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8/12/2019 English Grammar for Persian speakers
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383
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:
8.1
2.
10
11.3
(12(.4
)(
The
have tomust
(23(.5
26.6
30.7
33.8
9.To Do36
10.
38
:Simple future tense42.11
44.12
13.tell & say47
48.14
50.15
53.16
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:54.17
55.18
Future Continuous Tense58.19
20.
:Sequence of tenses61
21.Used to62
Question tag66.22
Avoid Repatition69.23
The additions71.24
CAN73.25
26. MUST73
27.
WANT74
28.Some &any76
78.29
82.30
.31 :possesive forms84
.32 :Putting two sentences together85
86.33
34.Reflexive pronouns (self )87
35.Here & There8936. it92
9416.37
95.38
: (100(.39
(106(.40
108.41
42.
109
43. adjective111
44.The same as115
adverb118.45
:(very, too, enough)intensifiers123.46
47.Such127
tooenough129.48
Other130.49
Relative Pronouns136.50
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141.51
145.52
Conditionals146.53
54.Otherwise
149
55.Wish150
if151.56
57.It is time151
IF152.58
59.Unless153
60.Would rather154
61.as if as though156
(in Case157(.62
63.Both158
:active & passive voice159.64
:
.
.
:170.65
171.66
67.
reported speach172
Indirect speech173.68
.
:
.
:
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:
:
( gerund )181.69
70.
to184
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8
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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9
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383
.
edu.uta.enayatpour@ce
..
htm.mynotes/hmpg/~enayatpour/edu.uta.ce-www://http
8/12/2019 English Grammar for Persian speakers
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.
TOEFL,MCHE
,IELTS
.
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:
:
TOEFLIELTS.
..
:
TOEFLIELTS
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
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:
+
+
+
+
..
:
I we
you you
he
she
it
they
)(.
.to,)(.
to
seeIseeto
You see
They see
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.:
thereat schoolherein the classat home
.
every dayyesterdayevery other day today
on even dayson odd days
.
.
:
1
2
thatthis3
:
booksthesebookthis PLthesethis
carsthosecarthat PLthosethat
.:
.Hassan saw: Ali
.Hassan saw him
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:
me
us
you You
him
(her(
it
them
:
my our
your your
his
her
its
their
(
to
ought toused to.
canmustshouldmay
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:
-1
2-
( )
.doesdo
Can you go?
Can you?
You can?
I can go
:?youareamIyouweI:
)(-3
.((not
.may notam not:
tCannotCan '
twonnotwill '
tmustnnotmust '
tShannotShall '
tisnnotis '
tarennotare '
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notamnotam
notmaynotmay
4
:
.:
notnot:
.
You cant go cant you go?
You can not go canyou notgo?
was-were
To be(am-is-are)
-Has-hadHave
-Does-didDo
can
could
ShallShould
WillWould
MayMight
Had to
Must
ought to
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Used to
need
Dare
Would rather
Had better
The
)(
I eat apple.
I eat theapple.
I eat theapple which is red.
"" "".
". .
."
:
am-is-arebeto have
.
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havecanIhaveI bemustIamI
havecanyouhaveyou becanYouareYou
havecanTheyhaveThey bemustheisHe
havecanwehaveWe
havecanshehasShe
Have Am
to have Is Be
Has are
:
.
1
22
3
4
5
6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
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1. Cant you help me here every day?2. Mustnt you teach us here every other day at 2 oclock?3. Am I not bad tempered?4. Dont they study here every day?5. Dont you listen to the teacher every day?6. Can I be polite in class?7. My father must be kind at home.8. My sisters may be lazy.9. Their parents can be here.10.My father can have lunch.11.He may have a car
((to-1
:usedought to)to-2
to(.To be(am-is-are)To havehashave
)have-has)am-is-are
.))have , be
wantpretend
likerefuse
would likeplan
hopedecide
intend
wish
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trybe going to
promisehate
dislike
prefer
ust
: have to
I(( mustgo
I have togo
)
(
tohastohave
must
.musthad to:
.has , have:
.I will havemy lunch.
.She hasa book.
have
+
has
.)has , have)to:
have
+to
has
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:
)
.1
.2
3
..4
.5
1. They want to listento the teacher every day.
Do they want to listen to the teacher every day?
They dont want to listen to teacher every day. Dont they want to listen to teacher every day?
2. I must speak English every day.3. You want to bepolite here.4. He likes to havea car.5. We decide to beclever this year.
.)
1. They Study engineering ( Plan:)
2. Most students succeed (want)
3. We understand the lesson. (Pretend: )
4. I work hard. (Promise )5. Most of the people fact/tell the truth. (refuse)6. You are very successful. (can)7. They practice sentence patterns (must)8. Many students ask questions (may)9. We are polite. (Ought to)10.I dine with you. (would like)11.We play football. (prefer)
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1. They Plan to Study engineering
2. Most students want to succeed.
3. We pretend to understand the lesson.
4. I promise to work hard.
5. Most of the people refuse to fact/tell the truth.
6. You can be very successful.
7. They must practice sentence patterns.
8. Many students may ask questions.
May they not ask questions?
May not they ask questions?
9. We ought to be polite.
Ought you to be polite? Are you ought to polite?You ought not to be polite. You arent ought to polite.
Ought you not to be polite? aren't you ought to polite?
10. I would like to dine with you.
11. We prefer to play football.
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Simple Present Tense
:
.
to:
.((ies-es-s((it-she-he.
:
1-
s
:
He works/she eats/it runs
es-2
:esz,o,x,ch,sh,s
Washes/buzzes/watches/fixes/misses/mixes
sa,e,I,o,uyy-3
.
Playsplay
yyy
.esi
Carrycarries
Studystudies
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:-4
+every
+each
+during)during the day(
+every other)every other week(
:-5
ever never always usually often sometimes
They never play golf.
.-6
.The sun sets in the west.
.does ,do:
)doesnt-ies-es:does)s
.:
He goes to school every day.
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:
.
-1
2-2
3-
-4
1. He goes to school every day.2. The teacher helps us in the class at 2 oclock on odd days.3. My father studies at home on even days.
4. His father wants to help them here every day
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.Question Words.
