TOEFL COURSE July 2005

IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH

In our world there are several countries, which have their own style of life, culture, tradition and language. Among all such countries we observed that there is only one similarity to be matched. And that is the language they speak. Definitely English is an International language. Because almost every people of the country can understand and speak it easily. So where ever the matter of communication comes in our mind we think about their language. As English has got the importance in the entire world that everybody can understand and speak it very easily. So we must have to adopt it in our life too.

ALPHABETS/LETTERS

Some symbolic units, which are used to write a language as their accent is organized correctly.There are two types of letters

CAPITAL: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.Small: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z.

There are thee kinds of letters

1. Vowels: Letters, which give some sound without audible jerk, friction or stoppage of breath, are called vowels letters. (Eg: A, E, I, O, U)

2. Consonant: Letters, which give some sound with stoppage of breath or jerk, are called consonants letters. (Eg: B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z)

3. Semi vowel / Semi consonant: English letters W,Y are called semi vowels/semi consonants letters due to their sound agreement.

(Note:- Every English letter posses vowel sound)

WORD

A group of some letters / alphabets that gives some meaning or some sense, is called a word.

WORDS BREAK-UP

Words are divided into two different classes called syllables. Syllables are decided according to pronunciation of a word.

1. Mono syllable: Mono means one, a word, which is giving its complete sound in one attempt, is called a mono syllable. (Eg: I – Go – The – Four – Man and etc )

2. Bi Syllable: A word, which is divided into two or more than two parts of its complete pronunciation, is called bi-syllable. (Eg: Teacher – Engineer – University and etc)

PHRASE

A group of two or more than two words that gives some specific meaning / sense but not a complete idea, is called a phrase. A phrase may be of different types.Eg: My chair That chair The chair up the stairs

(Note: A phrase is not a sentence but it is a part of a sentence)

Eg: I will go to Sukkur in the morning, at 6 O’clock, by auto Raksha, with my friend.

SENTENCE

A group of some words in a particular sequence that gives a complete idea or sense is called a sentence.

Eg: I am not going to disturb any one.Where do you learn English?

(Note: A sentences is usually ends in a period (.), a question mark (?) or a sign of exclamation (!).

PARTS OF SENTENCE

There are two parts of sentence.

1. Subject: The part of a sentence that names a person or an imperson we are talking about is called a subject of a sentence.

2. Predicate: The part of a sentence, which gives some information about the subject of a sentence, is called predicate of a sentence.

Eg: Rohri is the biggest junction in Pakistan.A hors is a very strong animal.Unity makes the nation strong.I discuss you about your subject.

(Note: A subject of a sentence may be a noun / pronoun)

GRAMMAR

A method of using words, phrases and sentences according to some particular rules / discipline of a language is called grammar.Grammar = Method / Procedure / Rules / DisciplineThere are nine parts of speech in grammar.

1. Noun: A noun is a name of a person or an imperson. OR Noun is a naming word.Every naming word is a noun that denotes (people, place, thing, bird, reptile, animal or time etc)

People: Stages: Infant, baby, boy/girl, man/women, etc.Relation: Son, daughter, brother, sister, etc.Profession: Teacher, worker, student, etc.

Place: Class/room, building, Musavi road, Rohri/city, town, village, Sindh/province, Pakistan/country/state, Asia/continent, world, universe, etc.

Things: Physical objects, metal, chemical, fruit, food, cloth, vegetables, stationary, grocery, furniture, jewelry, medicine, plants, grain, material, etc.

Birds: Parrot, sparrow, peacock, etc.

Animals: Lion, goat, dog, bear, horse, etc.

Reptiles: Lizard, crocodile, snake, etc.

Time: Second, moment, minute, hour, clock, day, morning, evening, night, Sunday, week, fortnight, Month, June, year, decade, century.

TYPES OF NOUN

There are two types of noun.

1. Countable Noun: A noun, which has its definite shape and size, is called countable noun. A countable noun always takes a number.Eg: Dish – minute – apple – dog etc.(Note:- Every name of person, place, specific thing, birds, reptiles, animals and specific time is countable)

2. Uncountable Noun: A noun, which does not have any definite shape and size, is called uncountable noun, and uncountable noun takes a word quantity but not number.Eg: Sugar – flour – water – milk – air etc.

