English Lecture 12 Solution

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ENGLISH LECTURE – 12Part ContentsPart 1: Review Test

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

ERRORS IN WORD CHOICE

LIKE / ALIKE / UNLIKE, MAKE / DO, ANOTHER / OTHER

FOR / DURING, ALTHOUGH / THOUGH,

ON TIME / IN TIME, BESIDE / BESIDES

AT THE END / IN THE END, BEEN / GONE

AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

Part 2: Writing

DIALOGUE WRITING

DATA INTERPRETATION

Part 3: Take-Home Exercises

MENTRS’E D U C A T I O N

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REVIEW TEST

Time: 20 minMarks: 25 Score ……..

ERROR DETECTION (MARK E IF THERE IS NO ERROR)

1. Even though the girls have all ready visited St. Augustine, they want to return to the Castillo de A B C D

San Marcos.2. As a result of his inconsistency in represent his constituents, the senator was not reelected

A B Cto the state legislature.

D3. Knowing that it would be helpless to continue working for nearly bankrupt Angry Pencils, A B C

Shoummo decided to go away and find another type of employment.D

4. Ritu wished that he could go to the party last weekend with his friend Naim.A B C D5. In order to save the reputation of the nation, the leader acted as if nothing was done to defame A B C

the proponent of microfinance. D6. If it had not been for the computerized register tape from the grocery store, I never would have

A B Cbeen able to figure on my expenditures.

D7. You would have visited the doctor if the pain in the deltoid intensifies within the next two weeks.

A B C D8. Our new office building will be located downtown in the corner of Euclid Avenue and East Ninth

A BC DStreet. (on the corner of )

9. After checkingout the motor and the carburetor for problems, Jesse found that the noise was A B C D

caused by a lose fan belt.10. Had we known about the match yesterday, we could goto watch it with our friends. A BC D11. Because the committee was anxious to attend the celebration, the president dispensed to reading

A B Cthe minutes. [Dispense: to give or provide (something), to prepare and give (medicine); dispense with: to set aside , discard , to do without

D12. Scientists were interested about the radioactivity emanating from the nuclear power plant (interested in).

A B C D13. Rony would rather that Zahid had not lived in the room where the former studies.

A B C D14. Because it was faster , John insisted in my taking the plane to Miami instead of the train. ( insist on)

A B C D15. His highly imaginary composition won the judges’ approval and the first prize in the competition.

A B C D

SENTENCE COMPLETION

16. Because management _______ the fact that employees find it difficult to work alertly at repetitious tasks, it sponsors numerous projects to _______ enthusiasm for the job.a. recognizes …. generate b. disproves …. create c. respects …. quenchd. controls …. regulate e. surmises …. suspend

17. Eratosthene’s maps were _______ by the _______ state of exploration in his time, but they fit the facts then known.



a. enhanced …. traditional b. disorganized …. stagnant c. limited …. primitived. refuted …. flourishing e. determined …. exaggerated

18. Never forgetting his education as a preacher, Burwell often interrupts the narrative with _______ commentary, eager that his readers _______ the moral.a. romantic …. ignore b. prophetic …. Discredit c. bombastic …. disregardd. apathetic …. heed e. didactic …. grasp

19. The training center, clean and regimented, is ____ to those seeking the ____ once associated with boxing.a. convincing …. chaos b. disappointing …. seediness c. surprising …. austerityd. refreshing …. camaraderie e. inspiring …. ambition

20. Of _______ disposition, she spoke very little, even when in the company of her good friends.a. an amiable b. a benign c. a carping d. a taciturn e. an inhumane

PICK THE CORRECT SENTENCE FROM THE OPTIONS.

21.a. Watch the sky closely for several minutes you are likely to see an artificial satellite pass over.b. Watch the sky closely for several minutes; you are likely to see an artificial satellite pass over.c. Watch the sky closely for several minutes, you are likely to see an artificial satellite pass over.d. If you watch the sky closely for several minutes. You are likely to see an artificial satellite pass over.e. None of these

22. a. Some club members were late for the meeting for example, Tanya and Scott came in at 9:30. b. Some club members were late for the meeting, for example Tanya and Scott came in at 9:30.c. Some club members were late for the meeting, for example, Tanya and Scott came in at 9:30.d. Some club members were late for the meeting; for example, Tanya and Scott came in at 9:30.e. None of these