:who-1
2-
:whom
:what-3
:where-4
-when-5
how many-6
7-
how much
how-8
what time-9
how long-10
how often-11
12-
+whose
.an, a-13
+that ,this ,those ,these+the-14
which.
why-15
16-
how old
how far-17
how tall-18
how fast-19
what color-20
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(
wh questions)
:.-1
WhereWhen
How
Why +
What time
How often
How fast
I can answer Can you answer?
Why can you answer?
When can you answer?
How fastcan you answer?
-2
.
?you gowhereI knowWhere do you go
Why dont they studyI know whythey dont study
he is happywhyI am sure
-3
.iesess
He works
?sworkWho
?sworkWhose brother
?you workdo
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?sworkWhich teacher
?sworkWhat kind of student
:
.
:2-1
-2
-3
4-
.-5
1. I know where you play football every day at 2 oclock.2. I dont know why the students dont study at school.3. I am sure why they are tired.4. Do you know whose brother wants to speak English?5. I am not sure why they are lazy in class.
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have to
) :have to
.
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
6. They have to speak English in class.
7. The boy has to be polite in class every day.
Does the boy have to be polite in class every day?
The boy doesnt have to be polite in class every day.
8. The girls have to be here on even days.
Do the girls have to be here on even days?
9. He has to play football every other day.
Does he have to play football every other day?.He doesnt have to play football every other day
?Doesnt he have to play football every other day
10. Ali has to be happy in class
Does Ali have to be happy in class?
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:
.
-----:
e +ing
.
subject + to be + verb + ing
ingare,is,am:be
.
.are , is , am:
are,is,am:
ing:
:
now
at present-
for the time being-
at the moment
This morning
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This year
This week
::
look!hush up
listenstop
be carefulkeep
Listen! Someones knocking the door!
Look! Someone is coming.
Be careful he is eavesdropping.!
:
.-like-know-understand-wanting-1
.ingyingy-2
Playplaying
Studystudying
Carrycarrying
ingeinge-3
bee.
Comecoming
Taketaking
Havehaving
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Bebeing
-4
.inging((a,e,i,o,u
Sit sitting
Put putting
Read reading
.ingyieingie-5
tie tying
diedying
lielying
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:
.
:.ieded
:
:
1
:)
(:see saw
-2 :)ed-ied(workworked
dodid
am , iswas
arewere
havehad
gowent
comecame
seesaw
:
did
.
iededdidntdid:
.
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.ieded-1
:-2
last dayyesterday
the other day
two days ago
+in)in 1920(
:
.
edyy:
.
playplayed
staystayed
saysaid
paypaid
yyy
.iededi
carry
carried
studystudied
trytried
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:
.
2-1
5-2
-3
1367-4
-5
-6
:
1-They helped us in the class at 2 oclock yesterday.
2-We saw you in the park at 5 oclock last week.
3- We wanted to go to school the other day.
4-We liked to be polite in the class in 1367 year.
5- We were tired yesterday.
6- The boy was lazy last year.
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:
To Do
You did. Did you do?
He does. Does he do?
Did he do? Yes he did.
..You had to go-1
Did you have to go?
You didnt have to go
.-2
He has to go.
?Does he have to go
.-3
He had to teach.
Did he have to teach?
.-4
My father was here yesterday.
.-5
Their parents were kind last year.
.-6
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I was teacher last year.
-7
They were studying when my father came in.
-8
My brother was playing the piano when his teacher rang.
.-9
Their parents werewatchingthe news when it was raining.
:
when
.
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:
you((to
.
:
please
(will you ( please)(
would you
could you
:
+would you minding
ing
+do you mind
.youyou
dont bearentyouto be-
.again
)
(dont go again)
(you dont go
(you arent((dont be again(
dont (you) ever go (again). )(
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:
.
.-1
2-
.
.-3
.-4
.-5
.-6
.-7
8-
.
.-9
.-10
.-11
.-12
:
-1 Please study here every day.
-2 Please write a letter.
-3 Would you please speak English.
-4 Would you mind listening to the teacher.
-5 Please be polite here.
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-6 Please be happy.
-7 Dont play football here again.
-8 Dont open the door again.
-9 Dont write on the black board again.
-10 Dont be lazy again.
-11 Dont be bad temper again.
-12 Dont be rude again.
.-1
I work here every day.
.here nowam workingI
.here yesterdayworkedI
.here yesterdaywas workingI
.here every dayWork
.-2
My father will buy a car tomorrow.
.-3
I will pass in the next year.
4-
.
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They will be here in three weeks.
.-5
We will win soon.
.-6
You will be clever sooner or later.
-7
Ali will study later.
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:Simple future tense
.:
+shall/will+:
.shall((will
shallwill)
(( tomorrow)
tomorrow
soon
sooner or later
three weeks
+next
+in)a week/ a year/ a month(
notshallwill:
wont.shant
.shallwill
ifunless
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whenas long as
whilesuppose
as soon as
before
afterto pass
till
until
(++before
+before)II(
You will passif you study.
If you study you will pass.
I will callyou as soon as I get home.
As soon as I get home , I will callyou.
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)(
.that
)1 +that)
1. 2. 3 that 1. 2. 3
.you comethatI know
):2
.tothat
1. 2. 3 that 1. 2. 3 1. 2. 3 to 2. 3
gotoI want yougoat youthI want you
:)3
.not tothat
.gotthat you donyouI want
.gonot toI want you
.not:
(to gonot to go)
(to be ornot to be)
Not to go )(
Not to come
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not to write
tothat:4
.
let
.I let you gogotoI let you.gothat youyouI let
make
.I make you bebetoI make you.bethat youI make you
see
It helps to prevent help
hear
watch
observe
feel
have
know
notice
that):)5
.ing
I see you that you go.I see you goinggo.
I saw you that you go.I saw you going
go.
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46
:
.
.-1
.-2
.-3
.-4
.-5
6-
.
1. want you not to play football here.
2. I am happy that you are lazy.
3. They like to speak English.
4. I let you laugh here every day.
5.
I saw you studying.6. I see you listening to the teacher.
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tell & say
say)(
said.
)()(
telltold.
