English Notes

English – Indonesia

Written By :

Christoper Dewangga Pramudita

University Applied of Sciences Bremen, Germany

Januari, 2010

TOO & SO

S1 + tobe/aux verb + V + and + S2 + tobe/aux verb + TOO S1 + tobe/aux verb + V + and + SO + tobe/aux verb + S2

NEITHER & EITHER

S1 + tobe/aux verb + NOT + V + and + S2 + tobe/aux verb + NOT + EITHER ( keys : OR )

S1 + tobe/aux verb + NOT + V + and + NEITHER + tobe/aux verb + S2 ( keys : NOR )

For examples : 1. We weren’t nervous during the exam and he wasn’t either2. We weren’t nervous during the exam and neither was he

QUESTION TAG

= Digunakan untuk menanyakan / yang diyakinkan

S1 + tobe/aux verb + NOT + V1 + O , tobe/aux verb + S1 S1 + tobe/aux verb + V1 + O , tobe/aux verb + NOT + S1

For examples :1. She can’t swimming , can she ?

( dia tidak bisa berenang , iya kan ? )

2. You are student , aren’t you ?( kamu adalah seorang pelajar , iya kan ? )

PREPOSITION

Along = maju terus On = diatas ( menyentuh ) Beside / by = disamping Next to = disebelah Under = dibawah Behind = dibelakang Above = diatas ( tidak menyentuh ) In / within = didalam Out = diluar The opposite of / across / beyond = diseberang In front of = didepan Between = diantara On to = atas

HOW

How long = berapa panjang ? How far = berapa jarak ? How high = berapa tinggi ? How heavy = berapa berat ? How many times = berapa kali ?

COMPARISON

Untuk kata :1-2 sylable

COMPARATIVE : adj – ER + THAN ( lebih dari )For example :An ocean is larger than a lake

( Keys : IS and THAN )

SUPERLATIVE : THE + adj – EST ( paling )For example :An ocean is the largest a lake

( Keys : IS THE and OF THEM , IS THE and IN )

Untuk kata :2-lebih sylable

COMPARATIVE : MORE – adj + THAN ( lebih dari )For example :A captain is more important than a sergeant

SUPERLATIVE : THE MOST – adj ( paling )For example :This cake is the most expensive in the city

Untuk comparison : AS. . . . . .AS / THE SAME . . . . . . .AS

For examples :She is not as old as him OR she is not as old as he isYou don’t work as hard as me OR you don’t work as hard as I doRome isn’t as old as Athens OR Athens is older than romeThe weather today is the same a yesterday My hair is the same colour as yours

Catatan tambahan buat COMPARISON :

Some more examples of NOT AS . . . . AS :The city centre wasn’t as crowded this morning as it usually is ( it is usually more crowded )Jenny didn’t do as well in the exam as she had hoped( she had hoped to do better )The weather is better today, isn’t it ? yes it is not as cold.( yesterday was colder )I don’t know as many people as you do( you know more people )

You can also say NOT SO . . . . AS :It’s not warm but it isn’t so cold as yesterday.( . . . . it isn’t as cold as . . . . .)

LESS . . . . ( THAN ) is similar to NOT AS . . . AS :I spent less money than you( I didn’t spend as much money )The city centre was less crowded than usual( it wasn’t as crowded . . . )

You can use AS . . . . AS in positive sentences and in questions :I’am sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I couldThere’s plenty of food. You can have as much as you likeLet’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the busCan you send me the money as soon as possible, please ?

Also, TWICE AS . . . . AS, THREE TIMES AS. . . .. AS.Petrol is twice as expensive as if was a few years agoTheir house is about three times as big as ours

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSNOUN

( milik+benda )

POSS PRONOUN( milik tanpa

benda )

REFLEX PRO

I ME MY MINE MYSELFYOU YOU YOUR YOURS YOURSELFWE US OUR OURS OURSELVESTHEY THEM THEIR THEIRS THEMSELVESHE HIM HIS HIS HISSELFSHE HER HER HERS HERSELFIT IT IT ITS ITSELF

