English Fucntions

8/3/2019 English Fucntions

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IndexEnglish Functions

Greetings and Introductions

Likes and Dislikes

Invitations

Opinions

Schedules and Routines

Borrowing and Lending

Making Comparisons

Shopping

Describing People

Describing Emotions

Describing Things

Giving Directions

Giving Help

Giving Instructions

Using Large Numbers

Talking to Police and Firemen

Talking about Needs

Talking about Solutions


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Greetings and IntroductionsAlmost all conversations start with a greeting. There are several expressions that are commonly used as greeting,some formal and some informal. Which to use, of course depends on the situation.

ExpressionsHello HiGood morning Good afternoonGood evening What's up?What's happening?

FarewellsJust as there are several standard expressions for greetings, there are also expressions of farewell. The farewell itself isgenerally very short- one or two words. However, many times people add something to the expressions, depending onwhat they want to happen in the future or the situation.

ExpressionsGoodbye ByeSo long Catch you laterI have to run I have to be going nowSo long Later dudeGood day

Extensions to farewellsSee you again I hope to see you againSee you later (soon) Call me

Point to rememberBye Bye is an expression that very young children use when they are first beginning to learn totalk or on very rare occasions by women, but almost never by most adults.

Well BeingAfter the greeting are finished the conversation should be continued in some way. One of the most common ways is isask about the other persons well being. Again, there are several expressions that can be used for this. The responses tosuch inquiries will, of course, depend on how one actually feels. Lets take a look at these.

Expressions ResponsesIF GOOD

How are you? Great.Hows it going? Couldnt be better.How are things? Fantastic.

IF SO-SOHow are things going? Could be worse.How have you been? I cant complain.How do you feel? Not bad

IF BADHow goes it? Ive had better days.How are you doing? Not too good.


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How's life treating you? Lousy.

IntroductionsWhen you meet and greet someone for the first time introductions are needed. There are a number of standardexpressions that can be used for introductions. Take a look at some of them.

Expressions Responses

Hello, Im ( ... Ms. Jaines). Hello, Ms. Jaines, Im Susan Appleton.My name is ( ... John Grey). Nice to meet you Mr. Grey, Im Mrs.

Sukjoy.Im (... George Franks. What's your

name)?My name is Sopida, Sopida Hakam.Its a pleasure to meet you Mr. Franks.

Allow me to introduce myself. My nameis ( ... Frank Jeffers).

I'm delighted to meet you Mr.Jeffers.My name is Pornpan Orasa.

Introducing othersOn occasion, you may find yourself in a situation where you have to introduce one person to another. Look at thesepossible expressions that are used for this.

Expression ResponseSam: Peter, I would like to introduce

(... Miss Helen Cranston).Helen:Nice to meet you too Mr.

Kellogg.

Peter: Hello Miss Cranston, nice tomeet you.

Bob: Min Ju, this is ( ... my friend Betty

Watson).Betty: Same here.

Min Ju: Hi Ms. Watson, a pleasure to

meet you.

Alice: Harry, let me introduce ( ...mysupervisor, Mr. Lee).

Mr. Lee: Good to meet you too. Butplease, call me Sammy.

Harry: Mr. Lee, its good to meet you.

Point to rememberMany beginning learners use the expression Nice to meet you even when they interact with a person they have already been introduced to. This expression (Nice to meet you) is only usedat a first meeting, not after that. Instead, if greeting a person for the second time, use Nice to see

you again

DialogueStudents should work together in pairs and read the following dialogue, one student reading one part, the other studentreading the other. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue canbe used as a model to have similar conversations.


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Sam: Hello, you look lost. Can I be of assistance?Mary: Oh, thanks. Youre right, I am lost. Im looking for the Student Union building?Sam: Youre close; its just across the lawn. Its the three story brick building over there. Mary: I see, well thanks a lot. Youve been a big help.Sam: Excuse me for saying so, but youre not from around here, are you? Are you British or what?Mary: Actually Im Australian. Im a new transfer student. Youre an American, I assume?

Sam: Yes, by the way Im Sam, Sam Jones.Mary: Im Mary Donald. Pleased to meet you.Sam: So how long have you been in the States, Mary?Mary: Ive been here about three weeks now. So, whats your major Sam? Sam: Im a pre-med student. Whats yours?Mary: Im not sure yet, but Im kind of interested in sociology.Sam: So, do you live in the dorm?Mary: Actually no, I have a small apartment about five blocks from here. Well, I have to run. Thanks for

your help. Maybe well bump into each other again sometime. Sam: Could be, its a pretty small campus. Nice to meet you, Mary. See you later.Mary: So long.

After reading, close your book and tell your partner a summary of the dialogue. Then switch and have your partnertell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about two people who meet...This may seem silly, since you

both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give

information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- Role Play

The situation: Meeting new peopleWorking with a partner, role play the situation, using the information below

The roles: See items below

1. One partner is a new student at a university meeting his/her major professor for the first time.

2. One partner has recently moved to a new neighborhood and is meeting their next door neighbor forthe first time.

3. On partner is a new employee at a company meeting a coworker for the first time.

4. Both partners are strangers at a mutual friends party meeting for the first time.

5. One partner is a frightened earthling who is meeting a very friendly ET, who is here on earth forvacation. The ET knows English.

6. Both partners are meeting blind dates.

2. Pair workInterview someone in the class you do not know well. After the interview is over, the interviewer could


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give a short introduction of the person to the whole class or to small groups of 4 to 6 people. Questions you may want to ask during the interview include:

name age

where they are from job or major major

number of people in their family hobbies his or her goal in life religion what their family members do marital status

favorite kinds of music (or movies, books, food, etc) why they want to learn English

Likes and DislikesDuring the course of many conversations discussing your likes and dislikes may come up With someone you don'tknow well you may want to find out the kind of food they like or their favorite kind of movies, or what genre of musicthey like least. There are several expressions that can be used to ask these things. Look at these examples.

Expressions Response

What do you think of(... jazz)? I cant stand it.Its so-so.

How do you like (... soccer)? Im crazy about watching it, but notplaying.

I think its a boring game.Which do you prefer (... ice cream or

candy)?I prefer ice cream.Actually, I dont like either, I prefer

yogurt.Do you like ( ... apples)? Yes, I love them.

No, not really.

What is your favorite ( ... food)? My favorite food is Korean food.

Dialogue

Students should work together in pairs and read the following dialogue, one student reading one part, the other studentreading the other. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue can

be used as a model to have in similar conversations.

James: What kinds of music do you like, Susan?Susan: Im partial to classical music. What about you?James: I like jazz and 50s and 60s rock and roll. Susan: What is your favorite kind of food?James: Mexican food, without a doubt. Whats yours?Susan: I dont really have a favorite. I like all kinds of food, except Thai food. Its too spicy for me.James: Who is your favorite movie star?Susan: Brad Pitt, hes so handsome. Who do you like?


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James: My favorite actor is Sean Connery and my favorite actress is Jody Foster.Susan: What sport do you like to play best?James: I really like to play golf, but Im not very good at it. What about you? Susan: I dont really like sports and have never played them. I like games though. James: Whats you favorite game?

Susan: Dont laugh, but its tiddlywinks.James: Tiddlywinks! Thats a kids game.Susan: I know, but Im very good at it. I play with my nephews and nieces and I beat them every time. James: Dont you ever let them win?Susan:Never.

After reading, close your book and tell your partner a summary of the dialogue. Then switch and have your partner

tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about two people talking about what they like and don't ...This

may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your

English, not to give information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- discussionWhat are your favorite things? Discuss with your partner whether you like or dislike the items below (and why or why not). Your partner should ask questions to getmore information.

