^anaprij/tfENGLISH

1

I

NGLISH GRABy : Mungara Koteswara -Rao,;

". Edition :

AUGUST 1997.

J"*

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J.P. English Grammar 3 * e33|j>d& soASt

CONTENTS"til"

English Alphabet

(%sog

JLP. Engligh Grammar

Silent Letters Degrees of Comparison

(e&a-^atf esJCtf&aea) TO,'Active Voice and Passive , Formation of Degrees

Voice(aftf^tftf-

'

'(s-Sa&o ao^raSsfcadfo cpitfa) 73 Comparison Adverbs . / r-

From Active Voice to ([dSp>"SEaS$x>o S^Passive Voice- 74 Punctuation Marks

From Passive Voice to - - - (ao*&> QS^Sa'Active Voice 75 Usage of Punctuation

Direct Speech and Indirect Marks

Speech (^S^gK^^es ,&c&> sSGf*jC 55^) 76 Same words in Different

From Direct Speech to Parts" of Speech a

Indirect Speech 77- iFSpEVVerb. Complement Formation of words

(f5d&-sS&^gsSa) 83Verb-Mood

(rSdao-flsf 83Formation of Nouns

Tense (^cdr-^e)^) 85" (^^Kinds of Tenses

" Formation of Verbs

BParticiple (^a^ L ^) 88 ! rn"ltion of AdjectivesKinds of Participles

^PT ' Confused wordsof Tenses 91 , ^Tense Charts - (atfafcrito Stf&>) i g

- Stress on Syllables

Ql:

2 J' English Grammar .5.

aSjbdfi oA$

^.*i^^.ji^^^

ENGLISH ALPHABET (orf wSC5&-crt*

.

V- CO""

*M,

' /, *sog jpa3.... "Alphabet

)" eda >odj'&.'8ia,Bo&^sS35ex): 1] Print, 2] Script Letters

Capital Letters - (Tbtf ^tf&oeo), (b) , Small Letters

1] (A)R. B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P3RSTUVWXYZB) Lettersi b c d e f g h i j k 1 m .n, o p q is; u v w .x y.z

^

OtfSoSSa>4Ass^ocor (a) 'Capital Letters,

b) Small letters, baa- ^s ^fiotf] (A) Capital

e s T u .v w x Y

English

Letters'

ghljklmnap 'q r ; t u v

letter

'^

*****

Yoels : "A, B;I, Q, .U"

Semi-Voweis

-*'Capital letter' rp

- 26 ^

. 1] Vowd. (.^), 2] Consorts

^u : 1] "Water(^); Walk (r) ; Yard (c^f);'

English Gramm^ t

2]u

My (a); sky (^r ),; Paddy (^g&) ; Happyes& sStfSioo (Sfioefc-Yfttftf ^6oS,..oS&yr? tf

&?S^- fc

Sound ' Example

A : -- a rate(3

J.P. English Grammar

T~ T I

.

bottle (o-flfi"),

c '. 5 notice (Sa5.), city (8>

f chemist ("&f), copper'

5 cheap (b5), chicken5. Machine (aiiff), chivilry

D . 5 ' down (3-^), day

p . . 5'

'

finger (&o*5"),fate

G .:

^ dog(tr/T), goat

,f merge (3nf), wge *

S , laugh (sr5), enough (ci^'

H . & orse )' Ilot

j . ff jump (ssoS), jolly (a-6).K . r

'

key (I), kick (r).L .

'

5- lock (of), long

M . S> monkey (&ol), nticeN . S" name (^Si), neck (3).P ..' - S post (SJ), pen (l

5 graph (in-S), phone

Q .'' ' 4 1* (S^)' qUite ClR . 5" roof (55), road (&S)S'. ? S school (jSy^-6"), slate (

. S V . shot (SfS"), state

T . .'

g- tea (e5),ticket

$ thick (Sf ), thing (abfi)5 that (a 6"), there (So).

, mention S>, section

English Grammar

X

vote

- S\ fix

Example

), six.(at,).

Examination

joy (spdc), yard (aforty (^S), eopy/Vi),by (EV-type'tS 5)'Zebra

(4[_p), Zeal (le ).

.

"syllable (ftessff)" aS) ou-Ca.;8,1 esiS^

n-fe.'syllables'

arffi&S

spelling

[Soft StfSo!&. syllablesr?

1] shower (sho-wer^-^), 2] power (po-wer=>-5-\ g]'beyond (be-yondrra-d^oa), 4] brother (bro-ther=iB-tf5-)~5] either (ci-therssas-Sff), 6] examination (exa.mi-na.tjon=

,,., -1 & (S sSesSb- Bo& syllables rpSb, sE'^syllables rf&> S^SotfiaarSa. cat, rat, out, putdog,

,a.-| syllables' ^5S ^4ss>"s

Po English Grammar 10

PARTS OFPEECH

B\ -tS. OB'S....

"Parts of Speech

1] Noun

4] Adjective (s^position (atf j?

juction

2] Verb(L d&) t 3], 5] Adverb' (L d^ Blsi'wsSaa), 6] pre-

7] conjuction (tSsS3atf^cBoSS)i . 8] Inter-

(Nouns)" &9^) wofij'do.

Definition:. A noun is the name of a person,

place or thing etc.

:- 1] Suman (v&&"):= &&h Istib! 2] India (ejoflcSir-)=:-tab!- 8] Godavafi (^cs*sSG)= SfiliCfif 4] Tenali

! 5] Ghair

1],Rama is a good boy (o*&a

J'.P. English Grammar ii e3J&|.fcc&

Def. :- A word which' expresses doing, being or.posscssinis called a verb!

''

-

eat (8&fc):='3tf(sSiO)f

a Sc^&^&. 2] is'&^a. 8] have (GAc&>oefo)==

l

A

4] kill (tfosg>fc)=4

sto'a s&c&^&^a. 5]

1] The ballis round (a^a^ rt>Q\&&*rr

2] Who sits on the bench (cag3} Gopi killed a bird

4] He ovyns a building

*5] The maid brings water (3a&aft fccfi

2) 53^j&ooSotf)- "is, sits, killed, owns, brings"io^o- 'verbs'

3]

. : A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun.

1] He (wtfefc), It (a.E^. : Surest bought an apple. He gave t to Ramcsh &>

"He" ^^Sfi- ^uresh'so Didbon-&, "it"-

apple'

2] She (a>\ Her-E^. .'Ravali has a Maruthi Can She presented it to hersister (tfsSJS- .sb^efifisfS" ^rS^fi,,

emx>, "It" ^ir:a- "Marutlii

J'.JP. Bngiigtx Grammar

car",-

"her" &f5a- Ravi

8] TheyEx.: Raju and Ranjith are friends! They are CricketersS&dc&o tfo&ITeo l^o

"" '

- Raju and Ranjith

l] ;l am a boy (^ s?eo&&)! 2] YOU are a teacher (S^Co-

^ed&oeo)! 2] He 'went to Tenali '(&&. ^ Sipjefo). 4]is a. dancer T^s"So

'SjJS)!" 5JThey are. playing tennis (syefi-

-

"I," you, He, She, They" c*&^2too^,...:

'

corv &

4] ABJECTIVE

^Adjectives" e5?S

De/. :-An Adjective is a word which tells the quality, qu'anthj-or -number 'of a noun.

dkcp-ii :- 1] Red '(^esjsS)), 2] Little (rdBsSa), 8]Five (oc), I

Beautiful (wotfSbS), 5] Big (!)), 8] Soft (3a'tf)...

1] Swetha''is;

'a beautifui--girl

2] The Earth is'round ^

8] There are thirty boys in .the class room(tftfX8 n

8] J.P. English Orammer la

5] DVERB(

>- "Adverbs"f. :.An Adverb is a word which describes a verb, an adje-

ctive or another adverb.*".- 1] Chitra sings sweetly fig m

. ^^ ^&&o&\ #s"sings" & verb &.

"sweetly" & adverb. --,TS

*''-2] Sasi is a very good girl ^5- oo

adjective &. "very" ^& adverb

3J Jayaram teaches very loudly. (esdS^o ft{Jn-'J

"loudly" ^& Adverb c^b-"very"

1] Sujatha came, yesterday ^i,^^. a^ ac^Sa). 2] The childis crying loudly fig Mean* fiefc&^a-). 8j My mother walksyery slowly

,(&. e^-^e>. as^arv; ^&&oa). 4] Vandanawrites

'well^otfS- ^^^n" L530?? '3 )- 5] Ramya loves Raghudeeply (tfsfcg...;tfb&- rv^sSan*" ^^^^a)."yesterday, loudly, very, slowly, well, deeply"

Adverbs rv e

6] Preposition- prepositions n

Sktf^tfo fSoeaotfS$x>& g^ ^tf^fP&SSao, i1^es^?S^b sfctf|S

.J,P. English Grammer

3e$ : -Sfc'^e>^ ('

(A. prepositionV-

-a. word which

the relationship- between a noun or., pronoun 'and:;-some

other wore!]. . . . . .'

" ";

E.Y.:- ll The pen is in tie "pocket . '(&: &&g*'3>ti^&j* $*_x",v..,^-

"pen", "pocket" es& oo^ noun'

CO'O ;^^M'w tV*'. 1 XT .

i^x^- "in" s*& preposition gSc&^&^fc.

21 Sadlia is kind to me (&Sf ^g>&^^-4^A' hi me l! ^& proiio-un, sb,

ukindn

rfa adjective

so{sS^sSx^-* 4

to" =^^ preposition c^Co^ ,&%&.

*d1 Kaveri came from Mumbai (s'^d &iOE?o ^

-j SPSV^^- '"came" a&'verb_^ ? "Mumbai" .w& noun

^ v . v%! < ,.. ,, v

J.P. English Grammer 15 fi3f6[&c& goAS [rrft&5"

2] Give me a penor pencil (V^&o 3cp fcrSsg) ^>o

s^oa,)! 3 a^fta ^>55i;oro&- "Give me a pen", "Give me a

pe-ncil" es& "Bodfc syg'gSSao axis'! tfs c3o&> s^i'gS&ooJfe- "or"

eu"^sp^g&inP eoS&&r5jfi.

8] Padma is clever but lazy (sS^- "Padma is clever", "Padma is lazy" && "3o&S

1

! "but" *& sSeSsSa-

1] Suseelaand Janaki are good singers (&& &8dtS ss*J58

xr)! 2] Use penor pencil /Vo&o 9f fcri^ s3>e>c& &S3

)! 8] Shyam is poor but hohest(&sScfiefo)! 4J The train started before r reached the

railway -station (&6 2%'"!^^" ^^*D^ ^odSbrrJ3 *.. L^oco^8Dd3oeo3af6a- 5]

When the teacher entered the class, thestudents got up (&i^gc&>- tftfrfB ^(wc)"

fi

^ [aSS^o'tfrr'S....

Sjc^geico aoerj7c&). -e'e Ej-^gSawodfO.... /'and, -or,-, but, before,when" o?6i sSfsSae- 'conjunctions* n* J)doo ^-

*

8] InterjectionL'J

"Interjections'1

wO

(An Interjection is a word which expresses suddenfeelings like surprise, sorrow, fear, joy, etc.,),Ex.:.

1]Alas! She is dead

,(e*3jg! a3)4l

Alaslf

e5^o SStfsS- ?3o^iS:b^ SOifi

2j Hurrah! Padma wonthe championship (-uV^! sSfiJj"Hurrah"

J.P, English Grammer '18 (&'

8] Ah] How.-beautiful Is this building'

.. ....''Ah" C3& ^oSD>,

;

Alasi Is it your mother who met in the accident

new typist

got- the state

.efr8....

uA!as, Oh, Hurrah"

ArticlesUA or An"

,

"

Articles =(

Parts of speech) r

Kinds of Articles :-

j^wx>ex>n *i^Soa*db. l] "A or An"

Article, 2]uThe"e^^a- Definite

^3 Articles &- &

]Oh! Are You the,,

^] Hurrah! you have

*c^5)!! ^c sys"^'.'Interjections' r? ^T ;

"

'ofJrVicxv, Adjectives

Indefinite

Article.

"a, e, i, o, u"

JLP. English Grammer 1,7

Usage of 'A' or 'An'

l] es&^rpaber Common

rvS 'Singular

v.:. An eye, An. ass, An orange, an umbrella, an idol etc.

2] STO)^ n"fc\ jg> tf^sr* rvfe [^tfoOosSB3& 'S^sSrfrS/Ex. :- A bench,- 'A*

chair, A donkey, A fox, A soldier, A union

3] apsfcoprfg1

SS^^D^^WH"

etc.

. :- An honest.(35) man, An

etc.

,

An A

4] "U11

esS

"A"

university A Europeanetc.

5,]"One"

2Sv. :- A one (*$Ksta):i.1] iS^e*..... S)tftf^SrS) Sex)SS) nouns

So S^oe5

c?0. ^.:- The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The Sky" etc.

2] &S;b(j&Dex>, StfrfS&e,.S&e-, ^^^00^SDDDO^- *The

f

a AS5c^pAocy>). v. : . The Atlantic

The Himalayas (Stf^sSajeo), The Ganges (Sfl), The Bay ofBengal (w^tfsia) etc.

8} [SSag |^ofsSe figSi ^o&-4

The1

a ksScSr'Aoa'O. ^,. ;

The Bible, The Koran, The Ramayan, The Mahabharath etc,

J.P. English Grammar .'

'IB

4] V& ..(Steffi '>- '>5 "SM^sior? cSrSo &>o&.... 'Thie'S &63s*Ao^8'AY;- The cow is a domestic

animal, % .