.meantmean)()(
/
I mean you
tell:
tellsay to
.
to tell a lie
to tell a story/tale
to tell a fact
to tell a joke
to tell the time
to tell ones name
to tell the fortune
to tell the difference
to tell the news
to tell the secret
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:
1- -2
:every day:-1
::-1
usually often
alwayshardly
some times seldom
frequently generally
rarely scarely
.neverever:
4
.-1
..go therealwaysI
.-2
.
..latealwaysThey are
.playalwaysThey can
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-3
.
Do you often go there?
.
Yes I often do. - I often go there .
.-4
.)do.)(2(
I always do go.
I never did go.
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.
:
The)-(:
a-an
some
any
.penaShe has
spensomeShe has
pen?anyshe haveDose
pen?anyshe havetsnDoe
an , a:
)(((u((a)(u-1
.((an
)a(uan
auniversity
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aused car
anumbrella
anuncle
:((a((one-2
Aone story building.
Aone eyed man.
Aone celled animal.
.an((h((a((h-3
( (anhour
anhonest man
anhonor man
ahand
ahen
ahat
.---the):)1
.the):)2
The god, The sun, The earth, The moon, The sky
:The
The north
The south
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:
mine ours
yours yours
( (his
(hers(
(its(
theirs
.bookeminisitbookmyIt is
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((of
the door ofthe class
the legs ofthe table
((s
mothersAli
booksAli
((s(,)((siesess
.
parentssthe student
.((s
parentssthe children
.((s
todaysnews
tomorrowsnews
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1-of:.
One ofthe students
Five ofthe chairs
Ten ofthe cars
2-from::
Take the knife fromthe child.
Take the book fromthe desk.
I work here frommorning to / till night.
I walk fromhere to/till my house.
fromhere to my house is 2 kilometers.
to be from
to come from
3-out of:.:
I go out ofthe class.
I pulled him out ofthe pool.
, .out of sight out ofmind
.my car is out oforder
.out ofthe work
.out ofthe practice
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4-through:.
.
The river passes throughthis village.
.
I can see throughthe glass.
.
Dont look throughthe pipe.
.
The water passes throughthe pipe.
5-than:er
.more
old elder eldest ( (
old older oldest
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful ( )
My brother is older thanme.
6-since:.
Sinceyou are my friend I want to help you.
.
Sincehe is a good worker, I want to employ him.
.
7-how:-.
Howdo you know my name?
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Howdo you know my address?
Howdo you know my telephone number?
8-to buyat.
to buyfrom.
I bought the book from Ali.
I bought the book from my father.
I bought the book from my teacher.
I bought the bread at the bakers.
sat the butcherI buy the meat
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Future Continuous Tense
willshall
.
Subject + shall /will + be + V.ing
I shall be working
I will be working
He/she/it will be working
You will be working
We shall be working
We will be working
They will be working
willshall:
.I, We
I shant be studying. you wont be going swinming.
Shall I be seeing you tomorrow?
Will you be coming here tomorrow?
Shant I be working all day?
Wont they be watching TV tonight ?
:-
.
We will be sitting in the class and studying tomorrow morning.
:-
.I will be seeing you tomorrow
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.We will be having a test next week
all day tomorrow+all
This time next session+
At 7 oclock next session
At 9 oclock tomorrow/ tonight
:
.
.-1
.-2
.-3
.-4
.-5
1- I had to be sure that that book didnt belong to you.
2- I had to do every thing that he told me.
3- He said that he couldnt help me in this time.
4- I didnt know that you wanted to bother me.
5-He thought that you might not come here.
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:
.
1-.
8-2 .
3-..3
4-.
5-.
1- Will you be working all the day tomorrow?
2- What will you be doing at 8 oclock tonight? I am watching TV.
3- I will come at three oclock good!/well! I will be waiting for you.
4- We had better go out because Reza will be playing the piano.
5- Do you think when we get there, they will be waiting for us.
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Sequence of tenses
:..
:
.-1
.saidelder brotherdo whatever hishad toHe said that he
.-2
.the right to fire met havedidnwell that heknewHe
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Used to
)(did
.He used tosmoke a lot.
.Did you use tostudy here?
.I didnt use tosee him very often.
: else where
: someone else
Used to:.
He used tobe the dean of high school but he isnt now ,again.
.wouldused to:
- used to/would
used to
else where :
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: someone else
1-
.
.to my motherwould go/I used toWhenever I needed some money,
.-2
.else whereused to workHe
3-
a car?use to haveDid your father
.-4
.late, but I get up early nowused to sleepI
.-5
.another the cityused to liveWe
6-.
.our teacherused to beSome one else
:
+to get used to//ing to be used to
To be used to)(.
To get used to)(
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: to take a nap
: to do exercises
or else :
.catsis used toShe
.her motheris used toShe
.nap after lunchaingtakis used toShe
ing
used
accustomed
:
.
duallyt worry, grain front of the class but dont used to standingarenSome of you
.get used to ityou will
:
.
.-1
.-2
3-
.
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.-4
5-.
-6 .
7-
.
1. I Dont smoke so much, or else you will get used to it.
2. Im not tired at all. Im used to working for hours.
3.He is used to doing exercises every morning.
4.At first, we werent used to this teacher but , at last we got used to him.
5.
He is used to take a nap after lunch.
6.Are you used to living in this area. No I am not (used to living here)
7.Dont worry, at last you get used to it.
8.He is used to reading book before sleeping.
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Question tag
(
:)
not-1
:
-1
We must obey the regulations , mustnt we?
2-
He can trust us , cant he?
-3
I believed what you said , didnt I?
-2
She isnt afraid of the dog,is she?
They didnt accuse him of stealing, did they?
-
You dont like to be called stupid, doyou?
am I notarent Iam not:
:
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I am faithful to ypu ,arent I?
I am faitful to you, am I not?
I am kind to the children, arent I?
:
there :
Money doesnt bring luck, does it?
.
The students are willing to stay more, arent they?
.
Ali reza is waiting outside, isnt he?
.
Thereis no class today, is there?
.
That book doesnt belong to you, does it?
.:
Hardly / Never / Barely / No / Seldom/ None/ Rarely/ Little / Scarcely / Few
.