For examples :1. I have a book

It is my bookThat is mine ( tanpa diawali kata benda )I do it myself

2. Angga has a big motorcycleIt is his motorcycleIt is his

3. You have a black catIt is your black catIt is yours

Explanation about SUBJECT : I = saya You = kamu We = kami ( johan, angga, and I ) They = mereka ( angga, shinta, and ida ) He = dia laki-laki She = dia perempuan It = pengganti kata benda

OTHER

= yang lain / lainnya dan biasanya diikui oleh kata benda jamak ( biasanya )

OTHER + K.BENDA

For example :I don’t like this food, give me other chicken ( chicken = k.benda )The other one = bendanya 2 ( pilih salah satu )

ANOTHER

= yang lain / satu lagi dan biasanya diikuti oleh kata benda tunggal ( biasanya )

ANOTHER + K.BENDA

For example :I don’t like this food. Give me another one. ( one = k.ket )

Tambahan :Referensi = other = jamak

PENUNJUK

THIS = ini / bendanya dekat ( menggunakan IS ) THESE = ini / bendanya dekat tetapi ada banyak ( menggunakan ARE ) THAT = itu / bendanya jauh ( menggunakan IS ) THOSE = itu / bendanya jauh tetapi ada banyak ( menggunakan ARE )

TENSES

1. Present Simple Tense

= digunakan untuk hal yang bersifat umum dan kebiasaan sehari-hari.

( + ) S + V1 (s/es) + O( - ) S + Do/Does + NOT + V1 + O( ? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + O + ?

Do = digunakan untuk ( I, you, we, they )Does = digunakan untuk ( he, she, it )

We use the present simple to talk about :Personal information = ( I live in Bogor )General Statement Of Truth = ( The sun rises in the east )Permanent Situation = ( Water boils at 100 Celcius Degree )Routines and Habits = ( I usually visit my father once year )Fixed Times and Schedules = ( The film Starts at nine )Details Of Fixed Future Plans = ( We leave Jakarta at 01.00 PM on Sunday )Direction On Instructions = ( You take the P2 to Jakarta )

Keys : Kata keterangan waktunya berupa :

Every, On Saturdays, Always, Usually, Often, Never, Generally, Once / Twice, Seldom, Rarely, Occasionaly, At midnight.

Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf :O, S, SH, SS, X, CH, Y, Z ( harus ditambah kata + ES )

For examples :

( + ) I play football( - ) I don’t play football( ? ) Do I play football ?

( + ) Christian has a headache( - ) Christian doesn’t have a headache( ? ) Doesn’t he have a headache ?

( + ) I have a problem( - ) I don’t have a problem( ? ) Do you have a problem ?

( + ) He studies english( - ) He doesn’t study English( ? ) Does he study English ?

2. Present Continous Tense

= digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang sedang terjadi sekarang.

( + ) S + tobe + Ving + O( - ) S + tobe + NOT + Ving + O( ? ) tobe + S + Ving + O + ?

Is = digunakan untuk ( he, she, it )Are = digunakan untuk ( you, we, they )Am = digunakan untuk ( I )


Now, at the moment, today, this week, Hear !, Look !, At present, This morning.

For examples :( + ) They are watching football( - ) They aren’t watching football( ? ) Are they watching football ?

3. Past Tense

= digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang sudah terjadi dimasa lampau

( + ) S + V2 + O( - ) S + Did + NOT + V1 + O( ? ) Did + S + V1 + O + ?


Last, Yesterday, Last week, This morning, . . . . Ago, When . . . . , In. . . . . ( 1990 ), Just now.

Verb2 bisa dari Irregular verb ataupun dari Regular verb ( -ed )

For examples :( + ) She bought newspaper( - ) She didin’t buy a newspaper( ? ) Didn’t she buy a newspaper ?

( + ) We wrote letters( - ) We didn’t write letters( ? ) Did we write letters ?

4. Past Continous Tense

= digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang sudah sedang berlangsung di masa lampau.

( + ) S + Was/Were + Ving + O( - ) S + Was/Were + NOT + Ving + O( ? ) Was/Were + S + Ving + O + ?

Were = digunakan untuk ( I, you, we, they )Was = digunakan untuk ( He, she, it, I )Was/Were = digunakan untuk ( I )


Yesterday, While, When, As.