KINDS OF NOUN

There are five kinds of noun.

1. Common Noun: A noun, which is the name of a common term of a person or an imperson, is called a common noun. The word common usually means same/identical.

Eg: People: Stages: Infant, baby, boy/girl, man/women, etc.Relation: Son, daughter, brother, sister, etc.Profession: Teacher, worker, student, etc.Place: Class/room, building, road, city, town, village, province, country/state, etc.Things: Physical objects, metal, chemical, fruit, food, cloth, vegetables, stationary, grocery,

furniture, jewelry, medicine, plants, grain, material, etc.

Birds: Parrot, sparrow, peacock, etc.Animals: Lion, goat, dog, bear, horse, etc.Reptiles: Lizard, crocodile, snake, etc.Time: Second, moment, minute, hour, clock, day, morning, evening, night, Sunday, week,

fortnight, month, June, year, decade, century.

2. Proper Noun: A noun, which denotes a name of a particular/unique person or imperson, is called a proper noun. A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.Eg: Parveen Shakir, William Wordsworth, Parvez Musharaf, Sindh, Pakistan, Asia etc.(Note:- Every common/proper noun is countable noun)

3. Material Noun: A noun, which denotes a name of a matter such as solid, liquid or gas, is called a material noun. A material noun usually has unspecific shape.

Eg: Solid: Paper, cloth, meat, ice, hair, wood, carbon, stone, sand, dust, grass, cotton, and etc.Liquid: Water, oil, juice, blood, milk, whey, cream, and etc.Gas: Fire, air, smoke, steam, smell, heat, temperature and etc.

4. Abstract Noun: A noun, which denotes non-physical state/appearance, is called an abstract noun. An abstract noun has always an imaginary name of impersons. It is neither touchable nor seeable. It may be denoting a quality, a state or an action.

Eg:Quality: Goodness, kindness, bravery, sincerity, honesty and etc.State: Childhood, illness, poverty, weakness, youth, oldness, and etc.Action: Movement, activity, smile, running, theft, doubt and etc.

(Note:- Every material/abstract noun is uncountable except some specific cases)

5. Collective Noun: A noun, which denotes a name of a group of a person or imperson, which is taken together and spoken as a whole, is called a collective noun.Eg: Team, class, bunch, public, army, society, zoo, dozen, map, rush, library, gathering, gang, police, mob, crowd, audience, assembly, couple, committee, batch, organization, staff, crew, nursery, galaxy, union, hive, bundle, family, flock, jury, garden and etc.(Note:- A collective noun may be countable or uncountable noun).

COUNTABLE NOUN WITH NUMBER

A countable noun takes number and there are two numbers (Singular and Plural)

Singular: A countable noun, which is only in number, is called a singular number.Eg: Sun, boy, wife, dish, fly, try, chair, deer, man, tooth and etc.

Plural: A countable noun, which is more than one in number, is called a plural number.

Eg: Suns, boys, wives, dishes, flies, tries, chairs, deer, men, teeth and etc.(Note:- A countable singular noun may have a/an before it)

Note for uncountable noun:- An uncountable noun is always a singular in quantity, its plural number is always avoided.Eg: Water, milk, blood, meat, oil and etc.

GENDERS

Every language has their particular gender list/names. The word gender means sex (Male/Female). Nouns are classified into four different groups according to their gender differences.

1. Masculine gender: A noun, which denotes a name of a male sex, is called a masculine gender. A masculine gender is always considered in the living things.

Male gender is used in:People: Boy, man, father, son, brother, uncle, king, poet, actor and etc.Animal: Camel, horse, dog, lion, donkey, ox and etc.Birds: Cock, rooster, peacock and etc.Plants/Trees: Male tree, male neem, male date palm and etc.

2. Feminine gender: A noun, which denotes a name of a female sex, is called a feminine gender. A feminine gender is always a name of living things.

Female gender is used in:People: Girl, woman, mother, daughter, sister, aunt, queen, poetess, actress and etc.Animal: She/female camel, mare, bitch, lioness, ass, vix and etc.Birds: Hen, female chicken, peahen and etc.Plants/Trees: female tree, female neem, female date palm and etc.