Basketball Reading TV soaps Eating Pizza

Exercise Watching news Blind dates Going to class

Romance movies French food R & B music Watching boxing

Traveling Studying Ping Pong Playing chess


The situation: See the situations belowWorking with a partner, role play the situations, using the information below

The roles: you, your partner

1. At a movie and you cant stand the violence. Try to convince your partner to leave the moviebecause you dont

like it.

2. At a restaurant and the food is terrible. You are eating a hamburger, French fries, and chocolate icecream. Thewaiter (your partner) comes by and asks how the food is. Tell him/her why you dislike it.

3. In English class and the teacher is lecturing about grammar. Tell your partner why you dislike lectures on

grammar.


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4. At home and you just opened a birthday present that you really hate. Your partner is the family member who

gave you the present. Tell him/her why you like the present even though you dont, but you have to be nice and not

hurt the persons feelings

Invitations

When friends get together, they usually do so by an invitation from one person to another. An invitation may be verycasual, such as asking a friend to go out for a drink or dinner after work or more formal, such as a wedding invitation.More formal invitations are usually written and may require an RSVP (French abbreviation rpondez s'il vous platmeaning please reply). There are several expressions that can be used when extending the more common and causaloral invitation. Look at the samples below.

Expressions ResponsesA- Accept, D- Decline

Are you free on (... Friday night)? A: Sure, what did you have in mind?

D: No, Im going to my grandmothers80thbirthday party.Would you like to go to ( ... a picnic on

Sunday afternoon)?A: That would be great, thanks.D:No can do, I have a soccer game.

How about going to ( ... the movieswith me this Saturday)?

A: That sounds great. What time?D: Sorry, but Ive already made other

plans.

Id like to invite you to ( ... the dancethis weekend)?

A: How kind of you to ask, Id bedelighted.

D: Im sorry, but I have a previousengagement.

Do you want to go to ( ... the rockconcert with me)?

A: Sure. When?D:No thanks, loud concerts give me

an earache.


Bob: Alice, what are you doing Sunday afternoon?Alice:Not much, what did you have in mind?Bob: The Fourth Avenue Street Fair is going on downtown. Would you like to go?

Alice: Sure, sounds like fun. What is it anyway?Bob: Just a bunch of vendors selling food, clothes, and what not, kind of like a carnival. There are also street musicians and performers. It's interesting to just walk around looking at the people and thesights.

Alice: What time and where do we meet?Bob: The fair opens at 9:00, but I'm busy in the morning. How about 1:00? Alice: OK, should I meet you somewhere there?Bob: Why don't I pick you up at your house?Alice: Sounds good, see you then.


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After reading, closeyour book and tell your partner a summary of the dialogue. Then switch and have your partnertell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about one person inviting anotherperson to...This may seem

silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to

give information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- discussionWhen was the last time you invited someone someplace or were invited someplace by someone? Tell

your partner about it using some of the ideas for the discussion below. Your partner should ask

questions to get more information.y where was the invitation toy when was the invitation extendedy what was the occasion of the invitationy did you/they accept or decline the invitationy if accepted, was it fun

1. Pair work- practice

The situation: Extending invitationsInvite your partner to the activities below. Your partner should accept some of the invitations, but decline others.

If they decline, they should offer polite reasons for rejecting the invitation. If they accept invitation, both partnershould continue the conversation to get more information about the event such as:

y the day and timey where they should meety how much money it will costy what kind of dress is requiredy how long the event will lasty if anything special is needed to participate in the event To a natural history museum To a lecture about finance To an amusement park To ball room dancing lessons To a formal dinner To a friend's birthday party To the Russian Ballet To a horror movie To go ice fishing on the lake To go window shopping

Expressing OpinionsJust about everyone has an opinion about most things. We seek peoples opinions all the time. You may want to knowa friend's opinion of a movie that you are thinking of seeing. A teacher may ask you your opinion of a homework


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assignment. A co-worker may want to know what you think of a job related suggestion to improve sales. Anacquaintance may seek your opinion on a political candidate. There are several expressions that can be used whenasking someone's opinion. Look at the examples below.

Expression Response

What did you think of( ... the movie)? I thought it was boring.Do you concur with ( ...the board's

recommendations)?Yes, but with minor reservations.

What is your opinion of( ... thepresidents proposed economicpackage)?

I dont think it will help the economytoo much.

Do you agree with ( ... Pams proposal)? I cant say that I do, I think it will beineffective.

After an opinion is given, either you agree with it or not. Look at the expressions below to indicate agreement ordisagreement.

Question/Statement ExpressionA- Agree, D- Disagree

I think classical music is boring to listento.

A:You said it.D: I couldnt disagree more.

The president needs to raise taxes tosolve the problem.

A:I think youre right.D:I dont think thats the answer at

all.Abortion is nothing less than murder. A: I believe so too.

D:In my opinion, ( .. abortion is nothingmore than freedom of choice).

I think the presidents economic policiesare good?

A:I'll go along with that.D:Well, we dont see eye to eye on

that.

I think studying English is a waste oftime.

A:I'm with you.D:I beg to differ.

I like this red dress. How about you? A:It works for me.D:I dont really think(... that red is

your color).

GONEWITH THEWINDis the bestmovie ever made.

A:I'll buy that.D:I disagree, (... STARS WARSwas

much better).


Alice: What did you think of the movie, Peter?


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Peter: I thought it was boring.Alice: Really? I loved it. Why did you think it was boring?Peter: It was too predictable. You knew what would happen in the end. The same old thing- boy meets

girl, boy fights with girl, boy marries girl.Peter: Did you like the sound track of the movie? Alice:No, I hated it. It was too loud and too hard rock for me. What did you think of it?

Peter: I thought it was great, but then, I like hard rock.


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about a man and a woman giving opinions about ...This may

seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English,

not to give information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- discussionDo you agree or disagree with your partner about the following topics? Discuss these topics with yourpartner and give reasons why you agree or disagree.y watching golf is excitingy governments should spend less money on social servicesy tests are a poor method of assessing students acquired knowledgey watching too much TV is bad for a childs mindy children should be seen and not heard

2. Pair work- discussionWhat are you and your partners opinions about these topics? Discuss them. Give detailed reasonsfor youropinions.

The acting skills of Tom Hanks The movie Titanic

Your partners hair style The WWF

Madonna Plays by Shakespeare

Punk rock music Your partners attireUsing cell phones while driving Euthanasia (mercy killings)

The death penalty Your English teacher(dont be rude)

The honesty of politicians Exploration of spacein your country worth while or not

Schedules and RoutinesPeople frequently talk about their daily or weekly routines and schedules, especially with family or friends. They maydo so just out of curiosity or because they want to plan for some event.


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When talking about daily schedules and routines adverbs of frequency are used to indicate how frequently you dothings. Look at these common adverbs of frequency.

100% 80% 50% 20% 0%always usually sometimes seldom never

all the time most of the time occasionally rarely not at all

Everyone has some kind of schedule or daily routine. They get up at a certain time, eat at a certain time, go to work ata certain time. For some people, schedules are very fixed and regimented. For others, schedules may be very flexibleand varying. Most people have things on their schedules that have to be done, no matter what- like go to work, feedthe baby, or taking medicine. Sometimes these things happen daily, sometimes weekly, and sometimes lessfrequently. No matter when or how often things are done, there are several expressions that can be used to ask or talk

about about schedules, routines, and expressing obligations. Look at the examples below.


Asking About Schedules

What time (... do you go to work)? I leave the house at 7:30.When do ( ... you usually do laundry)? Usually on Saturday afternoons.Where do ( ... you exercise)? I go to a gym in my neighbor.

Expressing Obligation

I must go to ( ... class this morning). Why? Do you have a test?He has to ( ... be at work by 8:00 AM) What happens if he is a little late?I'm expected to ( ... visit my

grandmother every Sunday afternoon).Does she get upset if you dont show up?

On Friday afternoons, I am supposedto ( ... deposit the stores weekly salesincome in the bank).