5]U&?c3* Q

"

eScp "j(3 3S&&" e*& otf&o S5&N S$tfS$b.&J S_j, . ^_

_

-'

cp vJ

So&- 4 The' & &3$SpftoE>. &,:-. The book you presented me

was too good*

8] Superlative degree (^^>3^^|^)^ 4^ adjective S , S:oo(Sb-{Tlie* ^j &3^Aoa>.. *.:- Murnbai is the most populated city'in India.

T] "The" $&&- estfcyfc. ^ooeir?fc, ^ci^ c^^ iiooeibrrfosSO^.^o.... "6" 55 1C) s5osS). Ex. :- The (a) egg,The honest (a

*

S5S5) 8] "The" ^^^5- ^co& sS^oCin^^ sS^cotf^S &;o^jr!t)63 / J O , ' O i

.sSfi^cSieSo...'."dS" e5^.sSes^), v. : The (eS) poor. The (ci) usage,

'^ Kinds of'MonnsNouns &- -s^

O

.SDabsr^ .OsJaoiPdi. eS isSSn .,.; l] Proper Noun, '2] Common

Noun, 8] 'Collective Noun, . 4] Material Noun, 6] Abstract

Noun, .tfs.ai^pfiSS*.... stotffl f3'ex)^) ^xjo&- "Concrete, Nouns

O fO

1] Proper Noun (Sgj l^

nXisir|Cj'& "Proper Nouns"

3*&.-'Ex.i.- Ramani ('tf&sS^ = e,^- sS

J.P. English Urammer

3] Collective Noun (fiao&ekeo SCP sS&s&o j3sSDjSj'^c& Seosjj . "&&)! Crowd,'Mob (&&sfcge .f5sS3Tsfo&eo)i Herd, Flock fao&^o . fS&r^&o)!Pack, Bunch

'(sS^s&e>.:.SSsS^s^sS)!. .

,.

.

.

4] Material Noun'(^i5g ^.ic^^.^^^^^w):-^^

a-" Material .Nouns"^a ^o&r^.- ^'.: Oil, Milk, Gas,

Gold, Silver, Mud, Water, Iron, Coal, Sand, -Chalk- 'Rice, Paddy,

Wheat etc.". . ': v ,- .'

:

;

'

'; \ .-

'

'!'"'

4 music SoAtf&>, . dance- (tf&o'), .literature '(Srgj^tfg^)...

.

. ,

.

.

.

.Bj.,Grammer (s^gg'o^cOD),. Geogrpphy (^p^tffio), Palinistry

Abstract, Nouns- 'Adjectives1

,

'Verbs1

,

*Common Nouns* &o.& -Sitf

J.P. English Grammer 20 3OA &

Adjective Abstract Noun

goodold

(

hard (rfg)poor "itf

goodness

oldness

hardness

poverty

see

think

obey

grow

Abstract Noun

sight'(^^.}

thought^S

16-,

obediejice

growth'

Common Noun Abstract

child

friend

slave

man

childhood(

friendship (gpslavery

manhood

Kinds of Verbs

6's'^.2x>rr> &tfdoEp& a JMSSr?'......1] Transitive verb

.2] Intransitive verb- (wtt^tf ifldS*),, 8] ! Finite verb

iSs&), 4] Infinitive .verb (oSsSpSStf LSc38:.), 5] Wealverb (&tfy L cJSi), 6] .Strong verb (Ls3K6 L8crf>), ?J Principalverb (:Sai| cfia), a].Auxiliary verb (KSsJsoaSJT iSc&)!l.JTraasitiye Verb:- '^ .(subject/a*a>- Vtfi (object)' 6 aoabSgjn-"Transitive Verbs

sStftf^ LfldSw)>

to her guests

4] JJ>. English Grammar aj

(gives)'! tfB;LSc&- "her guests (-i)63tf^'

2] Rwxthi reads the Ramayana everyday

&&&oa). ^e srtfgSfrS*,,.,, 'tf^ (Revathi)'(reads) ! ^e L o6- "The Ramayana

2] Intransitive Verb:--

"Intransitive Verbs (wtf^tf L d6ex))"

1] Doha

Stf^db. SO&&,,..

2] Usha runs fast . *.

3] Finite Verb :- a L o^ StfsS 3s3...B-s-gtfss ^6

"Finite Verbs

1] They go to office-

^go7

! sia a&^5*. "They to office

2] The girls play chess

Si6^- "play"

J.P. English Grammar

8]To tyo>

53*gc&n>&&o)l

5J Weak Verb ;. S &>$g .SdSpsSeJ^^. present tenseSN^ol

Verbs

past tense d-rsSs&& 2ro&S$*> 4-d\

4

-ed' '-t' SSSN^ suffixol

Present Tense Past Tense adding Suffix

1] walk - walked (.ed)2] talk

- talked (.ed)2] believe _ believed (_d)4] receive _ received (-d)5] send _ sent (.t)

6] lend _ lent (.t)

6] Strong Verb :. s$s>g ^c&oi (Principal Verbs)- presenttense &>od~ past tense cipi^b STo&S&^b....^ &os>Qidi>o 'fi^sSii

8)L w

^eo (inside vowels)5

s5j*el^

J.P. Engligh Grammar 28

8] Auxiliary Verb:. &>g[Sc&a> (principal verbs)-SSDO tense Co^&oeo STo&fcSfo c6s$*c&& L c&e&,...

"

AuxiliaryVerbs (*& |c&e)" ^ o&?&.

wS is$f6r? ..."]] Be, 2] Have, 8] Do ? 4] Can s S]-May f

6] Will, 7] Shall, 8] Must" ^& ^ ^dfio .^^^ tfp&fcreS8....

41Need, Dare, Ought, Used" -5& r^ ^^ 'Anomalous Verbs'

4 Anomalous Finites (&&i,c&^ ^

Kinds of Pronouns

B pronouns^S SsSSrr 1

....!] Personal Pronouns,1

2V Possessive Pronouns,8] Relative Pronouns, 4]' Demonstrative Pronouns, 1 Interro-

J,P. English Grammar 24

gative pronouns, 6] Distributive pronouns, 7] Indefinite Pro-

nouns, 8] Reflexive pronouns, 9J Reciprocal pronouns.

1] Personal pronouns (%

&- "Personal

pronouns"

J.P. English Grammar 25

3] Relative Pronouns

^PDO&> g'oD^b (relate)^ &sSAo& ?6^f^&sSx)e&- "Relative

pronouns" esS) eso&pdb. 3) 5)sS^rv .. who, whom, whose, which,

that, what, as, but etc. SJO&'&T> t^ ?5o>oo6r&. -^s (

1"] That is the womanwho stole my bangles

oC^^ *3&)! ^s s^^g&D^a- "who" o$t c5^c3&&D.- "That is

the woman" ^5dio "She stole my bangles7

21 This is the bride vr/zow I wish to takeJ

tou)?6 S5db^) ^eS))! e sp^g&D^T8^- "whom

"This is the bride" 6>eidto "I wish to take" e3

4] Demonstrative Pronouns

o?6D- "Demonstrative Pronouns"

JJP* English Grammar 28 sjoAS

5] Interrogative Pronouns (|"Who (s$&), whom (j>s$ea), whosewhat (JiSfca)

1*

a?& [fS^co"Interrogative pronouns" e$> e$o

*:1]

tfVz0 is your father

"whow e^bcStfj?&sSD- ^o[fl

117/^f Is your name )

AV,v : . "Who" ^&f5w&?:a- s:&ft&& ; "which 51

1]"W'Ao is she?" *&'

name (osi -53^o)?" j&

2] -WA/f/j is she?"her point (?Sj -HVwr is she?" &profession (a ^ S6] Distributive pronouns

. "who"

sSva

"which"

"what"

which

"what"

""; "what"

"What is her.

"What isiafi^a.

"What is her

.-

"Distributive pronouns"-:.T.... Each, Either, Neither, Any, None atfe /

t. :-1] EacA of the girls is given a mango (0

.: &aa 3^ s:. Baa). 2] /,AW Of the boys must do it

|>eas Is good

J.P. knglisk Crammar

1] Indefinite pronouns

wCteaea

-

"Indefinite pronouns" eft

&*&

x.:-

i^All is well

then nothing (&$&>knows that

secret^ded prizes (ootfsapto the swimming pool

8] Reflexive pronouns

. 2]

SOc&ei). 4]

2Poc3*&). 51

is better

8] Nobodywere awar-

of us wentCPO

t&*

- "Reflexive pronouns"

"Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns" e^S)

^. : -1] She hurt herself (ea^Sb

.1*. English Grammar 2ti fi3$[id&

/*belo) S)c:x>^c&> cStf^&s&B^cfc- "Reciprocal pronouns'

:.

i] These two sisters lovedeach

:other(&tf&j

^^^^^

JS"!J.P, English Grammar >j efiS[S>c& soSS* \rv

Sa).;

8] Mohan eatsrice-; f^u ^^"

^fco^sS -esrS^&j So5j*&\ 4] Aruna ha's., money in her purse

3] Numeral t Adjectives (o?pg a"S^69^^ r?& e5cp sSc&fS&.^beSo^ rffo

"Numeral Adjectives9 '

^cy"Adjectives of .Number" ^^)

. ba^) &QA..,.. "Ooc^rT6 OtftfoEs-iSo. e5Si SsS^n ,...a) Definite

Numeral Adjectives ^Q oSo^g ' Sul^es^xico,), b) IndefiniteNumeral Adjectives (y>6Si oSosjPo

""

a^sieoSiaX i SStfSe;b tfeK,

\ Q .'O " U ' . /

1] There arethree members in that family (

"^ro6 jSsigec A^di). ^s spS'jSjDar8^ "three" ^& adjective.

MsS^tf

!l-'

'aasisxo'rp SO^^olodosSsD,^.... ajw "Defmite Numeralo OPO -

Adjective"! , ,*

2]1

Kalpana is studying second year B.Com. Co\irse(Ers3^.f'j.uftS.

*'5^S>- poefS^rfoSS^b'^ "tfdSb^AcSjLfl). tfa D"&'gsS^a "second

year" .'wA'1

adjective- . "So^sS KSosS^tffii"^ .'4

a|sS'?v 30 c&^dtoti"SoS ... ^3 "Definite Numeral Adjective"!

8"] Several students failed in mathematics (.^otf c3*J-

,,

' \

..rteJtf&aS* tf^ei). ^B sritfgsSaaer'a- -"several"'- s& adjective.'

eJtsSn' n&5 ... fl 'Indefinite Numeral Adjective'! .,4,1 Many dead bodies were, found in battle field (6^

'

"many"

adjective-''aSl^sSw' rr^)6.... eifl- Indefinite Numeral Adje-

ctive!' .,

'

'

4] Distributive Adjectives* (Si$a$r>gef a'rv rr-fo

... /'Distributive Adjectives" ^

J.V. English Grammai' Sill

i1*,:*l]

Neither team scored a goal fi a,

ft'&g&o Sc'eSfii)^. 2JEither book will help you for the c

nation';(> a^ ^j^S^S^.... 2>6cJnj). ?J"|girl is beautiful ^ s^Oi, woCjS)^). 4j I need f/;/^ bag

6] Interrogative Adjectives (1^^^" -aUsicoSwyft"What, which, whose" uto S5sSe- *Noan (s'& ^.ooA ^o

efc.... SiflK) '-'Interrogative Adject

ow box, is'this^fi j6 ^^)? a] M:V//< ;// girl gorank (i as06' ^^sa STo3&)? 8] Wmrboo'ks do you likt

reading (tf&x;&*&fcSb S> ^^S'^>o^ fc^ si^B^^)? ^o a^^.'.'whose, -which, '.what

11

s& adjectives- -wbox, girl, bo

noiins. SJ

j. a )Sro(-?^.. l] Adverb

Time, a] Adverbs of Manner, 3,] Adverbs of Quantity,Adverbs" of Number, 6] Adverbs of Place, ft] AdverbReason, 7] Adverbs of Affirmation, o

p

jAdverbs of Negat

9]'

Comparison of Adverbs,-10]

Two forms of Adverbs,Interrogative Adverbs, 12] Relative Adverbs,

J.P; English Gr-amffiar'

81ac5[ic& ajoASi

:"1] Adverbs of Time., (s*.e>&e

.teCfcfo 3*5?SS& - ^OcCa'^dfio 1

^ctxpS"cO,eoSSx)''o?i)->

"Adverbs

of Time" &ti e*odp&*. rfe^&oaspfltooOT AsS io3r^otf.8j^es*a.

i

"Now f Then, Already, Early/

Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards, Yesterday,

To-day, To-morrow" e*&. Adverbs- id

1] Ramya will; ceme-wDw ^s^o %& cr/Koei) "2] Alreadythe child is one year- old ($sS^Jt 9 &df& Sar-fi $o^f^0! 8}Pihakini Express is comming by -one hour late

^"s>sSS, ^^j[liS a.^ ^Coou>j, 81 Lalitha speaks loutUv (&$& ti&r? sSpV^&CJboa^,-' 4 "I,

' J- -^'

\ .*>-,. 9 / . IJhansi Lakslimi Bai fought '"''^0;(.^^olj?^o^ ,S^siah* S^a*

jSgSofl*SS-asweeitlyf slowly,' loudly, bravely" &&>

'

'

"

., ,

'Adverbs of ManrierVaoS^,,,. I/I'SPOOT&- &*l - .