3. Neuter gender: A noun, which denotes a name of neither a male nor a female sex, is called a neuter gender. A neuter gender is always a name of non-living things.Eg: Nose, body, flower, class, stationary, car, water, environment, happiness and etc.

4. Common gender: A noun, which denotes either male or a female sex. A common gender is always a name of living things.Eg: Student, child, infant, teacher, cousin, professor, relative, worker and etc.

POSSESSIVE NOUN / POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUN

A noun, which denotes an ownership or something belongs to someone, is called a possessive noun. A possessive noun is made by an apostrophe ( ‘ ) and (s) over a countable noun.

Eg: Boy’s The boy’s mother. The boy’s dress. The boy’s friend.Man’s The man’s name. The man’s brother. The man’s job.Bird’s The bird’s nest. The bird’s egg. The bird’s family.

(Note:- Uncountable nouns are avoided to denote by an apostrophe ( ‘ ) and (s), but they are denoted by a phrase / sentences as a possessive case).

Eg: The air’s weight. (X) The weight of air. ( )The paper’s color. (X) The color of the paper. ( )

PRONOUN

A word that is used as an agent or a new substitution in place of a noun is called a pronoun. A pronoun may stand as a subjective or objective case.

Eg: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, them, what, those, one, each, some, much, us, yourself, which, both, their, etc.

Eg: He comes to attend the class. = Ahmed comes to attend the class.They are playing in the ground. = Boys are playing in the ground.What moves faster than the car? = The train moves faster than the car.Pronoun Noun

There are eight kinds of pronoun.

1. Subject Pronoun: A pronoun, which stands in place of a subject noun, is called a subject pronoun. A subject pronoun denotes noun as speaking / listening character or as a topic.

Eg: I It is a subjective case of a first person who is speaking. (Singular)(Common gender)

We It is plural of I. It is a subjective case of first persons. (Plural)

You It is second person who is / are listening. (Singular / Plural)

He It is third person, we are talking about. (Singular)(Masculine)

She It is third person, we are talking about. (Singular)(Feminine)

It It is third imperson, we are talking about. (Singular)(Neuter)

They It is third person / imperson, we are talking about. (Plural)(Common gender)

2. Object Pronoun: Pronoun, which are used instead of an object noun is called object pronoun.

Eg: Subject pronoun Object pronounI MeYou YouWe UsHe HimShe HerIt ItThey Them

3. Possessive Pronoun: A pronoun, which is used in place of a possessive noun, is called a possessive pronoun. A possessive pronoun may be in the subject part or in the predicate part of a sentence.

Eg: Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs.Possessive noun

Ahmed’s result is better than her friend.

Possessive pronoun

Mine is better than yours.

4. Demonstrative Pronoun: Pronouns, which are used to point out a specific person or an imperson, are called demonstrative pronoun. Demonstrative pronouns are used when the subject or object are already mentioned in the sentence.

Eg: This It is used to point out person or an imperson that is near to approach usually in present time.

That It is referred to point out a person or an imperson that is away from approachin present or past time.

These It is plural of this.

Those It is plural of that.

5. Reflexive Pronoun: A pronoun that is used instead of a reflexive noun is called a reflexive pronoun. A reflexive pronoun is used in the sentence when the subject and object of the sentence are same person or imperson.

Eg: Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

Noun

Javed helps Javed.

Reflexive noun

Javed helps Javedself.

Reflexive pronoun

I help myself.

Note: Reflexive pronouns are also called Emphatic pronouns, when they are used to stress on saying. In such a case these pronouns stand between subject and predicate part.

Eg: I myself do this many times.You yourself go there, we don’t ask.It itself keeps on moving.

6. Interrogative Pronoun: Pronoun, which are refers to ask a question about person or imperson, are called interrogative pronoun.

Eg: What It is a subjective or an objective case of an imperson.Who It is subjective and nominative case of person.Whom It is objective case of a person.Whose It is possessive case of a person or imperson.Which It is used in place of in specific person or imperson.Why It describes a reason.When It enquires time period.Where It denotes a place.How It enquires a feeling, a manner or a procedure.How many It is used to ask about indefinite number or quantity.How much It is used to ask about indefinite number or quantity.