Will you get fired if you dont?

All applicants are required to ( ...have an eye vision test before gettinga drivers license).

If your vision is poor, will they deny you adrivers license?

**Expected to andsupposed to are primarily used to express intentions,not absolutes. Use have to to express something definite.

Do you ever ( ...bowl). Yeah, once in a blue moon.

Dialogue


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Students should work together in pairs and read the following dialogue, one student reading one part, the other studentreading the other. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue canbe used as a model to have similar conversations.

Claudia: What time do you usually wake up Bridgette?

Bridgette: Usually Im up by 6:00, even on weekends.Claudia: Why do you get up so early?Bridgette: I always exercise for an hour before getting ready for work.Claudia: When do you go to work?Bridgette: I leave my house at 8:30 and arrive at the office a little before 9:00.Claudia: When do you eat lunch?Bridgette: It depends on my schedule, anywhere from 11:30 to 2:00.Claudia: Where do you eat?Bridgette: Usually at my desk, Im too busy to take a full hour for lunch. I either bring my lunch from home

or order food and have it delivered.Claudia: What time do you leave the office for the day?

Bridgette: I try to get out of there by 6:00, but sometimes I work until 6:30 or 7:00. Claudia: What do you do after work?Bridgette: I go home and cook dinner, feed my cat, and watch TV or listen to music until I go to bed. On

weekends I usually go out with friends.

Claudia: What time do you go to bed?Bridgette: I go to bed by 10:30, but I read for at least a half an hour before I fall asleep.


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about two people talking about theirdaily routine. One person

gets up at ...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to

practice using your English, not to give information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- discussionTell your partner what you daily schedule is like. Be specific and detailed. Discuss what you do from

the time you wake up until you go to bed, on weekdays and weekends.

2. Pair work-discussionTell your partner some of the things that you have to do or are expected or supposed to do during the week. Your partner should continue the conversation by asking questions about when, why, and what

happens if you do not do the thing.

3. Pair Work- discussion

Do you ever play tennis? Ask your partner if they ever do any of the activities listed below. Ask otherquestions to get more information about when and, what time, where, how often, with who, cost, etc.

Swim in the ocean Go on double dates Write poetry

Go camping Study all night Ride a motorcycle

Sing karaoke Wake up late Argue with parents

Sky or scuba dive Ride the subway Go bowling


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Watch foreign movies Play board games Lift weights

Cook pizza Buy expensive clothes Ride a roller coaster

Knit Go to the zoo Go to the theater

Lending and Borrowing

Everyone has family, friends, or colleagues who at one time or another will want to borrow something that you have.It may just be a pen to write a note, or money for lunch, or something more substantial like your truck for a day sothey can move or the use of your lake-side cabin for a weekend getaway. Whatever it is, there are standardexpressions that can be used. Look at these examples.

Expression Response

Could you lend me (...a dollar)? Of course, my pleasure.Sorry, Im broke.

May I borrow ( ... your text book)? Sure, go ahead.Yes, but only after Im finished with it.Do you mind if I use ( ...your pen)? Not at all, help yourself.

Im sorry, but this is my lucky pen and Inever let anyone use it.

Will you lend me ( ... your car)? Maybe, where are you going and when willyou be returning?

No way.

Lend and BorrowLend and borrow are frequently used incorrectly by non-native speakers. They are very similar in meaning, but can

not be used interchangeably. It may help if you think of borrow to mean receive or take something. When using

borrow, the subject of the sentence is receiving something Think of lend to mean give something. When using lend,

the subject of the sentence is giving something.

Can you borrow me your book? IncorrectCan I borrow your book? Correct

Can you lend me your book? Correct


Alfred: Olive, can I borrow your new Stones CD?Olive: No.Alfred: Why not, Ill give it back. I just want to make a copy.


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Olive: I know; I trust you. Its just that I only got it this morning and havent listened to that much yet. Ill lend it to you in a couple of days.

Alfred: Ok, that will work.Olive: Will you lend me your truck on Saturday morning. I have to take a load to the dump. Alfred: Sure, as long as you return it by noon and put a few gallons of gas in it before you return it. My

sister wants to borrow it to help her friend move.Olive: No problem. Do you want me to return it to your place or your sister's?Alfred: Better make it my place. She could change her mind, you know how she is.

After reading, close your book and tell your partner a summary of the dialogue. Then switch and have your partnertell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about a person wanting to borrow...This may seem silly, sinceyou both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to giveinformation or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- discussionDo you lend or borrow things often? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideas for discussion

below. Your partner should ask questions to getmore information.y what do you lend/borrow

y how long are things borrowed or lent fory how often does it happen

y have you every had problems getting it back or returning it2. Pair work- discussion

Ask your partner if you can borrow some of the items below, using the expressions above.

Your partner should ask how long you intend to have the item and when you plan to return it. If yourpartner refuses to lend the item, find out why and try to persuade him to lend it anyway.

Cell phone Clock Dictionary

Cassette player Bicycle Truck

Computer Lawn mower Money

Making ComparisonsAt times you will need to compare one thing to another. A friend may ask you to compare two movies that you have

seen to decide which one he should watch, a colleague may want a comparison between two vacation spots you havevisited, or a stranger may ask for a comparison between two restaurants. When you compare two or more things youare indicating which is better or worse between two things. When the superlative is used, you are indicating which isthe best or the worst.

Comparatives are formed by either adding -eror-ier to the end of a word (Add -er if theword ends in a consonant. Add -ier if the word ends in a y (change they to i and add -er)

or by adding more or less before the word.


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A simple rule to follow when deciding whether to use -er (-ier) or add more or less is: if theword is three or more syllables, use more or less. If the word is two syllables or less use

- er(-ier ). This rule is a guide only and some words do not follow it.

big bigger small smaller

heavy heavier busy busierbeautiful more beautiful common more common

Superlatives are formed by adding -estto the end of the word or by using most or leastbefore the word. The same syllable rule applies here in deciding to use -estor most or

least.

wise wisest fast fastestquiet quietest simple simplestanxious most anxious diligent most diligent


Jasper: Where do you think is the best place to go on a vacation? Randy: Hawaii, without a doubt.Jasper: Why Hawaii?Randy: Because it has the most beautiful beaches and the largest number of girls in bikinis in the world. Jasper: That may be true, but it is also one of the most expensive places to vacation. It also gets a lot of

rain.Randy: What place do you think is best?Jasper: Miami. Miami also has some great beaches, has lots of girls, gets much less rain than Hawaii,

and it is less expensive.Randy: True, but Hawaii has better golf courses and they are cheaper than the golf courses in Miami. Randy: I wouldn't say they are better, they are just more difficult to play. Jasper: What about the setting? Hawaii is a tropical island with more lush vegetation than Miami, not to

mention the most amazing sunsets anywhere.Randy: Maybe, but it takes less time to get to Miami than Hawaii. I can be on the beach soaking in the sun,

while you're still in the airplane.

Jasper: Maybe, but once I get there I would have cleaner, fresher air to breath, unlike Miami, which has a

little too much smog if you ask me. And the streets are safer to walk on in Hawaii. Randy: I'll admit that's true. Miami does have a higher crime rate.Jasper: So where are you going on vacation this year?Randy: Alaska. I want to see a polar bear.


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about two people comparing vacation spots. One man thinks


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...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using

your English, not to give information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair Work- discussionWhat is your favorite vacation spot? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideas for discussion

below. Your partner should ask questions to getmore information.y where is ity how often have you been therey why do you like ity why is it better than other places

2. Pair work- discussionWhich things are better? Discuss and compare the following items, stating the advantages of one overthe other, using comparatives and superlatives. The notes in parentheses are possible ideas forcomparison. Feel free to add to the list.

y Going to San Francisco or Seoul for vacation(weather, pollution, tourist attractions, expense, entertainment, people)

y Buying a house or apartment(price, spaciousness, maintenance, convenience, parking, safety)

y Traveling by bus or train(price, comfort, speed, the view, people you meet, services)

ShoppingShopping! Everyone loves shopping, right? Well, maybe not everyone. But everyone has to do it from time to time tobuy the necessities of life- like food and clothes. Whether you enjoy shopping and spend a considerable amount oftime at it or you hate it and get it over with as quickly and painlessly as possible, there are standard expressions that

are used. Look at these examples.


