Adjective

ENGLISH GRAMMARADJECTIVE

Muhammad Syaiful Huda Prakoso(1401305059)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND CULTURES UDAYANA UNIVERSITYBALI - INDONESIA

INTRODUCTION

As far as we know, English is the most used language in the world, so its important to concentrate our knowledge about Grammar of English. English as the international language has important role in our lives because the language has become an obligation to be studied by any element of society, beginning from the student to layman. Almost in every aspect of association, English is always being used either in an oral form or in a written form. According to that subject matter, English is necessary to be studied by all element of society, consequently we as the student of Udayana University who act as the intellectual person must give contribution to the society in general by giving a nice precept about one of the many parts in the matter of English Grammar.So in this moment I want to explain anything what I was studied before. So in this paper I would like to explain anything about Adjective, the main function of Adjective is gives the reader about a sketch of the Adjectives which has been used in the modern English speaking world.And the last, I want to say sorry if my Paper had a lot of mistakes there, because I still improve my English Grammar , so with this duty I hope I can Improve it better.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover.............................................................................................................................. 1Introduction................................................................................................................... 2Table Of Contents.......................................................................................................... 3Description about Adjectives......................................................................................... 4Adjectives Forms............................................................................................................ 9Examples of Adjectives................................................................................................. 13Conclussion.................................................................................................................... 14Sample Data (The Story of An Hour)............................................................................. 15Refrences........................................................................................................................ 18

DESCRIPTIONS

A. MeaningAdjectives describe the information about nouns or pronouns, the function of adjectives are describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence.Ex: - The big bird shooted. (The adjective big describes the noun bird.)The good news is that the form of an adjective does not change. It does not matter if the noun being modified is male or female, singular or plural, subject or object.Some adjectives give us factual information about the noun [fact] ex: shape "It was asquarebox."or "They weresquareboxes." Origin "It was a Palestine flag." or "They were Palestine flags.", material , "A wooden chair." or "Wooden chairs." etc . If we are asked questions with which, whose, what kind, or how many, we need an adjective to be able to answer.If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much taller than I am, is a student. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the boy who is cleaning our home.

B. Premodifiers with Degrees of AdjectivesBoth adverbs and adjectives in their comparative and superlative forms can be accompanied by premodifiers, single words and phrases that intensify the degree. We were a lot more careful this time. He works a lot less carefully than the other jeweler in town. We like his work so much better. You'll get your watch back all the faster. The same process can be used to downplay the degree: The weather this week has been somewhat better. He approaches his schoolwork a little less industriously than his brother does. And sometimes a set phrase, usually an informal noun phrase, is used for this purpose: He arrived a whole lot sooner than we expected. That's a heck of a lot better. If the intensifier very accompanies the superlative, a determiner is also required: She is wearing her very finest outfit for the interview. They're doing the very best they can. Occasionally, the comparative or superlative form appears with a determiner and the thing being modified is understood: Of all the wines produced in Connecticut, I like this one the most. The quicker you finish this project, the better. Of the two brothers, he is by far the faster.

C. Position of AdjectivesIts different from Adv, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. When indefinite pronouns such as something, someone, anybody - are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun: Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished. Something wicked this way comes.And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify): The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper.

D. The Order of Adjectives in a SeriesIt would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say "little brown house" and not "brown little house" or why we say "red Italian sports car" and not "Italian red sports car." The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language. Most other languages dictate a similar order, but not necessarily the same order. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order often seems quite arbitrary (if not downright capricious). There is, however, a pattern. You will find many exceptions to the pattern in the table below, but it is definitely important to learn the pattern of adjective order if it is not part of what you naturally bring to the language. The categories in the following table can be described as follows:a) Determiners articles and other limiters. b) Observation postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g., beautiful, interesting) c) Size and Shape adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g., wealthy, large, round) d) Age adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient) e) Color adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale) f) Origin denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g., French, American, Canadian) g) Material denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden) h) Qualifier final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)

E. Capitalizing Proper AdjectivesWhen an adjective owes its origins to a proper noun, it should probably be capitalized. Thus we write about Christian music, French fries, the English Parliament, the Ming Dynasty, a Faulknerian style, Jeffersonian democracy. Some periods of time have taken on the status of proper adjectives: the Nixon era, a Renaissance/Romantic/Victorian poet (but a contemporary novelist and medieval writer). Directional and seasonal adjectives are not capitalized unless they're part of a title:We took the northwest route during the spring thaw. We stayed there until the town's annual Fall Festival of Small Appliances.

