TEXTBOOKTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOK FOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OF

PHARMACYPHARMACYPHARMACYPHARMACY

bybybyby Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,

Mónika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkóMónika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkóMónika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkóMónika Krasznai and Gabriella Marschalkó

TEXTBOOK

FOR STUDENTS OF

PHARMACY

by

Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss, Mónika Krasznai and Gabriella Marschalkó

Department of Foreign Languages

University of Debrecen

Medical and Health Science Center

2005

Contents

Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

The History of Pharmacy ……………………………………………………………………5

Digestive system……………………………………………………………………………….7

Major parts and functions of the system……………………………………………….8

Word building………………………………………………………………………...10

Indigestion…………………………………………………………………………….11

What herbs may relieve the condition?……………………………………………….11

Pharmacology…………………………………………………………………………12

Some diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system………………………………….14

Medication/Treatment………………………………………………………………...14

Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………...17

Vitamins……………………………………………………………………………………...19

How can I tell if I am getting enough of the B vitamins?……………………………20

Water soluble vitamins………………………………………………………………..20

Fat soluble vitamins…………………………………………………………………..21

Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………25

The lungs and respiratory system…………………………………………………………..27

Word building………………………………………………………………………...31

Pharmacology…………………………………………………………………………33

Asthma………………………………………………………………………………..36

Herbs used as a natural asthma remedy………………………………………………38

Cough…………………………………………………………………………………39

Herbal cough medicines………………………………………………………………40

Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………41

Skin…………………………………………………………………………………………...43

Major parts and functions of the skin…………………………………………………44

Word building………………………………………………………………………...47

Eczema………………………………………………………………………………..48

What herbs may relieve the condition?……………………………………………….48

Types of skin preparation……………………………………………………………..49

Skin disorders…………………………………………………………………………50

Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………...52

The eye……………………………………………………………………………………….54

Word building………………………………………………………………………...55

Conjunctivitis…………………………………………………………………………56

Dry eye………………………………………………………………………………..56

Contact lens problems………………………………………………………………...57

Applying medicines to the eye………………………………………………………..58

Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………59

The ear……………………………………………………………………………………….60

Word building………………………………………………………………………...61

Outer ear problems……………………………………………………………………62

Wax…………………………………………………………………………………...62

Applying ear drops……………………………………………………………………62

Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………64

The mouth …………………………………………………………………………………...65

Mouth ulcers…………………………………………………………………………..65

Medicines for mouth ulcers…………………………………………………………...65

Thrush…………………………………………………………………………………67

Treatment for thrush…………………………………………………………………..68

Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………69

Cardiovascular system………………………………………………………………………71

Blood pressure………………………………………………………………………..71

Pharmacology…………………………………………………………………………73

Medicines for high blood pressure……………………………………………………75

Word building………………………………………………………………………...77

The heart………………………………………………………………………………78

Circulatory problems………………………………………………………………….79

Blood Clots……………………………………………………………………………80

Anticoagulants………………………………………………………………………...81

Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………83

Methods of drug administration …………………………………………………………...86

Enteral medication …… ……………………………………………………………...87

Parenteral medication ………………………………………………………………...88

Topical application …………………………………………………………………...89

Drug forms …………………………………………………………………………...90

Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………...92

Prescription Writing………………………………………………………………………...94

Appendices ………………...………………………………………………………………. 99

1 Zantac 75 Relief ………………………………………………………………… 100

2 Zirtek ……………………………………………………………………………...103

3 Germolene Cream ……………………………………………………………….. 107

4 Amoxycillin ……………………………………………………………………….110

5 Oraldene …………………………………………………………………………. 114

6 Amoxicillin ………………………………………………………………………. 116

7 Germoloids ………………………………………………………………………. 118

8 Table of chemical elements ……………………………………………………….120

English-Hungarian vocabulary……………………………………………………………122

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………133

Preface

You are holding a new textbook for students of pharmacy. This book was initiated by the

Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical and Health Science Centre of the University of Debrecen as

well as a special project called Világnyelv Program. The book is aimed at teaching pharmacy

students some of the basic vocabulary of their field of science to enable them to communicate

their knowledge in English at scientific meetings, conferences or everyday situations at work.

Students may also benefit from the teaching material when, preparing their diploma work,

they have to read or skim quite a few articles in English.

The material has been chosen to meet the above expectations, that is why only certain topics

have been selected in the texts and exercises. Each topic is presented in a similar way: There

is a short introduction of an organ or system, followed by some Latin and Greek word roots,

suffixes and prefixes. This is usually followed by the outlining of some common conditions,

their remedies, and lots of exercises. In the ‘Pharmacology’ section special attention has been

paid to the different types of ‘classical’ drugs while ‘alternative medicine’ has been included

in sections briefly discussing herbs and their effects. Each unit is completed with a

Vocabulary section and you will also find an English-Hungarian vocabulary at the end of the

book.