By a Clerk

May (can) I be of assistance? Yes please, I'm looking for kitchenutensils.

How can (may) I help you? Could you tell me where childrenswear is?

May I assist you? No thanks, Im just browsing.Could I help you find something? Yes please, Im looking for a pair of

gloves.

Will there be anything else? No, that will do it.What size of pants do you need? I wear a 32 inch waist and a 34 inch

length.

By a customer

How much are (... the blue jeans)? They are $39.99.


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Could you tell me ( ... the price of thatcamera)?

Of course, it $249.59.

Do you have this in another color? Yes, it also comes in green, red, andblue.

Do you have ( ... this in a larger size)? I'm sorry, that's the largest size wecarry.


Connie: Oh look honey, isnt that a great looking picture?Vinnie: The one with the ducks? I think its ugly. Connie: Well I think it would look great in the spare bathroom.

Vinnie: Whatever. How much is it?Connie: Let me see, $75.99.Vinnie: Youre kidding, right. $75.00 for that!Connie: Okay, maybe it is a little expensive, but what the heck, we can afford it. Dont be such tight wad.Vinnie: What about that set of pictures? You get three for less money. Theyre only $39.59.Connie: The ones with the airplanes? They dont match anything in the bathroom. Vinnie: So?Connie: So we wont get them. Period. End of discussion.Vinnie: Dont you think that duck picture is too big for the bathroom?Connie: I hate to admit it, but you may be right. But I really like it. And it goes with everything else

perfectly.

Vinnie: Well, if its too big, its too big. Lets keep looking.Connie: Wait, I have an idea. We could remodel the bathroom and make it bigger so the room fits thepicture.

Vinnie: Honey, I love you, but you are out of your mind!


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about two people shopping for ...This may seem silly, since

you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give


1. Pair work- discussionWhen was the last time you went shopping? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideas fordiscussion below. Your partner should ask questions to getmore information.y where did you goy what did you buyy how long did you spend shoppingy who did you go withy do you like shopping- why or why not


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The situation: At a storeWorking with a partner, role play the situation, using the information below

The roles: a clerk, a customer

The clerk should ask questions about the size, color, brand name, etc. of the items preferred by the customer. The customer should ask questions about the price, materials, warranties, rebates,

discounts, etc. Be creative and use your imagination. For example the clerk may be out of someitems or the customer hates black. Improvise and have fun.

Suit Kitchen knives Frying pan Evening gownSofa Ear rings Tread mill Fountain pen

Calculator Pet dog Car Computer scanner

Describing PeopleWhen you want to know what someone looks you, you are going to ask for a description. Descriptions can be verysimple (he's ugly) or very descriptive and detailed. (She's 5 feet 4 inches tall, with straight flaming red shoulder lengthhair, sparkling dark green eyes, a dazzling pearly white smile, with a cute dimple on her left cheek, and lightly tannedfacial skin as smooth as a baby's behind, with the body like Marilynn Monroe).

When asking for descriptions there are a number of expressions that can be used. Look at the examples.

Expression Response

What does ( ... she) look like? She looks like a model.What color is ( ... her) hair? Its black?What kind of hair style does ( ... he) have? He has short curly hair.What color are (his) eyes? Theyre blue.How tall is (she)? She is five feet, four inches tall.How much do ( ... you) weight? I weight 75 kilos.

It's none of your business.

Does (... he) have any distinguishingcharacteristics?

He has a scar on his left cheek.

How old is ( ...your mother)? Shes 45 years old.Does (... the professor) wear glasses? No, but he wears contacts.

What is (... she) wearing? She is wearing a red T-shirt, tight bluejeans, and sandals.

Below are adjectives that can be used when describing peoples physical characteristics.

Hair: long, short, straight, curly, permed, ponytail, bangs, crew cut, shoulderlength, bald, receding hairline, salt and pepper, blond, gray, bald, wavy


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Body build: skinny, thin, slender, average weight, muscular, fat, chubby,

plump, over weight, obese, beer belly, average build, stocky,medium height, tall, short

Facial features: mustache, beard, side burns, pimples, dimples, round eyes,square chin, big nose, wears glasses, round face, mole

When giving descriptions, it is also sometimes useful to talk about what the person is wearing. There are many wordsthat can be used to describe and identify apparel. Looks at these examples.

Types of Clothing

Tops Under Garments Women's Wear Outer Wear

casual shirt underwear (men) skirt jacketdress shirt briefs (men) dress coattee-shirt panties (women) pant suit wind breakersweat shirt bra (women) blouse sweatertop stocking (women) v-necks

nylons (women) turtle necks

socks (women) pull-over

Bottoms Accessories Clothing Material

jeans hat/cap woolpants tie polyestertrousers belt cotton

shorts scarf denimcut offs gloves plastic

glasses leather

jewelry silk

Descriptions of people are not limited to physical descriptions but also to their character and personality.

There are a number of expressions that can be used when asking about some ones personality or character.

Expression Response

Whats (... your room mate) like? Shes very friendly, but shy.

What kind of( ... boss) do youhave?

Hes very intelligent, but very demandingand somewhat of a perfectionists.


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What kind of personality do( ... you look for in a spouse)?

Someone who is assertive, but notaggressive; outgoing, but notdominating; confident, but not insecure.

Hows (... your co-worker),personality wise?

Shes fairly helpful and considerate, butextremely opinionated.

There are also countless words that can be used to describe a persons personality and character. Look at some of thembelow.

shy outgoing demanding easy goingconfident insecure pushy laid backdomineering meek intelligent stupidattentive neglectful concerned carefreepassionate indifferent hot blooded mellowstrict lenient tolerant intolerant

Very often, when describing someone, compliments may be paid. Every one likes to hear compliments. Complimentsmake people feel good about themselves, and we all need that at times. Compliments can be made about how a personlooks, about their dress, about a skill or ability, or about a behavior. There are a number of expression that can be usedto compliment someone. Look at the examples below.

Expression Response

What a beautiful (... new dress). Thanks, ( ... I'm glad you like it).You look absolutely ( ... gorgeous). How kind of you to say so.

Your daughter can (... certainly playthe violin with best of them).

Thank you, ( ... I'm glad you appreciateher talent).

Nice (... tie). Is it new? Yes, (... it was a birthday present frommy wife. She has great taste).

Your (... presentation was superb.Theentire audience was spell bound).

Thanks, I appreciate that, (... but I was

so nervous).


Matt: What does your girl friend look like?John: Shes very beautiful, with dark brown eyes and flaming red hair.Matt: How long is her hair?John: Her hair is very long, it goes down to the middle of her back. Matt: How tall is she?John: Shes my height: five feet, four inches.Matt: And is she slim, plump, average weight, obese?


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John: Shes slim, like a model. And she has a great figure.Matt: And shes in her early twentys, right?John: Yes, shes the same age as me. Matt: What kind of clothes does she usually wear?John: She almost always wears blue jeans and T-shirts to school. Usually the T-shirts are blue, thats her

favorite color.Matt: Does she wear glasses?John: Yes, sometimes she wears small gold rimmed glasses, but usually she wears contacts. Why all

the questions about my girl friend?Matt: Just curious. Besides, I think thats her over there across the street.John: Where? I dont see her.Matt: Under that big tree. Isnt she the one kissing the sailor?John: What! Gloria!