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?does itnowadays,nowhereMoney goes
.
Leyla never tells lise, dose she?
shall we)(lets:
:
Letsgo to tell him every thing , shall we?
Letsstudy together, shall we?
:tag :
Will you- would you- can you- could you
Do me a favor, will you?
Come and see us, will you?
Dont be so stingy, will you?
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69
Some
some, too
any
any, either
a/an
one, too
no
none, either
Avoid Repatition
ana
no.Any & someone
none )(.
.eithertoo
I want to buy acar.
)1(
I want to buy one,too.
I like somecold drink.
)2(
I like some, too.
I dont have anychange.
)3(
I dont have any, either.
We have noclass today.
(4)
We havenone, either.
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70
:to know of
:to be willing
: party
.-1
I want to buy some fruit , I want to buy some too.
-2
He has a lot of good friends in this class, I have some too
-3
I have no time to answer the telephone , he doesnt have any either.
4-
.
I know of a good doctor, I know of one too
-5
They arent willing to go to that party , either.
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71
The additions
_
+so+
too++
+
+
neither
either++
-1
He is in a good mood today, so am I/ I am too.
-2
He used to study here, so did his brother/ his brother did too.
3-
.
He doesnt have to work with you, neither do the workers/ the workers dont either.
-4
He wont attend the class tomorrow, his friend wont either/ neither will his friend.
.-5
I thanked him, so did ali.
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72
-6
He didnt say hello to me, neither did his brother.
-7
He is one of my old friends , so is ali .
-8
We will have a test next week , so will they.
-9
I cant understand your words well , neither can he.
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73
CAN
can
.
will be able to
(will be able tocan(
(cancan(
-1
You can come with me tomorrow, provided you ask your fathers permission.
-2
My foot hurts painfully, I wont be able to play on the team tomorrow.
MUST
.must
will have to.
(Will have tomust(
(Mustmust(
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.)(-1
.do what I say, or else I will fire youmustYou
.-2
to studywill haveIf you want to pass in the university enterance examination , you
hard.
WANT
will want
.
to be going to
.
+want+
Wantexpect+
+to be goingto intend
+willwant need
want
.
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75
I will want my money next week - Im going to buy a car- I want you to pay my
money back.
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76
Some &any
1-some)()
(
any
.
.I want to buy somebooks.
..somepeople say that he is crazy
.There is somecold water in the jar.
why didnt you eat anyfruit?
.
I dont want anyof you to fail.
.some:
You look thirsty , do you want some water?
:.anysome:
would you like somemore tea?
.some:
You should have a good command of english because some day, some student may
ask you some questionthat you cant answer.
)()(
.
:any
.
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77
.
What would you like for lunch? Any thing you like.
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78
some body
some one
some thing
some where
some place
:anyeverysome
every body
every one
every thing
every where
every place
.someno
no body
no one
no thing
no where
no place
.
some body / every body / nobody / any body works
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elses
.s
Some body
+s+every body
+elses+no body
any body
some
no
.anyno
.Somebody knows him
..Nobody knows him
He knows somebody.
He knows nobody.
He doesntknow anybody.
.-1
Is anybody going to say anything?
.-2
Nobody told me anything yesterday.
.-3
I want every body to understand this matter.
.-4
Some bodys brother said some thing else.
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80
Some body elses brother said some thing else.
.-5
We are going to visit some where else.
:some
some people some body/some one
some things
some thing
some places some where/some place
Else:other.
some other people some body else
some one elsesome other people
some thing elsesome other things
some where elsesome other places
some other places some place else
whatsome
what other people?
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82
thosethesethatthis
.
s/+of++this,that,these,those
This book of Alis.
This book of mine.
1-
.
I already know this brother of yours.
-2
May I borrow those two english books of yours?
.-3
This son of Alis always bothers us.
.4
These students of ours like to write more persian sentences.
.5
One student of mine wants to know the fact.
-6
This teacher of ours sometimes doesnt listen to our words.
-7
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83
Some of your classmates decide to come here next Friday.
8
This elder brother of yours can make friends with that good student or friend of mine.
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84
:possesive forms
1
2
3-ofs
4own:.
..His fatherownsa factory-
.I used to owna bicycle.
.own:
?whose car is it.carmy ownthat is
.::belongto
.This fountain pen belongs to me
to?Whom does this fountain pen belong
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85
Putting two sentences together
)()(keep
.whetherif
.
(( or notwhether((or not
.whether
I want to know if you will come here tomorrow on Friday.
I want to know whether you will come here tomorrow on Friday.
I want to know whether or not you will come here tomorrow on Friday.
I want to know whether you will come here tomorrow on Friday or not.
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86
)
did)--(
you say.did you say
.
?Where are you going
going?are, youdid you sayWhere
? How much money do you have on you
on you?haveyoudid you sayHow much money
)
do you think
.
:
? Who is he
Who do you thinkhe is?
? How old are you
How old do you thinkI am?
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self
-1
.
Reflexive pronouns
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
Why didnt you introduce yourself?
.
I think she is crazy, she is talking to herself.
self-2 .
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You told it to me, yourself.
You, yourselftold it to me.
.
They invited us themselves.
They themselvesinvited us.
all bybyself-3
.
.:
My son is old enough to go to school by himself.
.:
He is sitting at the door all by himselfand crying.
)(self-4
to
for
.
I take the books with me/ myself
she has some money on her/ herself
close the window behind you/ yourself
she made address for herself
myselftoI read the text
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Here & There
here.there
.
Here
+
There
Here
+
There
.(Here I am(
.(Here you are(
( (Hereit is.
( (Therethey are.
)
(There are the children
( (Herecomesthe bus.
( (There goes your fathre.
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90
:Help your self
:(you first(
:(after you(
:ladies first-
:please be seated
/:go on go ahead
:who is speaking
there arethere is
:.
.
There is a pen in my pocket , come and take it.
.
When I came in, there weretwo pens on my desk.
.
There issome cold water in the refrigerator.
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91
:
.
-1
2-
3-
.-4
.-5
1- I want to know whether you are going to buy or rent the house.
2- Ask him if he can lend you some money.