5. Present Future Simple

= digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang belum terjadi atau masih angan-angan di masa yang akan datang, seperti cita cita.

( + ) S + Will/Shall + V1 + O ( - ) S + Will/Shall + NOT + V1 + O( ? ) Will/Shall + S + V1 + O + ?

Will = digunakan untuk ( They, you, he, she, it, I, we )Shall = digunakan untuk ( I, we )


Tomorrow, next, Saturday, This afternoon, Tonight, The day after tomorrow, Next, Later.

Shalln’t = Shall not Won’t = Will not

6. Present Perfect Simple

= digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang dulu berlangsung hingga sekarang masih terjadi.

( + ) S + Have/Has + V3 + O( - ) S + Have/Has + NOT/Never + V3 + O( ? ) Have/Has + S + V3 + O + ?

Have = digunakan untuk ( I, you, we, they )Has = digunakan untuk ( He, she, it )


Since, For, Just, Already

7. Present Perfect Continous

= digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang dulu berlangsung hingga sekarang dan sedang terjadi ( masih )

( + ) S + Have/Has + Been + Ving + O( - ) S + Have/Has + NOT/Never + Been + Ving + O ( ? ) Have/Has + S + Been + Ving + O + ?

Have = digunakan untuk ( I, you, we, they )Has = digunakan untuk ( He, she, it )


Since, For,

Tidak boleh ada keterangan waktu :Today, tomorrow, yesterday, now

8. Past Future Simple

= bentuk lampau dari will dan shall

( + ) S + Would/Should + V1 + O( - ) S + Would/Should + NOT + V1 + O( ? ) Would/Should + S + V1 + O + ?

9. Past Perfect Tense

= berarti telah

( + ) S + Had + V3 ( ed/d ) + O( - ) S + Had + NOT + V3 ( ed/d ) + O( ? ) Had + S + V3 ( ed/d )

For examples :We had arrived before our teacher cameAfter he had written, he slept

Keys :Keterangan waktunya biasanya berupa :Before, After, Already, When

10. Future Going To

( + ) S + tobe + Going to + V1 + O( - ) S + tobe + NOT + Going to + V1 + O( ? ) tobe + S + Going to + V1 + O + ?

For examples :They are going to go to school everyday

11. Past Future Going To

( + ) S + Was/Were + Going to + V1 + O( - ) S + Was/Were + NOT + Going to + V1 + O( ? ) Was/Were + S + Going to + V1 + O + ?

for examples :They were going to go to school yesterday

12. Present Future Continious

( + ) S + Will/Shall + Be + Ving + O( - ) S + Will/Shall + NOT + Be + Ving + O( ? ) Will/Shall + S + Be + Ving + O + ?

For examples :She will be going out when ( at the time like this ) you come to her housetomorrow ( tonight, this morning )

Catatan Tambahan buat FUTURE SIMPLE :

S + Will + V1 => 40% ( Simple Future )S + tobe + Going to + V1 => 60% ( Future Going to )S + tobe + Ving => 90% ( Present Continious )

TIME

Keys : Past = lewat To = kurang O’clock = tepat A half = 30 menit atau ½ menit A quarter = 15 menit atau ¼ menit

Jam = +1 Menit = 60 – menit

For examples : 01.30 = it is a half past one OR it is a half to two. 01.45 = a quarter to two 12.20 = twenty past one 10.50 = ten to eleven 09.25 = twenty five past nine 08.40 = twenty to nine 11.51 = nine to twelve 07.55 = five to eight 04.10 = ten past four 06.05 = five past six

COMMAND

= expresi imperative ( bentuk perintah )

Keys :

Menggunakan kata sifat ( tanpa pokok kalimat )“ BE “ tidak berubah dan ditempatkan sebelum kata sifat itu,Yang artinya . . . . . . .-LAH

For examples :Be diligent = rajinlahBe patient = bersabarlahBe careful = berhati-hatilah

Membuat kalimat melarang kita menggunakan kata kerja tanpa pokok kalimat dan menempatkan “ Don’t “ sebelum kata kerja itu, yang artinya” JANGAN ” ( LAH ).