'tfE&s&nv*...*

Adjectwe*& fisStf w-ly" ^?& vQtil^ i6tfo

.... S^c^s5); Ev.; Bnd-

Badly; Sad-Sadly etc. '. : :

J'P. English Grammar f2 caricA sjoAS (r&J

31 A f5 verbs of Quantity (Sj'oj ?\&>co tin 5 f oStSipesoSxi ) >e,o {-sSArSc^.... io^^*V s v^^^G"5 ::o^do^o "c-.!cuv ou)r^> UCA^v^XV,

~o uU ^

41 Gomatld came to our bouse again in the night (ifr^^ &*

5] AdYeriis cf ^

xJg'? e^ 6AJSS*.. 4 .

^^^cs^vr? .. "Adverbs of Place1

*.& ^-ur-rb, "Here, There

Above, Below, Far, 'Near, Outside, JnsUl*;, Within, Without',

LP..- English Grammar ._

,83 - 83&J)d& 30AS \rp&>$'

& Adverbs

.1] She went there (^D _ w^^& SC'^fi), >] He "came 'here^ftS&'cj^^dS sSES^dfc

1

). |j] There is a book shop near the

temple rt>Stfes sg)c&ss$x>e> ei^essSx)^tS^a). .4] There is a

canteen Inside the' Bus-station &&

6] Adverbs of. Rca>on

) iciar* J&D5....

uAdyerbs of Reason' 1 o) eo&p^b. "As,

.Because, Hence, Therefore" ts& Adverbs-

^s (Jo (3 s5^gSSe)& sSfiSCoO-, ^2r*orfo&!'

l] Jviiniar did not attend .school, because he had fever sciflS Stf^&j odbt3^cSc6n?" . e^tfdfo 83^tfs5A.>?&). a]. As she isfifteen she could no ballott

^"SaSb ^atr^^ f) '^^daSSo^,...

T^^ ^sS& 3c&3^ 35*ax>f5a). a] The 'director is' ill, hence.the meeting postponed ^jrB^S&S&- wotfr^ Aw^o&S..'.. ^s ?5sSr>^^^D HpooCT5

sSd?6). 4j Gopi.is attending , a marriage 'and istherefore unable to come-(/^2)

7] Adverbs of Affkniation (gj

n*.... "Adverbs' of,

Affirma-

tion" 0^ eodr'CSo, "Yes, By all means, Surely, Certainly"

f

Adverbs- ^c^ ASS

IP. English Grammar

sS$S%)! 3] Surely they will pass.(C\tfsfc>rp s?&

g?BPdb). 4r]' Certainly She will' come (tf^&ocr8] Adverbs of Negation

-(gS"3sg

*>

- "Adverbs of Negation"e$a wofcri

"No, Not, notatall, any" &&> Adverbs-

1J He has no work (tfa8.$aa&). 2] They di'd not -do the:home work (s^db s-a

-

sjodSsS.i SdiS(^b). fj] He is- not at all

gooti lawyer

Note\- 15 ^^a tftfSao 4Adverbs' ?Sr. "Simple Adveibs'

9] Comparison of Adverbs- ('

?rtftf&j ('dn,

sl^raioe^):- wcCip'sSfSae' |Q (Degreejg sSo&oiSoOfSdtp

.'S"lsic9&a-jS>. "Comparison of Adverbs"

"Fast, Long, Soon; Hard, Early, Late'1

'degree

1-] a) Ramesh writes fast (ti^Sktixrr' \p>&}r- P sltivedegree ^a^asy b) Ramesh. "writes Faster than Suresh :''

Degree (3tf$5*&>) c) Ramesh writes fastest of allSuerlative Degree^

;

2-1 al Radha came -early '(&$ IsodSsj*^ sSONSa") , p'ositi-ye.-JO*-..'* \ ; . TJ / .,Degree, b) 'Radha came earlier than Rajan (v*'$-$&^ '^oS.t..f

SsS3;^-)-- Comparative Degree c)- Radha "came..

J.P. knglish' Grammar -* *

^.. _..

_

_____

_______ _., rT^ ___ .__

earliest"of all-.(crtf-

WO&CDS'O "&,-..

Superlative Degree:

10] Two forms of Ad verbs(a^j^^ ^5d$

1

. "Two

forms of Adverbs" && ^o^6, uLate-Lately; Near-Nearly; Hard-Hardly; Loud-Loudly; Pretty- Prettily" &^Adverbs cT8 -

1] a) Chandrika comes /^e to office (rfo^aV scpfoA3c3g^rr, sS^oiS). b) Hri go his job

2] a) Lavanya came uear-io Ramani(^sSesg.^&^s CJh'

rfia). b) Sobhana and Padmini. are nearly related

8] a) Kamala studies. //rm/ (ssSbo 6'.^4 rfdbSS&bfl). b) Kan-'-chana. studies -harMy due to domestic work

11] Interrogative^SS^. 3cJS:at)& ^sScS^orf'coefo [jLoj? S"55:L3^)o?So- "iaterrogativeAdverbs*' ^

w'oic-.jo..." Why,. When, Where, How w^& Adverbs-

1] ./*7^ is he late (w.a *ro^& -eSg&ir? sS^Si)? 2.Jl

did he come [&8& iSryefc Sw^c^^/ ,8] fK/z^re are .you '(fog)^' deep, is this yell (.tfa

12] Relative adverbs -

i) (Sctfp at^sSeo* ieSS- fioo^^o fPSSa" s^w^Sfco^. rfo

J,P..English Grammar

i

L,

"Relative Adverbs."

-v.:.

1] . Nahatha loved liis;\\hitc hoi.sc which Won therac

.

.

,, ,i

, a r,i[ ^wuxOj'OO

2] Soundarya came to her school w/icrc b.hc .studied ''

child' hood (> a>a6*8 BD^,,, s^^b &jcn? vj-u6iL ^' :\^- ^'

,

'.

t

N.;

_

' '

ou ^woj\,uo ^ &vj aj

^Todo^g sS3j&). a] Narayana got his4

l.p,s\ selection w/ft'

exactly he expected (K5cpc&es> riOr^ &',Xo jj^ ,. . ^* ^

'Adverbs' ^

Kinds of Prepositions (M'

'Prepositions^

2] Compound prepositions, 3J Phrase prcposiiioais, ijcjpie prepositions, 5] -Appropriate Prepositions.

!} Simple prepositions (^^^ a^-^-fc-'Prepositions',^- ^,,c Prep0s|'

&*;. To; (6,6).;From (&04 ): on ^-). upon (Sbc; ). Near (N

JJ

J.P. English Graaimar . - W___ _^i] The Maruthi Car fell into -the river (.& si^&t s^- ^-""T^S^coo^Y 31 Sharmila is.. waiting at the bus-sico ? r' *- - ^/ J

.''_'

.

JL I *"^ ** >" Crf'is,."!*

-o.^o) Sea&^-j&D&a ^g 3Dc5xD?6^a). 4 j We will work //'c//;;

.iiorning till evening-;&o 4trC5c^^ & '^

"" >

2] Compound' Prepositions '(&&}& ^g^g^^ \.J.. .

- Af ,."' -b-ip -^^vj.

fNoun) S& jTo), a.g' "")"l^e.Ib -i (Adjective^ ^.^r-^o" (Adverb) S& r?fe ^o^,^.,

i;A 5V 4Be"S^& ^prepositions* .&-'.' -Conipoimd.

prepositions'1

;;

: '''&&&&>'&.,';"i)';4iong' (.

;-4bou,t (&^pdo, /6$o&);--4bov-e' .-j['i^$)? . Across

etc.ii)

,^^l

^.S) etcv'

iii) J/i'side'

prepositions

ll There is a.. bridge. ^tv"o5^ the. river (^ S^ W&L'^ sJoS^J" ,.,.' , .,.'.

' V.a

:)&), 2] Raju wrote ten lines -^fcow/ the cow f^^^c ^loD-3Ps3*-^(Si sSo&co jsp^^). 8] Sailaja walked .thrice around- thetemple..

^leea ^A-tSJico^ ,&r^fo ^S^i^^o) / ^JbeSp)... ..4].Sankarbuilt a house behind Gandki statue

^rvoS 'Iji^^sb/'B^:^ $'ofcT

3aS'.-ioaa.!66^oE?.Cfo). 5] VijayaDasanii will come 'before Deepa-

vali (SS'SSI1

.c^ou

3}. Phrase

"preposition1

.,^^;

Jc^^'

%>% ; 'i

Wammar

i]In aJJiton to physics he

*

is teaching Chemistry (?

S&cs^ns:..erf&^^^^2 In from of me Bhaskar is there in the queue (S^Ssyci

8]/u c-ow/'je e>jS>'

"partici

prepositions" && ^.oi^&.*'

Regarding,"

considerihgv pendugi^s - prepositions- & i

lj Considering her experience she ,wafe' selected '.at once (^

cij^jp j>&Ssic'^i?j3o iei3 ^SjCf, ^ef SCSD&?S.). 2j AV\rrf'H^.his application there is "nothing in the letter (c55r5 * ,a;

8 S^^oS). 8]' I shall 'reach mynative, place before this- weekend

(*, a-o-otf^^ ^ S .SaSa_sfa

&*&^*B-O). 4} 'She has been working 'there since 1991

(*9>'*^j.rf 1991 &o sSa^dBoBfi&S^a);.''

,

2] Prepositions denoting period of Time^atf a*ggtfr&ft)-,. a,^' ia^s^-period)?i rt&,a SS^c^ 6.tfaBe,ab&,o&-iai.'pr-"'Prepositions' denoting Period.pf Time" A ao^&.

v "For,In, Wivhin" w& prepositions- ^

"

1J She shall be tack /W an

S] He applied leave fo, a week (

J WP, English' Grammar 40. ,_

K&fcd& qoAS irp&iT

|>&), 8] I have been working In this office for threeyears (S^&fcjn* 3& ^s .iPCP*e>u&D ''Conjunctions'.. ^ LSofi s^o

'!] My sister is studying medicine arid lam -studying enfinee.l-

ring (55- &^o 3tfg otf^' tfd6&ot>.... ?^o , :^^ ;,^^o ^ci^!). .2]' My father is in Chennai ^//?

jf.t*. English Grammar 41 . ttr$[!>c& sioA

is a dancer both are friends (OjjS rvo^S, $* tf

2] Subordinating Conjunctions:- *>$' 'Principle Clause' &- a,

l

Sub~ordjnate'Conjunctions'^- "Sub-ordinaling

ctions &9^)

v >:w Revathi failed in her examination because she did notstudy well

vvTs sptfgsSwSotfO-uRevathi failed in' her .examination"

&* 6 e^^&o $&>& S^ ... e^a 'principel clause' .ctfa. *she- *,

-J.

'

.not study well',

.. suS 'Sub-ordinatc. Clause' oiSa." eig ... 'Principe! Clause*

.

Sub-ordinate Clause' e>& Seo^tosS^.... "Because"

*Sub-ordinating conjunction* oSa.

Note: 'Principal clause' Jbtf ^sc^cTsSfl slr|^& ^tf'&o o)C3b^/;&>

1

- "Sub^ordinate Clauses11

&$ wotr'CSb* sV 'Sub-ordinatmgconjunctions

1

^)^>*53pAotfcDAS& .- ^ [SoO 53-^o&oo'?Sa SS&&

1] As I am suffering from fever, ,J could not attend the school

(i3& ea^aaafif* B^tfSi&^^rtCisSesS.... wd^ 3tfj3tf SJ*d3j*c&). -2"].Though he is poor, Gupta earned more properties (rtbjS "Ssc^

sr=^o so^ ... e9*J&tf*3efc &3r&o& ?3oSp

J,P. English Grammar . '42 esfy&dft eioASi \r

, sjiroC"3

"Correlative Conjunctions' 1 a ua.j&. "Either....or,

ther....nor, Not only.,, ..but

'

also,' 'Though,*..yet" o& t.V,

1]Blether attend the work 0/ 1 . go home (^330 3

.|^> 36j)j'a] Neither. Hit pouter of his father /w t the mo"uf his brothers have saved, him (w^S dSo^fl- wS^^orpfc, >;S'tfCio

tfeai^n'S) ^^o)^ tfi.otfdS' sJ'ocaSa). 3 | He is //^/ onl.doctor- ftw/ fl/Jf? 'a patient (e^i^c^ 'Sdbgdfo sip^^ c^fio ...iB*fl

^rc?j! 4] Though she is hliend, ^'/ she docs her dul

wellies35 |^|S^,... 'tftf

4] Phrase Conjunctionsrs^ rSoiJ^sSooe^.... rs^ 'phrase

1

-

'conjunctions' -553

, _j o

si

J.F. English Grammar . '.44;

jShalini is a girl - (SpOS .& s*a.^)! 2] Chennai is';

Z>j Negative sentences

f J i(- f . r TTi"

v-' vT *./ > ' v" \ Itit} I '^- S^o c\)A60^CO)!

"Negative Sentences" ^ c~)odp&, -J?.v. :. ^^)? . 2] What are you(--$ fcaa S?i^^)? g] Where is your sister (&, ^Co'OSiSji}? 1] May I go home (S3] imperative Sentences

.

^"Imperative Senten-

ces"^ ^odj--&. v. :.ij stand up onthebenc

X^)- ^j ^ease give me your book (&'c&3f~^oa) (i"e.i)! ]. Kindly help us ( ((fcg?S)! 4] Turn to the left IGod, save my mother land(tfap cf !4j Exclamatory Sentences

^o^c.x--L^-c^: s^s^oS) r??:.,.. "Exclamatory Sentences"

^ a^S. .\\ : .i] what a fool I am (^

. >B-5&)!? 2] How beautiful the^e girls are(tfe

^^V?! 8] May god bless you . (& ^^A i n V oL wuH^uw(ra j; jfj i

tS^riyd S 'SdCad! (*^ L^^ 4j!

