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1English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Getting Startedamusement park /L'lqIhlLmW UEY/ parque de atraccións
arrogant /'DpLZLmW/ arrogante, soberbio/a
art gallery /'EW ZDoLpi/ galería de arte
beak /VAY/ peteiro
bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/ salón de birlos
brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a
butterfly /'VJWLcoO/ bolboreta
caffeine /'YæcAm/ cafeína
carbohydrates /YEVN'kOXpMWg/ carbohidratos, hidratos de carbono
carrot /'YDpLW/ cenoria
cauliflower /'YFoicoPL/ coliflor
cheerful /'aRco/ alegre, ledo/a, xovial
chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/ chimpancé
church /WiKa/ igrexa
claw /YoG/ pouta
crocodile /'YpFYLXOo/ crocodilo
department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ grandes almacéns
easy-going /Ahi'ZNBn/ de trato doado / fácil, tolerante
energetic /CmL'bCWBY/ enérxico/a, activo/a
fat /cæW/ graxa
fin /cBm/ aleta
fly /coO/ mosca
fresh /cpCi/ natural; fresco/a
fried /cpOX/ frito/a, fritido/a
frog /cpFZ/ ra
frozen /'cpNhm/ conxelado/a, xeado/a
fruit /cpIW/ froita
generous /'bCmLpLg/ xeneroso/a
goldfish /'ZLHoXcBi/ carpa dourada, peixe de cores
hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/a
honest /'FmBgW/ honrado/a, sincero/a
horse /kGg/ cabalo
kind /YOmX/ atento/a, amábel
lazy /'oCBhi/ preguiceiro/a, lacazán/ana
library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca
mashed /lDiW/ machucado/a; en puré
milk /lBoY/ leite
mineral /'lBmLpLo/ mineral
moody /'lIXi/ temperamental, de humor / carácter variábel
mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/ mosquito
museum /lqI'hALl/ museo
nasty /'mEgWi/ desagradábel
nightclub /'mOWYoJV/ discoteca, club nocturno
office /'FcBg/ oficina
parrot /'UDpLW/ papagaio
paw /UG/ pata; gadoupa, pouta
playground /'UoMZpPmX/ parque, zona de xogos
post office /'UNgW FcBg/ administración de correo
protein /'UpLHWAm/ proteína
proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a
pushy /'UHii/ agresivo/a
railway station /'pMorM gWMim/ estación de tren
rude /pIX/ groseiro/a, basto/a
salamander /'gDoLlDmXL/ salamántiga, píntega
salty /'gGoWi/ salgado/a
selfish /'gCocBi/ egoísta
sensible /'gCmgLVo/ asisado/a
sensitive /'gCmgLWBd/ sensíbel
shark /iEY/ tiburón, quenlla
sheep /iAU/ ovella
shopping centre /'iFUBn gCmWL/ centro comercial
snake /gmMY/ serpe
soup /gIU/ sopa
sour /'gPL/ agre, acedo/a
spicy /'gUOgi/ picante; moi condimentado/a
spinach /'gUBmBWi/ espinacas
stubborn /'gWJVLm/ testán/ana, teimudo/a
sugar /'iHZL/ azucre
sweet /grAW/ doce
tail /WMo/ cola, rabo
tennis court /'WCmBg YGW/ cancha / pista de tenis
tiger /'WOZL/ tigre
tomato /WL'lEWN/ tomate
trunk /WpJnY/ trompa
tusk /WJgY/ cairo, cabeiro
unique /qI'mAY/ único/a, excepcional
university /qImB'dKgLWi/ universidade
vitamin /'dBWLlBm/ vitamina
whale /rMo/ balea
whiskers /'rBgYLh/ bigotes
wing /rBn/ á, ala
worm /rKl/ verme
Glossary
2English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Unit 1amaze /L'lMh/ sorprender, deixar impresionado/a
ambitious /Dl'VBiLg/ ambicioso/a
avoid /L'dQX/ evitar (a)
charming /'aElBn/ engaiolante
counselling /'YPmgLoBn/ asistencia
courageous /YL'pMbLg/ valente, afouto/a
dare /XCL/ atreverse; intentar
daring /'XCLpBn/ atrevido/a
determined /XB'WKlBmX/ resolto/a, decidido/a
encourage /Bm'YJpBb/ animar, alentar
fearless /'cRoLg/ intrépido/a
give up /ZBd 'JU/ darse por vencido/a, renderse
go wrong /ZLH 'pFn/ saír mal
humble /'kJlVo/ humilde
influential /BmcoH'Cmio/ influente
inspiring /Bm'gUOLpBn/ inspirador/a
parachute (n) /'UDpLiIW/ paracaídas
parachute (v) /'UDpLiIW/ tirarse en paracaídas
passionate /'UDiLmLW/ apaixonado/a
prove /UpId/ demostrar
resourceful /pB'gGgco/ con recursos
regret /pB'ZpCW/ arrepentirse (de)
sceptical /'gYCUWBYo/ escéptico/a
skydive /'gYOXOd/ paracaidismo
struggle /'gWpJZo/ ter dificultades
stuntman /'gWJmWlæm/ dobre, especialista
support (n) /gL'UGW/ apoio
support (v) /gL'UGW/ apoiar, axudar
take risks /WMY 'pBgYg/ correr riscos
tough /WJc/ forte
turn back /WKm 'VDY/ botarse / volver atrás
war correspondent /'rG YFpLgUFmXLmW/
correspondente de guerra
wingsuit jumping /'rBngIW bJlUBn/ paracaidismo con traxe de ás, wingsuit
Unit 2advisor /LX'dOhL/ conselleiro/a (chief ~: conselleiro/a
xefe/a)
ally /'DoO/ aliado/a
army /'Eli/ exército/a
assassination /LgDgB'mMim/ asasinato
blockbuster /'VoFYVJgWL/ éxito de taquilla
cast /YEgW/ reparto
costume /'YFgWqIl/ traxe
crown /YpPm/ coroa
downfall /'XPmcGo/ caída
embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergoñado/a
execute /'CYgBYqIW/ executar
fate /cCBW/ destino
find out /cOmX 'PW/ esculcar, pescudar, descubrir, saber (de)
follower /'cFoNL/ seguidor/a
foreigner /'cFpLmL/ estranxeiro/a
get rid of /ZCW 'pBX Fd/ desfacerse de
heir /S/ herdeiro/a
kill /YBo/ asasinar, matar
kingdom /'YBnXLl/ reino
lead to /'oAX WL/ levar a
leading role /'oAXBn pLHo/ papel principal
loveless /'oJdoLg/ sen amor
low-budget film /'oLHVJbBW cBol/ película de baixo orzamento
loyalty /'oQLoWi/ lealdade
main character /lCBm 'YDpLYWL/ protagonista, personaxe principal
minor character /lOmL 'YDpLYWL/ personaxe secundario
outbreak /'PWVpMY/ estoupido
plot (n) /UoFW/ argumento, trama
plot (v) /UoFW/ conspirar
power /'UPL/ poder
powerful /'UPLco/ poderoso/a
rating /'pMWBn/ índice de audiencia; valoración
rebel /pB'VCo/ rebelarse, sublevarse
reign /pMm/ reinado
relative /'pCoLWBd/ familiar, parente
remake /'pAlMY/ nova versión
royal /'pQLo/ real, da realeza
rule /pIo/ gobernar
scene /gAm/ escena
setting /'gCWBn/ escenario
soundtrack /'gPmXWpDY/ banda sonora
special effects /gUCio B'cCYWg/ efectos especiais
spoiler /'gUQoL/ revelación
stop at nothing /gWFU DW 'mJeBn/ non deterse diante de nada
throne /epLHm/ trono
treason /'WpAhm/ traizón
tsar /hE/ tsar
twist /WrBgW/ xiro inesperado
3
Glossary
English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Unit 3ancient /'MmiLmW/ antigo/a, do pasado
anxious /'DnYiLg/ angustiado/a; preocupado/a (be ~: preocuparse, inquietarse)
assume /L'gqIl/ supor, supoñer
attempt /L'WClUW/ intentar, tratar de
corpse /YGUg/ cadáver
develop a theory /XBdCoLU L 'eBLpi/ desenvolver unha teoría
disturbed /XB'gWKVX/ axitado/a; preocupado/a
dust /XJgW/ po
eruption /B'pJUim/ erupción
flame /coMl/ chama
flashing /'coæiBn/ escintilante
frighten /'cpOWm/ asustar
get stuck /ZCW 'gWJY/ encallar, varar
get to the bottom of /ZCW WL fL 'VFWLl Fd/ chegar ao fondo / coñecer todos os detalles de
glowing /'ZoNBn/ vivo/a; brillante
haunted /'kGmWBX/ enmeigado/a; engaiolado/a
laughter /'oEcWL/ riso, gargallada
lay down /oCB 'XPm/ botarse
locate /oN'YMW/ localizar
look into /oHY 'BmWI/ estudar; investigar, pescudar
missing /'lBgBn/ desaparecido/a
notice /'mNWBg/ ver, advertir, decatarse
occurrence /L'YJpLmg/ suceso, fenómeno
proof /UpIc/ proba(s)
refuse /pB'cqIh/ negarse
relief /pB'oAc/ alivio
research (n) /pB'gKa/ investigación
research (v) /pB'gKa/ investigar
reveal /pB'dAo/ demostrar; revelar
roar /pG/ ruxido; balbordo
shadow /'iDXLH/ sombra
smoke /glNY/ fume
source /gGg/ orixe
succeed /gLY'gAX/ ter éxito, triunfar
turn /WKm/ volverse
turn out /WKm 'PW/ resultar
vanish /'dDmBi/ desaparecer; extinguirse
wave /rMd/ onda
whisper /'rBgUL/ moumeo, murmurio
wonder /'rJmXL/ preguntarse
Review 1free /cpA/ liberar
take care of /WMY 'YS Ld/ coidar
twin /WrBm/ xemelgo/a
Unit 4allow /L'oP/ permitir
commute /YL'lqIW/ desprazarse acotío (ao lugar de traballo)
considerate /YLm'gBXLpLW/ considerado/a
crime rate /'YpOl pMW/ taxa de criminalidade
day-to-day /'XMWLXM/ diario/a, cotián/á
feel left out /cAo oCcW 'PW/ sentirse excluído/a
gang /ZDn/ banda criminal, panda
get along with /ZCW L'oFn rBf/ levarse ben con
graffiti /ZpL'cAWi/ graffiti, pintada
green space /'ZpAm gUMg/ zona verde
homeless /'kNloLg/ en fogar / teito (be ~: non ter fogar)
in charge of /Bm 'WiEb Fd/ responsábel de, a cargo de
juvenile delinquency /XjIdLmOo XB'oBnYrLmgi/ delincuencia xuvenil
lend /oCmX/ prestar, deixar
litter /'oBWL/ lixo, refugallos
low-income /'oLHBmYJl/ de baixos ingresos
mayor /lCL/ alcalde/sa
overcrowding /NdL'YpPXBn/ superpoboación
poverty /'UFdLWi/ pobreza
pull one’s weight /UHo rJmh 'rMW / facer a súa parte de traballo
reach a compromise /pAa L 'YFlUpLlOh/ chegar a un acordo
residential area /pChB'XLmio CLpiL/ zona residencial
see eye to eye /gA 'O WL O/ estar de acordo
sense of belonging /gCmg Ld VB'oFnBn/ sentido de pertenza (feel a ~: sentirse aceptado/a)
share /iS/ compartir
slum /goJl/ barrio baixo
suburb /'gJVKV/ aforas, arrabaldes; barrio residencial
take advantage of /WMY LX'dEmWBb Ld/ aproveitarse de
traffic jam /'WpDcBY bDl/ atasco, atoamento
treat /WpAW/ tratar
unemployment /JmBl'UoQlLmW/ desemprego
well-being /'rCoVABn/ benestar
willing to /'rBoBn WL/ disposto/a
work camp /'rKY YælU/ campo de traballo
youth /qIe/ xuvenil
4English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Unit 5advertising agency /'DXdLWOhBn CBbLmgi/ axencia de
publicidade
attract /L'WpDYW/ atraer
awareness /L'rCLmLg/ coñecemento
banknote /'VDnYmNW/ billete
bargain /'VEZLm/ choio, bicoca, ganga; oferta
blow away /VoN L'rCB/ ser arrastrado polo vento, voar
budget /'VJbBW/ orzamento
cash /YDi/ (cartos en) efectivo, metálico
cashier /YD'iR/ caixeiro/a
charge /WiEb/ cargar, cobrar
coin /YQm/ moeda
convey a message /YLmdM L 'lCgBb/ transmitir unha mensaxe
copper /'YFUL/ cobre
counterfeiting /'YPmWLcBWBn/ falsificación
credit card /'YpCXBW YEX/ tarxeta / cartón de crédito
discount /'XBgYPmW/ desconto
exchange /BYg'WiMmb/ cambiar, trocar