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is a person describing his girlfriend. She has... This may seem

silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not togive information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair Work- discussionDescribe people (family, friends, classmates, teachers, well know personalities in your country) youknow to you partner. Include in your description the persons:y height and weighty eye and hair colory hair styley approximate agey any distinguishing featuresy type of clothes they normally wear

2. Pair Work- discussionGive compliments to your partner about the following. Your partner should respond appropriately, butwith humility.

y A new dress or shirty Their violin performance at a concerty A new hair cuty A nose joby An oral presentation in front of the class

3. Pair Work-discussionOne partner selects a prominent personality in your country or the world, without naming him or her to his partner. The person may be a TV or movie star, sports figure, politician, corporate head, renownedacademician, etc. Describe the person until your partner can guess who is being described. You maytell what kind of job the person has, the style of clothes they usually wear (if known), and what they arewell know for.

Example statements include: This person is very tall, but kind of thin. This person has long black


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hairand ...... This person is an entertainerand is well known forhis role in the movie

Describing EmotionsWhen you meet family and friends, even strangers at times, they will ask about your well being. It's a polite thing to

do. When talking about your well being, you may not only discuss your physical condition, but also your emotionalstate of mind. There are hundreds of words that are used to describe or identify emotional states. Look at some of themore common ones below.

happy elated sad gloomy depresseddown angry peeved embarrassed excited

anxious bored content unsatisfied satisfied

shocked nervous scared frightened over-whelmed

flustered quiet shy demure moody

cheerful bold passive offensive aggressive

At times we all get upset or angry at someone or something. It's only human. If you happen to interact withsomeone that appears upset there are a number of expressions that can be used to ask the person what theproblem is. Look at the examples below.


Whats wrong with you? Im very upset with you for not telling memom was sick.

Are you OK? No, Im really ticked offthat you dated mygirlfriend.

What's the problem? Im fit to be tied. How could you approve

the Jameson account without myapproval?

You look upset. Is any thing wrong? Yes, Im really annoyed that you did notcome to my party.

Sometimes when people are upset they say and do things that they later regret. The polite thing to do in thosesituations is to apologize for your behavior. Apologies are appropriate not only for things you may have said or doneto offend others, but also for things that may happen that are out of your control or things that happened by accident.

Look at the expressions below that can be used in those situations.

Expressions ResponsesPlease forgive me, ( ... I didn't mean toimply that you were stupid).

No problem.

I apologize for ( ...calling your father fat). Thats OK, I forgive you.

Will you ever forgive me? Of course I forgive you.

I'm so sorry ( ... I spilt the milk on your newcarpet).

Don't worry about it.

I'm sorry for ( ... being late). Think nothing of it.


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Kevin: How's your new job going Gertrude?Gertrude: Well, it could be better.Kevin: Why, whats the problem?Gertrude: One of my subordinates isnt very nice. He seems to think that he should have got the job

instead of me so he has a big chip on his shoulder. How are things in your life?Kevin: Couldnt be better. My wife Mary just got a promotion, our daughter was accepted into Harvard,

and I just made a killing in the stock market.Gertrude: Thats great.


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about two people who meet...This may seem silly, since youboth already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to giveinformation or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- discussionWhen did you last experience some of the emotions listed above? Tell your partner about it, using some of the ideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to get more information. y when it wasy where it wasy who you were withy what caused you to feel that wayy what you did to overcome that feeling (if it was a negative feeling)

2. Pair work- discussionHave you done something recently that you regretted and later apologized for? Tell your partner aboutit, using some of the ideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to get more information.y when and where it wasy what did you doy who was involvedy why you regretted ity

what you did or said to apologizey was your apology accepted

3. Pair work- Role PlayThe situation: The three emotions below

Working with a partner, role play the situation, using the information below


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The roles: See below

A. Anger You are a college student and your partner is your parent. Youwant to go to the beach for a one week vacation with some

classmates.Your parents are adamant that you stay home and study English.

Student's ideas Parents ideas

need a break need to be fluent if going to studyabroad

have not had a vacation in 5years

need to get very high scores onEnglish proficiency tests

got A's in English lastsemester so don't need tostudy

afraid you might get in trouble if

your friend will pay foreverything

don't like the people you are goingwith (they are bad influences)

need to recharge your batteriesso you will not burn out

you can't swim and are afraid you willdrown

have worked hard all semesterand deserve a reward

B. Fear You are afraid of heights and your partner is trying to convince youto look over the edge of the Grand Canyon.

Person 1 ideas Person 2 ideas

you will fall over the edge anddie

the railing will protect you

you can see well enoughwhere you are

you should over come your phobia

you will have nightmares if youlook

you will regret it forever if you don't look

you will buy a post card for thememory

young children will laugh at you andmake fun of you

you will get sick and throw up ifyou look over the edge

don't be a chicken

C. Greed You are an eight year old child and your partner is your friend.You are at a candy store and you have lots of money, but your

friend has none. You buy a big bag of candy, but refuse to share with your friend

Child 1 ideas Child 2 ideas

you bought it, so you will eat it if he/she doesnt share, you won't like


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all your friend anymore

you are very hungry you are very hungry too

if you share, your friend will getfat

your friend will get fat

if you share, it will ruin yourfriend's teeth

will ruin your friend's teeth

your friend didn't share her icecream the day before

you will tell his or her mommy

will tell all their friends that she or he isgreedy and mean

Describing ThingsSometimes you may be asked to describe something, what it looks like, and it's function or purpose. For example,You may to talking to a person not up on the latest technological devises or telling someone about the newest time

saving kitchen gadget.

When you are describing objects you use adjectives, (words that describe nouns) such as the size, color, shape,

material made from, thickness, texture, etc. Look at the expressions below that can be used when asking for

descriptions of things

Expression Response

What does it look like? Its big, with eight hairy arms.How big isit? Its 3 feet, by 4 feet, by 5 feet.

How much does it weigh? It weighs 75 pounds.What color is it? Its bright yellow, brighter than a banana.Whats it made out of? Its made of plastic and aluminum. What is it? It's a garlic press.

What does it do? It puts a sharp point on wooden pencils.

What the purpose of arefrigerator?

The purpose of a refrigerator is tokeep food cold so it does not spoil.

What do you use a(... cheese grater) for?

A cheese grater is used to make smallstrips of cheese from a larger block.

How does a (... water heater)

work?

Water is collected in a large tank and

heated by either gas or electricity.



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Randall: Do you know what a grandfather clock is?Horace: Yes, of course.Randall: I assume it is a kind of clock, but what does it look like?Horace: Well, theyre usually big, about an average persons height, and maybe 20 to 24 inches wide.Randall: And.

Horace: The clock face is at the top, usually a round face, and many have Roman Numerals. Randall: Go on.Horace: Below the face is a pendulum which hangs from a chain, or something similar, which swings

back and forth as the clock ticks.Randall: Im sorry, whats a pendulum?Horace: A weight hanging from a chain, cable, or string.Randall: I see.Horace: In all the grandfather clocks I have ever seen, the cabinets were made out of wood, usually

stained brown.Randall: Why are they called grandfather clocks?Horace: I dont know. Maybe because they are an old style of clock that was common in our grandfathers

days.Randall: The clock in your fathers office is a grandfather clock, isnt it?Horace: Yes, but he calls it his grandmothers clock. Randall: Why?Horace: Because his grandmother gave it to him.


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is one person describing a clock. It is ... This may seem silly,

since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give


1. Pair work- discussionDo you or your family have a grandfather clock or any other antique items that has been handed downfrom one generation to the next? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideas for discussion

below. Your partner should ask questions to get more information.

y what is ity its age and its historyy why it is significant or important to your familyy who in your family will the item be handed down to next y why that person will get the item

2. Pair work- discussionWork with a partner and describe the following items are and how they work. The listening partnershould ask questions to get more detail or clarification. Obviously most (if not all) people already knowwhat these things are and how they work, but the purpose of the exercise is to practice using thelanguage. So... the partner asking about the items should pretend to be very, very stupid or from a very

remote, uncivilized location that has never been exposed to these modern conveniences. y Pencil sharpenery Bicycley Toaster


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y Clocky Calculatory Cameray Stethoscopey Bow and arrow

Asking for HelpHelp! I need somebody Help! Not just anybody.