3-
Im not sure whether he will come to the meetting with me or not.
4- He lives in this small home by him self.
5-
I wish I could see my self as others see me.
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92
it
it
:
1-
Itis hot today.
Itis cold today.
.Itwas raining.
.Itis sunny.
2-:
:
..Hurry up ! itis getting late
2What time is5? it? itis five to two. .
What time is it? itis five to two.
3-:
:
..itis far
How far is itfrom here?
..itis about 5 miles5
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93
:-4
.
Who is itat the door? Itmust be Ali.
5-:
.
It is easy.
It is easy to speakEnglish.
It is easy for you to speakEnglish.
6-it:
That is it: It is a pity
Be it so:
It pays well/ it is worth it:
: it is timetake it easy:
: it makes no difference
se/ Good+ ing
it is no
It isnt up to you
It is none of your business
+was / will beis /+it) ++for(+
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94
16
.1I take
.2 I am taking.
( (3. I have taken.
( (4. I have been taking.
.1. I will take
.2. I will be taking
.3 I will have taken.
.4 I will have been taking.
.1 I would take.
.2 I would be taking.
.3. I would have been taking
.4. I would have taken
.1. I took
.2. I was taking
- .3. I had taken
.4. I had been taking
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96
4-outside # inside:insideout side
.
.
It is hotter insidethe class than outside.
.
The door is locked from inside.
5-in # out , into # out of
in) )
out of # intoout # in.into
.
.the student are in class
.come in
.go out
come into the class.
.go out of the class
.
He jumped intothe pool with his clothes on and pulled the drowning boy out ofthe
pool.
.in:
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in the room , in the office
in the yard , in the gardan
in the river , in the sea
.inthere , here:
.Come in here
. Dont smoke in there
to eat in.
.to eat out
.to be in
.to be out
.to let in
.to let out
.to breathe in
.to breathe out
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98
6-at:)(table, desk.:
.
He is sitting atthe window and watching out.
.
Sit atyour desk and teach.
at:in:
.airportMehrabadatranTehinThe plane will land
-in:at:
.accounting departmentinoil companytheatHe works
:office:
.
.his officeinbut notthe officeatMr Jones is somewhere
7-on:.
:
.
Dont sit onthe floor ! sit onthe chair.
8-over & above:
over
.above
.under # overbelow # above
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99
:1
Where should I write my name? overthe line or underit .
.:2
There are four lights aboveour heads.
:3
What is it underyour foot
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100
(
:
.
:
A:.
For
.
+
+
:
.I have known him fortwo years.
.He has had this car5 forfive years.
B:
since)(.
.
++
.2:
He has been here sincetwo oclock.
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.:
He hasnt gone to school sincelast week.
C:.)(
:
..I havent notified them
1-for:
+for
.for two weeks
+past/lastfor the
.for the last two weeks
2.since:
+inces
since yesterday
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:
.
-1
-2
3-
-4
-5
1-
He has been very upset since his friend died.
2-
We have studied English for two terms but we cant speak.
3-
He hasnt eaten anything since morning.
4-
He has taught mathematics in this school for three years.
5- He has been here for an hour and a half.
5.recently- lately:p.p.
:
.
He has recently / latelybought a new car.
6.never-ever:----p.p
evernever
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104
:
Have you everbeen to England ?
No, I havent everbeen to England.
No, I have neverbeen to England.
.7
.
So far
by now
up to now
up till now
up to the present time.
I have reviewed this lesson twice so far.
8.already:p.p
.
:
We are late , the bell has alreadygone/ rung.
9.just:
-
-
p.p
.
.
I havejustfinished my work.
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105
10.yet:
not.not
:
Have you notified them yet?
.
No, I havent notified them yet.
No, I have not yetnotified them.
11.yet:
:
.dont do that yet.
.dont tell them anything yet.
12.still:---
.
.anymore/ any longerstill:
I used to study English.
Do you stillstudy English.
No , I dont study English anymore/any longer.
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106
(
.:
:
A:
for
.
A:
++
++For
.:1
I had known him for two years.
.:/2
He hadnt eaten anything for three days when we took him to the doctor.
B:
)
(
.
.:/1
He said ( that ) he had notified you before.
.:/2
I thought ( that ) you had understood every thing.
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107
.:
:
Subject + had + past participle
.I had gone when/ beforeyou came in
++after
.I come in afteryou had gone.
+since
.You had gone sinceI had arrived.
.
I had taken no examination since I had failed.
++when/before
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108
:
.
)+()+(:
:.
)by++For+
:
.
Subject + will have been + verb + ing+ for + + by +
8:
We will have been studying for two hours by eight oclock.
10:
We will have been living in tehran for ten years by next month.
: .Will
::
+By
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109
:
.
":
.
)For(
+
:
.
Subject + had been + verb + ing + for ++ before/when +
+
.-1
I had been teachingfor half an hour when you came.
2-.
I had been doingthe cooking for two hours before you called.
.had:
.before, when:
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crowded : talkative:
taciturn : : intelligent
rich ugly: :
considerable:
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adjective
:.
. carefulstudent
my new greenbook.
.:
++to be
++to get
++to turn
++to become
++to grow
++to make
link)(
verb :
.angrygrewMy father
.greenturnIn spring the leaves
..coldgotToday the weather
. ) .(:
Seem / Appear/ Look/ Sound/ Taste / Smell / Feel
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::
.he looks( angrily ) angry.
..the soup tastes ( unusually ) unusual
this, that
.
:
This book These books .
That book Those books .
:.:
-1 ::
..Susanas tall asisHelen
asas
asnot so
Hellen is as tall asSusan.
Hellen is not so tall asSusan.
.:-2
:.
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113
))than
er:
Hellen is tallerthanSusan.
) more).
:Mybook is moreinteresting thanyours .
.
-3 :
:.
the
:est)(
Hellen is thetalleststudent in the class .
most
My book is the most interestingbook in the library.
.estery:
happy happier than thehappiest
busy busier than thebusiest
mostmorey
.
Active / moreactive than/ the mostactive
Comic / morecomic than/ the mostcomic
:
.
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115
The same as
: samethe)
:(
.streetthe sameHellen and Jane live in
.