fake /cCBY/ falso/a
flyer /'coOL/ folleto
free sample /cpA 'gElUo/ mostra gratuíta
goods /ZHXh/ produtos, artigos
guarantee /ZDpLm'WA/ garantía
height /kOW/ altura
increase (n) /'BmYpAg/ aumento
increase (v) /Bm'YpAg/ aumentar
luxury /'oJYiLpi/ luxo
make /lMY/ marca
make up one’s mind /lCBY JU rJmh 'lOmX/ decidirse
on sale /Fm 'gMo/ á venda; rebaixado/a
pedestrian /UL'XCgWpiLm/ peón
price range /'UpOg pCBmb/ orzamento, gama de prezos
price tag /'UpOg WDZ/ etiqueta
product /'UpFXJYW/ produto
purchase /'UKWiLg/ adquirir, mercar, comprar
receipt /pB'gAW/ recibo, tícket
reduce /pB'XqIg/ rebaixar, reducir
refund /'pAcJmX/ volver, reembolsar
save up /gMd 'JU/ aforrar
shine /iOm/ brillar, coruscar
shop display /'iFU XBgUoM/ expositor, escaparate
special offer /gUCio 'FcL/ oferta especial
strategy /'gWpDWLbi/ estratexia
tempt /WClUW/ tentar
trial period /'WpOLo UBLpiLX/ período de proba
Unit 6a billion /L 'VBoqLm/ mil millóns
add /DX/ agregar, engadir
admit /LX'lBW/ confesar, recoñecer
agree /L'ZpA/ estar de acordo; acceder
announce /L'mPmg/ anunciar
awareness /L'rCLmLg/ concienciación, conciencia
bottle /'VFWo/ botella
breed /VpAX/ reproducirse
bury /'VCpi/ enterrar, soterrar
can /Yæm/ bote, lata
cardboard /'YEXVGX/ cartón
carton /'YEWm/ caixa / envase (de cartón)
challenge /'WiDoLmb/ reto
cloth /YoFe/ tea, tecido
complain /YLl'UoMm/ queixarse
container /YLm'WCBmL/ colector; envase
cotton /'YFWm/ algodón
current /'YJpLmW/ corrente
cut down /YJW 'XPm/ cortar
decompose /XAYLl'UNh/ descompor(se), descompoñer(se)
disposable product /XB'gUNhLVo UpFXJYW/ produto refugábel
dump /XJlU/ verter, tirar
end up /CmX 'JU/ acabar, rematar
endanger /Bm'XMmbL/ pór en perigo
energy source /'CmLbi gGg/ fonte de enerxía
explain /BY'gUoMm/ explicar
glass /ZoEg/ cristal
global warming /ZoNVo 'rGlBn/ quecemento global
go viral /ZLH 'dOpLo/ espallarse axiña, facerse viral
issue /'BiI/ tema, asunto
jar /bE/ bote / tarro (de cristal)
landfill /'oDmXcBo/ vertedoiro
leather /'oCfL/ coiro, pel
metal /'lCWo/ metal
natural resource /mDapLo pB'gGg/ recurso natural
net /mCW/ rede
paper /'UMUL/ papel
peel /UAo/ casca, pel
plastic /'UoDgWBY/ plástico
pollute /UL'oIW/ contaminar
profitable /'UpFcBWLVo/ proveitoso/a, beneficioso/a
promise /'UpFlBg/ prometer
renewable /pB'mqILVo/ renovábel
seed /gAX/ semente
5
Glossary
English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
shell /iCo/ casca
shout /iPW/ berrar
tin /WBm/ lata (de conservas)
tonne /WJm/ tonelada
warn /rGm/ advertir, avisar
whisper /'rBgUL/ bisbar, moumear, murmurar
wildlife /'rOoXoOc/ flora e fauna
wood /rHX/ madeira
wool /rHo/ la
Review 2fence /cCmg/ cercado, valado
kidnap /'YBXmDU/ raptar, secuestrar
pull away /UHo L'rCB/ afastar, apartar
ransom /'pDmgLl/ rescate
stand over /gWæmX 'NdL/ vixiar de preto
store /gWG/ gardar
Unit 7ankle /'DnYo/ nocello
back /VDY/ costas
band /VDmX/ grupo musical
bandage /'VDmXBb/ vendaxe
be sick /VA 'gBY/ golsar, trousar, vomitar (Br. Eng.); estar doente (Am. Eng.)
bite /VOW/ trabadura; picadura
brain /VpMm/ cerebro
chest /aCgW/ peito
cold /YNoX/ arrefriado
cough /YFc/ tusir
device /XB'dOg/ dispositivo
dizzy /'XBhi/ mareado/a
elbow /'CoVLH/ cóbado
fear /cR/ medo
flu /coI/ gripe
food poisoning /'cIX UQhLmBn/ intoxicación alimentaria
headache /'kCXMY/ dor de cabeza
heart /kEW/ corazón
itchy /'BWii/ que produce proído (be ~: proer)
knee /mA/ xeonllo
lung /oJn/ pulmón
neck /mCY/ pescozo
nerve cell /'mKd gCo/ neurona
ointment /'QmWlLmW/ pomada, ungüento, untura
pill /UBo/ pílula
rash /pDi/ sarabullo
rib /pBV/ costela
shoulder /'iNoXL/ ombro
skin /gYBm/ pel
sneeze /gmAh/ espirrar
sore /gG/ dorido/a, irritado/a (~ throat: dor de gorxa)
spine /gUOm/ columna vertebral, espiña dorsal
sprained /gUpMmX/ cunha escordadura (have a ~ ankle: ter unha escordadura de nocello)
sting /gWBn/ picadura, picada
stomach /'gWJlLY/ estómago
swollen /'grLHoLm/ inchado/a, inflamado/a
temperature /'WClUpLaL/ febre; temperatura
throat /epNW/ gorxa
upset stomach /JU'gCW gWJlLY/ estómago revolto
wheelchair /'rAoWiCL/ cadeira de rodas
wrist /pBgW/ pulso
X-ray /'CYgpM/ radiografía
Unit 8accountant /L'YPmWLmW/ contábel
bitter /'VBWL/ amargo/a, acedo/a, agre
bland /VoDmX/ insípido/a, eslamiado/a
blind /VoOmX/ cego/a, invidente
bright /VpOW/ brillante
bump /VJlU/ golpe leve, toque
chilly /'WiBoi/ frío/a
coarse /YGg/ áspero/a
damp /XDlU/ húmido/a
deaf /XCc/ xordo/a
deafening /'XCcmBn/ enxordecedor/a
despair /XB'gUS/ desesperarse, perder a esperanza
developing /XB'dCoLUBn/ en (vías de) desenvolvemento
guide dog /'ZOX XFZ/ can guía
hearing /'kBLpBn / oído, ouvido
hearing aid /'kBLpBn CBX/ audífono
hearing loss /'kBLpBn oFg/ perda de audición, xordeira
high five /kO 'cOd/ choca eses cinco
hug /kJZ/ aperta, abrazo
in one's teens /Bm rJmh 'WAmh/ ao longo da adolescencia
loose /oIg/ folgado/a
mute /lqIW/ mudo/a
odourless /'NXLoCg/ inodoro/a
perceive /UL'gAd/ comprender; percibir
release /pB'oAg/ liberar
scented /'gCmWBX/ perfumado/a, aromático/a, arrecendente
sight /gOW/ vista; espectáculo
sighted /'gOWBX/ vidente
6English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
sign language /'gOm oDnZrBb/ lingua de signos
smell (n) /glCo/ olor, ulido; olfacto
smell (v) /glCo/ ulir
smooth /glIf/ terso/a
sniff /gmBc/ olfactear
soft /gFcW/ suave
stroke /gWpLHY/ agarimar, aloumiñar, acariciar
taste (n) /WMgW/ sabor; gosto
taste (v) /WMgW/ probar, gorentar
tasteless /'WMgWoLg/ eslamiado/a (be ~: non ter sabor)
tight /WOW/ axustado/a, apertado/a, cinguido/a
touch (n) /WJWi/ tacto; (mostra de) contacto
touch (v) /WJWi/ tocar; conmover
transparent /Wpæmg'UæpLmW/ transparente
visually-impaired /'dBjHLoi BlUCLX/ discapacitado/a visual
Unit 9A-Level /'MoCdo/ de acceso á universidade
advisor /LX'dOhL/ conselleiro/a
amaze /L'lMh/ sorprender, deixar impresionado/a
amazed /L'lMhX/ sorprendido/a, impresionado/a
amazement /L'lMhlLmW/ sorpresa, abraio, asombro
amazing /L'lMhBn/ asombroso/a, abraiante, incríbel
ambitious /Dl'VBiLg/ ambicioso/a
assassination /LgDgB'mMim/ asasinato
attract /L'WpDYW/ atraer
attraction /L'WpæYim/ atracción
attractive /L'WpDYWBd/ atractivo/a
awareness /L'rCLmLg/ concienciación, conciencia
burned out /VKmX 'PW/ esgotado/a
consider /YLm'gBXL/ considerar, formularse
considerate /YLm'gBXLpLW/ considerado/a
consideration /YLm'gBXLpMim/ consideración; preocupación
container /YLm'WCBmL/ colector; envase
cram school /'YpDl gYIo/ escola de cursos intensivos
depressed /XB'UpCgW/ deprimido/a
determined /XB'WKlBmX/ resolto/a, decidido/a
dishonest /XBg'FmBgW/ pouco honrado/a, deshonesto/a
disposable /XB'gUNhLVo/ refugábel
disprove /XBg'UpId/ rexeitar, rebater
encouragement /Bm'YJpBblLmW/ apoio, ánimo, alento
get along with /ZCW L'oFn rBe/ levarse ben con
get nowhere /ZCW 'mNrCL/ non chegar a ningures, non acadar / conseguir ningunha cousa
get started /ZCW 'gWEWBX/ comezar, poñerse / porse en marcha
get to the bottom of /ZCW WL fL 'VFWLl Ld/ chegar ao fondo / coñecer todos os detalles de
give away /ZBd L'rCB/ agasallar
give back /ZBd 'VDY/ volver
give up /ZBd 'JU/ darse por vencido/a, renderse
impatient /Bl'UCBimW/ impaciente
impolite /BlUL'oOW/ maleducado/a, descortés; de mala / má educación
inconsiderate /BmYLm'gBXLpLW/ desconsiderado/a
inconvenient /BmYLm'dAmiLmW/ inconveniente, inoportuno/a (be ~: vir mal)
laugh /oEc/ rir(se)
laughable /'oEcLVo/ ridículo/a, irrisorio/a
laughter /'oEcWL/ riso, gargallada
look after /oHY 'EcWL/ coidar de / a
look for /'oHY cG/ procurar, buscar
look into /oHY 'BmWI/ estudar; esculcar
Look out! /oHY 'PW/ Coidado!
loyalty /'oQLoWi/ lealdade
make a difference /lMY L 'XBcpLmg/ influír, cambiar
make a mistake /lMY L lB'gWMY/ cometer un erro, errar, equivocarse
make one's bed /lCBY rJmh 'VCX/ facer a cama
make up one’s mind /lCBY JU rJmh 'lOmX/ decidirse
mark /lEY/ cualificación
odourless /'NXLoLg/ inodoro/a
part-time job /'UEWWOl bFV/ traballo a tempo parcial
passionate /'UDiLmLW/ apaixonado/a
perceive /UL'gAd/ comprender; percibir
perception /UL'gCUim/ percepción, idea
perceptive /UL'gCUWBd/ perspicaz, agudo/a
pollute /UL'oIW/ contaminar
polluted /UL'oIWBX/ contaminado/a
pollution /UL'oIim/ contaminación
reside /pB'hOX/ residir, vivir
resident /'pChBXLmW/ residente, habitante
residential /pChB'XLmWio/ residencial
sceptical /'gYCUWBYo/ escéptico/a
score /gYG/ resultado
stressed out /gWpCgW 'PW/ estresado/a
stressful /'gWpCgco/ estresante
take action /WMY 'DYim/ tomar medidas
take advantage of /WMY LX'dEmWBb Ld/ aproveitarse de
take one's temperature /WMY rJmh 'WClUpLaL/ coller a temperatura
take risks /WMY 'pBgYg/ correr riscos
taste (n) /WMgW/ sabor
taste (v) /WMgW/ probar, saborear
tasteless /'WMgWoLg/ eslamiado/a (be ~: non ter sabor)
7
Glossary
English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
tasty /'WMgWi/ saboroso/a, apetitoso/a, sabedeiro/a, rico/a
top (adj) /WFU/ alto/a
top (n) /WFU/ posto máis alto, cume
unemployment /JmBl'UoQlLmW/ desemprego
uninspiring /JmBm'gUOLpBn/ aborrecido/a, pouco estimulante
vocational training school /dN'YMiLmo WpMmBn gYIo/ escola de formación profesional
Review 3breathe /VpAf/ respirar, alentar
climb up /YoOl 'JU/ subir (por), gabear
mortified /'lGWBcOX/ terribelmente avergoñado/a
shake (something) out /iMY gJleBn 'PW/ sacudirse, quitar (algunha cousa) de enriba
slow down /'goLH XPm/ minorar a velocidade
stable /'gWMVo/ corte, cortello
take off /WMY 'Fc/ quitar (roupa)
uneasy /Jm'Ahi/ incómodo/a
8English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
InterviewingHow would you describe yourself? /kP rHX qI
XB'gYpOV qGgCoc/ Como te definirías?
What’s the most exciting thing you’ve ever done? /rFWg fL lNgW BY'gOWBn eBn qId CdL XJm/ Que é o máis emocionante que fixeches xamais?
Have you ever struggled with something? /kDd
qI CdL 'gWpJZoX rBf gJleBn/ Algunha vez tiveches dificultades con algo?
How have you changed in the last few years? /kP kDd qI 'aMmbX Bm fL oEgW cqI qRh/ Que cambiou de ti nos últimos anos?
What are you passionate about? /rFW E qI 'UDiLmLW
LVPW/ Que é o que te apaixona?
Are you a risk taker? /E qI L 'pBgY WMYL/ Es arriscado/a?
Are you ambitious? /E qI Dl'VBiLg/ Es ambicioso/a?
Who do you admire and why? /kI XI qI LX'lOL
LmX rO/ A quen admiras e por que?
Talking about filmsWhat type of film is it? /rFW 'WOU Ld cBol Bh BW/
Que tipo de película é?
What’s it about? /rFWg BW L'VPW/ De que se trata?
What is the setting? /rFW Bh fL 'gCWBn/ Cal é o escenario?
Is the cast good? /Bh fL 'YEgW ZHX/ É o reparto bo?
What did you like about the film? /rFW XBX qI 'oOY
LVPW fL cBol/ Que che gustou da película?
What’s your favourite scene? /rFWg qG 'cCBdLpBW gAm/ Cal é a túa escena favorita?
Has it got special effects? /kLh BW ZFW gUCio B'cCYWg/ Ten efectos especiais?
Did it get good ratings? /XBX BW ZCW ZHX 'pMWBnh/ Recibiu / Obtivo unha boa valoración?
Talking about unusual phenomenaWhat happened exactly? /rFW 'kæULmX BZhDYWoi/
Que ocorreu / pasou exactamente?
Where did they see it? /'rCL XBX fM gA BW/ Onde o/a viron?
When did this occur? /'rCm XBX fBg LYK/ Cando ocorreu?
Has anyone else reported seeing it? /kLh CmBrJm Cog
pBUGWBX 'gABn BW/ Alguén máis dixo que o/a viu?
What did it look like? /rFW XBX BW 'oHY oOY/Como era?
How did people feel when they saw it? /kP XBX UAUo 'cAo
rCm fM gG BW/ Como se sentiu a xente cando o/a viu?
What could be a possible explanation for this? /rFW YLX VA L UFgLVo CYgUoL'mMim cL fBg/ Que posíbel explicación podería ter isto?
Talking about problems and solutions It bothers me that … . /BW 'VFfLh lA fDW/
Preocúpame que... .
I’m fed up with … . /Ol 'cCX JU rBf/ Estou farto/a de... .
I can’t stand … . /O 'YEmW gWæmX/ Non podo soportar / aturar... .
It’s a pity that … . /BWg L 'UBWi fDW/ É unha mágoa / pena que... .
I’m afraid that … . /Ol L'cpCBX fDW/ Temo que... .
… get on my nerves. /ZCW Fm lO 'mKdh/ ... póñenme fóra de min.
The … should … . /fL '… iLX/ O / A... debería... .
It’s clear … . /BWg 'YoBL/ Está claro que... .
Why don’t … ? /'rO XLHmW/ Por que non...?
If they … , there would be … . /Bc fM '… fCL rHX VA/ Se eles/as... , habería... .
The … would have solved the problem if it had … . /fL … rHX kDd 'gFodX fL UpFVoLl Bc BW kLX/ O / A... solucionaría o problema se tivese... .
If it gets worse, … . /Bc BW ZCWg 'rKg/ Se vai a peor, ... .
Making a decisionHow much would you like to spend? /'kP lJa rHX
qI oOY WL gUCmX/ Canto querería gastar?
How would you like to pay? /'kP rHX qI oOY WL UM/ Como lle gostaría pagar?
Have you considered … ? /kDd qI YLm'gBXLX/ Pensou en... ?
I can’t make up my mind. /O YEmW lCBY JU lO
'lOmX/ Non podo decidirme.
What have you got on sale? /rFW kDd qI ZFW Fm 'gMo/ Que teñen rebaixado?
Have you got anything particular in mind? /kDd qI
ZFW CmieBn UL'WBYqLoL Bm lOmX/ Ten en mente algo / algunha cousa en particular?
I'll take it! /Oo 'WMY BW/ Lévoo!
Conducting a surveyWhat kinds of things do you recycle? /rFW YOmXh Ld
eBnh XI qI pA'gOYo/ Que tipo de cousas reciclas?
What do you do with your empty bottles? /rFW XI
qI XI rBf qG 'ClUWi VFWoh/ Que fas coas botellas baleiras?
Is there anything else you recycle? /Bh fCL CmieBn Cog
qI pA'gOYo/ Hai algo máis que recicles?
Speaking Glossary
Speaking Glossary
9
Glossary
English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
How far do you have to go to the nearest recycling bins? /kP cE XI qI kDd WL ZLH WL fL mBLpBgW pA'gOYoBn
VBmh/ Até onde tes que desprazarte para ir ao colector de reciclaxe máis próximo?
When you go shopping, do you look for environmentally friendly products? /rCm qI ZLH
iFUBn XI qI oHY cL BmdOpLmlCmWLoi 'cpCmXoi UpFXJYWg/ Cando vas de compras, procuras produtos ecolóxicos / respectuosos co medio natural?
Are you willing to pay a little more for green products? /E qI rBoBn WL UM L oBWo lG cL 'ZpAm
UpFXJYWg/ Estás disposto/a a pagar un pouco máis polos produtos ecolóxicos?
Do you think you could do more for the environment? /XI qI eBnY qI YLX XI lG cL fL
Bm'dOpLmlLmW/ Cres que poderías facer máis polo medio natural?
Talking about picturesThis picture shows … . /'fBg UBYaL iLHh/ Esta fotografía
amosa... .
… are apparently … . /E L'UDpLmWoi/ ... seica están... .
That … might have … . /fDW '… lOW kDd/ Ese/a... podería ter... .
It could be that … . /BW 'YHX VA fDW/ Podería ser que... .
It looks like … . /BW 'oHYg oOY/ Seica... .
I suppose that … . /O gL'UNh fDW/ Supoño que... .
It seems to me that … . /BW gAlh WL 'lA fDW/ Paréceme que... .
I would say that … . /O rHX 'gM fDW/ Diría que... .
I think that … . /O 'eBnY fDW/ Creo que... .
It appears that … . /BW L'UBLh fDW/ Dá a impresión de que... .
Discussing an experienceYou’ll never believe what happened to me … .
/qIo 'mCdL VBoAd rFW kDULmX WL lA/ Non vas crer o que me pasou... .
… felt so good that … . /cCoW 'gN ZHX fDW/ ... sentía tan ben que... .
All of a sudden, … . /'Go Ld L gJXm/ De súpeto / socato... .
Before I knew it, … . /VB'cG O mqI BW/ Cando quixen decatarme, ... .
I’ll never forget … . /Oo 'mCdL cLZCW/ Nunca esquecerei... .
I’d never been so … . / OX 'mCdL VAm gN/ Nunca me dera tanta... .
All I wanted to do … . /'Go O rFmWBX WL XI/ O único que quería facer... .
Reacting to newsYou don’t say! /qI 'XLHmW gM/ Non me digas!
That’s too bad! /fDWg 'WI VDX/ Que mágoa / lástima!
That’s terrible! /fDWg 'WCpLVo/ Que horror!
That was lucky! /fDW rLh 'oJYi/ Vaia sorte!
Expressing surpriseI had no idea. /O kDX mN O'XBL/ Non tiña nin idea.
That’s amazing! /fDWg L'lMhBn/ É incríbel.
I don’t believe it. /O XNmW VB'oAd BW/ Non podo crelo.
You really did that? /qI 'pALoi XBX fDW/ De verdade fixeches iso?
Giving feedbackThat’s right. /fDWg 'pOW/ Iso / Así é., Moi ben.
I’m afraid you’re wrong. /Ol LcpCBX qHL 'pFn/ Temo que estás errado / non tes razón.
Try again. /WpO L'ZCm/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo., Volve intentalo.
Good for you! /'ZHX cL qI/ Ben feito!, Moi ben!
Expressing certaintyDefinitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ De certo / Seguro., Sen dúbida.
Of course. /Ld 'YGg/ Por suposto / Abofé que si.
Absolutely. /'DVgLoIWoi/ Desde logo., Por suposto / Abofé que si.
Comparing and contrastingLike you, ... /oOY 'qI/ O mesmo ca ti, ...
Unlike you, ... /'JmoOY qI/ A diferenza de ti, ...
Just like you, ... /'bJgW oOY qI/ Igual ca ti, ...
EmpathisingI can only imagine how … /O YLm Nmoi B'læbBm
kP/ Xa podo imaxinar como...
That’s really scary. /fDWg 'pALoi gYCLpi/ Dá moito medo.
I bet you were ... /O 'VCW qI rK/ Aposto a que estabas...
Showing regretI’m sorry … /Ol 'gFpi/ Sinto...
It’s a pity … /BWg L 'UBWi/ É unha mágoa / pena...
It’s a shame … /BWg L 'iMl/ É unha mágoa / pena...
It’s too bad … /BWg 'WI VDX/ É unha mágoa / pena...
Expressing hopehopefully … /'kNUcLoi/ cun pouco de sorte /
agardemos...
it’s likely … /BWg 'oOYoi/ é probábel...
there’s a chance … /fCLh L 'aEmg/ cabe / existe a posibilidade...
10English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Responding to guessesYou’re close! /qHL 'YoNg/ Xa case o tes!
Well done! /rCo 'XJm/ Ben feito!
You’re way off! /qHL 'rM Fc/ Frío, frío!
Have another go! /kDd L'mJfL ZLH/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo!
Try again! /WpO L'ZCm/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo!
Responding to thanksYou’re welcome. /qHL 'rCoYLl/ De nada.
It’s a pleasure. /BWg L 'UoCjL/ É un pracer.
Don’t mention it. /'XLHmW lCmim BW/ De nada.
Not at all. /mFW LW 'Go/ De nada.
SequencingSo then … /gN 'fCm/ Daquela...
After that … /'EcWL fDW/ Despois diso...
The next thing … /fL 'mCYgW eBn/ Despois diso...
Assessing our actionsI guess I should … /O 'ZCg O iLX/ Supoño / Coido que
debería...
I suppose I could … /O gL'ULHh O YLX/ Supoño / Coido que podería...
I’m afraid I don’t … /Ol L'cpCBX O XLHmW/ Temo que eu non...
Showing concernAre you alright? /E qI Go'pOW/ Estás ben?
Oh, you poor thing! /N qI UG 'eBn/ Ah, pobriño/a!
Take care of yourself. /WMY 'YS Ld qGgCoc/ Cóidate.
I hope you feel better. /O kNU qI cAo 'VCWL/ Agardo que te atopes / sintas mellor.
Agreeing / DisagreeingIt’s hard to say. /BWg kEX WL 'gM/ É difícil de dicir.
You may be right. /qI lM Vi 'pOW/ Pode que teñas razón.
I’d agree with that. /OX L'ZpA rBf fDW/ Estou de acordo con iso.
I’m not convinced. /Ol mFW YLm'dBmgW/ Non estou convencido/a.
Asking for clarificationWhy do you say that? /'rO XI qI gM fDW/ Por que
dis iso?
What do you mean? /'rFW XI qI lAm/ Que queres dicir?
Could you explain that, please? /YLX qI BY'gUoMm fDW
UoAh/ Poderías explicar iso, por favor?
ReactingAre you serious? /E qI 'gBLpiLg/ Dilo en serio?
I’d never have guessed! /OX 'mCdL kDd ZCgW/ Nunca o adiviñaría / imaxinaría!
You’re kidding! /qHL 'YBXBn/ Estás de broma.
11English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
IntroductionContraste Present Simple / Present Continuous•OPresentSimpleexpresahábitos,maisoPresentContinuoussinalaoqueestáaocorrermentressefala. I usually eat salad, but today I’m eating lasagna.(Poloxeralcomoensalada,maishoxeestouacomerlasaña.)
•OPresentSimpletaménseempregaparafalardeprogramasehorariosmentresqueoPresentContinuousparafalardeplanspersoaisqueocorreránnofuturovindeiroporquesefixarondeantemán.The next train leaves at 4 o’clock.(Ovindeirotrensaeás4.)It doesn’t leave at 4.15.(Nonsaeás4:15.) I am cooking for my friends today.(Hoxecociño/cociñareiparaosmeusamigos.)[xasedecidiu]
• CoPresentSimpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:everyday/week/year(todososdías/semanas/anos),once/twice a year(unha/dúasvecesaoano),on+undíadasemanaenplural,etc.CoPresentContinuous,porén,adoitanempregarseestas:now(agora),at the moment(nestemomento),today(hoxe),these days(hoxeendía),etc.
• CandooPresentContinuoustenvalordefuturo,asexpresións temporaisqueseempreganson:soon(axiña),later(máistarde),tomorrow(mañá),tonight(estanoite),next week/month/year(asemana/omes/oanoquevén),etc.
Todasestasexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
• OPresentSimpletaménadoitaempregarsecosseguintesadverbiosdefrecuencia:always(sempre),usually(poloxeral,normalmente),often(amiúdo),sometimes(algunhasveces),never(nunca),etc.Estescolócansediantedoverbo,agásnocasodoverboto be,quevandetrás.
Os verbos “estáticos”Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargostos,sentimentosedesexos,actividadesdamente,posesiónepercepción.Refírenseaestadosencantodeaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresentContinuous. I want to eat pizza.(Querocomerpizza.)CandoseempregancoPresentContinuousadoitanterunsignificadodiferente.
I think this is a nice nightclub.(Pensoqueesteéunclubnocturnoagradábel.)
I’m thinking about travelling to Paris. (EstoupensandoenviaxaraParís.)
Contraste Past Simple / Past Continuous• OPastSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuerematounotemposinaladonafrase,mentresqueoPastContinuousfaladeacciónsprolongadasqueestabanaocorrernopasado. He did his homework last Monday. (Fixoosdeberesolunspasado.) He was doing his homework all afternoon yesterday.(Estivoafacerosdeberesdurantetodaatardedeonte.)
• CoPastSimpleadoitaempregarsewhenecoPastContinuousasconxunciónswhileouas. We were listening to the news when Peter arrived. (EstabamosaescoitarasnoticiascandochegouPeter.) While / As we were listening to the news, Peter arrived. (Mentresestabamosaescoitarasnoticias,chegouPeter.)
• CoPastSimpleeoPastContinuousadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,last night/week(estanoite,asemanapasada),at+unhahora,on+undía/data,in+unano,yesterday(onte),etc.Todasestasexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
Contraste will / be going to• Willemprégaseparaanunciaracciónsoufeitosfuturos,paraprediciroquesecrequeocorreráeparaexpresardecisiónssúbitas.
Paul will travel to Australia. (PaulviaxaráaAustralia.)
I think it will snow tonight. (Coidoquenevaráestanoite.)
I’m worried. I’ll phone the police. (Estoupreocupada.Chamareiápolicía.)
• Encambio,be going toemprégaseparafalardeintencións,plansoudecisiónseparaexpresaroquevaiocorrerpoissevenindiciosdiso.
I’m going to learn French. (Vouaprenderfrancés.)
She’s going to have a baby.(Vaiterunbebé.)
•Conwillebe going toadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde),soon(axiña),in an hour (nunhahora),tomorrow(mañá),next year (oanovindeiro),in the future(nofuturo),in+unano,etc.Todasestasexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
Grammar Appendix
12English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Os determinantes
a / an
Connomescontábeisensingular.Úsansediantedunnomequenonécoñecidopolofalante.
un/unha a picture, an orange
some
Frasesafirmativas:Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.Frasesinterrogativas:Candoapreguntaexpresaunhaofertaoupeticióneagárdasequearespostasexaafirmativa.
uns/unhasalgúns/algunhasalgodeunpoucode(ounonsetraduce)
There are some trees. We’ve got some fruit.
Would you like some tea?
any
Frasesnegativasouinterrogativas:Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.
ningún/ningunhanadade(ounonsetraduce)
I haven’t got any sisters. She hasn’t got any money.
algún/algunhaalgúns/algunhasalgode(ounonsetraduce)
Are there any biscuits? Have you got any water?
Os cuantificadores
a lot of / lots of
Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.
moito/a/os/asunhachea/moreade
A lot of children study here. I have got a lot of homework. Lots of people enjoy films.
many Connomescontábeisenplural.
moitos/as Many students play football.
much
Frasesnegativaseinterrogativas:Connomesnoncontábeis.
moito/aI haven’t got much money.Was there much smoke?
How many ... ?Cantos/as...?
Nomescontábeisenplural.How many chairs are there?
How much ... ?Canto/a...?
Nomesnoncontábeis.Candovaicoverboto beserveparapreguntaroprezodunhacousa.
How much flour do you need? How much is it?
O comparativo dos adxectivosParacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoasempréganseosadxectivosengraocomparativo.
• Ocomparativodesuperioridade(máis...que/ca/doque)úsaseparacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoascandounhasuperaáoutranalgúnaspecto.Paraformalocómprerepararnalonxitudedoadxectivo:
1.Seten1sílaba,ou2eremataeny,considérasecurtoeengádeselleaterminación-er.Detrásponseapartículathan. The red dress is cheaper than the blue one. (Ovestidovermelloémáisbaratoqueoazul.)
Nosseguintescasos,oadxectivocambiaaoengadirlle-er:-Seten1sílabaeremataen1 vogal + 1 consoante,dóbraseesaconsoante: thin - thinner big - bigger-Seten2sílabaseremataenconsonante+y,cámbiaseoyporuni: crazy - crazier lucky - luckier-Seremataenl,duplícaseesaletra:
cruel - crueller-Seremataenemudo,sóseengade-r:
nice - nicer 2.Seoadxectivoten2sílabasoumáis,élongoeacomparativafórmaseconmore+adxectivo+than. My trainers are more comfortable than yours. (Osmeustenissonmáiscómodosqueosteus.)
• Ocomparativodeinferioridadefórmaseconless+adxectivo+than(menos...que/ca/doque).The book is less popular than the film.(Olibroémenospopularqueapelícula.)
• Ocomparativodeigualdadefórmasecon(not) as+adxectivo+as((non)tan...como/a).My office is not as large as hers. (Omeudespachononétangrandecomaoseu.)
O superlativo dos adxectivos• Emprégaseparacompararmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.Levathediantedoadxectivoetaméncómpreterencontaasúalonxitude:
-Seécurto,engádeselleaterminación-estsegundoasmesmasregrasqueparaformarocomparativo. Paul is the strongest boy in my class. (Pauléorapazmáisfortedaclase.)
-Seélongo,ponsediantethe most. This is the most elegant shirt in the shop. (Estaéacamisamáiselegantedatenda.)
• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposicións in,ofeon.She is the best actress of all / on TV. (Éamelloractrizdetodas/datelevisión.)
• Paraindicarquealguénoualgoéinferiorqueorestonalgúnaspectoemprégaseaestruturathe least+adxectivo.This is the least interesting book in the library. (Esteéolibromenosinteresantedabiblioteca.)
Os adxectivos irregularesAononseguirenregraningunha,cómpreaprenderassúasformascomparativaesuperlativadememoria.
Grammar Appendix
13English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativo
good(bo/a) better bestbad(malo/a,mao/má)
worse worst
far(lonxano/a,afastado/a)
farther/further farthest/furthest
little(pouco/a) less least
Unit 1O Present Perfect Simple
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI have talked I’ve talkedYou have talked You’ve talkedHe has talked He’s talkedShe has talked She’s talkedIt has talked It’s talkedWe have talked We’ve talkedYou have talked You’ve talkedThey have talked They’ve talkedNegativa Forma contraídaI have not talked I haven’t talkedYou have not talked You haven’t talkedHe has not talked He hasn’t talkedShe has not talked She hasn’t talkedIt has not talked It hasn’t talkedWe have not talked We haven’t talkedYou have not talked You haven’t talkedThey have not talked They haven’t talked
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Have I talked ... ? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Has he talked ... ? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Has she talked ... ? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.Has it talked ... ? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.Have we talked ... ? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have they talked ... ? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+has/have+unverboenparticipio.They have climbed Mount Everest twice. (SubironaomonteEverestdúasveces.)
• Negativa:suxeito+has/have +apartículanotouacontracciónn’t+unverboenparticipio.Paul hasn’t been to China.(PaulnonestivoenChina.)
• Interrogativa:Has/Have+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.Has she worked as a war correspondent? (Elatraballoucomocorrespondentedeguerra?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+has / havesencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanot ennegativa.Have you seen the film? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.(Vichesapelícula?Vina.Si./Non.)
•CoPresentPerfectSimpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporaise adverbios:
ever
interrogativa:“algunhavez”
Have you ever travelled abroad?
negativa:“nunca”,“xamais”
I haven’t ever watched that film.
never afirmativa:“nunca”
She has never called me.
always “sempre”You’ve always been her friend.
already afirmativa:“xa”
We’ve already finished the exam.
just afirmativa:“acabar/virde”
They have just arrived here.
yetnegativa:“aínda”
He hasn’t found his glasses yet.
interrogativa:“xa”
Have you bought any fruit yet?
for “durante” ounonsetraduce
My brother has lived in Manchester for five years.
since “desde/dende”I haven’t heard from him since 2002.
recently “haipouco”Has Lisa talked to you recently?
lately “ultimamente”Jim hasn’t been to the gym lately.
several times “variasveces”
They have worked for us several times.
so far “atéomomento”How long has your assignment taken you so far?
over the years
“cotempo”,“aolongodosanos”
Many children have read that book over the years.
• Cómpreterencontaquejust,already,always,evereneversepoñenentreoauxiliarhaveeoparticipiodoverboprincipal.Yetcolócaseaofinaldafrase,forvaiseguidadunperíododetempopoisindicaaduracióndaacción,esincevaidiantedomomentoenquecomezouamesma.Orestopodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
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Os usos do Present Perfect SimpleAcciónsquecomezaronnopasadoeaíndacontinúan(levaforousinceetradúceseenpresente)
She has worked here since 1999.(Elatraballaaquídende1999.)
Acciónspasadasqueafectanaopresenteouteñenconsecuenciasnomomentoactual
I have already finished. I’m bored now. (Xarematei.Agoraestouaborrecida.)
Acciónspasadassenespecificarcandoocorreron
They have enjoyed their holiday. (Pasáronobennasvacacións.)
Acciónsmoirecentes(levajustetradúcesepor“acabar/virde”+inf.)
The train has just left the station. (Otrenacabadesaírdaestación.)
Contraste Present Perfect Simple / Past SimpleOPresentPerfectSimplesinalaqueoocorridonopasadogardarelacióncopresenteenondicandosucedeu.Porén,oPastSimple faladeacciónspasadasquexanonafectanaomomentoactualesinalacandoocorreron.
She has worked as a newspaper reporter since 2010. (Traballacomoxornalistadunxornaldesde2010.)She wrote the article for the magazine yesterday.(Escribiuoartigoparaarevistaonte.)
used toUsed toexpresafeitosouestadosqueeranhabituaisnoutrotempoelogodeixarondeselo.Sótenformadepasadoevaiseguidodoutroverbonaformabase.Tradúcesecomoopretéritoimperfectodoverbo“adoitar”oudoverboqueosegue.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+used to +unverbonaformabase.We used to go to the swimming pool every day. (Adoitabamosir/Iamosápiscinatodososdías.)
• Negativa:suxeito+did not /didn’t+use to(sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase.He didn’t use to buy vegetables at the supermarket.(Nonadoitabamercar/mercabaverdurasnosupermercado.)
• Interrogativa:Did+suxeito+use to(sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase.Did you use to play tennis on Sundays? (Adoitabasxogar/Xogabasaotenisosdomingos?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+did ou didn’t.Did she use to travel abroad? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.(Adoitabaviaxar/Viaxabaaoestranxeiro?Viaxaba.Si./Non.)
Unit 2As oracións de relativoSonoraciónssubordinadasqueacheganmáisinformaciónsobreapersoa,cousaouanimalqueseamentanaoraciónprincipalevanintroducidasporpronomesrelativosquepodenserosuxeitoouocomplementodaoración.Nesteúltimocasoécomúnomitilosnaconversa.
• Who:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.He is the actor who plays the role of Henry VIII. (ÉoactorqueinterpretaopapeldeHenriqueVIII.)
• Which:emprégaseparasereferiracousasouanimais.I didn’t like the film which she recommended. (Nonmegustouapelículaquerecomendou.)
• That:emprégaseparasereferirapersoas,cousasouanimais.Downton Abbey is a series that you should watch. (Downton Abbey éunhaseriequedeberíasver.)
• Where:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunlugar.Nuncaseomiteninsepodesubstituírporthat.Windsor Castle is the place where the Royal Family spend the summer. (OCastelodeWindsoréolugarondeafamiliarealpasaoverán.)
• When:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhacláusulatemporal.Pódeseomitirousubstituírporthat.It was the year when she married the king. (Foioanoenquecasoucorei.)
• Whose:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Expresaposesión.She was the queen whose husband was assassinated. (Elafoiaraíñacuxomaridofoiasasinado.)
Compostos de some, any e noEmprégansepoloxeralnasoraciónsderelativo.
• Apartirdesomefórmansesomeone(alguén),somewhere(a/nalgúnsitio,enalgures)esomething(algo,algunhacousa,unhacousa).Astresempréganseenoraciónsafirmativas.Someone has knocked at the door. (Alguénpetounaporta.)We can go somewhere on holiday. (Podemosiraalguresdevacacións.)She has got something important to tell her friends. (Tenalgoimportantequediciraosseusamigos.)
• Apartirdeanyfórmanseanyone,anywhereeanything,queseempreganenoraciónsnegativaseinterrogativas,maiscondistintosignificado.Enfrasesnegativassignifican“ninguén,a/enningures,nada”,mentresqueenoraciónsinterrogativassignifican“alguén,a/enalgures,algo,algunhacousa”.
Do you know anyone who watches Game of Thrones? (CoñecesaalguénquevexaXogo de tronos?)
Grammar Appendix
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I didn’t go anywhere last weekend. (Nonfunaninguresapasadafindesemana.)The actors won’t say anything about the next season. (Osactoresnoncontaránnadasobreavindeiratempada.)
• Apartirdenofórmanseno one(ninguén),nowhere(ningures,ningúnsitio)enothing(nada,ningunhacousa).Oscompostosdenoequivalenanot any esóseempreganenafirmativa,poisxateñenunsignificadonegativodeseu.
No one knows how the story will end. (Ninguénsabecomoremataráahistoria.)They found nowhere to stay in the town. (Nonatoparonningúnsitioparaficarnavila.)There is nothing to worry about. (Nonhainadadequesepreocupar.)
Unit 3O Past Perfect Simple
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI had walked I’d walkedYou had walked You’d walkedHe had walked He’d walkedShe had walked She’d walkedIt had walked It’d walkedWe had walked We’d walkedYou had walked You’d walkedThey had walked They’d walkedNegativa Forma contraídaI had not walked I hadn’t walkedYou had not walked You hadn’t walkedHe had not walked He hadn’t walkedShe had not walked She hadn’t walkedIt had not walked It hadn’t walkedWe had not walked We hadn’t walkedYou had not walked You hadn’t walkedThey had not walked They hadn’t walked
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Had I walked ... ? Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Had he walked ... ? Yes, he had. No, he hadn’t.Had she walked ... ? Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.Had it walked ... ? Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t.Had we walked ... ? Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t.Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Had they walked ... ? Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.
Emprégaseparasinalarqueunhaacciónocorreuantescaoutranopasado.EstaúltimavaienPastSimple.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+had+unverboenparticipio.The experts had solved the mystery of the ship. (Osexpertosresolveranomisteriodobarco.)
• Negativa:suxeito+had +apartículanotouacontracciónn’t+unverboenparticipio.We hadn’t heard any strange noises in the house.(Nonoiramosruídosestrañosnacasa.)
• Interrogativa:Had+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.Had they found the missing men? (Atoparanoshomesdesaparecidos?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+hadouhadn’t.Had she been to Loch Ness? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t.(ForaaoLagoNess?Fora.Si./Non.)
• CoPastPerfectSimpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporaise adverbios:
before “antes”I had cleaned the car before I went to the party.
after “despois”He ate some ice cream after he had finished lunch.
as soon as
“tanpronto/axiñacomo”
As soon as I had got up, I went to buy the newspaper.
by the time “(para)cando”
By the time he was five, he had read many books.
until “atéque”Until I went to Italy, I hadn’t eaten real Italian food.
when “cando”Ian had finished his homework when I arrived.
already afirmativa:“xa”
I had already seen Jim when he said hello to us.
yet
negativa:“aínda”
It was 3 am and the pub hadn’t closed yet.
interrogativa:“xa”
When you arrived at the station, had the train left yet?
Contraste Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple• OPastPerfectSimpleadoitairenoraciónsacompañadodoutroverboquevaienPastSimple.OPastPerfectSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuantesqueaoutraqueestáenPastSimple.By the time he arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.(Candochegouaocinema,apelículaxacomezara.)
• Paraexplicaromotivopoloqueocorreualgonopasado,ponseoverboprincipaldafraseenPastSimpleeaoraciónsubordinadaintroducidaporbecauseen PastPerfectSimple.We were nervous because we had seen unusual shadows. (Estabamosnerviosospoisviramosunhassombrasestrañas.)
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Unit 4O primeiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónsqueocorreránsesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.
• Afirmativa:acondición(oraciónsubordinada)exprésaseconif+PresentSimple,eoresultado(oraciónprincipal)adoitairenfuturoconwill.He will move to London if he doesn’t find a job here. (MudaraseaLondressenonatopatraballoaquí.)
Seacondiciónvaiprimeiro,ponseunhavírgulaentreaoraciónprincipaleasubordinada.If he doesn’t find a job here, he will move to London. (Senonatopatraballoaquí,mudaraseaLondres.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaroverboenpresente,overboenfuturoouambososdous.If you don’t come, I will be sad. (Senonvés,estareitriste.)If you come, I won’t be sad. (Sevés,nonestareitriste.)If you don’t come, I won’t be sad. (Senonvés,nonestareitriste.)
• Interrogativa:Will+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Will she go to the concert if she leaves work early? (Iráaoconcertosesaeaxiñadotraballo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+willouwon’t. Will your parents let you go out if you do your homework? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.(Teuspaisdeixaránquesaiassefasosdeberes?Deixaranme.Si./Non.)
Paraexpresarmosquealgoocorreráounonocorrerásenonsecumpreacondición,asubordinadaintrodúcesepolaconxunciónunless,queequivaleaif not(“anonserque”,“amenosque”,“senon”).
Unless we use public transport, the level of pollution will rise. (Anonserqueusemosotransportepúblico/Senonusamosotransportepúblico,oniveldecontaminacióniráamáis.)
O segundo condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónshipotéticasreferidasaopresente,édicir,queépoucoprobábelqueocorran.
• Afirmativa:acondiciónexprésaseconif+PastSimple,eoresultadoconwould(ouacontracción’d)+overbonaformabase.If there were more police officers, people would feel safe. (Sehoubesemáispolicías,axentesentiríasesegura.)
Nocantodewould,podemosempregaroverbomodalcouldnoresultado,maisestesinalaqueaprobabilidadedequesecumpraahipóteseéaíndamenor.Equivaleaoverbo“poder”encondicionalouásexpresións“talvez”ou“quizais”+condicional.If I had the chance, I could travel around the world. (Seeutiveseaoportunidade,poderíaviaxarportodoomundo.)
Seoverbodacondiciónéto be,adóitaseempregarwereentodasaspersoasdosingularedoplural.If he were in charge, he’d keep the city clean. (Seelestiveseaomando,manteríaacidadelimpa.)
Paradarconsellosemprégaseafórmula If I were.If I were you, I’d live in a suburb. (Eu,deti,viviríanunbarrioresidencial.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I didn’t have a car, I would go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,iríaenautobús.)If I had a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeutiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)If I didn’t have a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)
• Interrogativa:Would+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Would you buy a house in the city if you had enough money? (Mercaríasunhacasanacidadesetivesescartosdeabondo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+wouldouwouldn’t.Would you do volunteer work if you had free time? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.(Traballaríascomovoluntariosetivesestempolibre?Traballaría.Si./Non.)
O terceiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardecondiciónsenteiramenteimposíbeis,poisserefirenaopasadoexanonpodenrealizarse.
• Afirmativa:acondiciónexprésaseconif+PastPerfectSimple,eoresultadoconwould have +participio.If Phil had finished the project, he would have gone on holiday. (SePhilremataseoproxecto,marcharíadevacacións.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I hadn’t won the lottery, I would have accepted that job. (Senonmetocasealotaría,aceptaríaeseemprego.)If I had won the lottery, I wouldn’t have accepted that job. (Semetocasealotaría,nonaceptaríaeseemprego.)If I hadn’t won the lottery, I wouldn’t have accepted that job. (Senonmetocasealotaría,nonaceptaríaeseemprego.)
• Interrogativa:Would+suxeito+have + participio+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Would Sarah have helped people at the community centre if she had lived nearer? (Sarahaxudaríaáxentedocentrocívicosevivisemáispreto?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+wouldouwouldn’t.Would you have arrived at school on time if someone had driven you? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.(Chegaríasaocolexioatemposealguéntelevaseencoche?Chegaría.Si./Non.)
Grammar Appendix
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Unit 5A voz pasiva en presente, pasado e futuro
Presente am / is / are+ oparticipiodoverboprincipal
Pasado was / wereFuturo will be
• Afirmativa:suxeito+ to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.That shirt is sold online. (Estacamisavéndeseeninternet.)Several people were interviewed for the job . (Variaspersoasforonentrevistadasparaotraballo.)The book will be delivered tomorrow. (Olibroentregarasemañá.)
Sesequereamentarqueouquenrealizaourealizouaacción,ponseofinaldafraseprecedidodeby.This bridge was built by the Romans. (Estapontefoiconstruídapolosromanos.)
Eninglésemprégasemoitoapasiva,peroadóitasetraduciroverbonaformaimpersoalounavozactiva.Today, smartphones are used for shopping. (Hoxeendía,ossmartphonesempréganseparamercar.)
• Negativa:suxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+notoun’t+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.The advert wasn’t placed in the newspaper. (Oanunciononsepuxonoxornal.)
• Interrogativa:to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+suxeito+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.Nasrespostas curtasponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.Will these clothes be shown in the shop display? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (Estaroupavaipoñersenoescaparate?Vai.Si./Non.)
Enpreguntasconpartículainterrogativataménseinverteaordedeto beeosuxeito,agásseapartículafaidesuxeitopoisnesecasononcambiaaorde.Where are these products advertised? (Ondeseanuncianestesprodutos?)What is said in this article? (Quesedinesteartigo?)
Candooverboprincipaldaoraciónrexeunhapreposición,estaponsesempreaofinaldapregunta.What is Picasso known for? (PorqueécoñecidoPicasso?)
Os usos da voz pasivaSalientaraacciónenonosuxeitoquearealiza
This picture was taken in Italy.(EstafototirouseenItalia.)
Candoosuxeitoquerealizaaacciónéobvio,descoñecidoounonquesequerenomear
New museums are opened every year.(Ábrensenovosmuseoscadaano.)
Como pasar unha frase activa a pasivaPonseto benomesmotempoquetiñaoverboprincipalenactiva,eesteverboenparticipio.Activa:Someone sold the bicycle yesterday.Pasiva: The bicycle was sold yesterday.Ponsecomosuxeitooprimeirocomplementoquehaxadetrásdoverbonavozactiva,xasexaodirectoouoindirecto.Activa:They used music in the advert.Pasiva: Music was used in the advert.Seocomplementoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolasúacorrespondenteformadesuxeito.Activa:Paul gave me a mobile phone.Pasiva:I was given a mobile phone.Pásaseosuxeitodaoraciónactivaaofinaldapasivaprecedidodeby.Activa:Alice will exchange the sweater.Pasiva:The sweater will be exchanged by Alice.Seosuxeitoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolopronomeobxectocorrespondente.Activa:He ordered a book from the online shop.Pasiva:A book was ordered from the online shop by him.
• Asexpresións temporaisqueseempregannavozpasivasonasmesmasquenaactiva.Polotanto,seoverboestáenpresente:every day/week/year,once/twice a year,on+undíadasemanaenplural,ouadverbioscomousually,sometimes,etc.Seoverboestáenpasado:last night/week,at+unhahora,on+undía/data,in+unano,in the past,yesterday,etc.Seoverboestáenfuturo:tomorrow,next week /month/year,later,etc.
Unit 6O estilo indirecto• Emprégaseparacontarmosoquealguéndixosenrepetirxustamenteassúaspalabras.Paraiso,emprégaseoverbosay,eaconxunciónthat(estaadóitaseomitirnoinglésfalado),quítanseascomiñasecámbianseopronomesuxeitoeapersoadoverbo.“Many people use disposable products,” Alice says. Alice says that many people use disposable products.(Alicediquemoitaxenteempregaprodutosrefugábeis.)
• Maisonormalécontaloenpasado.Polotanto,emprégasesaide,ademais,overbodaoraciónintroducidaporthatdáunsaltocaraatrásnotempo.
Estilo directo Estilo indirectoPresent Simple Past Simple
“I always recycle newspapers,” Beth said.Beth said that she always recycled newspapers. (Bethdixoquesemprereciclabaosxornais.)
Present Continuous Past Continuous“She is giving a talk at school,” Paul said.Paul said that she was giving a talk at school. (Pauldixoqueelaestabaadarunhacharlanocolexio.)
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Past Simple Past Perfect Simple“We set up a foundation,” Tom said.Tom said that they had set up a foundation. (Tomdixoqueelescrearanunhafundación.)
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple“I have received 2,000 e-mails a day,” the boy said.The boy said that he had received 2,000 e-mails a day. (Orapazdixoquetiñarecibido2.000correosaodía.)
Future (will) Future (would)“I will visit all the museums in Oslo,” Jane said.Jane said that she would visit all the museums in Oslo. (JanedixoquevisitaríatodososmuseosdeOslo.)
can could“You can buy green products,” the teacher said.The teacher said that we could buy green products. (Aprofesoradixoquepodiamosmercarprodutosecolóxicos.)
must had to“We must take care of the environment,” Dad said.Dad said that we had to take care of the environment. (Papádixoquetiñamosquecoidaromedionatural.)
• Ocambiodeestilodirectoaindirectotaménafectaásexpresiónsdetempoedelugar,aosdemostrativoseaosposesivos:
Estilo directo Estilo indirectonow thentoday, tonight that day, that nighttomorrow the next / following dayyesterday the previous day, the day beforenext week / year the following week / year
last week / year the week / year before, the previous week / year
a month ago a month before / the previous month
here therethis, these that, thosemy his / her, etc.
Reporting verbs• Sonosqueintroducenoestiloindirectocomosayetell,quetransmitenamensaxesenengadirmáisinformación.Overbotellvaisempreseguidoduncomplementosento.Overbosaypodelevarounonlevarcomplemento,maisseoleva,debelevarto.
tell+comp. say(+to+compl.)
“I’ve thrown the newspaper in the recycling bin,” he said. He said (to us) / told us that he had thrown the newspaper in the recycling bin.(Eldíxonosquetiraraoxornalaocolectordereciclaxe.)
• Candosequerecomunicaraintenciónouotondofalante,podenempregarseoutrosmoitosreportingverbs:add, admit,agree, announce,complain,explain,promise,shout,warn,whisper,etc.
“We must change to renewable energy sources,” Carol explained. Carol explained that we had to change to renewable energy sources.(Carolexplicouquetiñamosquemudarafontesdeenerxíarenovábeis.)
Unit 7may / might
AfirmativaI may go I might goYou may go You might goHe may go He might goShe may go She might goIt may go It might goWe may go We might goYou may go You might goThey may go They might go
Negativa
I may not go I might not goYou may not go You might not goHe may not go He might not goShe may not go She might not goIt may not go It might not goWe may not go We might not goYou may not go You might not goThey may not go They might not go
• May(poidaque,talvez)emight(puidese/poderíaserque)expresanposibilidade,aíndaquenosegundocasoémáisrecuada.Maytaménseempregaparadar,pedirounegarpermiso,ouparafacerpeticiónsmáiseducadas.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+may/might+verbonaformabase. I may / might be late. (Poidaquechegue/Poderíaserquechegasetarde.) You may use my phone, but don’t break it. (Podesusaromeuteléfono,maisnonorompas.)
• Negativa:suxeito+may/ might not+verbonaformabase. She may / might not come today. (Pode/Poderíaserquenonveñahoxe.)
• Interrogativa:May+suxeito+verbonaformabase.Eninterrogativa,sóseempregamayetenosignificadodepermisooupetición,nonodeposibilidade.May I use your bike? (Podousaratúabici?)
• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+mayoumay not.May I go with you? Yes, you may. / No, you may not. (Podoircontigo?Podes.Si./Non.)
Grammar Appendix
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can / can’tAfirmativa NegativaI can swim I cannot / can’t swimYou can swim You cannot / can’t swimHe can swim He cannot / can’t swimShe can swim She cannot / can’t swimIt can swim It cannot / can’t swimWe can swim We cannot / can’t swimYou can swim You cannot / can’t swimThey can swim They cannot / can’t swim
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Can I swim? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.Can you swim? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can he swim? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.Can she swim? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.Can it swim? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.
Can we swim? Yes, we can. No, we can’t.
Can you swim? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.
Can they swim? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.
Canexpresahabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgo(saber),posibilidade(poder)etaménseempregaparapedirpermisooufavores(poder).
• Afirmativa:suxeito+can+verbonaformabase.They can play the guitar.(Sabentocaraguitarra.)I can go to bed early tonight.(Pododeitarmecedoestanoite.)You can see the film now.(Podesverapelículaagora.)
• Negativa:suxeito+cannotouaformacontraídacan’t+verbonaformabase.I cannot speak German.(Nonseifalaralemán.)
• Interrogativa:Can +suxeito+verbonaformabase. Can I drive your car? (Podoconduciroteucoche?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+canoucan’t.Can you swim? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.(Sabesnadar?Sei.Si./Non.)
could / couldn’tAfirmativa NegativaI could sing I couldn’t singYou could sing You couldn’t singHe could sing He couldn’t singShe could sing She couldn’t singIt could sing It couldn’t singWe could sing We couldn’t singYou could sing You couldn’t singThey could sing They couldn’t sing
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Could I sing? Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.Could you sing? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could he sing? Yes, he could. No, he couldn’t.Could she sing? Yes, she could. No, she couldn’t.Could it sing? Yes, it could. No, it couldn’t.Could we sing? Yes, we could. No, we couldn’t.Could you sing? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could they sing? Yes, they could. No, they couldn’t.
Couldexpresahabilidadeeposibilidadenopasadoetaménsepodeempregarparapedirpermisooufavoresdemaneiramáiseducadaqueconcan.• Afirmativa:suxeito+could+verbonaformabase.
Robert could talk when he was one year old. (Robertsabíafalarcandotiñaunano.)She could run fast last year. (Elapodíacorrerrápidooanopasado.)
• Negativa:suxeito+could notouaformacontraídacouldn’t+verbonaformabase.She could not swim when she was younger. (Elanonsabíanadarcandoeramáisnova.)I couldn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. (Nonpuideniraocolexioonteporqueestabadoente.)
• Interrogativa: Could +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Could you take me home?(Poderiadeslevarmeácasa?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+couldoucouldn’t.Could you play basketball? Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t.(Puidechesxogaraobaloncesto?Puiden.Si./Non.)
be able toAfirmativa Negativa
I am able to run I’m not able to runYou are able to run You aren’t able to runHe is able to run He isn’t able to runShe is able to run She isn’t able to runIt is able to run It isn’t able to runWe are able to run We aren’t able to runYou are able to run You aren’t able to runThey are able to run They aren’t able to run
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Am I able to run? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you able to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he able to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she able to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it able to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
Are we able to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
Are you able to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they able to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
20English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Tenomesmosignificadoquecan,pero be able to podeconxugarse.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+to beenpresente+able to+verbonaformabase.
I am able to ride a horse.[habilidade] (Seimontaracabalo.)
She is able to work with a broken arm. [posibilidade] (Elapodetraballarcunbrazoroto.)
• Negativa:suxeito+ to beenpresente+notoun’t +able to+verbonaformabase.He isn’t able to help you with your homework. [posibilidade] (Nonpodeaxudarchecosdeberes.)
• Interrogativa: to be enpresente+suxeito+able to+verbonaformabase.
Are you able to run in the race? [posibilidade](Podescorrernacarreira?)
• Respostas curtas:pronomepersoalsuxeito+to becomoverboauxiliarenpresente,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídoennegativa.
Are they able to find an organ donor on Facebook? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (PodenatoparundoadordeórganosenFacebook?Poden.Si./Non.)
should / shouldn’tAfirmativa NegativaI should use I shouldn’t useYou should use You shouldn’t useHe should use He shouldn’t useShe should use She shouldn’t useIt should use It shouldn’t useWe should use We shouldn’t useYou should use You shouldn’t useThey should use They shouldn’t use
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Should I use? Yes, I should. No, I shouldn’t.Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should he use? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.Should she use? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.Should it use? Yes, it should. No, it shouldn’t.Should we use? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn’t.Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should they use? Yes, they should. No, they shouldn’t.
Shouldemprégaseparadaroupedirconselloseparadiciroquesedeberíaounonfacer.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+should+verbonaformabase.You should stay in bed today. (Deberíaspermanecernacamahoxe.)
• Negativa:suxeito+should not ou shouldn’t (amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.
She shouldn’t go to school today.(Elanondeberíairaocolexiohoxe.)
• Interrogativa:Should +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Should I exercise more? (Deberíafacermáisexercicio?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+shouldoushouldn’t.Should we visit him in hospital? Yes, we should. / No, we shouldn’t.(Deberiamosirveloaohospital?Deberiamos.Si./Non.)
must / mustn’tAfirmativa NegativaI must tell I mustn’t tellYou must tell You mustn’t tellHe must tell He mustn’t tellShe must tell She mustn’t tellIt must tell It mustn’t tellWe must tell We mustn’t tellYou must tell You mustn’t tellThey must tell They mustn’t tell
• Afirmativa:suxeito+must+verbonaformabase.Expresaaobrigaeanecesidadeouqueconvénfaceralgo,esignifica“deber”.You must walk slowly.(Debedescamiñaramodo.)
• Negativa: suxeito+must not oumustn’t(amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.Expresaprohibición,quealgononestápermitido,etaménquealgononsedebefacerpoisnonconvénounonécorrectofacelo.You mustn’t talk on the phone while you’re driving. (Nondebedesfalarporteléfonomentresconducides.)[estáprohibido]She mustn’t lie to her parents. (Nondebementirosseuspais.)[nonécorrecto]
• Interrogativa:Must +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Nestecaso,mustexpresaobrigaounecesidade,aíndaqueesteverbomodalnonseadoitaempregarnaformainterrogativa.Must we tell her about the accident? (Debemosdicirlleodoaccidente?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+must.Must I see a doctor? Yes, you must. (Deboverunmédico?Debes.Si.)
have to / don’t have toAfirmativa NegativaI have to go I don’t have to goYou have to go You don’t have to goHe has to go He doesn’t have to goShe has to go She doesn’t have to goIt has to go It doesn’t have to goWe have to go We don’t have to goYou have to go You don’t have to goThey have to go They don’t have to go
Grammar Appendix
21English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Do I have to go? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he have to go? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Does she have to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Does it have to go? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.Do we have to go? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Do they have to go? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+have / has to +verbonaformabase.Significa“terque”eexpresa,comomust,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Adiferenzaéquehave tosiseconxugae,poriso,emprégasenostemposquemustnonten.We have to take the train at ten o’clock. (Temosquecollerotrenásdez.)
• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t have to+verbonaformabase.Significa“nonterque/porque”.He doesn’t have to call an ambulance. (Nontenque/porquechamarunhaambulancia.)
• Lembraquehave tosignificaomesmoquemust, pero don’t have to e mustn’t nonsonequivalentes.You don’t have to go. (Nontesque/porqueir.)[nonépreciso]You mustn’t go. (Nondebesir.)[estáprohibido]
• Interrogativa:Do/Does+suxeito+have to+verbonaformabase.Do you have to study this afternoon?(Tesqueestudarestatarde?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do/does oudon’t/doesn’t.Does she have to take any medicine? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.(Tenquetomaralgúnmedicamento?Ten.Si./Non.)
• Maliaqueoempregodehave toemust ésemellante, must adoitanempregaloaspersoasqueteñenautoridade(profesores,pais,médicos,etc.)mentresquehave tooempregatodoomundo.You must arrive on time at the doctor’s. (Debeschegarpuntualáconsultadomédico.)I had to answer lots of e-mails. (Tivenquecontestarunhacheadecorreoselectrónicos.)
need to / don’t need to • Significa“terque”eexpresacomohave to,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Pódeseconxugare,polotanto,podeempregarseentodosostemposverbais.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+need to +verbonaformabase.I need to rest for a few days to recover. (Teñoquedescansarunsdíasparamerecuperar.)
• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t need to+verbonaformabase.
You don’t need to help me. (Nontesqueaxudarme.)
• Interrogativa:Do/Does+suxeito+need to+verbonaformabase.Do you need to buy something for dinner?(Tesquemercaralgoparaacea?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do/does oudon’t/doesn’t.Does he need to call to make an appointment? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.(Tenquechamarparapedircita?Ten.Si./Non.)
needn’tDamesmamaneiraquedon’t need to,emprégaseneedn’tparasinalarquenonhaiobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgunhacousa,maliaqueoseuusosexamáisformal.Vaiseguidodunverbonaformabasesenapreposiciónto.
You needn’t drive me to the hospital.(Nontesquemelevarencocheaohospital.)
Unit 8
O xerundio e o infinitivo
O xerundio Éaformaverbalrematadaen-ingquefuncionacomosubstantivonosseguintescasos:
•Comosuxeitodaoraciónaofalarmosdeacciónsoufeitosenxeral.Visiting the Beijing market was an incredible experience.(VisitaromercadodePequínfoiunhaexperienciaincríbel.)
•Comoobxectodirectodalgúnsverbos:finish,enjoy,like,avoid,miss,recommend,suggest,imagine,regret,finish,keep,mind,etc.She enjoys eating food from different countries. (Elagozatomandocomidadedistintospaíses.)
•Detrásdaspreposicións.He is thinking about learning sign language. (Elestáapensarenaprenderalinguaxedesignos.)
•Detrásdalgunhasformasverbais:can’t stand,feel like,don’t mind,it’s no use,look forward to,etc.I don’t mind walking to work.(Nonmeimportairandandoaotraballo.)
O infinitivo•Éaformaverbalprecedidadeto.Emprégasecandoalgúnsverbos(decide,want,promise,hope,pretend,refuse,offer,agree,seem,appear,choose,expect,learn,plan,wish, allow, etc.)vanseguidosdoutroverbo;sendoasíesteúltimoponseeninfinitivo.Paul has promised to take her dog to the vet.(Paulprometeulevaroseucanáveterinaria.)They decided not to take part in the experiment.(Decidironnonparticiparnoexperimento.)
•Taménseempregadetrásdeadxectivostalescomoeasy,happy,sad,lucky,hard e nice.I’m happy to volunteer for the association. (Estoucontentadeservoluntarianaasociación.)
22English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Verbos seguidos de xerundio e de infinitivo • Algúns verbos (like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start,
continue, etc.) poden ir seguidos de xerundio ou de infinitivo sen o que o seu significado varíe. They like going / to go to summer camps. (Gostan de ir aos campamentos de verán.)
• En troques, outros non significan o mesmo se levan detrás un xerundio ou un infinitivo. A continuación tes algúns exemplos:
• remember + xerundio significa “lembrar que se fixo algo no pasado”.I remember eating at that restaurant when I was in Toronto. (Lembro que comín neste restaurante cando estiven en Toronto.)
• remember + infinitivo significa “lembrarse de facer algo”.She remembered to buy the ingredients for the cake. (Lembrou mercar os ingredientes para a torta.)
• forget + xerundio emprégase en frases negativas para sinalar a imposibilidade de esquecer algo ocorrido no pasado.Tim will never forget meeting his favourite singer. (Tim nunca esquecerá que coñeceu o seu cantante favorito.)
• forget + infinitivo significa “esquecer facer algunha cousa”.I forgot to buy the tickets for the theatre. (Esquecín mercar as entradas para o teatro.)
• stop + xerundio significa “deixar de facer algo / un costume”.She stopped using the mobile phone a month ago. (Deixou de empregar o teléfono móbil hai un mes.)
• stop + infinitivo significa “parar (unha acción) para facer outra cousa”.They didn’t stop to have lunch on their way home. (Non pararon para comer de camiño á casa.)
Unit 9Repaso
Present Simple (ver páxina 11)
Usos
Verdades xerais e descricións.
Feitos habituais ou cotiáns.Gustos e opinións.Programas e horarios. (Present Simple con valor de futuro)
Expresións temporais: every day, on Mondays, etc.Adverbios de frecuencia: always, usually, often, never, etc.
Present Continuous (ver páxina 11)
UsoAccións que están a ocorrer mentres se está a falar ou no período de tempo presente.
Expresións temporais: now, these days, right now, etc.
Present Continuous con valor de futuro (ver páxina 11)
UsoAccións que ocorrerán no futuro próximo pois xa se fixaron de antemán.
Expresións temporais: soon, later, next year, tonight, etc.
Past Simple (ver páxina 11)
Usos
Expresar acccións pasadas.
Dicir que se fixo nun momento concreto.
Contar accións pasadas consecutivas.
Contar como eran as cousas noutro tempo.
Expresións temporais: a week ago, last night, yesterday, etc.
Past Continuous (ver páxina 11)
UsosAccións que estaban en progreso no pasado.
Accións que eran simultáneas no pasado.
Expresións temporais: at half past two, last night, etc.
Present Perfect Simple (ver páxs. 13-14)
Usos
Accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan.
Accións pasadas que afectan ao presente.Accións pasadas sen especificar cando pasaron.Accións pasadas hai pouco tempo.
Expresións temporais e adverbios: since, for, never, just, etc.
Past Perfect Simple (ver páxina 15)
UsoUnha acción que ocorreu antes ca outra no pasado.
Expresións temporais e adverbios: before, after, by the time, already, etc.
will (ver páxina 11)
Usos
Anunciar accións ou feitos futuros.
Predicir o que se cre que ocorrerá.
Expresar decisións súbitas.
Expresións temporais: later, one day, in the future, in ten years, soon, next year, etc.
be going to (ver páxina 11)
UsosExpresar plans, intencións e decisións.
Expresar o que vai ocorrer porque se ven sinais diso.
Expresións temporais: later, soon, in the future, etc.
Os modais (ver páxs. 18-21)may
Usos
Afirmativa e negativa: expresar posibilidade.
Interrogativa: pedir ou denegar permiso.
Interrogativa: facer peticións educadas.
might
UsoExpresar posibilidade máis recuada que con can.
Grammar Appendix
23English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
can
Usos
Expresarhabilidadeoucapacidade(saber).
Expresarposibilidade(poder).
Pedirpermisoouunfavor(poder).
could
Usos
Expresarhabilidadeoucapacidadenopasado.
Expresarposibilidadenopasado.
Facerunhapeticióndemaneiraeducada.
be able to
UsoTenomesmosignificadoquecan,maisbe able topodeconxugarse.
should
UsosDaroupedirconsellos.
Diciroquesedeberíaounonfacer.
must
Usos
Afirmativaeinterrogativa:expresarobrigaenecesidadeouconvenienciadealgo.Negativa:expresarprohibición,quealgononestápermitidoounonsedebefacerporquenonconvénounonécorrectofacelo.
have to / need to
Usos
Afirmativaeinterrogativa:expresarobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Negativa:expresarausenciadeobrigaounecesidade.
needn’t
UsoExpresarausenciadeobrigaounecesidade.Oseuusoémáisformalquecondon’t have to.
As oracións de relativo (ver páxina 14)Sonoraciónssubordinadasqueacheganmáisinformaciónsobreapersoa,cousaouanimalqueseamentanaoraciónprincipalevanintroducidasporpronomesrelativosquepodenserosuxeitoouocomplementodaoración.who Emprégaseparasereferirapersoas.
which Emprégaseparasereferiracousasouanimais.
that Emprégaseparasereferirapersoas,cousasouanimais.
where Emprégasecandooantecedenteéunlugar.Nonsepodeomitirninsubstituírporthat.
whenEmprégasecandooantecedenteéunhacláusulatemporal.Pódeseomitirousubstituírporthat.
whose Emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Expresaposesión.
Primeiro condicional (ver páxina 16)
UsoExpresaroqueocorrerásesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.
Condición: If / Unless + PresentSimpleResultado:futuroconwill
Segundo condicional (ver páxina 16)
UsoFalardeacciónshipotéticasreferidasaopresente,istoé,queépoucoprobábelqueocorran.
Condición: If + PastSimpleResultado:would +overbonaformabase
Terceiro condicional (ver páxina 16)
UsoFalardecondiciónstotalmenteimposíbeis,poisserefirenaopasadoexanonpodenrealizarse.
Condición: If + PastPerfectSimpleResultado:would have +participio
A pasiva (ver páxina 17)
Usos
Salientaraacciónenonosuxeitoquearealiza.Candoosuxeitoquerealizaaacciónéobvio,descoñecidoounonsequerenomear.
O estilo indirecto (ver páxs. 17-18)Paracontaroquedixoalguénsenrepetirexactamenteassúaspalabras.
Estilo directo Estilo indirectoPresentSimple PastSimple
PresentContinuous PastContinuous
PastSimple PastPerfectSimple
PresentPerfectSimple PastPerfectSimple
Future(will) Future(would)can couldmust had to
Check Your Progress
Translation Exercises
Unit 1 1. Atrevémonos a facelo e deixamos a todos
abraiados. 2. Ela nunca foi unha persoa humilde. 3. Sempre evitei correr riscos. 4. El non adoitaba ser escéptico. 5. A miña profesora adoitaba animarme a
participar en deportes.
Unit 2
1. Non sei nada sobre o argumento da película. 2. Esta é a música que empregamos para a
banda sonora da película. 3. Vimos unha película que tiña uns efectos
especiais estupendos en cada escena. 4. Lemos sobre alguén cuxos familiares
conspiraron contra o rei. 5. El é o rei que executou ao seu conselleiro por
traizón.
Unit 3
1. Pregúntome onde atoparon o neno desaparecido.
2. Cando lin sobre o suceso, os científicos xa
revelaran a súa orixe.
3. Nunca estivera nunha casa enfeitizada antes. 4. Non soubera da erupción do volcán até que
vin as noticias. 5. As chamas queimaran o edificio, e había fume
e po por todas as partes.
Unit 4
1. Se compartes a torta cos teus amigos, fareiche ao forno unha nova.
2. Se houbese máis zonas verdes na cidade, sería
máis relaxante. 3. Se o alcalde non solucionase o problema,
mudariámonos a un barrio residencial. 4. Se non tivesen traballos de baixos ingresos,
non vivirían nun barrio baixo. 5. Se ela é considerada, chegarán a un acordo.
24English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Unit 5
1. Estes produtos fabrícanse en China.
2. A estratexia de mercadotecnia organizarase por unha axencia de publicidade.
3. O orzamento discutirase mañá.
4. Cinco mil mostras gratuítas distribuíronse aos nosos clientes.
5. Centos de produtos véndense aquí todos os días.
Unit 6 1. Admitín que enterrara o bote. 2. Advertiunos que as botellas rematarían no
mar. 3. Díxonos que estaba a pór en perigo a flora e
mais a fauna. 4. Dixo que tiña que ser un colector de plástico. 5. Prometeunos que nos ensinaría cousas
arredor do quecemento global.
Unit 7
1. Non teño que ir ao médico porque non teño gripe.
2. Podería ser que a causa da súa dor de
estómago fose unha intoxicación alimentaria. 3. Deberías ir ao médico porque estás mareado. 4. Teño que mercar(me) unha pomada para
poñela no sarabullo das costas. 5. Non tes que te preocupar pola picada de
mosquito.
Unit 8
1. Decidín aprender a lingua de signos. 2. Ninguén gusta de tomar comida eslamiada. 3. Sempre se lle esquece empregar o seu
audífono. 4. Aloumiñar un animal suave é relaxante. 5. Odio levar zapatos apertados.
25English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
26English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Antes de escribirBrainstorming•Faiunhalistaxedeideasouunmapadepreguntasrelacionadascotema(who?, what?, when?, where?, why?).
•Leaseriscaasquecreasirrelevantes.
•Ponasrestantesnaordeenquequeiraspresentalas.
Organización do textoParagraph structureUnparágrafotentrespartes:
•Aprimeiraoración(opening sentence),quepresentaaideaprincipal.
•Ocorpodoparágrafo(body of paragraph),queamplíaaideaprincipalconinformaciónimportante.
•Aderradeiraoración(closing sentence),queresumeaideaprincipalerepíteaconoutraspalabras.
closing
body
opening
It’s hard to imagine Paris without the
Eiffel Tower. This famous tower is
the city’s most famous symbol. But
what do you actually know about it?
First of all, it’s 300 metres tall and it
weighs 7,000 tonnes. It’s got 1,671
stairs and five lifts. It was built in
1889. Back then, it was the tallest
structure in the world. Its design was
also very unusual as it was designed
by an iron engineer, Gustave Eiffel.
The French Government asked
Eiffel to build something in honour
of an international exhibition. He
wanted to design a building with a
special open shape that showed its
iron structure. That is why the tower
hasn’t got any walls. Some people
thought the building was unsafe.
Others found it to be quite ugly. But
obviously, Eiffel’s design is original
and powerful. Over 250 million
tourists have visited the tower and
enjoyed its magnificent views of
Paris.
Clearly, the Eiffel Tower is no
ordinary skyscraper. It has been one
of the world’s favourite attractions
since it was built.
Text organisationUntextodivídeseenparágrafos.Cadaparágrafotenunhafuncióndiferente:
•Oprimeiroparágrafointroduceotema.
•Ocorpodotextodesenvolveotemaesubministramáisinformación.
•Oderradeiroparágraforesumeotemaeexpónunhaconclusión.
closing sentence
body of paragraph
opening sentenceScience has always been my favourite
subject. This is because I’m curious
about everything I see around
me. I always try to work out how
everything works. I love taking apart
electrical appliances and putting them
back together. I’ve got an excellent
microscope at home and I often take
a close look at different things I find.
I’m also interested in astronomy and
I have gone on many star-gazing trips
with my family. Maybe one day my
parents will buy me a telescope.
To sum up, if you ask me which
subject I enjoy studying the most, the
answer will definitely be science.
Writing Guide
Writing Guide
27English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
As preposicións de tempo (Prepositions of time)
Emprégansedistintaspreposiciónsdiantedashoraseosperíodosdefesta,osdíaseasdatas,osmeses,asestacións,osanoseaspartesdodía.Émoiimportantequesaibasempregaracorrectaencadacaso.Préstalleatenciónaestesexemplos:
•at horas: at five o’clock festividades: at Christmas •on díasdasemana: on Tuesday datas: on 15th June on Christmas Day• in meses: in September estacións: in summer anos: in 2014 partesdodía: in the eveningPero: at the weekend at night
A orde das palabras: suxeito – verbo (Word order: Subject – verb)Osuxeitodaoraciónponsediantedoverbo.Peter is athletic. sv
Maisnaspreguntasvaidetrásdoverbo.Is Peter athletic? vs
A orde das palabras: as expresións temporais (Word order: Time expressions)Asexpresiónstemporaispodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,aíndaqueémáishabitualpoñelasaofinal.We walked to town yesterday. timeexpr.
Sevanaocomezo,sepáransedaoraciónprinicipalcunhavírgula.Yesterday, we walked to town. timeexpr.
Repasa o escritoChecking your writing
A puntuación (Punctuation)
•Opunto(.)vaiaofinaldasoraciónsafirmativasenegativas.
I love cats and dogs.•Acomaouvírgula(,)emprégaseparasepararpalabrasouideas.Poloxeralnonsepondiantedeand.
They sell fruit, vegetables, nuts and spices.•Osinaldeinterrogación(?)ponseaofinaldaspreguntas.
Are you tired?•Osinaldeexclamación(!)taménseponaofinaldafraseeserveparaexpresarunhaemociónouunsentimentoeparafacerfincapénalgunhacousa.
Wow! That’s brilliant!•Aoescribiruncorreoelectrónicoinformal,adoitaempregarseunhapuntuacióntaméninformal,comoasraias(–),ospuntossuspensivos(...),asparénteses(())ouossignosdeexclamación(!).
Next week, I’m visiting Tom – my favourite cousin. Don’t worry. You’ll see ... Tina (my friend’s sister) is having a party. Send me photos. I can’t wait!•Ascomiñas(“”)empréganseparaescribiroqueaxentedixoamentandoassúaspalabrasexactas,eponseunhavírgulaentreacitaeoemisor.
Eninglés,avírgulavaidentrodascomiñas(“... with me,” he said),mentresqueengalegovaifóra(“... comigo”, dixo).
“Please wait here,” he said.
As maiúsculas (Capital letters)
Escríbenseconmaiúscula:
•osnomesetítulosdaspersoas:Rick Day, Mr King, Dr Adams
•osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificioscélebres,museos,etc.:Rome, Mexico, Asia, Tower Bridge, the Louvre
•asnacionalidades:Irish, German, British•osdías:Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday•osmeses:January, March, July•aprimeirapalabradunhaoración:This is Ron.•opronomepersoalI: I live here.•osidiomas:French, Swedish, Chinese•aspalabrasrelevantesdostítulosdelibrosepelículas,cancións,festividadesexogosdeordenador:
Pride and Prejudice Easter, Christmas Time after Time Minecraft
28English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
adverbofdegree adverbofmanner
A orde das palabras: os adxectivos (Word order: Adjectives)
•Poloxeralvandiantedossubstantivos. mashed potatoes adj n Taménvandetrásdoverbo to be.
The skirt is long. vadj Edetrásdosverbosestáticos.
It looks strange. vadj•Sehaivariosadxectivos,adoitanirnestaorde:opinión,tamaño,cor,nacionalidade.
It’s a lovely, little French café. osn They sell small yellow bowls. sc
A orde das palabras: os adverbios (Word order: Adverbs)
• Osadverbiosdeintensidadeedemodovandetrásdoverbo.
You paint quite nicely.
• Osadverbiosdefrecuenciavandiantedoverbonasoraciónsafirmativas.
He usually writes funny stories. advv Maisseoverboéto be,oadverbiovaidetrás. Tom is usually at the beach. vadv
Dar exemplos (Presenting examples)
Empréganseexpresiónscomo like, for example e such asparadarexemplos.I often do activities like yoga and dancing.There are rules at school. For example, you must wear a uniform.Water sports such as diving and surfing are my favourite.
Os adxectivos posesivos e os pronomes (Referencing)Servenparafacerreferenciaaosnomesamentadosconanterioridadeenonrepetilos.
My school isn’t far from here. It is opposite the church.Dan and I are going to the beach. We want to surf. Do you want to come with us?Mike’s phone is on the table. That’s his phone.
Feitos e opinións (Facts and Opinions)
Unfeitoéalgoquesesabequeéverdadeequeamiúdopodeprobarse.Unhaopiniónéoqueunhapersoasenteoupensasobrealgunhacousaoualguén.
Expresións para escribir opinións (Expressions to state opinions)
Estassonasexpresiónsmáiscomúnsqueseempreganparaescribiropinións:In my opinion, I think, I feel, I believe, It seems to me that, As I see it, As far as I’m concerned, In my view.
I think maths is a difficult subject.I feel many students need extra help with their maths studies.I believe some students are afraid of maths.In my opinion, history is the most interesting school subject. It seems to me that sport is the most important activity for teenagers.As I see it, our school breaks aren’t long enough.As far as I’m concerned, the lessons should start at 10.00 in the morning - not earlier.In my view, students should decide which subjects to study at school.
Writing Guide
29English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
As conxuncións (Connectors)
Sonpalabrasquexuntanideaseamosanarelaciónqueexisteentreelas.Taménnosaxudanaorganizarotextoparaqueaquenolelleresultemáisdoadoseguilo.
Tipo Función Exemplos•Causal (Cause)
Expresaracausaourazónpolaquealgoocorreu
We didn’t go because it was raining.We went home since we ran out of money.He is successful as he is determined.The route was changed due to the weather conditions.As a result of your support, I didn’t give up.
•Consecutiva (Effect)
Describirunresultado I was late, so I missed the train.As a result, I didn’t get to London on time.I was sceptical. Therefore, I didn’t listen to her advice.
•Adversativa (Contrast)
Relacionarideasopostas I am daring, but I’m not fearless.The film was funny. However, it wasn’t original.Although he is my favourite actor, the film was boring.Even though I was tired, I enjoyed the film.While the king was young and inexperienced, he made excellent decisions.The queen was popular despite her unusual personality.
•Desecuencia (Sequence)
Amosaraordeenqueocorreronunhaseriedefeitos
At first, we saw flames.In the beginning, we heard a loud sound.Previously, we had smelt smoke.Next, I phoned the police.Then, I ran outside.Eventually, the firefighters arrived.Finally, we went home.In the end, everyone was safe.
•Copulativa (Addition)
Paraincorporarinformaciónengadidasobreunmesmotema
We took the train and we rented a car for a day.We visited many museums. We also toured a number of palaces.In addition, we stopped using disposable products.There’s a café as well as a restaurant on the beach.The hotel is central. Furthermore, it’s eco-friendly.We recycle all our bottles. Moreover, we have a compost bin.Besides its historical sites, the town has got a lovely beach.
•Final (Purpose)
Paraexpresarunhafinalidadeouunpropósito
I called to invite you to my party.She came in order to help us.I shouted so that they would hear me.
TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIASPRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE
eu xogoti xogas
el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades
eles, elas xogan
I playyou play
he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play
PERÍFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando
el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando
eles, elas están a xogar / xogando
I am playingyou are playing
he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing
eu vou xogarti vas xogar
el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar
eles, elas van xogar
FUTURE: BE GOING TOI am going to play
you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play
we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play
FUTURO FUTURO: WILLeu xogareiti xogarás
el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes
eles, elas xogarán
I will playyou will play
he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play
30English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
Cadros resumo
31English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books
PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO PAST CONTINUOUS PERÍFRASE
eu xogabati xogabas
el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades
eles, elas xogaban
I was playingyou were playing
he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing
eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar
el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar
eles, elas estaban a xogar
PAST SIMPLE
I playedyou played
he, she, it playedwe playedyou playedthey played
PRETÉRITO PERFECTO
eu xogueiti xogachesel, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes
eles, elas xogaron
PRESENT PERFECT PERÍFRASE
I have playedyou have played
he, she, it has playedwe have playedyou have playedthey have played
eu teño xogadoti tes xogado
el, ela ten xogadonós temos xogadovós tedes xogado
eles, elas teñen xogado
PRETÉRITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO PAST PERFECT
eu xogarati xogaras
el, ela xogaranós xogaramosvós xogarades
eles, elas xogaran
I had playedyou had played
he, she, it had playedwe had playedyou had playedthey had played
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