For examples :Don’t cry = janganlah menangisDon’t worry = janganlah khawatir

REQUEST

= expresi dimana seseorang melakukan suatu permohonan atau permintaan yang bentuk umumnya seperti kalimat perintah ( command )

1) SHALL I & SHALL WE

= untuk menawarkan suatu pendapat.

For example :Shall we go for a walk ?

2) MAY I & CAN I

= untuk mengidentifikasikan permisi kepada seseorang akan suatu hal yang dilakukan.

For examples :May I help you ?Can I help you ?

Membuat kalimat permintaan secara sopan.Will you . . . . . . ( dari kata ) Would you . . . . . Can you . . . . . . . ( dari kata ) Could you . . . . . .Would you mind + Ving ( untuk membuat kalimat permintaan secara sopan )

For examples :Will you do me a favour, please ?Can you pass me the salt, please ?Could you put away the rubbish, please ?Would you join the pipe, please ?Would you mind telling the true, please ?

3) Would You Like

= digunakan untuk menawarkan atau memberi petunjuk tentang sesuatu dengan sopan.

For example :Would you like some coffee ?

MODALS

A. Should

= akan ( lampaunya dari SHALL )

Keys : Mengungkapkan keharmonisan dan ketidakharmonisan Sopan Kegiatan / kegiatan sekarang Artinya sama dengan OUGHT TO

For examples :I think you shouldI don’t think you should

B. Shall

= akan

Keys :a. Menyatakan persetujuan / menawarkan bantuan untuk melakukan

sesuatu bagi orang lain.b. Menyatakan ancamanc. Menyatakan janjid. Untuk orang pertama tunggal dan jamak ( I & WE )e. Shall = Had Betterf. Shan’t = Shall not

C. May, Might

= boleh

Keys : Menyatakan meminta / memberi izin Menyatakan kemungkinan

( untuk keadaan sekarang / yang akan datang ) Untuk meminta / memberi izin, tetapi untuk waktu yang lampau May = Might

D. Can

= dapat

Keys : Mengekspresikan kemampuan ( untuk saat ini atau yang akan datang ) Dipakai untuk memberi izin Dipakai untuk menunjukkan kemungkinan

For examples :Can i stay up till the end of the programe ?He can take the care

E. Was, Were able to

= seharusnya

Keys :Keberhasilan pada suatu saat saja dipakai diwaktu yang lampau

F. Could

= dapat

Keys :Lampaunya CanMenunjukan kemampuan ( yang bersifat permanen ) dimasa lampau.Menyampaikan permintaan yang halus.

For example :Could i pay by cheque ?

G. Will

= akan

Keys : Will = Be Going To Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang akan datang yang sebelumnya Will = belum direncanakan Be Going To = sudah di rencanakan Untuk menyatakan persetujuan Untuk menyatakan keinginan Apabila dalam kalimat tanya sering digunakan untuk meminta izin dengan

sopan ( request )

H. Would

= akan

Keys :Menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah merupakan kebiasaan diwaktu lampauMeminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu biasanya pada kalimat pertanyaan

For examples :Would you like coffee ?Will you have a drink ?

I. Must, Have to, Ought to

= sebaiknya atau seharusnya

Keys : Digunakan untuk menyatakan keharusan Kepastian yang tidak dapat ditinggalkan / diabaikan Dengan menggunakan keterangan waktu sekarang, yang akan datang, dan

juga lampau. Menyatakan kesimpulan

For examples :You must use secateurs to cut some roses ?

Catatan Tambahan : Would you mind + Ving ( Tidak Keberatankah Kamu ) Would you like + To inf Would you + Please + V1 + O ( REQUEST ) Would you mind + To + V1 + O + Please ( REQUEST )

For examples :Would you mind if ismoke here ?( aku meminta izin untuk merokok disini ) => izin

Would you mind washing my clothes ?Would you like to wash my clothes ?( aku menyuruh kamu mencuci baju – baju ku. ) => menyuruh

CONDITIONAL SENTECES

= kalimat pengandaian, dan kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari 2 bagian yaitu Main Clause ( induk kalimat ) If Clause ( anak kalimat )

IF => berisi syarat atau kondisi yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan seperti yang terdapat dalam main clause induk kalimat bisa terwujud.