.,

T

7J1P. English Grammar. , -4b'

.- , e3&iJjcJ ' , w

NOTE:.'. rS^s* L?^ocSsDd^cco, is3 ksfofv- 1] Simple Sentence',' 2] Complex 'Sen-'

tence,"8] Compound Senlence(!)S!0 rf>e$o>' "Phrases &' Clauses"

OP& ^

and ;'

..

,

arisSooV-.- :'

"'

.

:

,J , /

"!,] Subject (^.) r 2j Predi-

^r^g- or1

1 Subject u i* Pronoun r

%s noun CP pronoun ^ v;^

"S&^^ ..", QS noun ^CT pronoun'"^- "Subject (stf)"2J Predicate .:.'53s'gsS^ ^oa&- 'Subject'^

o'cSo-' "Predicate"

Subject -. Predicate

'The ring^o^tfsSa)- is made of gold

She fes^)-'

'

smiled j$3&^Cat:|^>)- . ". 'drinks milk [5rao'Chowdary ^^6)- is a rich farmer ('j*^d

:

.

o.^b)!

.Ravali tfsS'?-,

"wrote ".a letter''

. ^o'". 'Subject*

/predicate' 6

.

:

. d /-predicate1

j&Sbfif --.''is made, smiled, drinks,'Predicate ZQ&&. "Verb" &&

....

'Subject' dc* 33- &ajaot3*' 'S>*ao*S SS**^.

"Object^)""gold, milk, farmer, letter

^/.;. 1] ^ ^aa

2] tfe[. ^d&

8]

B,!fa..*otaoa

"predicate"

subject

The cow

Ranjith

fjr (Subject)!

PredicateVerb

is

saw

grass.

black"

a tiger.

an elephant'

-at down

.sr.sfgSbe.Si

S* ri-

L *

]-Stand up"Subject"

J.P. English Grammar ,47

They laughed .(&& X^&}> 3] Sarika cooks (4] Suman goes (&&" 36^&).

:.

1] ^tfas&n*,..'. Sesrfb s^ ICcr^es

2]T

,A-.

:. priya

;

(Subjects^ ) eats (Verb^ijdro) mangoes'

PHRASES and CLAUSES55oedSao

- "Phrase. Clause"'

Stfotfe ^^^o3 eo?Sc&..., 'Phrase'... 'Clause

5

I] Phrases

$*rt^o'?&-."Phrases"io6

l~jRekha waits to receive a letter fa

33c&^a). 2] Shobha Naidu-is a great dancer Having so many

Gopal is a good teacher for several Students (^Sp^T ao sioO - drs^^jdcfiofiia j! 4J Raghava

RINDS OF PHRASES {s*gV"tfSue &>'&>):.Kioi'O- "Noun, Adjective, Adverb" e& spfiKi &^d3pAoCSb

RJ.

-

a) Noun phrases, b) Adjective phrases, c) Adverb phrases.

J.P. English Grammar

a) Noun phrases.cSBuCo' eScp '^tfo^tf^co' 'Noun'

?S25anoci&^'?Soi

- "Noun phrases" a

1] Kaveri fexpects ro deliver a child (&ti& ^^e

s^gsfoe*.... "Child11

^!^ Noun- "expects" ^^-

'object'rp SSJOa&S^a. /'Child" 'nouns1 SSa^-^

"a basket of flowers" && 'Noun phrase1

m^fi.

.b) Adjective phrases (a^^ro sr'^^rtawew):- i^t6o^Q-

r'fi^ 'Spdoe'cSsiocpdSb&oco1

-

'Adjective* S3 sS

sp

IP. English Grammar -

i] Aflitha will come '/ 1he mormnga.jf

g^Sf*a.... "irt the morning" w& phrase. 'Adverb'-3 sS

2j Race horses will run/,,,wift mannCf ^^ ,^^ &Koto* *&*

c.&&).. tf, ^tfj&^a.... "in swift, manner".

& phrase- 'Adverb' ^

'

u^- "clauses W6 , 8

IjSudha expects "that she will get an mva'

ra (^***>*& &* afi^s^a). tf,

^gsssff....."

that \haward" u!&aa . 'phra,e

.

S3 ^toe .^^^ ^^"will get" ^ 8d6

_

.

|

2] This is the bridge that myfather connedi a^ooss ssos^s

,a)j >t ^^..., my father-, e& tf Bistructed" ,, Ll^^ ^constructed" ss^^s 'Clause'

KINDS OF CLAUSES---

-- A) P"rMam Clauses, B) Sub ordiMte Clauses

AJPWNCIPAL CLAUSES or MAIN CLAUSESS-SB.

..^. Ma ^.

J.P. English Grammar 50

,v.:- Govind has -a foreign car which is very expensive

'Clause'^ *o&&.^v>*i&>6*- "has", "is"

ArS^Si. "Govind has a foreign car1

>5d& "which- is very ex-

pensive" & oo& 'Clause'sx)"Govind has a foreign car (/

dfio.^&)M

&5^ 'Clause'sSri^S

^ ''Main, Clause' oSa. "which^is very expensive" (5>

)"... ^rJo Clause ?3o^^ estfioj ^^^,^^(6,

B) SUB-ORD1NATE CLAUSESS' 'clause'

clauses"

.;. Govind has a foreign car* which is very expensiveSS^ SJ^I tf^6=:x.?ii

^WcScofa-^dfo). ^8 s^^:^.,.. "which

is very, expensive" "es& clause (V)- tfSotfda 55*^ 5^^ tsC)'^fc-JfiS^.... "Govind has a foreign car" w?i "'Main Clause* hatf

3?*tfsS4i$3- sp^p -*. etd' Sub- ordinate clause' aof^a.

KINDS OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSES (^35^0^5^ffgo^&os3 tf&

x

6w):..dip c*g&ioS*- "Noun", "Adjective1^

"Adverb" ss&Slj cc^ sS&c&'^&SfibS- *Sub-ordinate Clauses"*

"i] Noun Clauses, 2] Adjective Clauses, 8]. Adverb Clauses'

1] Fdoun Clauses (spsSasF-Jte sp^gc^^coex));- a.S'lNoun' 3c?Jb S^a ^?j6o5^di-oSd3 *Ciause' "o^o- "Noun Clauses"

XV. English Grammar

.v,:-l"J

I knoW'f/w/ 1 she {$ a good teacher

;yr>ao3 tsS c3b 3*&)! 2] I differ from what he says (o^c^O:'vCjo (v)

J P. English Grammar

risen, vii) adverb clause of . result, viii)adverb claxise of

supposition, ix) adverb clauseof concession; x) adverb

clause of manner.' ,,.

i) Adverb clause of Time (s^o &jv5f ^c&^al^o5*5

8] J.I*- English Gramfcidt 5B a*[L& sjoAli

% :- The building collapsed because they did not constructft

properly (ggrfsSa ^SfcxaSa ^oS)^o"3).... SP& cr>S3'Adverb clause' er8^- "because"

Adverb clause of Condition

T^gort^w):. as:o5S^ &aoi) 'Adverb Clause'^.44Adverb Clause of Condition" && 50^e5b. Ex.*. He will goif Iris brother comes (&$& ^eSfibefc SS^sSff* estfefc

'Adverb Clause'e*a "if"-

i) Adverb clause of Comparison(4^&S^Si'gort^):-, 6^at>& fipao>

'

Adverb Claused-Adverb clause of Comparison" esS esofcp&,JS-v.:, Pallavi is cleverer than Padmaja (S^ea ^o"&?Sa). ^s 53*^jsSe*a 'Adverb Clause' &*& "than"

'Clause1

^o^ai>* "than Padinaja"clauses*.

'[Sdab (Verb)' g^b. "&33.... ^gi ^clause'

s- *than Padmaja'

vii) Adverb clause of Result

SS^^gofi^)):. ^Otfaa'Sa 3cr>4

^6E5P^^'^ &r0o& 'AdverbClause'& "Adverb clause of Result" wo&pdi.Bx. : . Savithri was so tired that she could not cook (&3$ S3*rvtseRi^^doSScKS Sob acS&a&S^a). ^s sp^gs^a

4^

4Adverb Clause**- "that" ^&> StfsSs *$)tf^ f& f^ag^a.

viii) Adverb clause of Supposition (At&tf^tf'Adverb

'^-

J*P. English Grammar o4 83*:- Even if it rains, I shall go (Stf&o

ftrSS)! ^3 5PSf*&;*3 "Adverb Clause' era. "Even if"

"

: Pleasc do ^ 7 f^'

'Adverb Clause*

CLAUSES AND SENTENCES,5Sca)-

family's (SctDoa)SSx>e). 6] lady (^)Note : .

c

y

oe.... e^a 'plural number'

tfS5j 30) keys (Vtf> a^o>). 2] .monkey ^*&)monkeys (g^&ex) 3] ray (StfcaSSao) ray^ (S^^^). t~kidney (sS^jji^oiSxo) kidneys (sSw^2>otfsS&e). 5] journey

journey^ (^da^sssSaco)* 6] pla> (wt) play-

4]6c

number1

Ex, i. 1] mango (&p&as$oefe) mangos (sS^StoftsSo^). 2^]her

/.7 /rfrn-ss- -^efeenV Si echo

IP. English Grammar 53

. 4] valcano (wA^^tfsS) valcanc

tf3$s3) 5] buffalo (Tte) buffelo^ (7?3e).

vnumber* e

**;1] photo (o^ttsg>) jphot^ (a^So&G)). g] radio

zs*f^ radio-? f^s^sT^eo), 3] piano (rooA#$) "^^) -'p^

(iSoAtfs^- "3bjSs). 4] bamboo ^o^o) -'

borriboo^

5] canto (so&) canto^- (s*o^^ex)).5] Ts* rp f

fc

fe'5* r?Sj d "Singular Ntiihber'

sS^fee&- "plural form' d^S-sSpcreo "&..-.; 5 sS^Sx "OsStfKe4

i

:- 1] leaf (&) leavw (^s&ex)}.' 2] Toaf(cro^^j-OD). 8] life (^S^&D)~ K^

4] knife (&) knivw (^&es>). 5] thief (fiTotf )_ thic'vr.'

NOTE ^ 4f'^ ^CP 4fc'5*#5 S_5o;5i&. iasg- "s"^& s ^Kd:^^'sSi'L^&o 06^^ BPG.-.T pluralforms

;- 1] hoof (Btfj.) hoof* (atf^ea). 2j roof

S] proof tfjrf4] dwarf (si:efi3i^)_ dwarfs (^.SEO^^CO). 5j safe

safe^sj&sSl^). 6] strife

form* ^o5-'plural form' S&

^:-1] foot (2WJsi:)_ ft (a-tfSaw). 8]

i^ teeth

j.. Bnglisli Grammaf ^9 ^N 3 < * ,~^ J SarOioicm moAi-i in* So5

). 3] women (A)_ won^n'

(d0-AT/lT'/r' CTB ff\ */ ^ < ' v'' ( v J i

Olsiab! .v. : - IJ mouse (;>*) mice (aaTtfcfi ). 2]1o7se

7] "^ ^^sp^JT sSfisScx>. , agStev... *plural numbers' r^^&o&rooo. d3- 'singular number1 dj*SsSa3db.Ex. : . 1] nuptials (tfo^c3*S&o); 2] measles CO&OSP^, S'o^oV

8] mumps (rfStfOtfjeo); 4] scissors (^Sd*); 5] pincers f^sS

CS^D); 6] annals (^fi^), 7] obsequies (Atftf [c^co)5 &] spe., ctacles

^^sS^dfc^, 10] thanks (^\^es^oi) etc.PF I

.

^

8] g^a^ Kp&sptftf irf&acpS) fcsStf- *s' ^od, sj^'plural numbersWSingular number' cj^ss^

A-. : - ij politics (o-E3c& w^sb), 2] physics (o^T3] Mathematics (rteSd^sio), 4] Mechanics (bajo5] News.(sKf) etc.

9J g"a^ Nouns- 'singular. number' &*&>, 'plural number1

s*;^,

: .

1] sheep (fl'gJiT'aeo), 2] deer (gafo-^), 8] swine, 4] cod (^o&Sb^s Sj3|^o&&o& ^aa), salmon*

etc.

'nouns'

4ofiroa. ll dozen-*

(o(jo

XP. English Grammar BO ssSJbcifi aj

-v. ; . ]] This air cooler coststhree thousand rupees

5tfs ^otf^ 3fcp&3aJ3o &-PC&W SD& 3&o&). 2] She sole

five dozen eggs (&!b o& sSo^o&fc10 j &'s ?o< &tfSJ*ao>;6 &*ajL 'nouns'....