23.a. The Milky Way looks like a dim cloud stretching across the night sky it is actually a huge galaxy

containing millions of stars.b. The Milky Way looks like a dim cloud stretching across the night sky, it is actually a huge

galaxy containing millions of stars.c. The cloud-like Milky Way stretching across the night sky is actually a huge galaxy containing

millions of stars.d. Although the Milky Way looks like a dim cloud stretching across the night sky. It is actually a

huge galaxy containing millions of stars.e. None of these

24.a. Most asteroids are small and far away therefore they are dim and hard to see.b. Most asteroids are small and far away, therefore they are dim and hard to see.c. Most asteroids are small and far away therefore, they are dim and hard to see.d. Most asteroids are small and far away; therefore, they are dim and hard to see.e. None

25.a. Look through Angelo's telescope you can see Saturn's rings.b. If you look through Angelo's telescope, you can see Saturn's rings.c. Look through Angelo's telescope, you can see Saturn's rings.d. You can see Saturn's rings, look through Angelo's telescope.e. None of these



ERRORS IN WORD CHOICE

WRONG CHOICE OF LIKE, UNLIKE OR ALIKE Have the Words “like,” “alike”, and “unlike” been used correctly?

(i) When “like” is a preposition followed by an object, it means “similar.”Like my father, I am an architect. (“My father is a architect, and I am one too.”)

(ii) “Unlike” is a preposition followed by an object and means “not similar.”Unlike my mother, her mother has a full-time job. (“Her mother has a full-time job, but my mother does not.”)

(iii) “Alike” can be an adverb meaning “equally” or an adjective meaning “similar.”As an adverb The tuition increase was opposed by students and teachers alikeAs an adjective My brother and sister are alike in many ways.

Sample Items

1. Alike their close relative the frogs, toads are amphibians. A B C DChoice (A) doesn’t follow the pattern like A, B . . .

2. Asters, as most perennial plants, bloom once a year.A B C D

The word like should be used in place of the word as before a noun phrase (most perennial plants).

WRONG CHOICE OF MAKE OR DO

Common Expressions with Make

make advances in

make an attempt

make a comparison

make a contribution

make a decision

make a distinction

make a forecast

make a law

make a point

make an investment

make a plan

make a prediction

make a profit

make a promise

make an offer

make a suggestion

make a sound/noise

Make up (= compose)

To make is also used in this pattern: make + someone + adjective(The gift made her happy.)

Common Expressions with DoDo an assignment Do a job (errand, chore)Do business with Do researchDo one’s duty Do one’s workDo someone a favor


PART – I: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION


Sample Items1. Cement is done from varying amounts of limestone, clay, and gypsum.

A B C DThe verb done is incorrect in this sentence. The correct word choice is made.

2. Small town newspapers often urge readers to make business with local merchants.A B C D

The phrase should read do business with. aa

WRONG CHOICE OF ANOTHER OR OTHER

Have the words “another,” “the others,” “other,” and “others” been used correctly?(i) “Another” + a singular noun means “one more.”

I want another peach.I want another one.

(ii) “The other” + a singular noun means “the last of the group being discussed.”We bought three peaches. My brother and I each ate one. We left the other peach on the table.

(iii) “The other” + a plural noun means “the rest of the group.”This peach is rotten, but the other peaches in the box are good.

(iv) “The other” + a non-count noun means “all the rest.”We put the oranges in a bowl and stored the other fruit in the refrigerator.

(v) “Other” + a plural noun means “more of the group being discussed.”There are other peaches in the box.

(vi) “Other” + a non-count noun means “more of the group.”There is other fruit besides peaches in the box.

Sample Items

Willa Cather is known for My Antonia and another novels of the American frontier. A B C D

B is wrong. Before a plural noun, other must be used.

An understudy is an actor who can substitute for other actor in case of an emergency.A B C DC is wrong. Other is used incorrectly in place of another before a singular noun.

EXERCISE 1: Choose the best alternative

1. The tips of high-speed dental drills are (done / made) of tungsten steel and often contain diamonds.

2. A cottage industry is a form of manufacturing (done/made) at home.

3. (Alike/Like) stars, galaxies tend to congregate in clusters.