Ada 3 bentuk Conditional Sentences, yaitu :

TYPE 1Conditional ( possible condition )

= sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang atau sekarang

IF-clause ( Present Tense ) / ( S + V1 ) + Subject + Will, Shall, Can, May + V1

For examples :If rina invites me, I will come to her party.( kalau rina mengundang saya, saya akan datang kepestanya )

You will pass you examination if you work hard( kamu akan lulus ujian kalau kamu bekerja keras )

If you read this book, you will understand my lesson

TYPE 2Conditional ( present unreal conditional )

= menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan situasi apa yang terjadi sekarang.

IF-clause ( Past Tense ) / ( S + V2 ) + Subject + Would, Should, Could + V1

Keys : Arti kata yang digunakan = Seandainya, Menurutku ” BE ” selalu dalam bentuk ” WERE ” untuk subject apa saja. Bermakna sekarang Aturan tidak boleh memakai “ WAS “

For examples :I didn’t have to finish my assignment tonight, i would come to rina’s party( seandainya saja saya tidak harus menyelesaikan tugas saya malam ini, tentu saya akan kepesta rina )

If you read this book, you would understand my lesson you don’t read this book

If I were a king. . . . . .If john were a millionaire. . . . . . If they were rich . . . . .

TYPE 3Conditional Sentence ( past unreal conditional )

= mengekspresikan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan keadaan dulu ( diwaktu yang lampau ).

IF-clause ( Past Perfect ) / ( S + Had + V3 ) + Subject + Would, Should, Could + HAVE + V3

Keys : Arti kata yang digunakan = Seandainya Sesuai dengan pembentukan kalimat dalam Perfect Tense ” Would Have ”

selalu diikuti oleh Verb 3 ( Past Participle ) Bermakna lampau ( past )

For examples :If you head left earlier, you would have caught the train.( seandainya kamu tadi pergi lebih awal, kamu pasti bisa naik kereta api tersebut )

If you had read this book, you would have understood my lesson you didn’t read this book

if anita had invited me, I would have come her party( seandainya anita mengundang saya, saya akan datang kepestanya )

FAMILY TREE

= Silsilah Keluarga

Datuk Laki-laki = Great GrandfatherDatuk Perempuan = Great GrandmotherNenek – Kakek = GrandparentsNenek Moyang = Great GrandparentsKakek = GrandfatherNenek = GrandmotherAyah = FatherIbu = MotherPaman = UncleBibi = AuntKeponakan laki – laki = NephewKeponakan perempuan = NieceSaudara perempuan = SisterSaudara laki – laki = BrotherSepupu = CousinAnak perempuan =DaughterAnak laki – laki = SonOrang tua = ParentsAyah mertua = father in lawIbu mertua = Mother in lawMenantu laki – laki = Son in lawMenantu Perempuan = Daughter in lawIpar Laki – laki = Brother in lawIpar Perempuan = Sister in lawJanda = WidowDuda = WidowerAnak bayi = BabyIbu Tiri = Step motherBapak Tiri = Step FatherSaudara Perempuan Tiri = Step SisterSaudara laki- laki Tiri = Step BrotherPengantin laki – laki = BrigroomPengantin perempuan = Bride

TINGKATAN

TOO ( terlalu ) > VERY ( sangat ) > RATHER ( agak ) > QUITE ( cukup ) > A BIT (sedikit ) > NOT AT ALL ( tidak sama sekali )

EXCLAMATIONS

= kata seru atau seruan dan kita menggunakan exclamation untuk mengekspresikan perasaan kita atau emosi kita tentang sesuatu

A. Exclamation bermakna Something Good : Good ! Great ! Wonderful ! Fantastic!

B. Exclamation bermakana Something Bad : Oh Dear ! Oh No ! How Awful ! ( bagaimana mengerikannya / dahsyat ) How terrible !