Everyone needs help from time to time and most people are willing to give it in a time of need. Most of the time ofcourse the help needed is for something minor. But sometimes the help may be a matter of life or death. Theexpressions below are generally used for minor assistance. For any thing really, really major- the need for help isusually readily apparent and would not require someone to ask- such as in a fire or a serious car accident. Look at

these expressions that can be used for asking for minor assistance.


To offer help

Would you like some help? Yes, that would be great.Can I give you a hand? Thanks, much obligedDo you need a hand? No thanks, I've got it.May I offer my assistance? That would be so kind, thank you.

To ask for help

Could you give me a hand? Certainly.Would you mind helping me out? Not at all.Could you help me please? My pleasure

As with help, people need advice from time to time. Your family or friends may need advice about relationships,financial investments, or how to deal with an irritating co-worker. Look at the expressions can be used when asking

for advice.

Expressions Response

When asking for advice When giving advice

What do you think I should do?Thats a good idea.

Why dont you (.... take a taxi instead, it'sfaster.)

What would you do in my shoes?Maybe youre right.

Have you thought about (.... gettingsome medicine at the pharmacy)?

Do you have any ideas about what to I think you should ( .... see a doctor).


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do?Thanks for the advice.

What would you suggest?That might work. I hadnt thought ofthat.

Have you considered ( .... the localmarkets? Sometimes they have greatdeals).

Can you think of anything that might help? Thanks, I'll try that.

One option may be to (.... call youembassy).


Barry: Could you give me a hand this weekend?Larry: Doing what?Barry: Landscaping my yard.

Larry: That sounds like a big job.Barry: It might be, it depends on how I decide to do it.Larry: You dont know yet?Barry: I cant make up my mind. Im vacillating between desert landscape with cacti or lush green grass

with lots of flowers. What do you think it should be?

Larry: Well, a desert landscape has a lot less maintenance, but nothing beats a nice green lawn. Barry: Thus my dilemma. What would you do?Larry: Let me ask you this- how much time will you spend out there. Barry: With my schedule, probably not much.Larry: Then I would go with the desert. Keeping up a grass lawn is a lot of work. Barry: Yea, I think you're right.


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about a man asking forhelp with ...This may seem silly, since

you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give


1. Pair work- discussionWhen was the last time you helped someone or someone helped you? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to getmore information.y what was the help fory where did it happeny when did it happeny how often do you offer assistance

2. Pair work- discussionWhen was the last time you gave someone advice or asked for advice? Tell your partner about it usingsome of the ideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to getmore information.


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y what was the advice fory was it good advicey who did you ask/who asked youy did you follow the advice- why or why not

Pair work- role playThe situation: Seeking help on the street. Be sure to express your gratitude.

Working with a partner, role play the situation, using the information below

The roles: you, your partner

Moving a heavy box Directions to the subway

Where the jeans are in a store Using a cell phone

Fixing a flat Using an ATM (instructionsare in a foreign language)

Giving Instructions

Every now and then someone may ask you instructions on how to do something. It may be something simple like howto operate a coin operated washing machine at a laundry mat or it may be something more difficult, like programminga remote control for a TV. Giving instructions may sound difficult, (especially detailed instructions) but if theinstructions are broken into small steps and the steps are clearly identified, it becomes a more manageable task.

To do this use sequence markers. These are words which guide the listener or reader through the instructions, bygiving them the order of steps to follow. Common sequence markers are:

first second third forthafter that next before that thenyou begin by the last step is now finish

There are several standard expressions that can be used when asking for instructions. Look at these examples.


How do you operate (...this canopener)?

First, put the can under that sharp wheeland push that lever down.

Can you show me how to (...use thiscopier)?

After putting the paper under the cover,enter the number of copies needed andthen press start.

Do you know how to (... use this ricecooker)?

Sure, put 3 cups of dried rice in, add 2cups of water, and hit the start button.

How do I go about (... baking a cake)? Buy a box of cake mix and follow the


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instructions on the back.

It's likely to happen that when giving instructions the listener may become confused and need to have things repeated.This could also happen in any normal conversation between people- one person will not hear or understand what the

other has said. Of course, there are other things that hinder communication besides not hearing someone. Examplesinclude unknown vocabulary words, or idiomatic expressions that the listener does not understand, or the speaker isjust talking way too fast for the listener to comprehend. Fortunately there are expressions that can be used to coverthese situations as well.


Im sorry, I didnt catch that. First, fill in this form and take it to window3.

Could you repeat that, please? Certainly, the answer is no.

What did you say? I said the answer is the planet Pluto.

One more time. What is the chemical symbol for zinc?

Once more. I said put the book in the refrigerator.

Come again. The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.

Could you run that by me again? After mixing the ingredients, stir vigorouslyuntil well blended, let it sit for one hour,and then put it in the oven.

Huh? Do you have any money?

Please speak more slowly. Of course, I'm sorry.

Im sorry; I dont understand theexpression (... fill in this form).

It means to answer all the questions orsupply the information on that piece ofpaper.

What does (... ingredient) mean ? A ingredient is one thing of many that is ina dish or food. For example, flour is aningredient in cakes.

I'm sorry, I don't know what youmean.

I mean you should be very careful.

Can you give me an example? Things like necklaces, earrings, bracelets,


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etc.

If someone is in the middle of something, say giving instructions, and you become confused, you may need tointerrupt them so they can repeat what they said or make it clearer. Interruptions in a conversation can be made for

different reasons, not only to have instructions repeated. For example, you may interrupt someone who is working at adesk and you enter the office to talk to them, or you may interrupt someone who has said something that you disagree

with. There are several expressions that can be used to interrupt someone. Look at the examples below.


During a conversation

Wait a second, (... could you repeat that)? I said a half past three.

Excuse me, ( ... I didnt catch that). I baked an apple pie.

Now hold on, (... I totally disagree). You have that right.

If I may interrupt? Yes.

While someone is working

I hate to bother you but ( ,,, could I speak toyou for a minute)?

Yes, what is it?

Sorry for botheringyou. No problem, what can I do for you?

Sorry for interrupting, ( ...I just need a second). Ill be with you in a moment.

Excuse me, (... but could I have a minute of yourtime)?

Im really busy now. How about in 30minutes in my office?

DialogueStudents should work together in pairs and read the following dialogue, one student reading one part, the other student

reading the other. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue canbe used as a model to have similar conversations.

Tommy: Hi David. You look busy? What are you doing? David: Im trying to figure out how to make these cookies, but I lost the instructions that came with the

box.Tommy: Making cookies from a box is easy. Want me to tell you?David: Yes, these have to be done in an hour.


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Tommy: Okay, first, pour the cookie mix from that bag into a large bowl.David: Is this bowl big enough?Tommy:No, you need a bigger one. Youre going to be adding more ingredients. Use that one.David: Okay, now what?Tommy:Next, add two eggs and a cup of milk to the bowl and beat until very creamy, with no lumps.

David: Wont the egg shells be hard to eat?Tommy: You have to break the eggs first, and just put in the whites and yolks. You throw the shells away. Youve never cooked anything, have you?

David:No, this is my first time. What should I mix it with, a fork or spoon? Tommy: You could use either, but if I were you, Id use an electric mixer.David: You mean this? No wonder mom put it out. Thats done, what next? Tommy:Now, grease the cookie sheet with butter. Then put one tablespoon of cookie dough per cookie

on the cookie sheet. You should space the dough evenly around the cookie sheet, leaving atleast an inch between each cookie.