F. Collective AdjectivesWhen the definite article, the, is combined with an adjective describing a class or group of people, the resulting phrase can act as a noun: the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, the lonely, the unlettered, the unwashed, the gathered, the dear departed. The difference between a Collective Noun (which is usually regarded as singular but which can be plural in certain contexts) and a collective adjective is that the latter is always plural and requires a plural verb: The rural poor have been ignored by the media. The rich of Connecticut are responsible. The elderly are beginning to demand their rights. The young at heart are always a joy to be around.

G. Adjectival OppositesThe opposite or the negative aspect of an adjective can be formed in a number of ways. One way, of course, is to find an adjective to mean the opposite an antonym. The opposite of beautiful is ugly, the opposite of tall is short. A thesaurus can help you find an appropriate opposite. Another way to form the opposite of an adjective is with a number of prefixes. The opposite of fortunate is unfortunate, the opposite of prudent is imprudent, the opposite of considerate is inconsiderate, the opposite of honorable is dishonorable, the opposite of alcoholic is nonalcoholic, the opposite of being properly filed is misfiled. If you are not sure of the spelling of adjectives modified in this way by prefixes (or which is the appropriate prefix), you will have to consult a dictionary, as the rules for the selection of a prefix are complex and too shifty to be trusted. The meaning itself can be tricky; for instance, flammable and inflammable mean the same thing.

A third means for creating the opposite of an adjective is to combine it with less or least to create a comparison which points in the opposite direction. Interesting shades of meaning and tone become available with this usage. It is kinder to say that "This is the least beautiful city in the state." than it is to say that "This is the ugliest city in the state." (It also has a slightly different meaning.) A candidate for a job can still be worthy and yet be "less worthy of consideration" than another candidate. It's probably not a good idea to use this construction with an adjective that is already a negative: "He is less unlucky than his brother," although that is not the same thing as saying he is luckier than his brother.Use the comparative less when the comparison is between two things or people; use the superlative least when the comparison is among many things or people. My mother is less patient than my father. Of all the new sitcoms, this is my least favorite show.

ADJECTIVES FORMS

Identifying adjectivesThere is no general rule for making adjectives. We know they are adjectives usually by what they do (their function) in a sentence. However, some word endings (suffixes) are typical of adjectives.SuffixExamples

-able,-iblecomfortable, readable, incredible, invisible

-al,-ialcomical, normal, musical, industrial, presidential

-fulbeautiful, harmful, peaceful, wonderful

-icclassic, economic, heroic, romantic

-icalaeronautical, alphabetical, political

-ishBritish, childish, Irish, foolish

-ive, -ativeactive, alternative, creative, talkative

-lessendless, motionless, priceless, timeless

-eous, -ious, -ousspontaneous, hideous, ambitious, anxious, dangerous, famous

-yangry, busy, wealthy, windy

Forming adjectives from other wordsSuffixesSome adjectives are made from nouns and verbs by adding suffixes.NounAdjective

HeroHeroic

WindWindy

ChildChildish

BeautyBeautiful

VerbAdjective

ReadReadable

TalkTalkative

UseUseful

LikeLikeable

I hatewindydays.Bali is a verybeautifulplace.Some words ending in-lycan be both adjectives and adverbs. These includedaily,early,monthly,weekly,nightly,yearly:Adjective: Wiranto cuts hair monthly.(Wiranto cuts hair every month.)Adverb: I pay my rentweekly.(I pay my rent every week.)Some words ending in -lyare only adjectives and not adverbs. These include:costly,cowardly,deadly,friendly,likely,lonely,lovely,oily,orderly,scholarly,silly,smelly,timely,ugly,woolly.We enjoyed the trip to America but it was acostlyholiday.Oilyfish is very healthy because it contains omega 3.