(( er , re , le , ow:
.eresty
most , more
.
narrow morenarrow than the mostnarrow
narrow narrower than thenarrowest
simple moresimple than the mostsimple
simple simpler than thesimplest
clever moreclever than the mostclever
clever cleverer than thecleverest
obscure moreobscure than the mostobscure
obscure obscurer than theobscurest
:
yer,esthappyy-1
.i
happy happier than thehappiest
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116
st , rwidee-2
.
Wide wider than thewidest
-3
esterbig
.
Big bigger than the biggest
crowded a pair of shoes
busy trousers
noisy scissors
glass ball point pen
-
cane
fountain pen
:the same
(the same asasthe same
:like)
Your shoes are the same asmine.
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117
.asthe same
as++the same
the
same:
Hellen is as oldasSusan.
Hellen is the same ageas Susan.
.
tall - big size
long length
wide width
deep depth
old age
high height
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118
adverb
ly
:.
sincerely sincere
quickquickly
carefulcarefully
:.
Hellen speak slowly.
Hellen apeaks English slowly.
.
:
He left the room quickly .
.lyly
Fast Hard Short Long
Little Much Late Early
Near Far Still Just
Enough Straight Soon Low
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119
a nap
a shower
a test-exam
a bath
a dictation
a trip
a vehicle
Take
:
.
.-1
Hellen doesnt behave the same kind as her father .
2-.
.-3
4-.
He types the letters faster than my secretery.
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120
.-5
I never get up later than my parents .
6-.
.-7
8-.
.-9
.-10
.
:
Hellen is a fasttypist.
Hellen is fast.
:
.fastHellen types
.fastlooksHellen
:ly
friendly lovely
deadly kingly
likely worldy
motherly fatherly
sily ugly
sisterly
Hellen is a friendly girl.
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ly:
friendlyLY.
Fashion
Way
Manner
In a/ an +
.
Hellen speaks in a friendlymanner.
::
:-1
.
.
asas
asnot as/not so
Hellen types as slowly asSusan.
Hellen doesnttype so/as slowlyas Susan.
::-2
.
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122
lymore thanly.
er
:
Hellen drives more slowlythanSusan.
Hellen drives fasterthanSusan.
:(-3
..
"
"
ly
the most
ly
the est :
Hellen types the most slowly.
Hellen types the fastest.
:
........... //{
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123
:intensifiers
much, many
.
much
many
manymuch
.
muchmany
Has Hellen written manyletters?
Does Hellen drink muchcoffee?
Helen has not written manyletters.
Hellen doesnt drink muchcoffee.
a lot of
:
Hellen has written a lot ofletters.
Hellen drinks a lot ofcoffee.
.verytoo
/
Too
Very
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:very:too & very
The park is very beautiful.
The teacher speaks very fluently.
too
:
It is too coldtoday.
That driver drives too slowly.
too, very:manymuch
There were too manycars in the street.
Hellen drinks too muchwater in a day.She knows very manywords.
Thank you very much.
enough ,very too.
enough+
/
.enoughrichYou are
.enoughfluentlyHe speaks
enough:
.in a monthmoneyenoughThey spend
:
Little
Few
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all
mostmost
manymuch
somesome
several-------
a fewa little
fewlittle
no
few & little:.
I have littlemoney in my pocket.
.swordfewHe knows
((alittlefew
.
a little
a few
I drink a littlecoffee after dinner.
.in his book casesbooka fewHe has
.
a lot of a large number of plenty ofplenty of a great deal of a lot of
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126
:.
She Spends little money and I spend much.
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127
Such
:
.
Helen hasn't said suchwords.
Helen doesn't like suchweather.
:Such a/an
Such a child can't stay quiet.
Such
:
+
+an/Such a
I havent seen such an interesting film so far.
:soSuch
+ana
+
+So
I haven't seen so interesting a filmso far.
Very
.
+
+Very+a
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128
:
.
.1
2 .
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
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129
tooenough
.enoughtoo
.:1
+too/+to
She is too young towork.
She drives too slowly toarrive on time.
/+to+enough
1.She is rich enough to buy the house.
2.They work hard enough to earn a lot of money.
2:
.
+too/+for+to
1.The car is too expensive for me to buy.
2.You speak too fast for me to under stand.
/+for+enough+to
1.The book is easy enough for us to read.
2.You sigh beautifully enough for them to enjoy.
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130
Other
:other
John has polished othershoes too.
:.another
This child wants anothertoy.
the other(
:
I don't like this hat. I like the otherhat.I don't like these shoes but I like the othershoes.
.
+another
+Other+the other
the other
.onesone
another one
the other oneother ones
the other ones
)(the otheranother
.
I don't like this hat, I like the other. Hat.
This child wants another hat.
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131
)(the otherother
.((S
others
The others)(
.sotherI Like the.ike these shoesI don't l
John has polished otherstoo.
.anotherother
each other
one another
.
:
.
Ahmad and I know each other.
People must help one another.
together
to gather)(
.
Helen and jane study together.
.other
every otherdays = on alternate days
the otherday = some days ago
otherwise = or else
on the otherhand = in other words
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132
otherthan = except
one after another= one by one
:
.
.1
2.
.3
4.
5
.
.6
.7
8.
9
.
10.
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133
:
.
.1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.7
8.
9.
10
.
11.
12 .
13.
14.
15
.
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134
:
.
.1
Isnt this the largest building in this area?
2.
He had picked the most beautiful flower from this garden.
3 .
Helen isn't so/as intelligent as her sister.
.4
He is supposed to take the most expensive present for his father.
.5
Mr. Smith is the fastest typist in this office.
.6
Our house is more expensive than the house that you have bought.
.7
He used to live in the smallest house in this street.
.248
I could drive the longest road in this country for 24 hours.
.9
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135
I think, your shoes are cheaper than mine
10 .
This is the most interesting present that I have bought.
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136
elative Pronouns
Link.
.
+)+
.
.
)(
.
.who1
The man. The man works here.
the man whoworks here.
2
whom
.
The man I know the man.
the man whom I know.
.which3
The bus The bus stops here everyday.
the bus which stops here everyday..which4
The book I study the book.
the book whichI study.