C. Exclamation bermakna A Surprise : Well ! What a Surprise ! My Goodness ! Good Heavens !

COMPASS

= arah mata angin

Macam – macam arah mata angin :North = UtaraSouth = SelatanEast = TimurWest = BaratSouth East = TenggaraSouth West = Barat DayaNorth West = Barat LautNorth East = Timur Laut

THE

= hanya Satu dan tidak ada lagi yang lain

For examples :The Lord, The Earth, The Man, The God

A / AN

= hanya satu tapi masih ada lagi yang lain

For examples :A Girl, A Student, A book

ON ( line )

= biasanya untuk menulis nama bulan, nama hari, nama jalan

For examples :On Monday, On Friday

AT ( specific )

= biasanya untuk menulis nama alamat lengkap, nama bangunan, nomor, waktu, dan jika berada di luar kita bisa menggunakan AT.

For examples :At Six o’clockAt Mc Donald ( kita berada di luar )

IN ( area )

= biasanya untuk menulis nama kota, nama bangunan, Negara, Desa, dan jika berada di dalam kita bisa menggunakan IN.

For examples:In SurabayaAt Mc Donald ( kita berada di dalam )

ON – OFF

Macam – macam On – Off dalam elektronik :Turn On = Dinyalakan dengan cara diputarTurn Off = Dimatikan dengan cara diputar

Switch On = Dinyalakan dengan cara di tekanSwitch Off = Dimatikan dengan cara di tekan

Turn Down = Dikecilkan ( SUARA )Turn UP = Dikeraskan ( SUARA )

Power = Tombol untuk menyalakan TVPlay = Tombol untuk menyalakan RadioRecord = Tombol untuk merekam

IMBUHAN TIDAK

= untuk menyatakan TIDAK/ NO kita dapat menambahkan kata depan dengan imbuhan : Dis-…….. Un-......... In-.......... Im-......... En-........ An-........

IMBUHAN – TH

= biasanya terdapat pada angka dan menyatakan atau berarti YANG KE - . . . .

NO COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE CONCLUSION1 A FEW A LITTLE Ada tapi SEDIKIT ( + )2 A LOT OF A LOT OF Ada BANYAK ( + )3 SOME SOME Ada / Sedang ( + )4 ANY ANY ( - ) dan ( ? )5 MANY MUCH ( - ) dan ( ? )

COUNTABLE ( dapat dihitung )

For examples ( COUNTABLE ) :Apple, orange, manggoes, banana, car, umbrella, and other.There are a few flowers

Keys ( COUNTABLE ) : Memiliki ciri -ES, -S, ARE, WERE.

UNCOUNTABLE ( tidak dapat dihitung )

For examples ( UNCOUNTABLE ) :Water, coffee, sugar, milk, oil, and other.There is a little beer

Keys ( UNCOUNTABLE ) : Memiliki ciri IS, WAS.

HABIT

= kebiasaan

ALWAYS ( selalu ) 100% > USUALLY ( biasanya ) 80% - 90% > OFTEN ( sering ) 60% - 80% > SOMETIMES ( terkadang ) 30% - 60% > RARELY ( jarang ) 0% - 30% > NEVER ( tidak pernah ) 0%

QUESTION

= pertanyaan

How to make questions ( pertanyaan yang memerlukan penjelasan ) :

5W 1H + tobe ( is, am, are, was, were ) + S + O / N / ADV / CONDITION / COLOUR / OCCUPATION / ETC + ?

For examples :Why are you late ?

5W 1H + DO / DOES + S + V1 + OBJECT / COMPLEMENT + ?

For examples :Why do you come late ?

5W 1H + DID + S + V1 + O + ADVERB OF TIME / PAST TIME + ?

For examples :Why did you wake up late ?I woke up late because I slept late last night.

5W 1H + MODAL ( will, shall, can, may, must, would, should, could, might ) + S + V1 + ADVERB OF PLACE OR TIME + ?

For examples :What will you do tomorrow ?

5W 1H + HAVE / HAS / HAD + S + V3 + SINCE / FOR + ?

For examples :What has he eaten since 5 years ?

How to make questions ( pertanyaan yang bisa di jawab dengan YES / NO ) :

DO / DOES / DID + S + V1 + O / C + ?

Tobe ( is, am, are, was, were ) + S + O / N / ADJ / ADV / ETC + ?

MODALS ( will, shall, must, can, may, etc ) + V1 + O / C + ?