David: Got it. Now they go in the oven, right?Tommy: Yes.

David: Okay, theyre in. How long will it take before theyre done? Tommy: The way you did it, forever. You didnt turn the oven on. David: Oh yea, I forgot. What temperature and for how long?Tommy: Cook them at 3250 and for about 35 minutes.


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about one per son giving instruction to another for

making...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice

using your English, not to give information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- discussionWhen was the last time you gave instructions to someone? Tell your partner about it using some of the

ideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to get more information.y when was ity what were the instructions fory did the listener understand youy did the listener follow the instructions correctlyy was it difficult

2. Pair work- practice

Work with a partner and give instructions on how to do or make the following items. Be sure to usesequence markers in your instructions and to use complete sentences. Also try out some of the expressions for asking for repeats listed on the previous page, even if you dont need them.

Making an omelet Change oil in a car

Video taping a movie on TV Playing Tic Tac Toe


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Saving a file on a computer Setting an alarm clock

Use a washing machine Getting a visa to a foreign country

Using a camera Converting Fahrenheit degrees to

centigrade (Subtract 32 from theFahrenheit temperature, thenmultiply by 5/9ths)

Using Large NumbersMany foreigners seem to have trouble using big numbers (over 10 thousand) in English. It is really quite easy once

you get the hang of it. The secret is to look at the comma separators and place divisions in large numbers. Numbers

below 1000 are easy.

5= five 73= seventy three 129= one hundred and twenty nine

In using large numbers, you are basically repeating this simple process, but between the comma separators you

include additional words for the place divisions. These words are thousand, million, billion, trillion, and zillion.

Trillion Billion Million Thousand hundred tens & ones

1,344 1 3 44

16,798 16 7 98

123,787 123 7 87

3,655,102 3 655 1 02

77,503,911 77 503 9 111,689,237,705 1 689 237 7 05

99,237,008,478,208 99 237 8 478 2 99

77,503,911=seventy seven million, five hundred and three thousand, nine hundred and eleven

In this digit,

1- say the basic number before the first comma (77),

2- add the place division word (million),3- say the basic number before the second comma (503)

4- say the place division word (thousand),

5- then say the small number (911)

Practice saying these numbers with your partner.

12,567 343,756 24,457, 800


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458,903,111 123,456,789 6,840,678,236

45,693,777,043 543,867,903,040

111,222,333,444,555 56,583,694,784,223,275

In very, very large (or small) numbers scientific notation is used.

The number 15 X 104 is read as: 15 times 10 to the fourth.

The small number 22 X 105 is read as 22 times 10 to the negative fifth.


Rex: Do you know the population of the earth?Tex: Yes, it's approximately 6,100,000,000.Rex: Do you know the speed of light?Tex: Yes, it's 186,000 miles per second. Rex: Do you know the number of neurons a human brain has?Tex: Yes, a human brain contains 100,000,000,000 neurons.Rex: Do you know how many miles Pluto is from the Sun? Tex: Yes, Pluto is 5,913,520,000 miles from the sun.Rex: Do you know how many dollar bills, stacked end on end, it would take to reach the moon? Tex: Actually no, I know it's a whole lot more than I have.

Rex: What is the average number of hairs on the human head?Tex: The average number of hairs is 200,000.Rex: Do you know how many stars are in the sky?Tex:Not exactly, but to quote Carl Sagan "Billions and billions."Rex: Do you know how many atoms are in an ounce of gold?Tex: Yes, there are 9.5 X 102 atoms in an ounce of gold.Rex: Do you know how many seconds are in a year? Tex: Yes, there are 3.2 X 107 seconds in a year.Rex: Do you know how many holes it would take to fill the Albert Hall? Tex: Uh? What are you talking about?Rex: It's a line from a Beatles song, Now I know how many holes it would take to fill the Albert Hall. I'd love

to turn you on. Its from their song A day in the life.Tex: Do you know you are strange?Rex: Yes, I know.

Talking to Police and Firemen


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Hopefully you will never have to experience having to talk to a policeman or fireman in an official capacity. As we allknow, if the a policeman or fireman is talking to you as part of their job, something bad has happened- either a fire ora crime. But these situation could occur and you should be prepared for them.

Dialogue

Students should work together in pairs and read the following dialogue, one student reading one part, the other studentreading the other. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue canbe used as a model to have similar conversations.

Fire119: You have reached the police and fire emergency. What is the nature of your call?Caller: Hurry! I need the fire department. My neighbor's house is on fire.119: Please remain calm, sir. Could I have the address?Caller: Yes, OK, it's 715 N. Fillmore. Hurry!119: A fire truck is on its way sir. Now, could I have your name and telephone?Caller: My name is Jack Thomas and the number is 993-7787.119: Are you calling from your house?Caller: Yes, I live across the street.119: Do you know if anyone is in the burning house?Caller: No, there isn't; they got out safely. The owner, is trying to put out the fire with a garden hose by

spraying water through a broken window.

119: I see. As I said, a fire truck is on the way and it should be there in a minute ortwo.Caller: Yeah, I hear the sirens now.119: Could you stay on the line until they arrive?Caller: Sure.

Police

Police: Could I have your drivers license and registration please?Driver: Is there a problem officer?Police: Your drivers license and registration please.Driver: OK . . . here you go.Police: The speed limit along this road is 45 kilometers per hour. You were clocked in excess of 65.Driver: Really? It's a new car. You know how they are, they drive so smoothly you don't realize how fast

you're going.

Police: Yes sir, but that's still no excuse.Driver: Sounded good.Police: Sir, could you please step out of the car?Driver: Cant I just sit here while you write the ticket?

Police:No sir. According to the dispatcher, you have four outstanding traffic tickets and a failure to appearcitation. I'm afraid I have to take you in. Please put your hands behind your back so I can handcuffyou.

Driver: I don't suppose a bribe would help?Police:Not unless you want another charge against you.Driver: Forget I mentioned it.


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tell his or her summary. Start like this: These dialogues are about someone talking to ...This may seem silly, since you

both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give


1. Pair work- discussionHave you ever reported a fire or been in a house fire? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideasfor discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to getmore information.y when did it occury where did it occury what did you doy did firemen arrive to put out the firey was everyone safe


The situation: Talking with the policeWorking with a partner, role play the situations, using the information below

The roles: a policeman, a citizen

1.The citizen is pulled over forspeeding

Policeman should:

you were driving 45 miles an hourin a 25 mile zone

ask the driver for his license andregistration

you do not have a driver's license(you lost it earlier in the day)

tell the driver he was speeding

you try to talk your way out of theticket

give the driver a ticket for speedingand having no license

2. The citizen is pulled over forsuspected driving while underthe influence

Policeman should:

ask the officer what the problemis, (remember you were drinkingso slur your words)

tell driver why he was pulled over(weaving down the road)

tell officer why you were drinking

(celebrating birthday, just brokeup with lover, got fired, etc.)

have driver step out of car and give

him/her a drunk test (walk a straightline, close eyes and touch nose withindex fingers)

try to talk your way out of thesituation

arrest the driver

3. The citizen witnessed a Policeman should ask:


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mugging

you saw two young boys knockdown an elderly man and stealhis wallet and watch

ask the witness for a description ofthe suspects (age, weight, height, haircolor, distinguishing marks, clothing)

Use you imagination and give adescription of the suspects to thepolice

ask where he was when he saw themugging

how long the mugging lasted

which direction the suspects went

Talking about NeedsSometimes there may be situations in which you or someone will ask about what is needed to complete a task or getsomething done. For example, your child may want to know what is needed in order to get a driver's license or acolleague may ask about the documents needed to get a passport. Job applicants always need to know the specific

requirements of a job before applying for it. There are several expressions that can be used when asking about needsand requirements. Look at these examples.