.where5
The house. they live in it.
the house wherethey live ( in ).
.where
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.when6
The year. I was born in the year.
The year when I was born.
7
whose
.
The man his wife works with me.
The man whosewife works with me.
The dog whosename was Top the dog the name of whichwas top of.
whosewhose of which
of whichwhosewhosewhose
.
The room whose door
The room the door of which
.whose8
The thing whichThe thingwhich9
what
.
:
The thing whichyou need is fresh air.
Whatyou need is fresh air.
.why10
The reason. I study English for that reason.
.I want to go abroadthatI study English iswhyThe reason
:
The reason why
.becauseThat
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that
that
that
that
((who
:ThoseThey
I who work hard. we who work hard
You who work hard. you who work hard
It who works hard.
.who work hardThose.works hardwhoShe
He who works hard.
.1
3
who
whom
which)
(
that
:
.works here is my unclewhoThe man
.you saw yesterday wants youwhomThe man
.is on the corner is minewhichThe house
.you bought is too expensivewhichThe house
.2
)(whichwhom
The man which you saw yesterday wants you.
The house which you bought is too expensive.
.3
.
1.((defining((necessary
:.
a writer is a person.
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139
Person
:
a writer is a person who writes novel.
.none defining((unnecessary2
:
Hafez is a great poet.
(unnecessary).:
Hafez who lives in Shiraz, is a great poet.
)(((unnecessary
.
none defining:
defining.
:
.
1
.
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.2
3.
4
.
.5
.6
.7
..8
9
.
.10
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.
does-didto do
has-hadto have
am-is-are-was-wereto be
to need
Could
can
Might
may
must
Shouldshall
Wouldwill
used to
ought to
to be supposed to
had better
would rather
have to
((can, may, shall, will, must
(modal).
:.
would-should-might-could
.
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142
:1
). (
Bob cancome tomorrow.Bob cancome now.
Bob couldcome tomorrow.Bob couldcome now.
.
Bob could come yesterday.
I knew that Bob could come.
:2
:.Should
(.be restingshouldHelen(
:
Hellen Shouldnt be resting.
.may
.It may be raining
.
:can , must , may:3
..Hellen must have seen the film
.
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144
.4
5).(
6
.
7..
.8
9.
10.
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145
.
:
.
++
.:
I will have graduated from high school by next year.
.5:
Reza will have returned home by five oclock.
.:
Subject + will have + Past Participle
+By((By tomorrow+1
two weeks+2
within
in
3+
4
+
by the time
+before
+as soon as
when
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+if
Conditionals
((if clause
:((main clause
+f
)(
.
++if
.
.
:
.:1
If Helen hasmoney, she can buythe car.
..
.((Possible
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+if
+if
.:2
If Helen hadmoney now, she could buythe car.
.
.((imaginary
.:3
If Hellen had hadmoney, she could have boughtthe book yesterday.
.
.((impossible
:
1.
If I hadmoney today, I would buythis book.
.2
If I hadmoney yesterday, I would have boughtthis car.
+
P.P+have P.P+have+
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:
she doesn't try if she tried , she would succeed.
:
She didn't try, if she had tried , she would have succeeded.
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149
Otherwise
:.if clause
.
They didnt invite me, If they had invited me, I would have gone.
:
.
.I would have gone,me; other wiset invitedidnThey
otherwise
.
:
.I would gowise,otherme,don't inviteThey
:otherwise
.used to itwill getyou,otherwise,smoketDon
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Wish
.wishtowish
.I wish tosee them.
.I want tosee them.
wishwish
wish
:
:.wouldwish1
.me tomorrowwould callI wish they
2 .wish
..me nowcalledI wish They
:wish3
.me yesterdayhad calledI wish They
wish.
.
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if
.if
gSuppo
Suppose
sin
oviding
ovided
conditionon
Pr
Pr
I will sign the contract providedyou give me some money.
.if
I would stay home.it rained nowSuppose
It is time
to
:.
to+s timeit
its time to finishthe job.
:.
+it is time+
its time you finished the job.
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IF
if))if clause
.
:.Should:)1
If I shouldsee him, I will tell him.
:ifShould
ShouldI see him. I will tell him.
ifwere:)2
.
If you werehere, I would talk to you.
Wereyou here, I would talk to you.
had:)3 if
:
if I hadgone there, I would have seen him.
HadI gone there, I would have seen him.
:
Should
if
.
If I shouldsee him now, I would tell him.
ShouldI see him now, I would tell him.
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Unless
.notif((if clause
You won't succeed ifyou don'ttry.
.
.
You wont succeed unlessyou try.
.ifunless
Unlessyou try, you won't succeed.
:
If not = unless
If = unless not
:
Unlessyou donttry, you willsucceed = Unlessyou try, you won'tsucceed.
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Would rather
Prefer
would ratherprefer:
.would rathertoPrefer)1
I prefer to stay there.
+to+Prefer
I would rather stay there.
++would rather
.would ratherPrefer)2
I prefer to go rather than to stay.
to+
rather than+
to+Prefer+
I would rather go than stay.
++would rather++than
)2(
would rather
prefer.
I prefer walking to staying.
I prefer apple to banana.
++prefer/++to/
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would ratherPrefer)3
.
I Prefered to go.
+to+Prefer
I would rather have gone.
have P.P+would rather+
.would ratherPrefer)4
I prefer him to go.
++prefer+to
I would rather him went.
+
+would rather+
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as if as though
:
.
He behaves as ifhe didnt like his wife.
as thoughtas if
.as thoughtas if
She speaks as ifshe knew the problem.
.
.as ifas thought
He walked as ifhe had had a broken leg.
.
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)
in Case
:..
..
I take an umbrella with me in caseit rains.
In case:.
+
{ }incase+
Helen has left the door open, in caseHer mother comes earlier.
{ }incase+
She was running fast in caseshe missed the class.
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Both
.
.)1
++
both
theboth
theofboth
+both of+
Both studentsstudy hard.
Both of usstudy hard.
.)2
++both The students bothstudy hard.
++both The students canbothstudy hard.
both+to be+ The students are bothstudying hard.
-both.