Note: When these interrogative pronouns are used in sentence the sentence ends in question mark.

7. Indefinite Pronoun: Pronouns, which are used to point out a person or use to point out unspecified person or imperson, are called indefinite pronoun. Indefinite pronoun is used when a noun is unknown or uncertain.

Eg: Singular One, one’s, any, every, each, either, neither, some, most, much, no, none, nothing, Etc.

Plural Both, few, many, some, several, most, all, a lot, etc.

8. Relative Pronoun: Pronouns, which are referred to join an independent clause to a dependent clause and also functions as a conjunction. A relative pronoun is used when the same noun is repeating as a subjective or objective case in the either clauses.

Eg: That, who, whose, whom, which, what, when, where.

Note: When the relative pronoun is used in a sentence, the sentence ends in a period.

3. VERBA word, which denotes a state, an action or a mood of a noun or a pronoun, is called a VERB. A verb is always a main part of a sentence. It may or may not give meaning.

Eg: Go, be, play, copy, pen, address, study, do, have, might, ought, please, in, forward, buy, etc.

There are two kinds of Verb.

1. Non-action Verb: Verbs, which denote mood, time or voice of other verbs, are called non-action verbs. Non-action verbs generally denote state, but they do not give any meaning, when they are used in the sentence.

There are three types of Non-action Verb

Verb Be

Is, am, are, was, were, been,

Operators Indefinite Operators

Do, does, did,

Model Verb Peculiars Has, have, had, can, could, will, shall, should, would, may, might, ought, must.

2. Action Verb: A verb, which denotes an action or a state of an action of a noun or a pronoun, is called an action verb. An action verb is always taken as the important part of a sentence and it gives a complete meaning when it is used in a sentence.

Eg: Like, study, find, sing, buy, pay, register, pen, copy, sale, read, etc.

INFINITIVE VERB

A base form of a verb, which does not possess a specific time, is called an infinitive verb.

Eg: Give/to give, Listen/to listen, Come/to come, Run/to run, etc.

She is trying to complete her work.To study a subject is never difficult.He had to write a letter.

VERB SHEET

Infinitive Present Simple Past Simple PerfectIIIrd form ProgressiveSingular Plural Singular Plural

Be Is/Am Are Was Were Been BeingDo Does Do Did Did Done DoingHave Has Have Had Had Had HavingPlay Plays Play Played Played Played PlayingTry Tries Try Tried Tried Tried TryingFly Flies Fly Flew Flown Flown FlyingWrite Writes Write Wrote Wrote Written Writing

Some more types of Verbs

Regular/Weak Verbs

A verb, whose past simple form is made by adding (d), (ed) or by replacing (y) to (ied) is called a weak verb.

Eg: Wash, want, state, play, try, book, note, etc.

Infinitive Present Simple Past Simple PerfectIIIrd form ProgressiveSingular Plural Singular Plural

Wash Washes Wash Washed Washed Washed WashingWant Wants Want Wanted Wanted Wanted Wanting Play Plays Play Played Played Played PlayingTry Tries Try Tried Tried Tried TryingBook Books Book Booked Booked Booked BookingNote Notes Note Noted Noted Noted Noting

Irregular/Strong Verbs

Verb, which have their present and past simple form are different in spelling, are called irregular/strong verbs.

Eg: Be, do, have, cut, put, fly, write, etc.

Infinitive Present Simple Past Simple PerfectIIIrd form ProgressiveSingular Plural Singular Plural

Be Is/Am Are Was Were Been BeingDo Does Do Did Did Done DoingHave Has Have Had Had Had HavingCut Cuts Cut Cut Cut Cut CuttingPut Puts Put Put Put Put PuttingFly Flies Fly Flew Flown Flown FlyingWrite Writes Write Wrote Wrote Written Writing

4. ADJECTIVE

A word used with a noun to describe or point out, the person, animal, place or thing which the noun names, or to tell the number or quantity, is called an Adjective.So we may define an Adjective as a word used with a noun to add something for its meaning.Adjective means added to.

Eg: Large, short, honest, old, new, much, little, enough, all, no, five, few, some, many, first, etc.

There are three kinds of Adjectives.

1. Adjectives of Quality:Or Descriptive Adjective shows the kind or quality of a person or thing.Adjectives of quality answer the question: Of what kind?