4. Lightning is a rush of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to (another/other).

5. A ballet dancer’s techniques and skills are very different from those of (another/other) dancers.

6. The commercial center of New York City, the island of Manhattan is joined to the (another/other) boroughs by bridges and tunnels.

7. The legal surrender of a criminal suspect from one state or country to (another/other) is called extradition.

8. Please (make/do) me a favor and help me fix my car.

9. I would be very glad to (make/do) business with your company.

10. I really liked that glass of juice. Please get me (other/another).



FOR and DURING

We use for + a period of time to say how long something goes on :

for six years, for two hours, for a week

- I've lived in this house for six years.

- We watched television for two hours last night. - Ann is going away for a week in September

- Where have you been ? I've been waiting for ages. - Are you going away for the weekend?

You cannot use during in this way:

- It rained for three days without stopping. (not 'during three days')

We use during + noun to say when something happens (not, how long) :

during the film, during our holiday, during the night

- I fell asleep during the film.

- We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday.

- The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night. - I'll phone you some time during the afternoon.

ALTHOUGH and THOUGH

Very often, both of these words can be used in the same way.Example: They are a nice family, Al(though )I don't like young Sandra much. There are one or two differences :

*Though is often used with even to give emphasis. Even although is not possible. Example: Even though I didn't understand a word, I kept smiling.

*Though (but not although) can be put at the end of a sentence, with the meaning of however. Example: It was a quiet party. I had a good time though.

ON TIME / IN TIMEü On time = punctual, not late. If something happens on time, it happens at the time, which was

planned:- The 11.45 train left on time. ( = it left at 11.45)- A I'll meet you at the corner at 7.30.- B Okay, but please be on time. (= don't be late / be there at 7.30)- The conference was very well organized. Everything began and finished on time.

ü In time (for something / to do something) = soon enough for something / soon enough to do something:

Will you be home in time for dinner? (= soon enough for dinner)I've sent Jill her birthday present. I hope it arrives in time (for her birthday). (= soon enough for her birthday)I must hurry. I want to get home in time to see the football match on television. (= soon enough to see the football match)

ü The opposite of in time is too late :- I got home too late to see the football match.

ü Note the expression just in time : - We got to the station just in time to catch the train. - A dog ran in front of the car, but I managed to stop just in time (to avoid hitting the dog).

BESIDE and BESIDES Beside is a preposition that means 'at the side of or 'by'Example:

Who's the big blonde sitting beside Philip?



*Besides is both a preposition and an adverb.*As a preposition, it is used rather like as well as, when we want to add new information to what is already known.

Example: Besides literature, we have to study history and philosophy. (history and philosophy as well as literature)Who was at the party besides Jack and the Bensons?.0 know about Jack and the Bensons, but who else was there?)

*As an adverb, it means 'also', 'moreover or 'as well'. It usually goes before a clause.Example: I don't like those shoes; besides, they're too expensive. It's too late to go out no. Besides, it's starting to rain.

AT THE END / IN THE END

ü At the end (of something) = at the time when something ends. For example :

at the end of the month at the end of January

at the end of the film at the end of the course

at the end of the match at the end of the concert

- I'm going away at the end of January / at the end of the month.

- At the end of the concert, there was tremendous applause.

- All the players shook hands at the end of the match.

ü You cannot say 'in the end of something'.

ü The opposite of at the end is at the beginning

at the beginning of the concert at the beginning of January

ü In the end = finally. We use in the end when we say what the final result of a situation was: - We had a lot of problems with our car. In the end we sold it and bought another one.

- He got more and more angry. In the end he just walked out of the room.

BEEN and GONE

Both of these words are used as past participles of to go, but with different meanings. Example:

My husband's gone to London today. (He hasn't returned.)My husband's been to London today. (And he's returned.)Mary's gone to Nigeria. (She's there now, or on her way.)

Have you ever been to Nigeria? (Said to somebody who is not in Nigeria.)

AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT

Subject + verb (be) + tooAffirmative statement (be) + and +

So + verb (be) + subject

I am happy, and you are too. OR I am happy, and so are you.

Subject + auxiliary only + tooAffirmative statement + and + (compound verb) +

So + auxiliary only + subject

Subject + do, does, or did + tooAffirmative statement + and + (single verb except be) +



So + do, does, or did + subjectJane goes to that school, and my sister does too.Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.Additional examples:

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.

Exercise 2: Affirmative Agreement1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother _____did__ too

2. They will leave at noon, and I __will___ too.

3. He has an early appointment, and so __do_____ I.

4. She has already written her composition, and so ___have____ her friends

5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so _is_____ mine.

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Negative statement + and subject + negative auxiliary or be + eitherNegative statement + and neither + positive auxiliary or be + subject.

I didn’t see Mary this morning John didn’t see Mary this morning.I didn’t Mary this morning, and John didn’t either.I didn’t see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

Exercise 3: Negative Agreement1. The children shouldn’t take that medicine, and _neither_______ should she.2. We don’t plan to attend the concert, and _neither_____ do they.3. I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t _____either______4. She didn’t she anyone she knew, and ___neither__ did Tim.5. The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and neither_____ could the Angels.

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

An embedded question is one, which is included in a sentence or another question. The word order is not that of typical questions, except for subject questions. Study the following rule.

Subject + verb (phrase) + question word + subject + verb

NOTE: There must not auxiliary between the question word and the subject in an embedded question.

Question: Where will the meeting take place?Embedded question: We haven’t ascertained where the meeting will take place.

Q-word Subject Verb phraseQuestion: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?

Embedded question: The authority doesn’t know why the plane landed at the wrong airport. Q-word Subject Verb phrase

Exercise 4: Form Embedded Questions1. Who will be the elected president? I’m not sure

2. Whose book is it? They haven’t discovered

3. How much will it cost to repair the car? The mechanic told me

4. How was the murder committed? The police are still trying to decide

5. How tall is John? Do you know



DIALOGUE WRITING

Dialogue writing is another important question type for the IBA Admission test. This is a type of question that usually appears in the admission test for MBA Program. Nevertheless, BBA Admission seekers should also prepare for this question type.

Since it is easier to develop the writing this way, at Mentors’, we suggest students to write dialogues between two persons. When the number of speakers is more than two, you may find it difficult to construct dialogues or to coherently continue talks. However, if question stem asks you to write dialogue between more than two speakers, you have to follow the instruction.

Start and end the dialogues with some sort of address or greeting. A lot of students start their work straightaway talking about the subject matter. This is a bad practice since any average examiner would love to see how smoothly you slide into the subject from outside.

On any subject matter, end the dialogues with an agreement between the speakers. There may be differences in their opinion at the first part. But in the later part they should be approaching a consensus. For example, if the topic is student politics, the last two-three dialogues should show that speakers agree on the preferred form and features of student politics.

It is better if you briefly introduce the speakers and the scenario in two to three lines at the beginning of your work. Confine this part with parentheses.

Follow the following steps:

Concentrate on the topic and think over it before you start writing. Construct different opinions that may be found on that topic. Assign those opinions to your

speakers. Any one speaker will raise the issue. In response to that, one speaker will state his/her opinion

first and then the other will respond with his/hers. At first, both the speakers will try to establish their own point of view. Later on, they will reach a consensus point. This point will be marked by a statement by one of

the speakers and will be a somewhat leveraged version of the differing opinions.

For example: You are asked to write dialogue between two friends about student politics. One of your speakers will say that student politics must be banned. The other will disagree with this. They will then discuss the topic from different perspectives and will try to reach a agreement. As mentioned earlier, at the later part of the dialogues they will reach a balanced standpoint. This agreement point will vow that constructive student politics is appreciable; but terrorism and anarchy must be checked.

While writing short essays or arguments, we use formal English words. In case of dialogue writing, do use small and easy sounding words. Sentence structure and diction should be different in the sense that you must not write in a way that is unlikely to be spoken in real life.

For example, if someone writes words like Obnoxious or Phlegmatic in dialogues, it definitely shows the writers lack of common sense. Words as objectionable or indifferent are more likely to be used in common dialogues of real life. However, never use words like GONNABE or GOTTABE that are too informal. Never write anything that portrays hostility or use of unparliamentarily talks between the speakers. Never use any slang or colloquial.

It is possible that you will be asked to write a dialogue without any given topic. Only the place of the dialogue and the names of the speakers may be mentioned. In that case you have to do a little more than what we have said in the previous paragraphs. Imagine what the purpose of the speakers’ is, being in that place. Some examples are given here:

If they are in an embassy may be they are facing interview for VISA. If they are at a bus stop, they may be waiting for a bus to come. If they are at the stadium, they could be watching an important sports match.