HAVE / HAS / HAD + S + V3 + SINCE / FOR . . . + ?

HAVE

= memiliki banyak arti bila di masukan didalam kalimat

A. Have ( telah )

S + HAVE / HAS / HAD + V3 + O

For examples :( + ) I have gone there( - ) I have not gone there yet( ? ) have you gone there ?( ? ) have you not gone there yet ? ( formal )( ? ) haven’t you gone there yet ?

B. Have ( mempunyai )

Aturan BRITISH :I have a bookI haven’t a bookHave you a book

Aturan USA :I have a book I don’t have a bookDo you have a book ?

C. Have To = Must ( keharusan )

For examples :She has to help meShe does not have to help meDoes she have to help me ?

D. Have = Take ( makan / minum )

For examples :I have breakfastI don’t have breakfastDo you have breakfast

E. Have = Ask ( meminta / menyuruh ) dan have sebagai causative.

For examples :She has the servant clean the floor( She ask the servant to clean the floor )She has the floor cleaned ( she doesn’t have the servant clean the floor )( does she have the servant clean the floor ? )

REPORTED SPEECH( indirect speech )

Terbagi 3, yaitu : Dalam STATEMENT => That

Dalam QUESTION => Yes / No question=> if / Whether=> 5W 1H question

Dalam COMAND STATEMENT => Positif : TO. . . . => Negatif : NOT TO . . . . .

For examples Reported Speech Dalam Statement.Biasa biasanya ditandai dengan “ THAT “ :“ She is sick “Rita said that she was sick.

“ I must call the teacher “Dani told me that he had to call the teacher.

For examples Reported Speech Dalam Question YES / NO QuestionBiasanya ditandai dengan kata IF / WHETHER ( apakah ) :“ Is she sick ? “Rudi asked me if / whether she was sick.

“ Are you watching TV ? “Rudi asked me if I was watching TV

“ Do you speak English ? “Toni asked rudi whether he spoke English

For examples Reported Speech Dalam 5W 1H Question adalah :“ What do you say ? “The teacher asked me what I said

“ Where did he go ? “Mother asked me where he had gone

“ Where did you go ? “Mother asked me where I had gone

“ I was sick yesterday “He said that he had been sick the day before.

“ I see the match “Reno told me that he saw the match.

“ I saw the match “Reno told me that he had seen the match.

For examples Reported Speech Dalam COMMAND STATEMENT ( kalimat perintah )

POSITIF ( + ) :Tambahkan “ TO “ didepan verb yang ke dua :“ Stand Up “The teacher asked us To Stand Up .

NEGATIVE ( - ) :Tambahkan “ NOT “ didepan “ TO “ => “ NOT TO “ :“ Don’t smoke here ! “He asked me Not To smoke there

“ Did you eat the food ? “I had eaten the food

“ Do you eat the food ? “I ate the food

“ Did you came to the party ? “He asked me if I had come to the party

“ Do you do the test ? “I did the test

“ Is your report already finished ? “Sari : Not yet. It is being printed.

TAMBAHAN :

Dalam Indirect Speech akan mengalami perubahan tenses bila verb dalam induk kalimat dalam SIMPLE PAST:

Said / Told . . . . . .Simple Present V1 ( menjadi ) Simple Past V2

For example :“ I am tired “Rita said that she was tired.

Simple Past V2 ( menjadi ) Past Perfect V3

For example :“ I was tired “Rita said that she Had been tired

Dalam Indirect Speech kalimat Tanya Question akan terjadi :=> Pertanyaan ( menjadi ) Pernyataan

For example :“ What do you speak ? “He asked me What I spoke

PERKECUALIAN ( exceptions ):Dalam Indirect Speech TIDAK akan mengalami perubahan tense bila :

1) Kata kerja Induk Kalimat dalam SIMPLE PRESENT

For example :” I speak english every day ”Tono tells me that he speaks English everyday

2) Bila menyatakan suatu kalimat KEBENARAN UMUM ( general truth )

For examples :“ Boiling water is very hot “Tanya said that boiling water is very hot

“ 2 + 2 = 4 “( two plus two equals four )The teacher said that two plus equals four.

“ A ball is round “The man told us that a ball is round.

Documents

English Notes