PrefixesPrefixes such asun-, in-, im-,il-andir-change the meaning of adjectives. Adding these prefixes makes the meaning negative:un-in-ir-

fair unfairactive inactiveresponsible irresponsible

happy unhappyappropriate inappropriateregular irregular

sure unsurecomplete incompletereducible irreducible

im-il-

balance imbalancelegal illegal

polite impolitelegible illegible

possible impossiblelogical illogical

Adjectives: comparative and superlativeMany one-syllable adjectives have endings to show the comparative and superlative.base formComparativesuperlative

FineFinerFinest

YoungYoungerYoungest

SmallSmallerSmallest

Some two-syllable adjectives which end in an unstressed syllable also have these endings.base formComparativesuperlative

EasyEasierEasiest

FunnyFunnierFunniest

GentleGentlerGentlest

However, we do not use these endings with two-syllable adjectives ending in a stressed syllable nor with longer adjectives with more than two syllables. The comparatives and superlatives of these adjectives are formed usingmoreandmost.base formComparativeSuperlative

completemorecompleteNot:completermostcompleteNot:completest

interestingmoreinterestingNot:interestingermostinterestingNot:interestingest

Adjectives: with -ingand -ed(interesting,interested)We use the -ingand -edforms of regular and irregular verbs as adjectives:-ing formsVerbExample

AnnoyMy brother is five and hes soannoying.

AmazeThe Grand Canyon is anamazingplace.

BoilBe careful! Thatsboilingwater!

ExciteThis film is not veryexciting, is it?

-ed formsVerbExample

BoreWhy do teenagers always lookbored?

PackJames Bond movies are alwaysaction-packed.

SmokeNot everyone likessmokedsalmon.

MakeMy dress ishand-made. I really like it.

TeachMy Masters degree was ataughtcourse.

ExciteI feelexcitedabout my new job.

Adjectives with -ingand -edendings have different meanings.-ingadjectives-ingadjectives describe the effect-edadjectives-edadjectives describe how a person feels

The meeting was veryboring.That was anexcitinggame.It wasshockingto see what the storm had done to the house.I feltboredat the meeting.We were reallyexcitedabout the game.We wereshockedto see what the storm had done to the house.

Examples of adjectivesTypical adjective endings1. They live in abeautifulhouse.2. Lisa is wearing asleevelessshirt today. This soup is notedible.3. She wore abeautifuldress.4. He writesmeaninglessletters.5. This shop is muchnicer.6. She wore abeautifuldress.7. Ben is anadorablebaby.8. Lindas hair isgorgeous.9. This glass isbreakable.10. I met ahomelessperson in NY.Denominal adjectives1. Amathematicalpuzzle.2. Abiologicalexperiment.3. Awoodenboat.4. I married anAmericanwoman.5. TheJewishcommunity in NY is very big.6. Mary has a collection of expensiveRussiandolls.7. In the winter you must wear heavywoollenclothes.8. Thepolarbear is listed as threatened.Order of adjectives1. I love thatreally big old green antiquecar that is always parked at the end of the street. [quality - size - age - color - qualifier]2. My sister has abeautiful big whitebulldog. [quality size color]3. Awonderful old Italianclock. [opinion - age - origin]4. Abig square bluebox. [size - shape - color]5. Adisgusting pink plasticornament. [opinion - color - material]6. Somenew slim Frenchtrousers. [age shape origin]7. Mysmall new red sleepingbag. [size age color purposee]8. I bought a pair ofblack leathershoes. [color - material]Comparing adjectives1. This house isbiggerthan that one.2. This flower ismore beautifulthan that.3. He istallerthan Mr. Hulas.4. He ismore intelligentthan this boy.5. Jonathan is themost handsomeman on campus.6. This is theprettiestdress in the window.7. I lost mymost comfortableshoes.8. My job isworsethan yours.Compound adjectives1. This is afour-foottable.2. Daniella is apart-timeworker.3. This is anall-too-commonerror.4. Beware of thegreen-eyedmonster.5. He is acold-bloodedman.6. We saw aman-eatingshark!7. Dannys dog iswell-behaved.8. You have to beopen-mindedabout things.Adjectival phrases1. Susan isreally clever.2. The doctor isvery late.3. My sister isfond of animals.4. I amhappy to meet you.5. The kids areready to go.6. Dont beafraid of the dark.7. Tony lost hisdark brownbriefcase.8. Hesan extraordinary lookingman.