PART II: WRITING


Think about the speakers’ occupation, role, and position. Question yourself: what is he/she doing there? Has he/she got the purpose done? What does the speaker feel about the purpose?

Get the speakers to state the information in dialogue form. Make them respond to each other’s queries. Once you get to the point of why the speakers are there, start discussing the topic as instructed earlier.

Notwithstanding any topic or situation described in the question stem, make them leave the place of dialogue greeting each other.

SAMPLE QUESTION AND ANSWER:

Write dialogue between two friends about “Grading System in Public Examinations”

[Rana and Reenat are friends studying in class X; they are chatting at the school playground after the SSC result of their immediate seniors is published]

Rana: Then what do you think Munia? Is this Grading System really good?

Reenat: May be its good, but what is the use? Most of the students do not seem to understand it!

Rana: Whatever may be, students having their results published in CGPA will enjoy advantage worldwide. This result is interpretable throughout the world.

Reenat: The ranges are too wide to recognize the differences between students of different qualities. It is ridiculous that students scoring 60 and 79 will be judged as equal. The marks and division system did not have this problem.

Rana: Since this is the first year with this system, we should not have expected too much of perfection. Rather we should appreciate the positive change it has brought about to our educational system.

Reenat: I think you are right. This system is a major step in modernizing our educational system to match with the ever-changing world.

Rana: One thing I must say that authorities should have made adequate publicity about this new system.

Reenat: I agree, that would have made lots of confusion disappear.

Rana: I believe that by the time we sit for our SSC, problems and loopholes of this grading system will be removed.

Reenat: So do I. However, I have to leave for my Physics practical. Are you coming to Rikhi’s birthday party this evening? Farhana and others are coming.

Rana: Yes, see you there.

Reenat: Good-bye for now.

Write dialogues between two sisters who got stuck in traffic congestion.

[Ishita is elder sister of Rikhi. These sisters are going shopping. They need to hurry but they are now confided in traffic congestion]

Ishita: Rikhi, I told you earlier that we would not make it to Nadia’s house in due time. See, this congestion does not seem to collapse in an hour.

Rikhi: sorry apu, I thought we could easily buy a gift for her birthday and then go to her place in due time. In fact, traffic congestion has been so common these days that one cannot expect to keep



appointments.

Ishita: I do not understand why government does not take any initiatives.

Rikhi: they do not have magic; this problem is so deeply rooted that only a long-term plan can do. The roads are all narrow, traffic is heavier every day, and traffic-rule violating tendency is also increasing.

Ishita: don’t you think banning rickshaws would be a solution? I believe these vehicles are the major reasons behind traffic congestion.

Rikhi: I think banning rickshaws will aggravate the situation. We do not have alternatives to rickshaw. As long as we do not develop one, we have think of restructuring the entire traffic system.

Ishita: One-way traffic, specious roads, and strict enactment of law can alleviate the problem at least for the time being.

Rikhi: yes, I agree with you. Oh look, it has started to loosen up the congestion. Pray to God, may be we can make it even though at the last minute.

DATA PRESENTATION

Present the data given below in a table format and give a suitable title:

1. When 263 students of Dhaka University who reside in halls were asked about their perception regarding the condition of halls, 78 said that it is easier to contact outside people and rest said that it is not easier; 142 are satisfied with the dining facilities and rest are not satisfied; 50 are satisfied with the entertainment facilities and rest are not; 25 are satisfied with accommodation facilities and rest are not; and finally 20% are satisfied with the overall condition and rest are not satisfied with the overall condition.

2. A BRTA report shows that the number of registered car in Dhaka city in 1990 was 1170 and in 1995 was 3482; the number of motor cycle was 2798 and 4132 respectively in those two years. Further exploration of the report shows that the number of autorickshaw was 1582 and 6217 on those two years respectively. But the driving license issued for car were 4907 and 1124; for motorcycle 5085 and 647 and for autorickshaw 4160 and 1270.

DATA INTERPRETATION

1. Health Facilities in Bangladesh as on 1997 are given below. Write down five sentences based on the given data:

Hospital 938Hospital Beds 38,106Persons Per Hospital Bed 3,261Registered Physician 27,546Persons Per Physician 4,512Households Per Physician 725

2. Compositions of labor force of agriculture sector and education level of five different countries are given in the table below. Carefully see the data. Write one paragraph based on your observation of the data and specifically try to chalk out an action plan for Bangladesh in comparison with the developed countries.



GRAPH/CHART DESCRIPTION

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING CHART & GRAPH

1. The pie chart presents percentage of new job opportunities in Australia in year 2001.

2. The number of tourists visiting Malaysia and Dubai from 1995 to 2003 is presented below.

Make sure that you know the format and writing style of the following eight aspects:

Short Note Paragraph Essay


Malaysi

Duba

200200200200199199199199199

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Tourist Visit in Malaysia and Dubai (in

Social Service

FinanceManagementResearchEngineeringMedicine

Social Service, 26%

Finance, 15%

Management, 36%

Research, 3%

Engineering, 8%

Medicine, 12%

New Job openings in Australia in 2001

CountryPercentage of labor Force in the

agriculture sectorEducation level of the

populationUSA 2% 98%UK 2% 99%Japan 12% 98%India 76% 40%Bangladesh 83% 30%


Dialogue writing Thematic Writing Argument WritingData Interpretation Data Presentation.

Your handwriting, spelling and grammar will definitely give you advantage. Follow the formats and structures of those eight structures as discussed in the class and practice as much as you can. If you don’t answer written English part in your admission test, there is a possibility that you will be considered as fail because you have to pass in each and every section and subsection. So, take it very seriously.

Write dialogues between/among

Two friends who are planning to go abroad for higher studies Two guardians about the current condition of educational institutions Two business persons regarding prospect of businesses in Bangladesh You and your brother discussing where you want to see yourselves after ten years from now Two teachers about the grading system in public examinations Two friends in the Ekushey book fair

Analogy: Choose the best Answer

1.PRECIS: ELABORATIONA. comprehension : understanding B. revision : correction C. simplification : decoration D. accuracy : abnormality E. expurgation : distortion

2.MASON: STONEA. soldier : weapon B. lawyer : lawC. blacksmith : forge D. teacher : pupil E. carpenter : wood

3.PENURY: MONEYA. starvation : sustenance B. independence : freedomC. infirmity : illness D. reality : foresight E. spontaneity : care

4.ATTENUATE: SIGNALA. exacerbate : problem B. modify : accent C. dampen : enthusiasm D. elongate : line E. dramatize : play

5.DALMATIAN : DOGA. oriole : bird B. horse : ponyC. shark : great white D. ant : insect E. stock : savings

6.PARACHUTE : AIRPLANEA. lifeboat : ship B. knapsack : schoolC. trampoline : tent D. trunk : tree E. elevator : floor

7.PULSE : HEARTA. pitch : music B. nerve : brainC. tick : clock D. motor : engine E. blood : artery

8.MOMENT : ETERNITYA. light : beam B. darkness : sunC. space : time D. water : ocean E. point : infinity

9.ANARCHIST : LAWSA. partisan : allegiance B. federalist : unionC. pacifist : war D. insurgent : rebellion E. despot : leadership

Reading Comprehension


PART III: Home Assignment


As trees grow old, they add a new ring for each year. This discovery, it seems, was first made by Leonardo Da Vinci, The famous Italian painter and scientist. It took a long time, however, before the serious study of tree rings started. This was done in Arizona by Andrew Ellicott Douglas.

Douglas developed a simple technique for dating trees called cross-dating and for a period of over 20 years continued the study of tree rings. He spent much of his time in logging camps near Flagstaff.

The Douglas method has been used by many scientists. Some of them used it to examine logs in Indian pueblo ruins. They were able to date the buildings right back to the tenth century. Others used it to date the world’s oldest living trees, the bristlecone pines.

1. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?(A) Leonardo made many discoveries.(B) Leonardo was famous as a painter.(C) Leonardo was interested in the aging process.(D) Leonardo became famous because of his tree ring discovery.

2. What also can be inferred from the first paragraph?(A) Leonardo started the serious study of tree rings.(B) Leonardo’s discovery was not developed for many years.(C) Tree rings were studied in Arizona for a long time after Leonardo.(D) Douglas was a famous Arizona scientist.

3. What can be inferred from the second paragraph?(A) The term cross-dating was invented by Douglas.(B) An uncomplicated method of tree-dating was discovered by Douglas.(C) It took Douglas 20 years to develop a tree-dating technique.(D) The technique of cross-dating was developed near Flagstaff.

4. What also can be inferred from the second paragraph?(A) Logging camps are good places for studying tree rings.(B) Douglas spent 20 years near Flagstaff.(C) Douglas spent most of his life studying tree rings.(D) There are courses for studying tree rings near Flagstaff.

5. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?(A) The Douglas method has been used since the 10th century.(B) Indians used the Douglas method to examine logs.(C) The earliest known trees can be dated by the Douglas method.(D) Indians used bristlecone pines to construct their buildings.

6. What also can be inferred from the last paragraph?(A) American Indians lived in the region investigated nearly a thousand years ago.(B) The Douglas method can be used to date all 10th century ruins.(C) Scientists dated the bristlecone pine to the tenth century.(D) The Indian pueblo ruins were not as old as the bristlecone pines.

Passage 2:Elizabeth F. Loftus reports that she has watched thousands of trial witnesses going from being unsure to positive through a variety of devices (positivity of others, stress, insecurity or self, etc.) and that the opposite is also true – memory can go from clear to positive to doubt and fuzziness. It appears that new connections are formed between neurons as new learning takes place, and old ones start to diminish. Neurosurgeon George Ojemann and psychologist Harry Whitaker tested bilingual surgical patients with electrical stimulation and found that their first and second languages share some cortical area but also have some separate turf. The second language occupies more cortex than the first. They speculate that as the new language becomes familiar, the cortical area devoted to it becomes less. Psychologist Charles Furst, in The Brain, notes: “If the nerve impulses circle their selected pathways long enough, they leave an indelible memory trace.”

1. Who does “she” in line 1 refer to?(A) Elizabeth Loftus (B) Charles Furst (C) George Ojemann (D) Harry Whitaker



2. What does “ones” in line 5 refer to?(A) Connections B) Memories (C) Neurons (D) Forms of learning

3. What does “their” in line 7 refer to?(A) Ojemann and Whitaker (B) Thousands of trial witnesses(C) Bilingual surgical patients (D) Those with first and second languages

4. What does “the first” in line 8 refer to?(A) Cortical area (B) Separate turf (C) Language (D) Stimulation

5. What does “they” in line 8 refer to?(A) Loftus and other scientists (B) Ojemann and Whitaker(C) Different patients (D) Furst and other psychologists

6. What does “it” in line 9 refer to ?(A) The first language (B) The cortical area(C) The familiar language (D) The second language

7. What does “their” in line 10 refer to?(A) Cortical area (B) Nerve impulses (C) Selected pathways (D) Memory traces.

Passage 3:California’s colorful history, a special one even by American standards, gives a unique flavor to its customs and lifestyle. The first Europeans to actively settle California were Spaniards. In 1768, they began the famous mission system along the El Camino Real, now U.S. Highway 101 and Interstate Highway 5. This was followed by the establishment of the fortified trading posts at San Francisco and Monterey and the first cities at Los Angeles and San Jose. Spain’s king granted vast ranchos to favored civil and military officers. Many streets, towns, and landmarks in the state still bear their names. The distinctive architectural style, the rambling, cool, thick-walled adobe structure with its red tile roof, dates from the Spanish period. In the early I 800s, California became a self-governing province of newly independent Mexico. The ruling government attempted land reform, breaking up the huge Spanish ranchos and giving ownership to Mexican citizens. This, together with other conflicts, led to war with Mexico.

1. What does the word “its” in line 1 refer to?(A)California (B) The colorful history (C) America (D) Spain.

2. What does the word “they” in line 2 refer to?(A) The first Europeans (B) The Americans (C) The Spaniards (D)The

missionaries.

3. What do the words “the state” in line 6 refer to?(A) Spain (B) America (C) Mexico (D) California.

4. What does the word “their” in line 6 refer to?(A) The first traders (B) The workers on the ranchos.(C) The kings of Spain (D) Civil and military officers.

5. What does the word “its” in line 7 refer to?(A) The architectural style (B) The red tile roof. (C) The adobe structure (D) The Spanish

period.

6. The word “this” in line 10 refers to(A) California’s progress toward self-government (B) the granting of independence to Mexico(C) The establishment of huge Spanish ranchos (D) the attempt to bring in land reform.



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English Lecture 12 Solution