Eg: Large, short, honest, old, new, etc.Karachi is a large city.He is an honest man.

2. Adjectives of Quantity:Show how much of a thing is meant.Adjectives of quantity answer the question: How much?

Eg: Much, little, enough, all, no, etc.He showed much patience.He has little intelligence.

3. Adjectives of Number:Or Numeral Adjectives show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or thing stands.Adjectives of number answer the question: How many?

Eg: Five, few, some, many, first, etc.The hand has five fingers.Few cats like cold water.

CONTRACTIONS

Positive(+ ve)

Negative(– ve)

Contractions Positive(+ ve)

Negative(– ve)

Contractions

Is Is not Isn’t Shall Shall not Shan’t Am Am not Amn’t Should Should not Shouldn’tAre Are not Aren’t May May not Mayn’t Was Was not Wasn’t Might Might not Mightn’t Were Were not Weren’t Must Must not Mustn’t Do Do not Don’t Ought Ought not Oughtn’t Does Does not Doesn’t I am I am not I’m notDid Did not Didn’t You are You are not You’re notHave Have not Haven’t He is He is not He’s not Has Has not Hasn’t We are We are not We’re notHad Had not Hadn’t They are They are not They’re notCan Can not Can’t It is It is not It’s notCould Could not Couldn’t I shall I shall not I’ll notWill Will not Won’t He will He will not He’ll notWould Would not Wouldn’t We shall We shall not We’ll not

SENTENCES

There are five kinds of Sentence

1. Affirmative/Assertive Sentence:

A sentence in which positive or negative sense is given or spoken is called an Affirmative/Assertive sentence. Affirmative sentence always ends in a period sign.

Eg: The weather is pleasant. It is possible. It is correct. [Positive sense]The weather is awful. It is impossible. It is incorrect. [Negative sense]

2. Negative Sentence:

A simple sentence, which is changed into a negative statement by using not and no, is called a negative sentence. It also ends in a period sign.

Eg: No man came at night.I don’t agree with you.

3. Interrogative Sentence:

A sentence in which a question is asked about a person or an imperson is called an interrogative sentence. An interrogative sentence ends in a question mark (?).

Eg: Why are you laughing? What is your favorite book? [Interrogative pronoun]Are you writing? Does she speak truth? [Indicative questions]

4. Imperative Sentence: (Order / Advice / Request)

A sentence in which an order is given, an advice or request is made, is called an imperative sentence. An imperative sentence usually begins with an action verb.

Eg: Order Advice RequestStand up. Be regular in the class. Please stand up.Come here. Offer prayers five times. Please come here.

5. Exclamatory Sentence:

A sentence in which a sudden feeling of joy or grief is expressed by a person is called an exclamatory sentence. An exclamatory sentence ends in a sign of exclamation (!).

Eg: Oh no! I have lost my chance.What a beautiful flower it is!

5. CONJUNCTION

A word, which joins two words, two phrases, two sentences and two clauses together is called a conjunction.

Eg: And, as, for, though, if, because, that, but, next to, before, after or, although, then, since, etc.My friend’s home is next to my home.He goes to his home after he finished the class.

6. ADVERB

A word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb is called an Adverb.

Eg: Quickly, daily, before, now, lately, already, formerly, here, there, everywhere, up, within, away, backward, clearly, well, soundly, slowly, sadly, bravely, etc.

There are three kinds of Adverb

1. Adverbs of Time: (which show when)Eg: Quickly, daily, before, now, lately, already, formerly, etc.

2. Adverbs of Place: (which show where)Eg: Here, there, everywhere, up, within, away, backward, etc.

3. Adverbs of Manners: (which show how or in what manner)Eg: Clearly, well, soundly, slowly, sadly, bravely, etc.

7. PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.

Eg: At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with, about, above across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without, according to, in place of, along with, instead of , in spite of, in order to, in front of, in case of, in course of, for the sake of, etc.

There are three kinds of Preposition

1. Simple Prepositions:Eg: At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with, etc.

2. Compound Prepositions: (which are generally formed by prefixing) A preposition (usually a=no or be=by) to a noun, an adjective or an adverb.Eg: About, above across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without, etc.

3. Phrase Prepositions: (Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition).Eg: According to, in place of, along with, instead of , in spite of, in order to, in front of, in case of, in course of, for the sake of, etc.

8. INTERJECTION

An interjection is a word, which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion. It will be noticed that they are not grammatically related to the other words in a sentence.

Interjections may express:(a) Joy; as, Hurrah! Huzza!(b) Grief; as, Alas!(c) Surprise; as, Ha! What! Oh!(d) Approval; as, Bravo!

9. ARTICLE

The adjectives a or an and the are usually called Articles.

There are two Articles a (or an) and the.

A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of; as,A doctor; that is, any doctor.

The is called the Definite Article, because it normally points out some particular person or thing; as,He saw the doctor, meaning some particular doctor.

A or An: Before a word beginning with a vowel sound an is used. (an hour, an M.A. etc)Before a word beginning with a consonant sound a is used. (a union, a university, etc)

The Before a proper noun, an adjective, or a definite word.(The River Indus, The Poor, The first man, etc)

IRREGULAR VERBS LIST

S# INFINITIVE PAST TENSE

PAST PARTICIPLE S# INFINITIVE PAST

TENSEPAST

PARTICIPLE1 Abide Abided Abided 51 Forbid Forbade Forbidden 2 Arise Arose Arisen 52 Forecast Forecast Forecast3 Awake Awoke Awoken 53 Foresee Foresaw Foreseen4 Bear Bore Born 54 Foretell Foretold Foretold5 Beat Beat Beaten 55 Forget Forgot Forgot6 Become Became Become 56 Forgive Forgave Forgiven7 Befall Befell Befallen 57 Forgo Forwent Forgone8 Begin Began Begun 58 Forsake Forsook Forsaken9 Behold Beheld Beheld 59 Freeze Froze Frozen10 Bend Bent Bent 60 Get Got Got, Gotten11 Beset Beset Beset 61 Give Gave Given 12 Bind Bound Bound 62 Go Went Gone13 Bite Bit Bitten 63 Grind Ground Ground14 Bleed Bled Bled 64 Grow Grew Grown15 Bless Blessed Blessed 65 Hamstring Hamstrung Hamstrung16 Blow Blew Blown 66 Hang Hung Hung17 Break Broke Broken 67 Hear Heard Heard18 Bring Brought Brought 68 Heave Heaved Heaved19 Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast 69 Hide Hid Hidden20 Build Built Built 70 Hit Hit Hit21 Burn Burnt, Burnt, Burned 71 Hold Held Held22 Burst Burst Burst 72 Hurt Hurt Hut23 Buy Bought Bought 73 Inlay Inlaid Inlaid24 Cast Cast Cast 74 Input Input Input, imputed25 Catch Caught Caught 75 Inset Inset Inset26 Choose Chose Chosen 76 Keep Kept Kept27 Cling Clung Clung 77 Knit Knitted Knitted, knit28 Come Came Come 78 Know Knew Known29 Cost Cost Cost 79 Lay Laid Laid30 Creep Crept Crept 80 Lead Led Led31 Cut Cut Cut 81 Leap Leapt Leapt, leaped32 Deal Dealt Dealt 82 Learn Learnt Learnt, learned33 Dig Dug Dug 83 Leave Left Left34 Dive Dived Dived 84 Lend Lent Lent35 Draw Drew Drew 85 Let Let Let36 Dream Dreamt dreamt, dreamt 86 Lie Lay Lay37 Drink Drank Drunk 87 Light Lit Lit, lighted38 Drive Drove Driven 88 Lose Lost Lost39 Dwell Dwelt Dwelt, dwelled 89 Make Made Made40 Eat Ate Eaten 90 Meet Met Met41 Fall Fell Fallen 91 Mishear Misheard Misheard42 Feed Fed Fed 92 Misspell Misspelled Misspelled43 Feel Felt Felt 93 Misspend Misspent Misspent44 Fight Fought Fought 94 Mistake Mistook Mistaken45 Find Found Found 95 Move Moved Moved46 Fit Fitted Fitted 96 Overcome Overcame Overcome47 Flee Fled Fled 97 Output Output Output48 Fling Flung Flung 98 Outsell Outsold Outsold49 Floodlight Floodlit Floodlit 99 Overhear Overheard Overheard50 Fly Flew Flown 100 Overpay Overpaid Overpaid

101 Overrun Overran Overrun 156 Swear Swore Sworn102 Overwrite Overwrote Overwritten 157 Sweep Swept Swept103 Pay Paid Paid 158 Swell Swelled Swelled104 Prove Proved Proved 159 Swim Swam Swum105 Put Put Put 160 Swing Swung Swung106 Read Read Read 161 Take Took Taken107 Rebuild Rebuilt Rebuilt 162 Teach Taught Taught108 Redo Redid Redone 163 Tear Tore Torn109 Reset Reset Reset 164 Telecast Telecast Telecast110 Resell Resold Resold 165 Tell Told Told111 Retake Retook Retaken 166 Think Though Thought112 Rewind Rewound Rewound 167 Throw Threw Thrown113 Rid Rid Rid 168 Thrust Thrust Thrust114 Ride Rode Ridden 169 Unbend Unbent Unbent115 Ring Rang Rung 170 Undercut Undercut Undercut116 Rise Rose Risen 171 Undergo Underwent Undergone117 Run Ran Run 172 Understand Understood Understood118 Say Said Said 173 Undertake Undertook Undertaken119 See Saw Seen 174 Undo Undid Undone120 Seek Sought Sought 175 Unfreeze Unfroze Unfrozen121 Sell Sold Sold 176 Uphold Upheld Upheld122 Send Sent Sent 177 Upset Upset Upset123 Set Set Set 178 Wake Woke Waken124 Shake Shook Shaken 179 Wear Wore Worn125 Shed Shed Shed 180 Weave Wove Woven126 Shine Shone Shone, shined 181 Wed Wedded Wedded, wed127 Shit Shit Shit, shitted 182 Weep Wept Wept128 Shrink Shrank Shrunk 183 Wet Wet Wet, wetted129 Shut Shut Shut 184 Win Won Won130 Sing Sang Sung 185 Wind Wound Wound131 Sink Sank Sunk 186 Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn132 Sit Sat Sat 187 Withhold Withheld Withheld133 Slay Slew Slain 188 Wring Wrung Wrung134 Sleep Slept Slept 189 Write Wrote Written135 Slide Slid Slid 190136 Sling Slung Slung 191137 Smell Smelled Smelled 192138 Sow Sowed Sowed 193139 Speak Spoke Spoken 194140 Speed Speeded Speeded, sped 195141 Spell Spelt Spelt, spelled 196142 Spend Spent Spent 197143 Spin Spun Spun 198144 Spoil Spoiled Spoiled, spoilt 199145 Spread Spread Spread 200146 Stand Stood Stood 201147 Stave Staved Staved, stove 202148 Steal Stole Stolen 203149 Stick Stuck Stuck 204150 Sting Stung Stung 205151 Stink Stank Stunk 206152 Strew Strewed Strewed 207153 Strike Struck Struck 208154 String Strung Strung 209

155 Strive Strove Striven, strived 210

TENSES DESCRIPTION

Now

Past Future

1. The Simple Tenses

TENSE EXAMPLE MEANINGSimple Present

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

It snows in Muree.I watch television every day

In general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually, they exist now, have existed in the past and probably will exist in the future.

Simple Past

x

It snowed yesterday.I watched television last night.

At one particular time in the past, this happened. It began and ended in the past.

Simple Future

x

It will snow tomorrow.I will watch television tonight.

At one particular time in the future, this will happen.

2. The Progressive Tenses(Progressive tenses are also called the continues tenses.)

Formation: be + ing (present participle)Meaning: The progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action begin before, is in progress during, and continues after another time or action.

TENSE EXAMPLE MEANINGPresent Progressive

10:00 11:00 x x

He is sleeping right now. He went to sleep at 10:00 tonight. It is now 11:00 and he is still asleep. His sleep began in the past, is in progress at the present time, and probably will continue.

Past Progressive

10:00 11:00 x x

He was sleeping when I arrived. He went to sleep at 10:00 last night. I arrived at 11:00. He was still asleep. His sleep began before and was in progress at a particular time in the past. It probably continued.

Future Progressive

10:00 11:00 x x

He will be sleeping when we arrive He will go to sleep at 10:00 tomorrow night. We will arrive at 11:00. The action of sleeping will begin before we arrive and it will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Probably his sleep will continue.

3. The Perfect Tenses

Formation: have + past participleMeaning: The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before another time or events.

TENSE EXAMPLE MEANINGPresent Perfect

Eat now x x

I have already eaten. I finished eating some time before now. The exact time is not important.

Past Perfect

eat arrive x x

I had already eaten when they arrived.

First I finished eating. Later they arrived. My eating was completely finished before another time in the past.

Future Perfect

eat arrive x x

I will already have eaten when arrive.

First I will finish eating. Later they will arrive. My eating will be completely finished before another time in the future.

4. The Perfect Progressive Tenses

Formation: have + past participleMeaning: The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happen before another time or events.

TENSE EXAMPLE MEANINGPresent Perfect Progressive

x x 2 hrs

I have been studying for two hours. Event in progress: studying.When? Before now, up to nowHow long? For two hours.

Past Perfect Progressive

x x 2 hrs

I had been studying for two hours before my friend came.

Event in progress: studying.When? Before another event in the past.How long? For two hours.

Future Perfect Progressive

x x 2 hrs

I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive.

Event in progress: studying. When? Before another event in the future.How long? For two hours.

TABLE OF TENSES

TENSE PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Simple

Simple He eats He ate He will eatNegative He does not eat He did not eat He will not eatInterrogative Does he eat? Did he eat? Will he eatInterrogative Negative

Does he not eat?

Did he not eat? Will he not eat

Progressive

Simple He is eating He was eating He will be eatingNegative He is not eating He was not

eatingHe will not be eating

Interrogative Is he eating? Was he eating? Will he be eating?Interrogative Negative

Is he not eating Was he not eating?

Will he not be eating?

Perfect

Simple He has eaten He had eaten He will have eatenNegative He has not

eatenHe had not eaten

He will have not eaten

Interrogative Has he eaten? Had he eaten? Will he have eaten?

Interrogative Negative

Has he not eaten?

Had he not eaten?

Will he not had eaten?

Perfect Progressive

Simple He has been eating

He had been eating

He will have been eating

Negative He has not been eating

He had not been eating

He will have not been eating

Interrogative Has he been eating?

Had he been eating?

Will he have been eating?

Interrogative Negative

Has he not been eating?

Had he not been eating?

Will he have not been eating?

ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE(TENSES CHART)

TENSEINDEFINITE/

SIMPLEPROGRESSIVE/

CONTINUES PERFECTPERFECT

PROGRESSIVE/ CONTINUES

PRESENT

Active I write a letter. I am writing a letter.

I have written a letter.

I have been writing a letter.

Passive A letter is written by me.

A letter is being written by me.

A letter have been written by me. ------------ (N.P)

PASTActive I wrote a letter. I was writing a

letter.I had written a letter. I had been writing a

letter.

Passive A letter was written by me.

A letter was being written by me.

A letter had been written by me. ------------ (N.P)

FUTUREActive I shall write a

letter.I shall be writing a letter.

I shall have written a letter.

I shall have been writing a letter.

Passive A letter will be written by me. ------------ (N.P) A letter will have

bee written by me. ------------ (N.P)

(Note: N.P means Not Possible)

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH (NARRATION)(TENSES CHART)

SR. NO. TENSE OF REPORTING SPEECH TENSE OF REPORTED SPEECH1 Present Simple Tense Past Simple Tense2 Present Progressive Tense Past Progressive Tense3 Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense4 Present Perfect Progressive Tense Past Perfect Progressive Tense5 Past Simple Tense Past Perfect Tense6 Past Progressive Tense Past Perfect Progressive Tense7 Will or Shall Would, Should8 Can, May Could, Might

(ADDITIONAL CHANGES)

Thus is changed into SoHence is changed into Thence Hither is changed into ThitherTomorrow is changed into Next dayThe next day is changed into The following dayCome is changed into GoLast night is changed into Previous nightThis is changed into ThatIt is changed into ThatNow is changed into ThenHere is changed into ThereToday is changed into That dayTonight is changed into That nightYesterday is changed into Previous night