Conclusions

A Summary of Adjectives

The conclusions of Adjective ; which comes in a one-word form that either precedes or follows the noun it modifies.When the adjective precedes the noun, its in the attributive position.When it follows the noun, its in the predicative position.

Most one-word adjectives have positive, comparative, and superlative forms. As a rule, we adderorestto the positive form of adjectives of one or two syllables to form their comparative (er) or superlative (est) forms. For adjectives with three or more syllables, we ordinarily usemorefor the comparative andmostfor the superlative. These rules, like all rules in grammar, have their exceptions, so that we would not use the two-syllable adjectivecarefuland say,He wascarefuller. Instead, wed say,He wasmore careful.

We also met those hard-to-classify wordsa,an, andthe. We call them articles, but they dont constitute their own separate part of speech. Since we use articles to modify nouns, in much the same way we use adjectives, I included a discussion on problems associated with them in thissection on adjectives.

We also took a brief look at other words acting as adjectives: demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those), possessive pronouns (my, his, her, their,etc.), quantifying words likemany, much,andsome, and nouns that act as adjectives.We introduced ourselves to expressions calledcompound(orphrasal)adjectives. These multiword forms enable us to invent terms like thehowd-ya-like-to-hyphenate-this-adjective exercise.

Other multiword adjectives include the adjectival phrase, which savvy writers use all the time.Finally, we took a quick look at the adjectival role played by five phrases (prepositional, present participial, past participial, infinitive, and adjectival) and by two basic kinds of clauses (restrictive and nonrestrictive). The point is this: A chunk of words must always be serving some function in a sentence. If that chunk is not acting as a verb, a noun, or an adverb, then chances are good its acting as an adjective.

The Story Of An HourbyKate ChopinKnowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death.It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences; veiled hints that revealed in half concealing. Her husband's friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallard's name leading the list of "killed." He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message.She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister's arms. When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair. Into this she sank, pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul.She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song which someone was singing reached her faintly, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves.There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motion, except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her, as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams.She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and exclusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air.Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her will--as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been. When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under the breath: "free, free, free!" The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a monstrous joy that held her. A clear and exalted perception enabled her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial. She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination.And yet she had loved him--sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being!"Free! Body and soul free!" she kept whispering.Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhole, imploring for admission. "Louise, open the door! I beg; open the door--you will make yourself ill. What are you doing, Louise? For heaven's sake open the door.""Go away. I am not making myself ill." No; she was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window. Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her. Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. She arose at length and opened the door to her sister's importunities. There was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. She clasped her sister's waist, and together they descended the stairs. Richards stood waiting for them at the bottom. Someone was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Brently Mallard who entered, a little travel-stained, composedly carrying his grip-sack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of the accident, and did not even know there had been one. He stood amazed at Josephine's piercing cry; at Richards' quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife. When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease--of the joy that kills

Refrences http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/examples-of-adjectives/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective#Distributionhttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/adjectives-formshttp://americanliterature.com/author/kate-chopin/short-story/the-story-of-an-hourhttp://www.grammar.com/a-summary-of-adjectives/

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