- "^ "Compound Nouns"

1] Soa-in-law (ww&) son^-in-law ^ex)0|jfo)* 2] Daugh-ter-in-law (*&eo) Daughters-in-law (Sf^tfojefc). 8] Step-sor

step-sons ($ ^efo^beo)* 4i] Step-brothci) step-brotherJ (K5^ fr*tf&co), 5] Maid-ser

vent (tiSS&a'co) Maid Servants ("&S&ot o[&). 6] Comman-der in-chief ts^S5s Commander^- in-Chief

*

singular numbers* r?^aL^coi r^fc .. 5-ejb. 0- 'plural number*

^i3 c^O^OM.^

*:- people (Ls5ae), poultry (t*5j), cattle (sSai^e) etc.

lii] eS;tf:S5j3&rp&, so"eo Scs Kio^goSj n&- 'singular number*&oS

'plural number' &^o^eo^.... a ol>Sj ^>

opte,(') rts&sSi ADO, Sa t^^ s as

1] Tlere are three i's and four e's in tliat sentence( a^oSao 4 :2a-& ''( &acBb ne^ Vw tfoft). 2] The teacher

6's and three 12*s on the black board

13] ra^ 'nouns'.... 'singular number's*- a,8f'plural BUmber'o*. &gtf sS $&, a)^o. ^, LS S

.....,, .v . .

j.fr. fangtish Grarmttar . 61

1] tin (tfrftf&o)-tins

'

(tfol6j). 3] copper

(3&V fishes, quarters

), 2] iron ($&sb>)- irons

coppers (a*A spSsSaeo). 4] fish

). &] quarter

Gj spectacle

7]

io)- spectacles

customs

9]

lights

12"] respect

- goods

. 10

force ('j)-- respects 13] good

uren"

!

Ex,*,i] ox (i)gb)

*

(4co), 8] brother

!

s^ix))brethren (e,^

'

151 eitftf

^^05 )- 2 J cbild (a

brother^

children

'Nouns1

- Bases

(A) 'Greek9

s^SpsStfoijjco:- 1] Axis (5>&)- Crises

! 6] Hypothesis f(jS'SocCosk>)- Hypotheses

'Heybrew* EsySrSjCisibco:- l] Cherub^ ^sS^pd)- Cherubim

). 2J Seraph (/T'sSj SScJptf)- Seraphim

fCJ 'Italian9

Bandits

:- Bandit - Banditti,

f'

.

'

J.P. English Grantniai i'-; au^icfc ^oM^ ni

.

Gender (eofto;,&j'&> i&f$oov>.... csofj:o?iooiXi)- "Ij Masculine Gen

2] Feminine Gender, 3]Common Gender,

!,]Ncuicr li

1] Masculine Gender (^c2or>ixi):-^io^'6!b 30^'Nouns'&j 'Pronouns'^- "Masculine Genders". eS WQ&*:- Boy (E?CO&), Man (sii^:^^}, He (aC5^), His (

j3^^.) Him ^wfiJaa) etc.

2] Feminine Gender (^ aort&o):* ^^sa uOc.vbv3d'Nouns'i-i, 'Pronouns' &- "Feminine Genders

11

c^A oo.>

A:,:. Girl^^sf), Woman (^ ; ), She (im"3>), Her ^& i3t'i

Hers^waofi) etc.

3] Common Gender (&tfd& Qofi*^);-, ^ci^^&rori'-ib,.spaa n6^; ^ Bofloesa irfo BOcOa'JdLi^ 'Nouns

1

fi^ 'Pronouns';

"Common Genders" Q wc^v-&. /;.v.: Doctor (;;5^.;^X La*yer (^goi)s^s), Friend (&(jfcc&|&|&oFoj), Thief (w'o^), Pu;

"(ODDSS)> Baby C^ 35 ). FOQ (^L&^)' l ^& )> You(s3&), Them ^5^0 ) etc.

4] Neuter Gender (

4

'Neuter Gender" s^ wc&p8b. ,v.:- Book (^ofiJS), Pt

sS) f Chair (^fi^^, tree (3to), Building (atf), Bridj

), It (e|*a|Graajaaa) f Ant(6&), Parficle(^^.^/g^$etc.

From Masculine lender vc* .SV^inSne Gtrr^vr (:;^oKo6. ^ Bull-calf g^^^S- Cow.Calf

D) g*aj, 'uirjOo^ sStfsSxj'co- a^^-v :- l Boy

J.P. English Grammar 84 sarSifccBb ssoAS ins

Girl fc--6i). S] Bachelor ^a^tra)- Spinsteri'j

Husband ($')- Wife (Wg). 4] Father (tfo|_a)- Motl

(cf:\ -5] Cock (gMssos?)- Hen (i^aib'do). 6] Son (j^tfDaughter

'ji^i")- 7] Dog (^Kgog'^)- Bitch (w&SoS^"] King JJT>B)- Queen (o*s). 9] Wizard (&poLp&fc)- Wit

f^oJ-l'ccr'Ex). 10] Ram (gpjsea)- Ewe'-

(&/T'S). 11] Li^a:&}. Lass (a?S^).. 12] Monk (^Si)- Nun1 :

"] Drake (j^rr&)- DuckE

'^oOd-f S5d,'ffl'

! lv,

Ij Hero i^c^r^ci&efc).. Heroine (^5p^dt6&c7

8

ex)). 2] Execut rv>JO 6S5SyAotfSi&x

\&, *:-a) The horse's tail (or)

}.F. English Grammar . &B esSi|j>c&

The tail of the horse, b) Sita was Rama's wife (or) !

was the wife of Rama*

81 l~^& s5dSSe* &P& &&1 ^&^tf&>otf"8,... 0^0 Stillx,

jt *f

&"#& (apostrophe)A &OIF). #:- a) Mother- in law's hob) Brother-in-law's building, c) Commandcr-in chief's oreetc.

ll r3&j Ss &*&^ sp&.prfg'&oo.Snoi^lr: rfo^SjaS*- apostrophe.v.-.

a) for Biercy's sake, b) a ship's crew, c) death's dcetc,

Z] KlkStfS fiJp^^S18^ Rj-sSagprfg' ^dj^oSb >sStf~ s eS^i^'s sjjxs )sS f esapostrophe a sSr-rtfsio ^ou?6 ^co&. 3f. : -

a) boys* playgroiub) girls' school, c) foxes' tails, d) asses' burden etc.

T] ,:'

J.P. English Grammar

-strophe a &OCT>>. *:- a) I've (I have), b) Don't (Do not),c) It's (It is), d)

Can't (Can not), e) Didn't (Did not) etc.

Usage of Capital Letters

(Ibtf wjgtf&ae L&533*rt&)S^^O'esSSan

8 ort &$s$as>S^dSa> 'smallletters (c^ji ^*.i'

S&eo)1 8*^ Lpdjoo^^co3. *-:- eye, ear, finger, they, cat etc,

Note :- ^i'

^oKsSeisSaoe^S w^tf&ioKn cob 'small Letters' r:OC CO ***

|tfSa 'Capital letter (lei:a, Ramya, God, The Ganges eic.

-

'Capital Letter' n f

1] riS ^g&jS4^ SwtfeS SSfi3S

i\ English

ajRoopa said, "My mother brought some new bangles." tA

Chowdary told, "Our business improved .a lot/3

6] ^ s^^e:^,,^ s'^s^o &*&s&- Quotations (" "Jdr*J o'. fi ^ ^i^ 2ix,:rr- ?rcl^-CcKc^..,

r.P, Engligh Grammar 71.iS|&dBa. 30AS

'silent leters'& -

:- Bomb (o-S), Hour (s$ff). PalmOS).Wednesday sSTi. 3 to ... g eso

:.1] Bomb iVS}-

2] Comb(gS)=ca3^. 3] Debt(sfi) = Sjy f 4]ss^^^Sio. B] Dumb ^tfS)= sSo^^. 6] Lamb (8] Thumb (^S'^^^dofe^^. 8] Tomb (^^s

2] Scene (^)=^gSS:o, 3] Sceptic. ('&&')= ^otfcsSr^fe, 4]"Science

^ST^)=s Ds^Ssb, 5J Scion f^du^^j^ ^o&tf^^ 3]Scissors (ft835"v=:tfatf.\ (v/ a6G S A^Botfasi?) ^?J^ oifiS6we:. l] Benign (kg^W dcsKw, 2] Consign (gS"^)= fco$y\otfv 8] Design [fisiS')= ^sStfo^S, 4] Gnat (Sfi")= dabg OSSpSsSa, 5] Reign (3ff)~ S*c:^

6j Resign (8S^)a=tfg*otfb; 7] Sign '(^S")=^6 f - asS^S:; ]

Sovereign ^a^S1)^^^.

*H* A^So*Jtf& S'S^ c3tffiM :- 1] Heir (&ff)= s-tf&&,

3] Honest (3)= s*cS&fe f 8] Honour (So)t= iT-tfSSx t4] Hour (wsSS^srrfoto, 5]

Hotel (fcaff)= frto6r^ ajgs; 6]Humor (dfijsSa5)=:tfa, S&.'1C d^Bo-SSttfiSS .^^i, ^^^

: - Knack (31")= tfsSu*rj_

tfs5, 2] Knave (^5) =^^rv&, 3] Knee (fc)= ^-3*ec, 4]Knicker (a^)sB&, 5] Knife (35)= tfS, 8] Knit(aff)=eacofc; 7] Knob (f^^)-^^, ^swda; S] Knock (53-r)s=tfe43,ef Knot (Rs-^KSaa, 10] Know ()= BO&r^; 11] Know.ledge (^35)==300 f O^&a; 12] Knight (3ff)= fci&.

JJP. English Grammar 72'

esS^dfi sjoAS

:- IJ.Aims (&^)= eKsS,

i/'dLxx.;-ij

Balm (sr-S)tr: &sp?SS 3o, 8] Calm (sS)= ^'3-/:.:, 1,

jOalfr--4^, ft ] Flfc ^2") = ^&T;n^")^Zo^SD^od:uC V- ^^SwCJ^^c ) 3^S)5

fco50}^^ :. 1] Guardz*6, 2"! Guava(r-?Ep'} = ^5SDSSo&, 8

j Clless^S)^^^, .4] GuesttS, f

"

Guide (R5) = c^5ir>rr,, i] Goild (Ao"]=75a5 s (SsSpeaSS^;Tl Gllilt (A'J^^t^D.

' v o /

sspa^ 2] Sword (^)trs?, --] Wrapper (o'5~)=:. sSa^tf, 4]WroM (cpo/T)= tfsi^ 3] Wreath (6S'')= sSye. 8] Wrist fa^W*-

V / x.T J \ / J \ o /

& 5!^^, "1 Write (c)~):=}srdLr*pj j \ --

j/~^ F"?** ji *. ' c* V ^ '**v*is

J.P. English Grammar 73 ejS'&cSi

6] Might (g>S>. oe>sa>,. 7] Night (3$)=o.L6, S] Tiglt9]Jhigh (3)=arrf^io] Thought(o.ff)=e* tff5, li] Though

'!, 1:]]

1] Drachm ( LtrS)=,$ rotf/ifratf, 23] Parliament (^g3:oS-)= LsSS!oe ^, 4]

, 5] Could (&

I.P. English Grammar

ive Voice' flf B^

'pasive voice's* 2C. Sa.T srS'^^- ^^ 'voice'voice' r^l SL-S;.^&.... e

w'::g*- TL- Sl--2b "a:, ?^K:,FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE ;'Active Voice' r: 4. a,^ 8-^|sJSi- 'passive voice' B-tfgr.

1] 'Object (^)'&- 'Subject ^tf)f

r

^&- 3-a 'Tensed .&SfloO -.- sfc*dSi Subject-r--. Si verb &- c& 'past participle***

- J

:f^^ :. 1] ^^^s7T.. "by" &%

sSdJs3a&-" 'Object1

t'-oSi c^;. 2~4

S-ubjectf

&.... 'by'S- 'Object'n- ficp^, ^s

ju killed the bird.

f.v;vt' rtvY*:- The bird was killed by Raju

/. :- 'Active voice'6"^wbird"es& 'object'- 'passive voice'a"

8

Subject*n ?:-:l^c. f rl-d?S 'Subject'^ tfA^tor?- verb formwas killed" e^ l past participle'r? ^slSfi. fi^l "by" *&s5tfS:o

S:::.n S2S6. ?- &$&.,.. 'Active .Voice'-rsa.... '"Raju"^ri, ^Subject

1

-

"passive voice' sr5.... 'object' r? 3dti&.

\jf-

'

^ *\ '.

, IP. English Grammarr

^ ssaftcA goAfe Lna>ff

'*', Active Voice :- Sarika beats the dog,'

Ptfssfvt* FoiY*:- The dog is beaten by Sarika

>*>/.:- 'Active voice' G*3....- (a) Direct Speech:- Stefi Graf

said, *'I j?/a^J .tennis "for twelve years".'

Indirect speechi-

Stefi Graf said that she played teBiiis for twelve . years.

J.P. English Grammar 79

(b) D.S.i- He said, "Our sister vvem away in the night"1-S-i- He said that their sister had gone in the night6] 'Reporting. verb'... /past tense' ?'

IP," English' -Grammar'

.. 80-

would go, (c).jxs.:- You said>- "I- will go,'1

IS..:., you said

that you would go. -''. , . . r :. ; '- .'.'

.

2"] 'Direct Speech's* 4% lnd -person^'

3^S*pronouns'wfc^,..

"'Reporting Verb' crSrosQp 'object1- & 'person* f

8 '

s&olb,... *3

*

person'

Ex. i' (a) ZXS.:- She aaid to -me, "You are clever/' :. She

told Wthat'J was clever* (b) >,?.:- She1

'

said- -to J0, "you are

clever/ 4 LS.:- She told jw/ that .v^w were clever;/' (c) D. 5.: -She said to f/i^w, "you are clever/' S. : - She told fft^/)? that

//i^r were clever,

Changes in 'Adverb forms' : From DirectSpeech .to Indirect Speech;- ^&.... 'DirectSpsech'e* &% 'Adverbs*- Indirect Speech*^ o)g &r6rp> ?ocob

1] This- that, 2] These- those, 8] Thus- so ^ in the same

way, S- that way, 4] Here- there, 5] Now- then,.. 6] To-day*that- clay, 7] To-morrow- the next day, 8] yesterday- the pre-

vious day, S] Last night- the previous night,- 10] Ago- before,

HJ Hence- thence, 12]. Hither- thither, . . '.^

-

Interrogative Sentences.(^.^s^tfgSScoep) -I From

'Direct Sp'ceelf to "Indirect '-.'Speech':.''(

"

"Direct Speech' &cd "'Indirect 'Speech' a^^ si

Ij*

Reporting verb' ^^efea&irj6 *ask'n* rv^ ^CP'enquire

1

sSreaQ&oa. 2] 'lS

3] "that11

w&sSc

iT.v.:- (a) J5.5,:- H.e said to me, ."Who has gone to WarangaJ!""!S.

;. He asked m who had gone to warangaU "s&M ^cr

Jf;P. English Grammar HI

o- Indirect Speech*'^3

'whether' rp s$&a.

(b) D.S.t- The guest said -to the girl, "where is your mother"

J.S".:- The guest enquired the girl where her mother was.Ex. i. (a) -D.5.:- She said to me, "Did you see the Geverner?"

LS.i - She enquired me /"/ I had t seen the Governer*

(b) D.S.i- He said to me, "Do you like Coffee?

J.S.-:- He asked me 'whether I like Coffee.

Commands and Requests (ss^ew *>& s>gwe3o) :From 'Direct Speech' to 'Indirect Speech':- 'Direct

Speech' 6* &^4

w8aeo-wtfgifce'

Sentence)o&- 'Indirect Speech*

1]t

Reportingverb'S&manded',

*

ordered', 'requested', 'advised', 'prayed' So3 sS'i&saa

S$P>QX>. 2] Imperative mood1

3^ 6^ 4verb'- 'Infinitive Mood'fiT

8a 8 sir>G0^ooi5.

Ex\:-

^a") D.S.:-The teacher j^fd to the boy"Get out from the

class-room." /.

J.P.English 'Grammar'

82 83&&C& qoAS irv&Si_

L CO '_, \

(e) D.S.:- The beggar 5fl/V to the passenger," please gW\me one, rupee/' ~/.5.:- The beggar begged the passenger /

--'"""

him one rupee,

Verb-Complement (|Sd5o-33?j$;t

{.,

iSd&eio-SSsgQSSan 11 - "Transitive Verbs. Intransitive Verbs iU - 6) . .

j (complete) c''Complement

1] Transitive Verbs (Stftf^ ^d&e):. ^ (object)"Transitive Verbs"

^:- The boy kicked a dog (e^eodb"dog" e5& 'object'

. S'&S'.,.. sjo^D "kicked" e& *verb 1&- 'Transitive Verb'rp'

2] Intransitive Verbs O^k' |8d&e):.-eftfi (object)^ ^SOi^ cSSccotftfS

8

a?S^e8. i .. ^r_5 ^sSa&. sa^ {Sd&Oc&-%"Intran- |,

sitive 'Verbs"" eS wbar&. ; ^" *

x. ; . 1] Horses ri/ (^g^exi &6Rfc&)i 2] Rivers //sa-^gfiafir

1'objects' ^s&. sa2S&...: &

.... e*ofifo"ruif, "flow" e^^ 'verbs'So- "Intra.

sitive Verbs"n^S*^.^?).

"S> "3oefo i^c^o otf'sS& ^_62d:i)& ASScap^sSefc 'coniple

s*."!] Subjective Complement, 2] Objective Complement"

J p. English (jramrfiar As

1] Subjective Complement :- 'Object' SsoovT*.... Subject''Intransitive Verbs'^o- c5o^cpfsS3ir6i ^S^o&k^. &Q (J> ftj **

So* icS &&oc3c&&o&i.... "Subjective "Comple-.

ment" WP

2] Objective Complement:. 'Transitive. Verbs1-

*object

...- ''objective complement11

-

Verb-Moodr

iScijbco

^^50 (Special functions)^^p

tf &

J.F, English Grammar b4

....

"l] Indicative mood, "2] Impe

mood, 3"! Infinitive mood, i] Subjunctive mood"

1] Indicative mood

Ai-Srftotf^5^ jfici- "Indicative

f.v.:. il Subhadra reads news paper everyday'

-2*asr-^-sS^ tffiSj^?&) ^s?a 5p^057orsS. 2] /* this

pen^fi & ^c^)? ^a LsS^sp^g^o! 8] If it rains, 1 ca:

go to school (SjftSa abeaS^....

^r.^:fr! i] How -beautiful this is (s?au w

2J Imperative. Mood (atfo^'(order)' t'r5^ (request)', 3e# (Advise)', 'Jl&Jcp (Blcssin,

_:_i- 'Imperative mood'e^A'-:-

I] SitinJuj* on the benchme go (

truth i4 God

you ig] Oh G2r3^:;& c^c^iS^ itfe,.., es (S cSb( verb-)' -'

l

past

dr^tx^l. v. : _ ij Rajani ^ent to NeHore (tf&S 3g3"&'J Mangala ir/'^t- a letter &3j Future Tense

'Future Tense' ^: * toofi. jEar.:.i] Kumar w///

row ;i^;r J ^^ yXoefo). 8] I shallgo within few mimr* ***.

_

._ ^ w s^ ?^, rju(

KLMDS OF TENSES

! Present Tense tfar(i) present indefinite tense

{8d!&.fci&gSa . "jiadrfinite tense" fe simple piesem tense> , ^^ ^^^

:- : TA child,/ -co

r ^ to

(ii present continuous tense(^o^^ a tf^.- 5,1 VE-J^ox.... 'Stf arSSatf..^....^^^te.:*^^ 8ed6ad&. .d6. present

tense S B8yQ school

towards

f,P. English Grammar 87 esiic& sioAS ir?^r____ _ _______ _ .

*~C*} *~

to school (&> &d 3S j d&io^ j He /i&s co/ne towards me

(iv) present perfect continuous tense(Sc*& 0^47-1'Si tf 3Sje5 5*eSttY.. ;5tfr s*eotio3 iS-^oLo^^a, sio^> r?I

B C.

^

rVovp3 4^ ^?j^> dOd&^dSb [5cJ>Si*55b:rfD- "present perfectcontinuous tense'* $> esoip&.' *:- 1] I /mvcj been recuJhi^ a

book ^^^ sS)^tf2S!& tfdb^)&S d&ofia), 3] I

to school (^?Si a:d

2] Past Tense

(i) past indefinitetense (0Sai

&>&- "past iadefinite tease" ^^> oir6. E^"-:- 1] The child

slept (& a|^25* 8Dd SC S cStoofia). 2] She haJ reada book

^.-l

(iv) past perfectcontinuous tense (S'w ~^*S*

Bc&:2=x ;c&- ir-i^JCi- "P^ perftc-!

sw ^olj11^. "-v -:- P I /:

J.P. English Otammar

school (& B3J 3**p3 Ao

J,P. English Grammar 89 e&!>c& 30AS ir_______________

^-...-.-TT-J^-J...-^^^^- _*- C3 *,

Adjective^ jfrea;S| Sjis$.Sa)wwa e*oL-*. -: participles-

*

2:r.'e

*:. She kissed the weep!}?* ek!!J(^

"weeping" r:: :.':....

"weeping child" wSn-.... "Sdfo&Sx j^" a tttf::! "Child" -^-* o- Ci 5.

noun &- "weeping" o&> verb- 'abjective* sSsS qualify t&Z^L.....

"weeping" & verb- e5^ verb n-&* f sjis adjective* siri^c^X)

zicS^a. tf&^ ... ^ s^^^^a "weep" ^S: verb

-

'ing' ^Qctxoiio^ itf^as "weeping" es& verb form- ^parti*

Kinds of participlesjS'^pspoSaa (Tense) . &fcSSoa.... -^a 'participles'- S^^^rr

1

M

l] present participle, 2] past participle, -I7perfect partici-

ple" M& SSxpfo Cj^Sbje^n6 aaS^otfeasPcs:.

1] Present participle(^$^&j):- Simple present tense:*

I*P. English Grammar 90 ES^JJ!

.v.:. having eaten, having shown, having loved, having t !

".*" *

S^ 'past participle' Ssi ^o2b-'have'& rpfc, 'has'^b n*5b, 'fr?-. i;di:s?S ... u

a) I //ave seen a \ion.(present perfect ttb) She /,-' written a letter (p.p.r,). c) The king ////rfinto forest

^j/ perfect tense)* d) I shall /lo.ve read the(Future perfect tense}" w& 'perfect tense

1

ex> SiiJ^&abR^S.] 'past participle' ssb Saofia- ?Soejoa^ 'be' form & A

Sc-: ..."a) Ravana v

tp. English Orammar 91 aS|iic& s*oAs ir?>&6~*_^ .,_..,- _____ ^^ ....... |

__ ^ ______

'

***

_f*5^

'noun* oSSlfr* &*^A>

"Gerund" 3o*'

verbal noun

.v.;. l"i Reading, is a good habit (rf&s&b e,S sioa ^05?^! ^i

^ ^^ ..."is" w& (6ctt&. "reading" &?5a* 'subject'?? ^.

-v.-.. 2 1 I like reading novels

-"like" es& L d3b^- "reading" &S6 'object' rr

^ y^r? .... 'noun1

SSB^ s3^^cSxcSif^a. sjo^eT7-^ &5* L"!^,^::

....

ureading" ^^o ^^sSx>- tfc6& ^?S3 'object'rp Acdipg....

J^ "novels" ^& 'object1

s> roAcsSo^a.

:- 'present participle' si>5ctixj'Oerund'oa ^oifc* a," CcpsS

., ^s BodfcJO 'verb'Si- 'ing'^ e

Aotoofl. Ac?&tfE&& ^ ^ofi

1] Runningis an exercise (3&7^fc a-tf ^oO

j.k Knglish Grammar 2 aSftdfr

3*2^. co^lr*- a* it Sjtfwzor?5 &PO^ eS&soc^ safio.^o

cScw'^sSaeafiodfc-*

simple present tense7& &r

i/

fit.:-a) The sun r/jr^j in the east (&&& fia

b^l The Earth rotates round the Sun($j>3o

CO*....*:-

a) I take coffe

the morning (j3?& ^tfcCosSx) s$ 5ft vofij&X b) Shegymnasium in the early hours every day

'. i .. Ex.: a) The. b) The lion

4] ?Sfrfis oScis; rfoSS^?^ SOcifiMdBco ^o^&oo^8,...

Xdfc&). b)

u-J western music besides classical music

el^_

a) The muslims pray Allah

b) The Hindus burn the dead (frofibfteo A\&^& efsStfa

,..,v. s . a

1! The Christians r/j^r Church every Sunday fi

. b) We ge/ omonth

iSj J,P, English urammar

81 S$tf&dS> SOdtaadfo tfo&'&^ocr*....a) She /m* two*.]*&>

Usage of verb forms in various ienses(S)# c^^^12

. (verb form) 05 n

Ssi (number), ^&& (person) o?& ^^cSdoD siptf ^ 'verb

s^sSjea)ifcf3^ ox. ^s (SoCj SdbcSiT

1

,*.. "present tense1

, "past

tense', "Future Tense* o c&oe>- "go" s& verb (jadtsi)- person

{^SbSa,) f number

iSj J.P. Bnglish Urunimar 'yy

J"

q**" ' Urf '*" u

^^'^*+v**-*->

,*,aj &.ue /Zf/*i tWO1 0-;J1 ti; v.'*les to her right

b) The rainis heavy (sto't

9] tfacigfibtoc

,...^. s .

a) I so to Bangalore next month (3S^3e>#'3o^5orc

3ojdi)c6a). b) She comes here in a day or ;wo8^i>^erJJ

fi

JO]

s*fi

c;-,-."" '

&). Ex* m a) Krishnadevaraya .rum leads his army toreach the battk field (^Jiocfiw oi^& tf?S ^Soio^* yl a S)6'oK^ Se&iioSb

cpo^^tibf^fifo). b^ Kuchela now explain;,Krishna about his poverty(5o^^&

Usage of verb forms in various (ense9(a&^ c*oi-itio12

(verb form) e rv sireS,5i5jf5sio (number), s^cS^. (person) o& i>&?S6oO &P&' ^8 'verbforms'

sSj'eaaiib^oco. & (jtotf sSdbrSr?.,.. *present tense 1 , *pa&i'

tense1

,

A

Future Tense'e o&ob- "go" ^^a verb (|o^bV personI, number

fctt

S! '5

in1 J"

.jc;

S

-1

f

3 5.'S '5 .2 .5w

-I aa

s

a a -i:c a

oO5

^

HQC*^

!.? English Grammar

: : Pv'jak Verbs

t;;:^s-; 4SJA LSd, (verb)& .cjfcfg. 'd' rj-a, -'ed't"-..W :.-:.... sfrSsws-o (past tense) e*as &> |Sdfce&. "w,V-'.s" :-J:~

"Regular Verbs (^ptf LSc{fis)" JaST-t'stc:- fe's

1 ense Past Te s"_

(Suffix)

!+)( + ed)

(+0k' j Strong Verbs ($*& \g&w y. m ^^ ^^ (presj"'" : v ^ ^i U

I IP, English Grammar

j.t>. JSnglis'hCifammtir W afeftcAa go AS t rt>

it |4J J.P. -English Cxraratnar 10 1

J.f. Engligh Grammar \TK.

a " raitense's*

Resent tense'

.eg

teme 'pan 'tense past participle

fall

fell (ssrf/rlie (Jlay )felled

lay ,laid

.

foundfounded

fallen (sSa)felled

lain

laid

found.

founded

"Found" &&

1 1 She fell down from the tree

^'\ Son^e people fell the trees for tlie sake of fire wooi

("r-oci:oa Sod3oc?& a&tfsS 3da& sStf/ratf&\ '81 1 lay on th / -t " ?bed i'^^cas^^' sS&^od3o)). 4] I lay the pen on the tabl icc^^cb^ e&o&> Ao^aa). 5] Slie found herbook iiithtkitchen (^ tfS s&Stf&)& ^oi)^(S^ 8 tfSa/rasi))/ 6] I foundthis society (eS& '^s ?OO&&D& &^&oOM).

Degrees of Comparison

S8rrCc. ^S3.... "Degrees of Comparison" e^-:-

a) Java is tall (-acfio- SP^S^^); b) Vijaya is tallertlum Jaya

^acS- ttcaogTot) SToS^a), c) Srivijaya ig the

J.P. English Grammar.

10 *&n SDc&^cJLiD Adjec-tives

1

?^,"positive degree" oS eo^&. *:- 1] Nandini is

good (^oa &o^ "^^)-S] Calcutta is a great city (tfetf^-/^^^^).2

1 Comparative Degree (&tons|8):. ^ sSgja-sScS^jSy; a,^ SS&3&&- sSs^^"" SS&^S*^ a,^ K5o^^-

ftiiH* _a (|)

^sSxj^c&p1 f&coo$& ^raSS^&

.f5a&*fi^ ^Dc^^dii*

Adjectives'^."Comparative Degree" && wo&pifi. ^. ; .

-ijNandini is fee/^e''

than Padmini (riofia- sSa^asfo"6 &oCa). 5] My house is bigger .than my brother's house (io'ajc ^r ^dJdo^ Bigj'tfo'fr'o^a;. 8].Cecutta is greater than Chennai

3] Superlative

Adjectives

"Superlative Degree'* &3 ^ofi^db. Ex. : ~ ij Ramifii is the fees*

of all the girls- in the class (&&). 8] Cal-

cutta is the greatest of all the. cities in India

J.P. English Grammar 'JO* **&&? o^Jfcpositive degree a* *& 'Adjectives'^- 'Comparative

Degi

5c&> 'Superlative Degree1 5*a8 ^tft>rl&.... ^ (I

1] a,"3 Syllable & 'SAd&^ Adjectives

(a) .'positive degree'^-*$ 'single syllable adjective'

"er" e& itfsSe& 3dci3teS.... 'Comparative Degree*rtest" e& etf;&o. *:- (i) Long- Longer. Longest, (ii) Hard-

Hardc

Hardest. -

(b) 'Positive Degree1

StfJ6- *ef

A^$&....fiK)8- "r" ^*& e^i

3.'. s . 'Comparative Degree' si)6d&> "st" wrb t

6.... 'Superlative Degree' iitfjebdoofl. ^-r- Wis

Wiser- "Wisest, Late- Later- Latest

fc) ^Positive Degree* OiStftf- *y* AoA y eoA^

parative* &8da 'Superlative* Degrees Stf^tfcp'oaa. jEx.:- DrjDrier- Driest; Easy- Easier- Easiest

(a) 'positive degree's OSStf'-'y' &o'ft. S?!> 3?&^ Srexiexj ^Six *. co

sSrsSbj*ca5n^*er' si5cixo *est' o& ^5\c6^.... 'comparative'Superlative* degress Sitf^ef^e^j. -E

1

^-:- Gay- Gayer- Gayest,

^'positive degree* BStf- a.^1

3..... 3 aasa

*er* 5i5c^b *est* of& 35^-5*.... 'comparative9

&6d&>'Superla-

tive' degrees d^dfapa. ^-:- Thin- Thinner- Thinnest;Red. Redder- Reddest

(f) 'positive degree* fcsStf-'

J.P. English Grammar 105;

er' SD&>c

est'&ad& 3a^ .....'comparative1*

Superlative1

degrees^isrcxa. v. : - Thick- Thicker.

Thickest; weak- weaker- weakest,

2] 'Positive Degree1

s8 & c &, Bofifa 'Syllables' tfo ra^ 'adje-ctives' i$&- &Qc)&> sS^& 'syllables' Ko

wR)^ 'adjectives1

S5&-"'

'more1

sS?Odo*

most* e&- w'S3isSe3& &oo^ Sd^S ^fifo....*

comparative' &>5c^ 'supeilative1

degrees Sto'^tferooo.- x.

:-

(i)Harmful- More harmful-

^

Most harmful, (ii) Beau- mtiful- Mbre beautiful. Most beautiful.

,

-

8] Sf1

^1

Adjectives1

a.g" (tf&siofl^- 3&6is*.... 'irregular1

rv- compare

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Bad (%$} Worse ^o 3|) WorstGood (s?^) Better (C-OBB*^)' B;St

Much (wStfa>f6) More (ope ^fia- gp?6) Most

Old (aiJ)"

Older o-o &tf Oldest

Little ^gb-SS,^

Lesser

COMPARISON OF 'ADVERBS'; (^dfir-

gT8^):. 'Adjectives' cS3c siSi 3

J.P. English Grammar 106 . ea*5[Scsi soA

Soon(tfjtfrp) Sooner ^no tfjtfn*) Soonest (SbS

'

5tf). Earlier (EPS *aotfetf) Earliest (

Badly (S&v) . Worse (woBtfn-)'

Worst

Well (&oQrp) Better (co sSioOr?)"

.Best

Far (^p^r^r?) Farther (c-e&^cCsSan*) Farthest (JtoSj.0

Swiftly^r?*) More swiftly(!peSan) Mo'^t swiftly

Skilfully More skilfully*

Most skilfully

marks"

Punctuation Markstffio3&&$i

eSj^ "punctuatic

'punctuation marks' S^cSfiStf/fo^. 30

'punctuation marks'

1J

The Full Stop raark--^^ scr-sSj osS^Sb (.)r?! The Question mark=S^tfi

P

r^Sa (?)"- ! The Exclamation

I . '*"' &sy""

;sL

I|The Comma ?^^

c-j The Colonsr^t*-'i? The Se

}J>. flatfish (Grammar < jp?'

^&&'

7]The Brackelsrs&otffctftfw as^&oeo ([],())

8] The Dashsi'^pSg asS^Saj' ( ).

.9]Inverted Commas marks r=

10] Double Quotation marks=t9&p^ OS^sSe(" ")-ll] Hyphen-12

JApostrophe^

ia];Three

14] CapitalLetter&:=">>

15] The Colon and Dashrr^;.)USAGE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS

1] Fllll Stop :-(a).CiSS^- ^s o-^c&aeo ^5^j^(Joo

J.& English Grammar''

iQB . &ijbd& $oAi

3] Exclamation marie :-

"Exclamation mark (!)'& sSp

sse :f s 'Interjection' ficr.v. : . ij How beautiful she is! '(w^cpgtfs'

"

s^kgab)* 2] Getout! or Sit down! (^ ). 3j Hurrah! (Interjection).4] C0IHIBa :- ^ *^o>Comma (,)' 4?^^d

%

a 3.3 ^ireT-^^SSb fSoaodoa^.S^a^' ^es-^caex, 'and'

t&- fcr^tf^ a^&o ^Ci)^^ 'Comma (,)'

-Grammar;

.

:. 169-

(d) v*i&>*G*b' LCP 6*&^& ..&*&* .'rSb Comma's,Lsrctfpa.

*,:-1] To err is human, to forgive, devine

SaflV forgive' ^^ "is" & L6c6 'e^asa.Comma/ L PcfcaaSa)'. 2] Reading maketh a full man; confe.rence, a ready man; and writing, an ..exact, manConference' 'writing* o tf&sptf ^maketh'" ^

>... 'Comma 1

(e)

comma'&.

Lp-cS^D.-JEic.:. I1-The

Sun rising, 'the wofkers ''commenced their work. 21 The Suni having set, they all went home. .

|(f) ''Direct Speech's4.^ s^^g^SoeSei. .Quotations &>^ &&,

i>doo& sSofiS)v''c6n3ina'cSai(jcr=cd;p).

*' :-!] She said,"! will go**2] He said, ".Ramya is clever". .

"

(g) -^Compound, sentence' SofiS- OS^O^-' Co-ordinate* clauseo?5o ai&dSo6& 'Comma' .e?&

^pd^D. ^-:- I] Men may come,men may go, but 1 go on for ever, 2] He called at my office,but I 'Was absent,

'

,

'

,"

.

5] Colon ;.--ja .'semi-colon' p?i..a&^s$- cjCP^Sb'^ ^^^oa.-apa^eo-, .Sp&tfio, cfe*^o& s5oDo5)b ^s ''colon f;)

J

^> f53d&D. .Ex. i . .. 1

JThe , important tenses of a verb are : the present

tense, the past . tensey the future tense, -il .The proverb says:

Honesty is the- best '-policy'.. J Dickens said : "It is 'better to

be ihree hours earl> than one minute late,"

:^ acr

(jramniar - . * 110 es^caa qoS, \\

'clause* o&. &>Sd&> a. "3

a

*

Semicolon(; )'&> (jpc&?>. ,#:-

came; she saw; she conquered* 2J

The coconut trees

i'owS; it gives us oil; it gives us milk; it gives us ro{

supplies ub, indeed, with all the. necessaries of life, 3

heart was pure; his life was peaceful and happy.

7j Brackets :. (a) *** *?>g$&z.6'* ^A),^i 'clause' o^ c^g. cr-

fc

;ji.oi'^ 5, clause [Parenthetical)^. 'Brackets ()'jr-L. -tx. : . Abou Ben Adhem (may 3ais tribe iucrcAwoke one night from a deep dream of peace.

;

r

^/ '^ &3&&s3i Abbreviations ^C'

^

'Brackets( j

1

"^ rpcj-. ^|>., -4 ^^ ^gSSo OSitf &wg 0:jr^SoR CPS^&; s^^sSoa sySft &^^ ! Brackets 1 , e*^

^dab-r-.

:.

i_ Rajakumari studied B.Sc. (Home Science). 2] Ha B.Sc. (Agriculture) graduate. 8] Ranjitha bought a laciikulator(15 digits). 4] My father got an. award* from Raspaihi The president of

India). 5] Indian population touc&e ;,: million "mark (10 millionssl crore). 6j Writees*ay about The Simla Agreenient? (U P.-S-C/,' Mar: 79.) .

'' '

'Brackets1

*^

S! Dash:, i y^sia ^-3^ ^ t SfiC

;^ v:l- 'Dash (-.)& ..p^. *... ij Gayathri is aare friends.

-

NOTE -..

English Grammar m-

"Fill up the blanks:,"

j^ 3d&&"9] Single Quotation marks.-

s,g S5tfae& Sin-gle Quotation marks (

4 J

) Sex Inverted comnTassSatfgg ic-ctSpO.

.v.s.

1] Mahatma_ Gandhi was also called as-Bapuji

1

. 2]Kon-dapalli Seetharamaiah is the 'founder of 'Naxalite movement'in Andhra- pradesh. 3] M.G'.R. was awarded

*

Bharatha Ratna*

posthumously, 4] 'Aamuktha Maalyada' was written fay SriKrishna Devaraya. 5] Indira Gandhi was popular with 'BankNationalisation

7

and '20 point programmeV(bj Quotations &tfg &S^ &*gx ff6^- Quotations IjfioSeaS&6c3^. s$pk 3cs- op^"g^3 sSo^s^efc.... 5*50 'Quotations'^-'Single Quotation Marks' JT |5Fc&*6. ^v-:- Mr. Robert replied,11 Was it not Shakespeare who observed ; 'Give every man earbut few thy voice*?"

"

.

.

(c) Sr3yo> fe'SbocSa- 'Single Quotation marks'^ i3ad&*D."*

.

.

-" ',"*-Ex.--

1] 'Tit for tat (^^ wto& S^S^V -2] *Truth isGod

(rStfg'S} SsSsSxi)1

.

101 boubie Quotation marks:- Direct Speech tfo ^^>J ',

' O

sptfgsSao&-Double

.Quotation marks Sc* Double Inverted

commas (" ") &tfjS |spd6*>.-^.:- 1] Lalitha Said,- "Lamgoing to market." 2] Afuna said, "I got U,P S.C. selection",

3] "Never mind" 5 she replied, "it made known to me who

were wellwishers". & s&y&sSs^^gsSD^oei-' Reporting Verb

niintntinn rnnrtfi r^

J.P. English Grammar 112

11] Hyphen :- wortiFSWo& vfagg* &^ Compound worddJSe& e*>&doSb Hyphen(-)&[j3d&*0. $ Dash(_Wd&oix>o3. X:- 1] To-morrow, 2] Short- sight, 3] Lamj

stand4] Father-in-law, 5] Daughter-in-law, 6] Sister- in-tas

7] Commander- in- chief, etc.,

12] Apostrophe :- (a) 'Possessive- case' &> &r-a &^ 7

'noun' &8&> 4 s' ^b &$*$ Apostrophe (*) al&r.-.l] Rekha's bag, 2] Deepika's purse, 8] Leela's ring etc

(V) aitf cSeS&o^ofijD- a,S w^^sS^ a*&ou)i!oOT S^OoeS aaotf^> /,

C*J tvA

^9 e*8>oO?6 ^do Apostrophes [p*dfr. Ex. : . 1] It's' (It is]

2] Don't (Do not) etc.. s Apostrophe ^s$ob*rfsSEc&

13] Three dots' :. 9

J.P. Engll&h Grammar 118

b) one transistor, c) one gold ringj d) 1200 rupees in cash,

e) tw.o' pairs of clothes etc. 2} Tie assets of Sudhakarare

given below :- a) one < tea estate, b) three big houses, c) one

imported car, d) two petrol bunks, e) due cashewgrove etc,

Same Words in Different Parts ofSpeech

spfi

ssotf sScJsSuoa- S c^5 fSoStf^sSab cCoodi

1] A :-*

Article* r?/.. He bought a two-wheeler(wtf& a,tf flj5pSjf6^& f*3&). 'Preppsition'n8 .... She takes meal twice aday (49^ 3*3= ^O^O^P& E^es^^p S^ofi)-2] About :- 'preposition' n-.... They are discussing aboutthe elections (&& &&&& rtbeSoO rf^^&). *Adverb' n-....She is about twenty years old (a>\

3} above :- 'Adjective'^.... Explain the above lines (lj sSo&o& as$aobsS). 'Noun'r?.;.. The ^frove is an accurate colour

(^ ft ?o2^ ^OiSb). 'AdverbW:... Look r/&ov^ (l>'preposition

1

^.... They are placed .above *$ T&& &

4] After :-c

Adverb* rv-... She came here at 8 PM and herhusband toon.

after. (^^D SPJ^OL^^O 6 Koioo^ gtfvtf& DTP....ea

1

^ ftf' s Sofio^ S3^&).4

Adjective' n ... She was more

peaceful in /^/- life

J.P. English Grammar . 114 r &&fid& eoA5

). 'Conjunction1

n .... She arrived.after the plane left

'

38^&*ooDc6 ^SbSF9^ esSo

sSei^&j. 'prepositionYP....- She

visited me #//?/ mid-night (tfc

5] As :- /Pronoun* r?.... This is the same book as I read ye-sterday (3& S?$^ rffiSi^a ^S Ltfo)! ^Adverb'rv.,.. She hasbeautiful as you (&$ ^)o^ 65o^^S c^^^.,..' ^s'Si ^r^ wo^

. 'conjunction'??1 . ... They did as they were told

6] Both :- 'Adjective*^.... -'-Both girls went there

lfe^^^^^ 38jQ). 'conjunotion'r?.... She is both an educa-

ted and, intelligent (e$3o&- rfd&sjp sfcadtfr ^^

'preposition'n*.... fior/; of them are married

7] Down :- 'Noun'n-.... His life contains many upsand

downs (&& &&$x o"e E'cS^djSSao) feScJio sS^^sSxo^A^a); 'Adjective'?^.... She has taken thedowH portioni8o&' 5s-^a& S^^a). 'Adverb*^.... .She .sat rfoirw

). 'preposition^....He sailed ....

Sh^'is not clever enough

>LV, English Grammar 115 &$), 'Adverb'rv.... She is less known than her sister

^53^ S^s-wS'oc efl'^o ci^b^S.T8

oO^^v^.). 'preposition1

n8 .... She

paid the wages less the expenses f ^VJo ^cfi-\o\

'

-

- w.

12] Like':-'

Adjective 1 jv.... The earth is round //A-e a ball

^ir*^ ao&sSS i^oo^^on* &^&). 'Adverb' r?.... She behaves like-d lunatic

(csj^o 3,2' isy^fl ^S ^O 1^^)- 'p^position'rp....She cannot do it ///ve- you

-

(Lcrv> ^Z, u-^ro 3dS>3fi&).'rr.,.. 1 like N.T.R. Films

^N.T.R. ojis^o& &xi> e,;,i -( &c&^s6a S^ iis-SSffib). 'Conjunction'^.. Since you are my well

wisher, I will surely help you ^l^> & jJf^&^^S) ssSt)o'S5s;S&&

^sS^ ^JSiiiSdScSa). 'Proposition'?^.... I did not see her

since last 'Friday (rftf ab^sp^sSa j5ooS %3"a,& S

23] Some :- 'Adjective1

r?.... Bring some milfc

^o'!).'

Adverb' rt6 .... I saw her jojMg six months ago!& w&3ooSa sSr'^&o 55^^ ^^,fr^^). 'PronounW...;passed in first class remaining in second class

24] Still :- 'VcsrbW.... When the tempest stf/fr, the fisher-men will resume their catching (&S^^ S^csSw STT'S s^od& (^sSco) sSdudd jj^tfoao&&). ^djective'n .*.. This is a still

lake (aS. a,tf- S^o^S c5ds5>j).'

Adverb* nv... She is still

writing 'the examination (wSa-qotfcSa 3SS< ^pcabduS dSs^s).'Conjunction

1

^... She had fever, 'still she attended the func-

tion (^> e^efssasa SSO^?P 53^0 3

J,,F; tlngligh Otaiuihat

(fctfax& S^ST* SctosSgb). 'Conjunction' r?,... Make hay

the Sun shines &*

Forntation of Words

), wog

Verbs Md3bt , Nouns

'

! .

I] Fonuatiou of Nounsa Formation of Nouns from Verbs Sc&o "&oa

Admit (|j$^&oa&^)'

Admission

'Agree (woAdoi&) AgreementAnnounce ([StfaoeS))

'

Announcement

Apply (fil;*ip& SdSco) . Application

Approve (

J.P. English Grammar

.Deliver-(lF?fs*ud&a,

i

Deny (Dismiss

Exceed

Expect

Expel'

Grow

Bate

Heal (rf

Judge

Know

Laugh (Manage

Marry '

Move

Obey

Object (Oppose

Perform

Please^?

Protect-(

Provide

.Reduce

Reveal /\

Revolve

Secure(

Serve (tSeparale

US ejoAB

Delivery^i-

Denial (tfrTv

Dismissal h

Excess(.wrfrfl

Expectation

Expulsion (Growth

Hatred

Health

Judgement

Knowleiolge

Laughter

Management

Marriage

Motion

Obedience

ObjectionOpposition

Performance

Pleasure(ST

Protection

Provision

Reduction

Revelation

Revolution

Security

Service.("S

Separation

Vacate s

Vary (Wed

(

WeighWrite

Success

Trail

Urgency

Vacancy

Variety

WeddingWeight (Writing

(b) Formation of Nouns from Adjectives

Adjectives

Able

Brave

Brief(s$ |rffra)

Broad (SSS^S)Certain

Curious

Deaf

Deep (flf*3 S)Dense

, Equal

False

Fertile

Free

.Gay

Generous

Grand

Nouns

Ability

Bravery

Brevity

Breadth

Certainity

Curiosity

Deafness

Depth

.Density (

Equality (Falsehood

Fertility

Freedom

Gaiety

Generosity

J.P t English Grammar 181 sjoAS"

Happy

Hard(

High (Holy (sHonest

Inferior.(

Intelligent

Just(

Local

Long

'Mean

Merry

Moist

Necessary

Noble !/X.

Obedient

One

Possible

Relative

Shy

Silly

Tumid

Happiness

Hardness

Height (ojHoliness

(

Honesty

Inferiority

Intelligence

Justice

Locality

Length

Meanness

, Merriment

Moisture

Necessity

Newness(

Nobility (Obedience

Oneness

Possibility

Relation

ShynessSilliness

Tumidity

(c) Formation of Nouns from Nouns

Nouns

Act Action

J.P. English Grammar

Bond

Child (Brf\ QCreature

Friend

Hero

Infant

Man

Mother

Owner

Patriot

Priest

Servant

Slave

WidowWomian

122

Bondage (Childhood

Creation

Friendship

Heroism

Infaricy (iManhood

Motherhood

Ownership^

Patriotism

Priesthood

Service

Slavery

Widowhood (3\ 0-*.Womanhpod

2] Formation of Verbs

(a) Formation of Verbs from Nouns

Nouns

Apology

Authority

Beauty

Black

CampCentre

Circle

Class

Verbs

ApologiseAuthorise

Beautify

filacken

EncampConcentrate

Encircle

Classify (dtfrfO

l.P, English Grammar

Company

Courage (3tfgsS)Critic

Danger

Economy

Electricity

Famine

Force(

Fraud ("jGlory (l_d)Habit

Hand (3ox

Head'(tfe)

idol

Joy

Justice

Knee (ZLength

MemoryNation

Neuter'

Peace (Port

Prjson Sfib

accompany

Encourage

Criticise(

Endanger (-Economise

Electrify

Famish

Enforce

Defraud

Glorify (Habituate

Handle(

Behead

Inherit

Idolise

Enjoy (Justify (Kneel (vLengthen

Memorise

Nationalise

Neutralise

Pacify

Deport

Export

Import

Transport

Imprison

Grammar

Slave (

Society

Sympathy

Table

Throne

Title

Utility

Vapour

Enslave

Associate

Sympathise

Tabulate

Enthrone (a sS*;3SEntitle

Utilise

Evaporate (eas

(b) Formation of Verbs from Adjectives

Adjectives

Able

Brief

Broad

Certain -

Cheap (Clean

Clear

Dark

Deep

Dense

Equal

Faimiliar

Flat

Fertile

Enable

Abbreviate

. Broaden

CheapenCleanse"

Clarify

Darken

DeepenCondense

Equalise (cFanialiarise

Flatten

Fertilise

i'f j J,K BnghshOraffiiiiar 126 &;

Fine

Glad

Large

Little

MadNew (ifj@Popular

Proper

Pure

Real

Rich

Right

Solid

Special

Specific*

Stable

Timid

White

Wide

Refine

Gladden

Enlarge

Belittle

MaddenRenew

Popularise (

Appropriate

Purify

Realise

Enrich

Ratify

Consolidate

Specialise ([

Specify (^Stabilise

(

Intimidate

Whiten

Widen

3] Formation of Adjectives

(a) Formation of Adjectives from Nouns

Nouns Adjectives

Accident (wAdvantage

Adventure

Accidental

Advantageous

Adventurous

English Gratnmat

Affection

Aiigel (3sAnger (

Beauty

Black

Bride (

Brother

Burden (5tfLBush (\'i)Capacity (^^Centre

^Go^Ceremony ^Cheer (^e^sCircle (^J^Classic

^

Comfort

Coward

Crime(

Danger

Earth (aJEase

East

Empire

Expense

Fable

Faith

Fnnl

Affectionate

Angelic^

Angry (i^Beautiful

Blackish

Bridal (

Brotherljr (Burdensome

Bushy

Capable^&

Central^"l

Ceremonial

Cheerful

Circular

Classical (^\ feComfortable

Cowardy (Criminal (

Dangerous

Earthly (

Easy^&

Eastern

Imperial

Expensive

Fabulous

Faithful f

J.P. English Grammar 127

Four

Fury

Gas

Gloom(

Heart(s

Heir (sp

Honour

Law u

Limit (

Meaning

Mercy (gMiracle

(

Money

Mystery

Nature

Number

Origin (Peace (

Question

Science

Sense

Silk(aito)Society

System

Thirst (Trouble

Type

Value

Fourth

Furious

Gaseous

GloomyHearty (

.

Heriditary fN,

Honourable fLawful (^go^Limited ('&\Meaningful

Merciful^

Miraculous\

Monetary (tf

Mysterious (\Natural

Numeral

.Original

Peaceful

QuestionableScientific fV.

Sensible

Silken (Social (SpoiivSystainatic (j

Thirsty (^sSTroublesome

Typical

Valublc

I.P. English Grammar 12ft

Vigour (Vs) VigorousWood (r*c&) Wooden (rafcjflf*Youth (ciT^ftn) YouthfulZeal dostafco Zealous

(b) Formation of Adjectives from Verbs

Adjectives (D

Cease (aes3>3dfo) - Ceaseless

Envy (Ltf^Sboi) Envious

Govern (&*0o&) Governable

Hesitate (Kioa8ro&) Hesitative

Move (s'^oDib) Movable (tfrfoTalk (Srfij&) TalkativeTire wo&S*^ Tiresome

(c) Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives

Adjectives

Black (?Se3 *) Blackish

Comic (sS*sSgsSrQfifa>?s)Comical

Eight (.^a&a) EightfoldRed (ij^a) Reddish

Tragic (& 8ap^tf^?6) Tragical

White (3o) Whitish (3ce*

ijverbs, Adjectives, Adverbsfrom Nouns (^sfca-tftf&a

J,P. English Grammar 129

Diminutives

"Diminutives"

o-^o-

'le' '' ''

rwnrre

'let', 'et', 'ing' ^i:ia fsuf.x

J.P, English Grammar 130

Qrginal Word

Ankle [3*6Arm

(

Babe

Book

Brook

'Bull

Cabin

Car

Cat (fc>V coChange

Circle

Cock

CrownDame

Dear(

Duck

Eagle

Eye (Flower

Globe

Hill (Home

Isle ^&

Diminutive \ rSr^

Anklet (o3,Armlet

Baby jBooklet (as

Brooklet

Bullock

Cabinet-

Chariot

Kitten

Changeling

Circlet

Chicken

Coronet

Dasmel

Darling (rt) C20*0,

!^c

Duckling

Eaglet

Eyelet

Floweret

Globule

Hillock(

Hamlet

Tslet ^*-i

i.K English Gramma!

Lamb (rrg^e)Lance f^,?o, =oSc^"j

Leaf

Lock

Maid

ManMole

Nose

Nurse (Pack VPart

Pile

PipePuss

RingRiver (^.)Root (36)Seed (^c5xShade (VcCb)Sign

S