What do you need for a (...driver'slicense?)

You need a birth certificate.

What is needed to get a (...visa to a foreigncountry)?

The first thing you need is apassport.

Do I need (...a bank guarantee card to casha check)?

Yes.

What documents are required (... before

applying for college)?

You should have a copy of your high

school diploma or GED.What are the requirements (...for the job)? You need a B.S. in education.Is it necessary to (...have immunizationdocumentation before entering thecountry)?

Yes it is.


Janice: Hi James, what's new?James:Nothing, same old, same old. What's new with you?Janice: A couple of my friends have decided to go camping this weekend.James: That sounds like fun. I hope you have a good time. Janice: Me too, except we've never been camping. We have no idea of what to take. Do you know?James: First you will need a tent and a sleeping bag.Janice: A tent? I only have a sleeping bag. Do I really need a tent?


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James:No, if you don't mind critters crawling on you at night and if it doesn't rain. You can borrow mine ifyou want.

Janice: Thanks, I appreciate it. What else should I take?James: You should probable take some warm clothes. It gets pretty chilly at night in the mountains. And

you will need pots and pans to cook with and dishes and silverware to eat with.

Janice: Okay, I think my mom will let me take some old dishes. Anything else?James: It might be a good idea to take an ax or a saw to cut firewood with. And lots of matches to start fires with. Also take a shovel to smother the fire. You wouldn't want to start a forest fire.

Janice: That hadn't occurred to me, thanks. Is that it?James: You might consider a small first aid kit, with a large bottle of insect repellent. The mosquitoes can

be murder this time of year.Janice: Is that all we need?James: A portable toilet is always handy. Its much more convenience than the nearest brush.Janice: How much will that cost?James: About $50.00. I happen to have one if you want to borrow that too. Janis: Well, Okay since you offered. By the way, would you like to come with us?James: Who's all going?

Janis: Just me and my three cheerleader friends.James: You're friends are cheerleaders? What time do we leave?


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about two people talking about what is needed ...This may

seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English,

not to give information or test your reading skills.

1. Pair work- discussionWhat do you think you would need or like to take on a bicycle tour of Europe? Imagine that a group of

four friends are planning a 30 day road tour. Since money will be tight, you will have to camp out and not stay in hotels.

Everything you take must fit on a bicycle. Decide as a group what would be needed (or wanted) andwho would carry what items. Plan well to ensure that the trip is memorable and that you have a great

time. Dont forget the camera!

2. Group work- discussion

Work in groups of three or four and discuss what items a person would need or the skills that may be

needed to do the following. Make your list as comprehensive as possible and provide justification forwhy those items or skills are needed. Be prepared to orally present your items to the rest of the class. The teacher may ask you to do so.

1. Survive on a deserted island alone

2. Take a journey to Mars with six other astronauts

3. Go on safari in Africa


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4. Take a vacation to Disneyland

5. Break out of prison

6. Climb the Himalayas

7. Make a movie

8. Make a successful business

Talking about SolutionsProblems abound in life and many concerned people are constantly looking for solutions to these problems. You may

find yourself in a very serious discussion about some the the more pressing problems facing the world today. Many

times in these kinds of discussions, the answers proposed are just possibilities or suggestions. There are certain

structures that can be used when talking in possibilities. Look at these examples.

Asking about solutions Giving Solutions

What should we do ( about high rate ofabsenteeism in public schools)?

Maybe we should ( hire truantofficers to visit the students homeor contact the parents whenstudents are absent).

What can be done to ( get more people tovote during national elections)?

How about (passing a law thattaxes them if they dont vote).

What is a solution for ( reducing thehearing lose of employees at this plant? The

machines are so loud they are effectingpeoples hearing).

Why dont we ( make itmandatory that all employees wear

ear plugs).

How do we ( get traffic to slow down on5th Street? There have been 7 accidents onthat street in the last month because driversare going to fast).

The city needs to ( install speedbumps along that stretch of road.That will slow people down).

DialogueStudents should work together in pairs and read the following dialogue, one student reading one part, the other studentreading the other. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue can

be used as a model to follow in similar conversations.

Professor: One of the biggest problems facing this country today is illegal drug use. What are some ofyour suggestions for solving this grave social plight?

Student A: Put all the drug users in jail. If they are in jail, they can't get or use the drugs. Professor: That's a little naive. Illegal drugs are fairly easy to get in prison, if you know the right people.

Another solution.

Student B: I think rehabilitating drug users is the best solution.


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Professor: Possible, for some individuals it would work, but, I suspect, not all. Student C: The schools need better education programs to warn and instruct kids about the dangers and

consequences of drugs. If kids never start taking drugs, there is no problem.

Professor: That's true, but children get much of their education of life on the streets, not in the classroom. Student D: Attack it at its source. Bust all the dealers and suppliers of drugs.

Professor: That might work, if it weren't impossible to do. I think that we would all agree, that arresting alldealers and suppliers would be virtually impossible and prohibitively expensive in terms ofmoney and manpower.

Student E: In my opinion, one of the reasons that drug use is so attractive to kids is because of its mystique. Their parents say they can't or shouldn't use them, which of course tempts kids to want to try it even more. People always want what they can't have. If you eliminate themystique, you eliminate the problem.

Professor: I'm sure that's true of a small percentage of people, but not all. Student F: How about monetary incentives. The government could give people money- cash, not tax

breaks or other such things, but cold hard cash, for not taking drugs.

Professor:Now that is a solution I have never heard of or contemplated before. It might have merit, but it

would be very, very expensive.Student G: I don't think there is any one solution. All the suggestions offered so far have merits and faults.

It seems to me that using a combination of all those solutions could be effective.Professor: I think youre right. There are no easy answers and it will take multifaceted approach to

eliminate the problem.


tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about finding solutions to the drug problem. One suggestion

was ...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice

using your English, not to give information or test your reading skills.

1. Group or Pair Work- debateGet into two groups of four or six each for a debate. One group take the pro side and the other group the con side. If working in pairs one person take the pro side and the

other the con side.

The teams will be debating the merits and faults of the given solutions to the problemsbelow. Use the suggestions listed, in addition to your own thoughts, for possible points

to cover in the debate.

1. Problem: Littering

Solution: Moderate fines for people that litter

Pro

will act as a deterrent

Con

difficult to enforce consistently

will generate income for thegovernment

doesn't educate people about theproblem

will focus peoples attention cost more to implement than income it


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to the problem would generate

it will serve as justpunishment

could create ill will among the populace

2. Problem:Pollution caused by power plants using fossil fuelsSolution: Replacing those plants with atomic power plant

Pro

eliminates major source ofpollution

Con

too expensive to replace existing fossilfuel plants

generates more electricityfor less cost

would have world wide economic impact

(if fossil fuel demand decreasessubstantially)

benefits non-oil producingcountries

fear and danger of nuclear accident

conserves natural resources fear and danger of terrorist attacks creates higher educated and

technologically advancedworkers

is relatively safe

there are less health relatedconcerns

3. Problem:Use of hand guns in crimesSolution: Mandatory 20 year prison sentence for any violation, 30 years

prison if weapon is firedPro

will act as a strong deterrent

Con

it is not just, too severe a punishment

is easy to verify andimplement

would increase already unmanageableprison populations

offers greater assurance topotential victims

would not really act as a deterrent

2. Group or Pair Work- discussionGet into groups of three or four people. You are members of the U. N. addressingworld wide issues. Select one of the topics below (or choose your own) and discuss andpresent your solutions to them. Cover each of the areas under the identification and

solution of the problem.

Identify why it is a problem


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the people who it is a problem for its effect on those people

Problems

Illiteracy Water pollutionPopulation explosion World hungry

Drug use AIDS epidemic

Nuclear proliferation Terrorist groups

Fair and equal access to medical treatment and medicine

Documents

English Fucntions