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:active & passive voice
activeVoice
passive.
passive
.
.active
) Subject).
.doer-1
:
. .Hellen studies the book
Subject-2
Sufferer:
Hellen is seen by them.
-3
:.neither doer not sufferer
Hellen is a student.
SubjectsuffererSubject
.
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.
participle
.
present participle
Participle
Past participle
:.ing:
living = alive
live
runningrun
.
:
ed
.
:
washedwash
fallenfall
.
:.
I go with him .
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.-8
9-.
10-
.
:
.
.-1
.-2
.1694-3
.-4
.-5
.-6
.-7
.80-8
.-9
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:-1
Helen tellsBobBob is toldby Helen.
:-2
Helene toldBob Bob was toldby Helen.
:-3
Helen will tellBobBob will be toldby Helen.
:-4
Helen is tellingBobBob is being toldby Helen.
:-5
Helen was tellingBobBob was being toldby Helen.
-6 :
Helen has toldBobBob has been toldby Helen.
-7 :
Helen will have toldBobBob will have been toldby Helen.
:-8
Helen had toldBobBob had been toldby Helen.
416
.
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Did Hellen studythe book ?
:
The book was studiedby Hellen .
.
Wasthe book studiedby Hellen?
:Where did Hellen take the book ?
.
Was the book taken by Helen.
) whom,who .(
Where was the book taken by Helen?
who:whom
1-whom
whom
.who
:
Whomdid Helen invite?
Whowas invitedby Helen?
:who
Who saw Helen?
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by whom
:
By whom was bob seen?
:
.
.-1
.-2
.-3
.-4
.-5
.-6
.-7
.-8
.-9
.-10
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:
.
.-1
.-2
-3
.-4
.-5
.-6
.-7
.-8
.-9
.-10
.
I write the letterto him.
..
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The letteris written to him by me.
Heis written the letter by me.
.
I saw Helen play.
tosubject suffer
.
Helen was seen to play.
to .
:
:
p.p+be++let
Openthe doorletthe door be opened.
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.
++have) ++
I havemy brother polishmy shoes.
:toget
++get+to+
I getmy brother topolishmy shoes.
:
.
.-1
.-2
.-3
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.-4
.-5
6-
.
.-7
.-8
.-9
.-10
.
p.p++get/have+
I have my shoes polished.
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172
reported speach
.
).1 direct speech )
.
.:Helen says, I live in Tehran-1
?:Helen says, where do you live-2
.:Helen says, open the window-3
:Helen says, what a nice car it is-4
:
I live in Tehran, Helen says.
Where do you live? Helen says.
Open the window, Helen says.
What a nice car it is! Helen says.
:
I live in Tehran, Says she.
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Indirect speech
.
:
:
Helen said, I live in Tehran.
.
)that(comma)
:
Helen said that
:)
Helen said that she ...
(
:
Helen said that she lived in Tehran.
)
.
:12:
:.)1
Helen said to bob, I knowyour father.
Helen told Bob that she knewhis father.
:.)2
My father said to me, I am listeningto you.
My father told me that he was listeningto me.
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:.)3
The boy said to the girl, I havent seenyour book.
The boy told the girl that he hadnt seenher book.
:.)4
My friend said, I have been livinghere for ten years.
My friend said that he had been livinghere for ten years.
:.)5
The man said to the woman, I will seeyou.
The man told the woman that he would seeher.
:.)6
Ahmad said, I will be workingon Friday.
Ahmad said that he would be workingon Friday morning.
:.)7
Bob said, I will have finishedthe book on April.
Bob said that he would have finishedthe book on April.
:.)8
Bob said, I will have been studyingfor two years by April.
Bob said that he would have been studyingfor two years by April.
:.)9
My father said to me, I sawyour umberella.
My father told me that he had seenmy umberella.
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:
:.
My father told me that he sawmy umberella.
:.)10
Bob said, I was listeningto the music.
Bob said that he had been listeningto music.
:
:.
The woman said, I had lefthome.
The woman said that she had lefthome.
Bob said, I had been playingfor two hours.
Bob said that he had been playingfor two hours.
) reporting tag)
:.tellsay to
Helen said to/told Bob, I know your father.
:.tellsay to
Helentold Bob that she knew his father
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:
Helen said to me, where do you live?
wh)(
:
Helen asked me whereI lived.
:
.
.-1
.-2
.2-3
.-4
.-5
6-
.
.-7
.5-8
.-9
.-10
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178
:
.
1-.
2-.
.-3
4-.
.-5
.
.-1
.-2
.-3
.-4
-5
.
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+The following
+next+The next
after++The
before++The
+last
+previous+The
today that daytonight that nightnow thenhere therecome gothis that
Helen said to Bob, I will meetyou next week.
Helen told Bob that she would meethim the next week.
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180
:.
What a nice car it is!
an/a+what++/+
:
+how+/+
How slowly she drives!
Helen said, how slowly the man works!
howwhat
Helen exclaimed how slowly the man worked.
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( ( gerund
.ing
livinglive
beingbe
:
.to-1
:
After lockingthe door, I left home.
She is afraid of tellinglies.
to-2
:
To swim here is enjoyable.
Swimminghere is enjoyable.
3-
:
avoid defer
appreciate delay
admit advise
discuss detest
consider enjoy
cant help
finish
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deny forgive
forbid include
imagine keep
mention
oppose
mind quit
postpone risk
practice remember
resume stop
suggest tolerate
understand
I enjoy reading the newspaper.
:((s:
.speakingherI appreciate
.speakingsI appreciate Helen
:
:
1-.
.-2
.-3
4-.
5-.
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:
.
.-1
.-2
.-3
.-4
.-5
:
.((s
I appreciateher working.
I appreciateHelens working.
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to
toplanstartprefer
.
:
Helen prefers to go.
Helen prefers going.
remember , stop
:
stopstop)
:.
.
I stop speaking to the man.
tostop
stop .
.
I stopped to speak to the man.
rememberremember)
.
.
Helen remembers locking the door.
toremember
remember)remember. not forget (
:
.
Helen remembers to lock the door.
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:
:she parked the car. She went shopping.
.(Present
prefect):
p.p+ing+Have
: