english grammar - uni-tuebingen.deastechow/Lehre/WS06_7/Sem… · Web view7.2.2 AL-Modelle mit Redehintergrund 65. 7.3 Extensionale Aussagenlogik 67. 7.4 Intensionale versus extensionale

v.Stechow Ausdruck: 21.05.2023

SCHRITTE ZUR SATZSEMANTIKARNIM VON STECHOW

1 Worum es in diesem Buch geht............................................................................................12 Wahrheitsbedingungensemantik und Freges Programm.......................................................4

2.1 Satzbedeutung................................................................................................................42.2 Bedeutungsrelationen.....................................................................................................62.3 Kompositionalität: Fregeprinzip und Kontextprinzip..................................................102.4 Lektüre.........................................................................................................................112.5 Aufgaben......................................................................................................................12

3 Tutorium: Mengen und Funktionen....................................................................................143.1 Mengen.........................................................................................................................143.2 Funktionen...................................................................................................................183.3 Aufgaben......................................................................................................................22

4 Die Interpretation einfacher Sätze.......................................................................................244.1 Subjekt und Prädikat....................................................................................................244.2 Eine VP-Regel..............................................................................................................264.3 Aufgaben......................................................................................................................29

5 Syntax..................................................................................................................................305.1 Die Satztypen des Deutschen.......................................................................................305.2 Bäume..........................................................................................................................345.3 Strukturaufbau: Merge.................................................................................................365.4 Die Ebenen D-Struktur, S-Struktur, PF und LF...........................................................405.5 Zur Literatur.................................................................................................................435.6 Aufgaben......................................................................................................................43

6 Typengetriebene Interpretation...........................................................................................446.1 Logische Typen............................................................................................................446.2 Typengetriebene Interpretation: FA und PM...............................................................486.3 FI und logischer Typ....................................................................................................526.4 Schönfinkelisierung.....................................................................................................526.5 -Schreibweise für Funktionen....................................................................................536.6 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................566.7 Zur Literatur.................................................................................................................576.8 Aufgaben......................................................................................................................57

7 Semantik einiger Konjunktionen........................................................................................597.1 Intensionale Aussagenlogik.........................................................................................597.2 Epistemische Modale...................................................................................................63

7.2.1 Strukturelle Mehrdeutigkeit..................................................................................647.2.2 AL-Modelle mit Redehintergrund........................................................................65

7.3 Extensionale Aussagenlogik........................................................................................677.4 Intensionale versus extensionale Interpretation...........................................................697.5 Aufgaben......................................................................................................................70

8 Semantische Systeme..........................................................................................................728.1 Gang dieses Kapitels....................................................................................................728.2 Intension und Extension und das dazu gehörige Typensystem....................................748.3 I-Bäume und E-Bäume.................................................................................................76

8.3.1 Subjekt-Prädikat: „Alla stöhnt“ (I-Baum).............................................................768.3.2 Subjekt-Prädikat: „Alla stöhnt“ (E-Baum)...........................................................77

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8.3.3 Modale: „Alla kann lachen“ (I-Baum)..................................................................788.3.4 Modale: „Alla kann lachen“ (E-Baum).................................................................798.3.5 Quantoren: „Jeder Student stöhnt“(I-Baum).........................................................808.3.6 Quantoren: „Jeder Student stöhnt“ (E-Baum).......................................................81

8.4 Alle Kompositionsprinzipien für H&K........................................................................828.5 Montagues Intensionale Logik IL................................................................................848.6 Vergleich von C- und E-Sprachen...............................................................................90

8.6.1 Übersicht über die C-, H&K- und IL-Typen.........................................................908.6.2 Intensionale und Extensionale Funktoren.............................................................91

8.7 *Vergleich von C-Sprachen mit Montagues IL...........................................................948.7.1 Von C zu IL...........................................................................................................948.7.2 Wie kompliziert müssen IL-Typen sein?..............................................................978.7.3 Die einfachsten IL-Typen...................................................................................101

8.8 Aufgaben zur Negation im System H&K..................................................................1028.9 Aufgaben zu Intension und Extension.......................................................................104

9 Abstraktion und Variablenbindung...................................................................................1069.1 Gang des Kapitels......................................................................................................1069.2 Drei Probleme mit DP-Objekten................................................................................107

9.2.1 Gebundene Pronomina........................................................................................1079.2.2 Das Problem des Objekts....................................................................................1079.2.3 Mehrdeutigkeiten bei Quantoren........................................................................108

9.3 Die Lösung: QR!........................................................................................................1089.4 Die Syntax von QR....................................................................................................1109.5 Die Semantik von QR................................................................................................1129.6 Zum Problem des Objekts: QR löst den Typenkonflikt.............................................1169.7 Quantorenmehrdeutigkeiten: QR baut zwei verschiedene LFs auf...........................1179.8 Pronomenbindung: Der durch QR erzeugte -Operator bindet Pronomina..............1179.9 Der Ort von QR: Von SS zu LF.................................................................................1189.10 Semantische Bindung...............................................................................................119

9.10.1 Skopus...............................................................................................................1199.10.2 Freie und gebundene Variablen........................................................................120

9.11 Wiederholung: Interpretationsprinzipien mit Abstraktion......................................1229.12 Zur Logik des -Operators.......................................................................................1239.13 *Braucht man QR?...................................................................................................125

9.13.1 Lösung des Typenkonflikts ohne Bewegung....................................................1259.13.2 Skopusmehrdeutigkeit ohne Bewegung............................................................1279.13.3 Variablenbindung ohne Bewegung...................................................................128

9.14 *Logische Eigenschaften des -Operators...............................................................1299.14.1 Übersicht...........................................................................................................1299.14.2 Induktive Beweise.............................................................................................1299.14.3 Wiederholung: Freie und gebundene Variablen...............................................1309.14.4 Koinzidenzlemma und geschlossene Ausdrücke..............................................1319.14.5 Überführungslemma und -Konversion...........................................................1339.14.6 Alphabetische Varianten...................................................................................138

9.15 Zusammenfassung....................................................................................................1399.16 Bemerkungen zur Literatur......................................................................................1409.17 Aufgaben zur Variablenbindung..............................................................................141

10 Kontextabhängigkeit: Deixis und Tempus......................................................................143

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10.1 Das Programm..........................................................................................................14310.2 Kontexte und Charaktere.........................................................................................14310.3 Ein Modell................................................................................................................14910.4 Tempus: LF und Semantik.......................................................................................152

10.4.1 Grundlegendes zum deutschen Tempussystem.................................................15210.4.2 Präsens und Präteritum......................................................................................15310.4.3 Komplexe Tempora...........................................................................................15410.4.4 Temporaladverbien und Mehrdeutigkeiten.......................................................157

10.5 Syntax des Auxiliarsystems: das Auxiliarprinzip....................................................15910.6 Zusammenfassung....................................................................................................16610.7 Bemerkungen zur Literatur......................................................................................16610.8 Aufgaben..................................................................................................................168

11 QR in lokalen und temporalen Verbergänzungen...........................................................17011.1 Das Programm..........................................................................................................17011.2 Ortsadverbiale..........................................................................................................171

11.2.1 Daten.................................................................................................................17111.2.2 Einfache Ortsadverbiale....................................................................................17211.2.3 Weitere Ortsdeterminatoren..............................................................................17511.2.4 Quantoren an Objekposition von lokalen PPs...................................................17611.2.5 PM ist ebenfalls nötig.......................................................................................17711.2.6 Iteration von Lokalen Adverbialen...................................................................179

11.3 Temporaladverbien..................................................................................................18111.3.1 Ziel....................................................................................................................18111.3.2 Daten.................................................................................................................18211.3.3 Indefinite deiktische Temporaladverbiale.........................................................18611.3.4 Definite Temporaladverbiale und Negation......................................................18711.3.5 Quantoren an Objektposition............................................................................18811.3.6 Temporale PPs mit vor, während, nach..........................................................191

11.4 Zusammenfassung....................................................................................................19311.5 Bemerkungen zur Literatur......................................................................................19311.6 Aufgaben..................................................................................................................196

12 Kausative Verben und Dekomposition...........................................................................19812.1 Das Programm..........................................................................................................19812.2 Daten........................................................................................................................19812.3 Was sind kausative Sachverhalte?...........................................................................19912.4 CAUSE.....................................................................................................................201

12.4.1 Drei Analyseschritte..........................................................................................20112.4.2 1. Schritt: CAUSE als eigenes Verb.................................................................20312.4.3 Zweiter Schritt: CAUSE als Derivationssuffix.................................................20412.4.4 Dritter Schritt: stellen als Lexikoneintrag........................................................206

12.5 Wann wird dekomponiert? Der wieder-Test...........................................................20612.6 Die Syntax von wieder............................................................................................20712.7 Die Semantik von wieder........................................................................................20912.8 wieder putzen...........................................................................................................21112.9 Quantoren und perfektiver Aspekt...........................................................................21112.10 Zur Syntax kausativer Verben: die Merkmale [cause] und [pf].............................21512.11 Zusammenfassung..................................................................................................21712.12 Bemerkungen zur Literatur....................................................................................218

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12.13 Appendix: Rechnungen..........................................................................................22113 Schöpfungsverben...........................................................................................................225

13.1 Ziel dieses Kapitels..................................................................................................22513.2 Indefinite Objekte und PRO.....................................................................................22513.3 Definite Objekte und der demonstrative Artikel......................................................22913.4 Quantoren und Perfektiv..........................................................................................23113.5 Unspezifische Lesarten unter wieder......................................................................23213.6 Dekomposition: bauen und aufbauen....................................................................23513.7 Freges bestimmter Artikel........................................................................................23713.8 Zusammenfassung....................................................................................................23913.9 Bemerkungen zur Literatur......................................................................................240

14 Relativsätze.....................................................................................................................24214.1 Plot...........................................................................................................................24214.2 Relativsätze..............................................................................................................242

14.2.1 Restriktive und appositive Relativsätze............................................................24214.3 Syntax von Relativsätzen.........................................................................................24314.4 Die Chomsky/Partee-Debatte...................................................................................24514.5 Extraposition............................................................................................................24714.6 Pied-Piping...............................................................................................................24814.7 LFs für Pied-Piping..................................................................................................25014.8 Andere Relativsatzkonstruktionen...........................................................................25114.9 Die Attributive Funktion..........................................................................................25214.10 Topikfunktion: Links- und Rechtsversetzung........................................................25314.11 Bemerkungen zur Literatur....................................................................................25414.12 Aufgaben................................................................................................................25414.13 Literatur..................................................................................................................254

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Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology., eds. D. Steinberg and G. Harman, 217-231. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.................................................343Montague, R. 1970. Universal Grammar. Theoria 36:373-398..............................................344Montague, Richard. 1973a. The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English. In Approaches to Natural Language, eds. Jaakko Hintikka, Julius Moravcsik and Patrick Suppes, 221-242. Dordrecht: Reidel.....................................................................................................345Montague, Richard. 1973b. The Proper Treatment of Quantification in English. In Approaches to Natural Language. Proceedings of the 1970 Stanford Workshop on Grammar and Semantics., eds. J. Hintikka, J. Moravcsik and P. Suppes, 221-242. Dordrecht: Reidel. 346Müller, Gereon. 1995. A-bar Syntax. A Study in Movement Types.vol. 42: Studies in Generative Grammar. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter................................................347Musan, Renate. 1997. On the Temporal Interpretation of Noun Phrases: Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics. New York & London: Garland..................................................348Newmeyer, F. 1980. Linguistic Theory in America: The 1. Quarter-Century of Transformational Generative Grammar. New York: Academic Press..................................349Parsons, Terence. 1990. Events in the Semantics of English. A Study in Subatomic Semantics. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.....................................................................................................350Partee, B. 1976. Some Transformational Extensions of Montague Grammar. In Montague Grammar, ed. B. Partee, 51-76. New York: Academic Press.................................................351Partee, Barbara. 1973. Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English. Journal of Philosophy 70:601-609..........................................................................................352Paslawska, Alla, and von Stechow, Arnim. 2003. Perfect Readings in Russian. In Perfect Explorations, ed. Rathert Alexiadou, von Stechow. Berlin: Mouton de Guyter....................353Pollard, Carl, and Sag, Ivan A. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: Studies in Contemporary Linguistics. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press................354Prior, A. 1967. Past, Present, and Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press........................355Quine, Williard van Orman. 1960. Word and Object: Studies in Communication. New York/London: The Technology Press of The Massachusetts Institute of Technology/John Wiley & Sons..........................................................................................................................356Radford, Andrew. 1997. Syntactic theory and the structure of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press......................................................................................................................357Rapp, Irene. 1996. Zustand? Passiv? - Überlegungen zum sogenannten Zustandspassiv. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 15:231-265.......................................................................358Rapp, Irene. 1997. Partizipien und semantische Struktur: Studien zur deutschen Grammatik. Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag Brigitte Narr GmbH.............................................................359Rapp, Irene, and von Stechow, Arnim. 1999. Fast "almost" and the Visibility Parameter for Functional Adverbs. Journal of Semantics 16:149-204..........................................................360Reichenbach, Hans. 1947. Elements of Symbolic Logic. London: Collier-MacMillan..........361Reinhart, T. 1976. The Syntactic Domain of Anaphora, MIT: Ph.D. Dissertation................362Rooth, Mats. 1992. A Theory of Focus Interpretation. Natural Language Semantics 1:75-116..................................................................................................................................................363Ross, John. 1986. Infinite Syntax! Norwood NJ: Albex.........................................................364Ross, John Robert. 1967. Constraints on Variables in Syntax, MIT, Cambridge, Mass.: Ph.D. Dissertation.............................................................................................................................365Ross, John Robert. 1972. Act. In Semantics of Natural Language, eds. Donald Davidson and Gilbert Harman, 70-126. Dordrecht: Reidel...........................................................................366Russell, B. 1905. On Denoting. Mind 14:479-493..................................................................367Russell, Bertrand, and Whitehead, Alfred North. 1978. Principia Mathematica. Frankfurt:

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Cambridge University Press....................................................................................................368Schlenker, Philippe. 2003. A Plea for Monsters. Linguistics & Philosophy 26:29-120.........369Schönfinkel, M. 1924. Über die Bausteine der mathematischen Logik. Mathematische Annalen 92:305-316................................................................................................................370Schwarz, Bernhard. 1998. Reduced Conditionals in German: Event Quantification and Definiteness. Natural Language Semantics 6:271-301...........................................................371Stalnaker, R. 1978. Assertion. In Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics, ed. P. Cole, 315-332. New York: Academic Press....................................................................................................372Stalnaker, Robert. 1973. Presuppositions. Journal of Philosophical Logic 2:447-457..........373Sternefeld, Wofgang. 2006. Syntax. Tübingen: Staufenburg Verlag......................................374Sternefeld, Wolfgang. 2000. Syntax. Eine merkmalbasierte generative Analyse des Deutschen: Unpublished Manuscript.........................................................................................................375Sternefeld, Wolfgang. 2005. *Syntax*. Ms. Tübingen...........................................................376Vendler, Zeno. 1957. Verbs and Times. The Philosophical Review 66:143-160...................377Vergnaud, Jean R. 1974. French Relative Clauses. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 378von Fintel, Kai. 1994. Restrictions on Quantifier Domains, University of Massachusetts, Amherst: Ph.D. Dissertation...................................................................................................379von Stechow, Arnim. 1980. Modification of Noun Phrases. A Challenge for Compositional Semantics. Theoretical Linguistics 7, 1/2:57-110...................................................................380von Stechow, Arnim, and Sternefeld, Wolfgang. 1988. Bausteine syntaktischen Wissens. Ein Lehrbuch der generativen Grammatik. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag...............................381von Stechow, Arnim. 1991a. Current issues in the theory of focus. In Semantik - Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung, eds. Arnim von Stechow and Dieter Wunderlich, 804-824. Berlin/ New York: de Gruyter............................................................382von Stechow, Arnim. 1991b. Syntax und Semantik. In Semantik - Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung, eds. Arnim von Stechow and Dieter Wunderlich, 90-148. Berlin/ New York: de Gruyter........................................................................................383von Stechow, Arnim. 1995. Tense in Intensional Contexts: Two Accounts of Abusch's Theory of Tense. In The Blaubeuren Papers......................................................................................384Proceedings of the Workshop on Recent Developments in the Theory of Natural Language Semantics, October 9-16th 1994 - Vol. II, eds. Fritz Hamm, Joachim Kolb and Arnim von Stechow. Tübingen: SfS Nr. 09-95.........................................................................................385von Stechow, Arnim. 1996a. Against LF-Pied-Piping. Natural Language Semantics 4:57-110..................................................................................................................................................386von Stechow, Arnim. 1996b. The Different Readings of Wieder "Again": A Structural Account. Journal of Semantics 13:87-138..............................................................................387von Stechow, Arnim. 1999. Temporally Opaque Arguments in Verbs of Creation. In Festschrift per Andrea Bonomi, ed. Bruno Cecchetto. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.....388von Stechow, Arnim. 2002. Temporally Prepositions with Quantifiers: Some Additions to Pratt & Frances (2001). Linguistics and Philosophy:48.........................................................389von Stechow, Arnim. 2003. How are Results Represented and Modified? Remarks on Jäger & Blutner´s Anti-Decomposition. In Modifying Adjuncts, eds. C. Fabricius-Hansen and et al., 417-454. Berlin.......................................................................................................................390Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922/1984. Tractatus logico-philosophicus, 7-86: Suhrkamp...........391Zeijlstra, Hedde. 2004. Sentential Negation and Negative Concord. Utrecht: LOT..............392Zimmermann, E. T. 1991. Kontextabhängigkeit. In Semantik. Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung., eds. Arnim von Stechow and Dieter Wunderlich, 156-228. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter......................................................................................393

9


Zimmermann, Malte. 2002. Boys Buying Two Sausages Each. On the Syntax and Semantics of Distance-Distributivity, Universiteit van Amsterdam: Dissertation...................................394Zimmermann, Th. E. 1993. Zu Risiken und Nebenwirkungen von Bedeutungspostulaten. Linguistische Berichte 146:263-282.......................................................................................395Zimmermann, Thomas Ede. 2001a. Unspecificity and Intensionality. In Audiatur Vox Sapientiae. A Festschrift for Arnim von Stechow, eds. Caroline Féry and Wolfgang Sternefeld, 414-533. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.........................................................................................396Zimmermann, Thomas Ede. 2001b. Semantik und Pragmatik. Ms. Universität Frankfurt.. . .397Index........................................................................................................................................399

10


11

v.Stechow Ausdruck:30.06.2005

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17


INDEX

-Konversion, 129, 133, 135

-Konversion, 54

-Konversion (informell), 124

-Schreibweise, 56

(Logische) Typen, 44

a priori, 149

Abduktion, 195

absolut, 149

Abstraktion, 16, 21

Abstraktionsregel, 112, 115

Abstraktionsregel, 123

Adjunkt, 52

AL-kontingent, 69

Alphabetische Varianten, 124, 129, 138,

139

AL-Tautologie, 69

analytisch, 149

Apposition, 243

appositiver Relativsatz

appositiver, 242

Argument, 48

Argumente, 20

Argumentvariable, 53

assignment, 113

atomare Sätze, 59

Attribut, 52

Attribute, 252

aufbaute, 236

Aussagenlogik (AL), 59

Aussagenvariablen, 69

Autonomie der Syntax, 245

Bäume, 34, 36

Bauprinzipien für Bäume, 36

baute, 228

Bedeutung, 4, 5, 10, 11, 25, 44, 84

Bedeutungen vom Typ a, 45

BedeutungF, 84

Bedeutungsbereiche, 45

Belegungen, 113

Belegungsunabhängigkeit von

geschlossenen Ausdrücken, 132

bestimmte Zeitdeterminator DEF, 188

Bewegung, 37

Bewegungsindex, 110

Beweis des Überführungslemmas, 136

CAUSE als Derivationssuffix, 205

C-Bäume, 72

Charakter, 144

charakteristische Funktionen, 22

c-Kommando, 35

D(ab) = DbD, 45

Da, 45

Dänische, 246

Das Auxiliarprinzip, 165

Das Auxiliarprinzip, 159

Das Possessivpronomen, 141

Das Präsens, 154

Das Präteritum, 154

de Morgan, 71

Definitionsbereich, 2018


deiktisch, 149

Dekomponieren, 206

Der Demonstrativartikel diese, 230

Der Matching-Operator m, 191

Die Kopfgeneralisierung, 161

direkte Objekt, 33, 40

divisiv, 200

dom(f), 20

Domänenbeschränkung, 53

Dominanz, 34, 35

D-Struktur, 40

E-Bäume, 72

Elementbeziehung, 14

Elemente, 14

EM, 38

Ereignismodifikatoren, 194

Erweiterte semantische Bereiche, 76

Erweiterte Typen, 76

E-Typ (Extensionstyp), 76

Extension, 72, 75

extensionaler Funktor, 94

Extensor, 86

External Merge, 36

externen Ereignismodifikator, 195

Externes Merge, 38

Extraposition, 247

FA(funktionale Applikation), 25

Falschheit, 4

falso quodlibet, 71

FI, 52

Fokussierung, 183

Folgebeziehung, 6

Folgerung, 6

fort, 146

Fregeprinzip, 2

Freges bestimmter Artikel, 238

Freges bestimmter Artikel

kontextabhängig, 238

Freges Kontextprinzip, 11

Fregesche Programm, 2

Fregesches Kontextprinzip, 2

frei in, 121, 131

frei zur Substitution, 134

Freie Variable, 121

Freie Variablen, 130

Frequenzadverbien, 183

Funktion, 14, 20

Funktionalapplikation (= FA), 123

funktionale Applikation, 20

funktionale Applikation, 26

Funktionale Applikation (FA), 57

Funktionaler Verkettung, 52

Funktionskonversion, 21

Funktor, 48

Futur, 156

gebunden in, 121, 130

Gebundene Variable, 121

Gebundene Variablen, 130

geordnetes Paar, 18

geschlossen, 122, 131

grammatischen Funktionen, 40

Grundregeln, 129

hier, 146, 174

Hochstufung

19


Skopusinversion, 128

Hyponymie, 7

I-Bäume, 72

IFA/E-Typ, 80

IFA/I, 79

IM, 38

Implikation, 6

Index, 145

Individuen, 18, 45

Induktionsanfang, 130

Induktionsschritte, 130

Induktionsvoraussetzung, 130

Induktives Beweisschema, 130

informativer, 7

Inkompatibilität, 9

Intension, 72, 75, 76

Intension eines Ausdrucks, 74

Intension eines transitiven Verbs, 75

intensional, 72

Intensionale Funktionalapplikation, 123

intensionaler Funktor, 94

intensionales AL–Modell, 61

Internal Merge, 37

interner Ereignismodifikation, 195

Internes Merge, 38

Interpretationsprinzipien (mit

Domänenbeschränkung), 123

I-Typ (Intensionstyp oder Sinntyp), 76

Japanisch, 245

Japanische Topikkonstruktion, 253

jedeC Sandburg, 232

jederC Stiefel, 214

Junktoren, 59

k1 c-kommandiert k2, 35

Kanten, 34

Kategoriensymbol, 36

Knoten, 34, 35, 36

Mutterknoten, 34

Tochterknoten, 34

Koindizierung, 32

Koinzidenz., 131

Koinzidenzlemma, 123, 131

Koinzidenzlemmas, 129

Kompatibilität, 8

Kompositionalitätsprinzip, 10

Kompositionsprinzipien für CH-Sprachen,

147

Kontext, 143

Kontextbeschränkte Determinatoren, 215,

232

Kontextkoordinaten, 151

Kontradiktion, 9

Konzeptuelle Struktur, 196

kopfinterne Relativsatzkonstruktion, 251

koverte Bewegungsregel, 118

Lexem, 36

Lexikon, 38, 57, 123

Lexikoneinträge, 36

Lexikoneinträge für IL, 85

liegen, 174

liegt, 173

Linksversetzung, 253

LOC, 174

Logische (situationsunabhängige) Wörter,

20


81

Logische Äquivalenz, 8

logische Konstanten, 69

logische Typen, 56

Logischen Form, 40

logischen Relationen, 6

Logischer Form (LF), 30

Logischer Raum, 7

Mengen, 14

Differenz, 15

Durchschnitt, 15

leere Menge, 14, 15

Potenzmenge, 15

Teilmenge, 14, 15

Vereinigung, 15

Mengenabstrakt, 16

Mengenkonversion, 17

Merge, 38

Metasprache, 14

minimalistische Modell, 42

Mittelfeld, 32

Modifikation der Belegung g, 114

Modifikation von g, 114

Modifikator, 52

modifizierte Belegung, 114

mögliche Situationen, 5

möglichen Welten, 5

Montague, 12, 125

Montagues Intensor, 86

Montagues Leitlinie für IL-Typen, 85

Namensintension, 75

Neugriechisch, 251

nicht-logische Wörter, 81

notwendig, 149

Oberflächenstruktur, 40

Objektsprache, 14

offen, 131

Ortsdeterminator DEF, 176

Perfektiver Aspekt Perfektiv, 213

Phonetischen Form, 40

Phrasen, 37

Pied-Piping (Rattenfängerei), 248

PM, 51

Prädikatsintensionen, 75

Prädikatsmodifikation, 123

Prädikatsmodifikation (PM), 57

Prädikatsmodifikation/Schnittbildung,

51

Pragmatik, 196

Präzedenz (Links-Rechts-Beziehung), 36

prejacent, 209

Prinzip der vollständigen Interpretation,

56

Prinzip der vollständigen Interpretation

(Principle of Full Interpretation = FI), 41

PRO, 227

Proposition, 5

QR-e PRO, 228

Quantifying-in, 140

Quantoren, 18, 20

Quantorenanhebung, 108

range(f), 20

Rechtsversetzung, 253

Referenzpunkt, 146

21


Referenzzeit, 154

reflexiv, 20

rekonstruieren, 41

rekursiven Regeln, 129

Relation, 19

Nachbereich, 20

Vorbereich, 20

Relativpronomen, 244

REL-Bewegung, 243

restitutiv, 207

restriktiven Relativsatz

restriktiver, 242

resumptiv, 251

Rumänische, 246

Sandburg, 226

Satzbedeutungen, 16

Satzextension, 75

Satzintension, 74

Satzmodus, 41

Satzregel, 24

Schönfinkelisierung, 52

Scrambling, 60

Scrambling, 33

Semantik für die Variablenregel, 113

semantische Bindung, 120, 136

Semantischen Form, 196

Sinn, 84

SinnF, 84

Situationen, 45

Skopus, 18, 119

Spezifikator-Kopf-Kongruenz, 161

Sprachvermögen, 1

Spur, 32, 109

Spurenindex, 110

starre Designatoren, 152

States, 199

stellen, 206

strukturell mehrdeutig, 65

Subjekt, 33

Subjekt, 24, 40

Subjektidentifikation, 51

Substitutionsbeziehung, 133

Substitutionsoperator, 133

symmetrisch, 20

synkategorematisches Symbol, 110

Synonymie, 8

syntaktische Bindung, 120

Syntax, 38

synthetisch a priori, 149

Tautologie, 61

Teilintervall-Eigenschaft, 200

Teilmengenbeziehung, 14

temporale Indefinitquantor , 186

temporalen Präpositionen in/an/IN, 186

Termmodell für AL, 62

thematische Rollen, 40

Tiefenstruktur, 40

Topikalisierung, 30

Topikpronomen, 253

transitiv, 20

transparente LFs, 120

Typen, 44

Typenentsprechung, 45

typengetrieben funktionale Applikation,

22


56

typengetriebene Funktionalapplikation, 48

Typenhochstufung, 126

Überführungslemma, 135

Überführungslemma, 129

unbestimmte Ortsartikel , 173

unmittelbaren Skopus, 120

Unverträglichkeit, 9

Variablen, 18, 111, 131

gebundene Variablen, 18, 120, 131

Variablenregel, 112

Variablenregel, 123

Verbzweit-Stellung, 30

Verträglichkeit, 8

Vorfeld, 32

VP-Regel, 26

Wahrheit, 4

Wahrheit und Falschheit von Charakteren,

148

Wahrheit und Falschheit von

Propositionen, 5

Wahrheitsbedingung, 2

Wahrheitsbedingungen-Semantik, 4, 5

W-Bewegung, 243

Wertebereich, 20

Wertverlauf, 21

Widerspruch, 9

wieder, 209

X-bar-Theorie, 38

x-Variante von g, 114

Zeitabhängige Nomina, 226

Zustand/State, 200

Zustände, 199

Zweiwertigkeitsprinzip, 5

23

Documents

english grammar - uni-tuebingen.deastechow/Lehre/WS06_7/Sem… · Web view7.2.2 AL-Modelle mit Redehintergrund 65. 7.3 Extensionale Aussagenlogik 67. 7.4 Intensionale versus extensionale