of glucose in animals• Cellulose also polymer of glucose in
plants, but different 3-D configurationMakes up cell walls in plantsDifficult to digest• Chitin makes up exoskeleton in insects
Lipids
Saturated: no double bonds saturated with HSolid at room temp.
Unsaturated: double bonds cause bendsLiquid at room temp.
Phospholipids
Amphipathic: both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
Properties of water shape cell membranes
Amino Acids
How proteins are made: amino acids are the building blocks
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure-globular
Quaternary Structure
Nucleic Acids
DNA