About the topics: it was kept in mind that students need a vocabulary which they can use in

everyday situations. Clients (especially foreigners) are most likely to seek a pharmacist’s help

for minor problems such as certain skin irritations, aches and pains, coughs, sore eyes,

feverish conditions or diarrhoeas, etc., which require an immediate solution, sometimes even

before they can see a doctor. As each unit is self-contained you may not wish to insist on the

order in which the individual topics are discussed. You decide which one you would like to

start with.

The authors look forward to and welcome any comments and/or recommendations.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system (also known as the gut or gastrointestinal system) includes the

gullet (oesophagus), stomach, small and large intestines, the rectum and anus. Chewed food

passes from the mouth into the oesophagus, down into the stomach where digestive juices

(including hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin) break down the food into smaller

particles; these pass into the small intestine, where more enzymes break them down (digest

them) into molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall into the

bloodstream. These molecules go to the liver, which sorts them and breaks them down further

(metabolises them) into nutrients for the body to use. The remnants of digestion pass to the

large intestine (colon) where water is absorbed into the bloodstream leaving stools (faeces),

which are passed out of the body through the anus.

Digestive system

oesophagus

Exercise 1 True ( ���� ) or false ( χ )? 1. The digestive system is also referred to as the gullet.

2. The digestive system, among others, contains the intestines.

3. The digestive system ends at the anus.

4. Digestive juices are produced in the oesophagus.

5. Digestive juices are absorbed through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream.

6. The large intestine is called the colon.

7. The contents of the colon are referred to as the faeces.

8. Hydrochloric acid is an enzyme in the stomach.

9. The liver metabolises molecules from the small intestine into nutrients for the body to use.

10. Chewed food passes from the mouth into the small intestines.

Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Match the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A and BBBB

Column A

Column B

1. gastrointestinal

2. colon

3. hydrochloric acid

4. pepsin

5. faeces

6. metabolise

7. digest

8. anus

9. oesophagus

10.nutrient

a. break down into nutrients

b. stools

c. final portion of digestive system

d. gut

e. gullet

f. HCl

g. break down

h. large intestine

i. ingredient in food

j. enzyme

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Major parts and functions of the system

Food provides us with fuel to live, energy to work and play, and the raw materials to build

new cells. All the different varieties of food we eat are broken down by our digestive system

and transported to every part of our body by our circulatory system.

Mouth

Teeth bite off and chew food into a soft pulp that is easy to swallow. Chewing mixes the food

with watery saliva, from six salivary glands around the mouth and face, to make it moist and

slippery.

Oesophagus

The oesophagus, or gullet, is a muscular tube. It takes food from the throat and pushes it down

through the neck, and into the stomach. It moves food by waves of muscle contraction called

peristalsis.

Stomach

The stomach has thick muscles in its wall. These contract to mash the food into a semisolid

mass. Also the stomach lining produces strong digestive juices. These attack the food in a

chemical way, breaking down and dissolving its nutrients.

Pancreas

The pancreas, like the stomach, makes powerful digestive juices called enzymes which help

to digest food further as it enters the small intestines.

Gall bladder

This small pear-shaped structure is tucked under the liver. It stores a fluid called bile, which is

made in the liver. As food from a meal arrives in the small intestine, bile flows from the gall

bladder along the bile duct into the intestine. It helps to digest fatty foods and also contains

wastes for removal.

Small intestines

This part of the tract is narrow, but very long - about 20 feet. Here, more enzymes continue

the chemical attack on the food. Finally the nutrients are small enough to pass through the

lining of the small intestine, and into the blood. They are carried away to the liver and other

body parts to be processed, stored and distributed.

Large intestine

Any useful substances in the leftovers, such as spare water and body minerals, are absorbed

through the walls of the large intestine, back into the blood. The remains are formed into

brown, semi-solid faeces, ready to be removed from the body.

Rectum and anus

The end of the large intestine and the next part of the tract, the rectum, store the faeces. These

are finally squeezed through a ring of muscle, the anus, and out of the body.

Exercise 3 Refer to the reading passage ‘Major organs and functions of the digestive

system’ and label the diagram.

WORD BUILDING

The main part of a medical word is called a word root. It is usually derived from Greek and

Latin and indicates a body part. The combining form is a word root plus a vowel, usually “o”.

word root +

combining

vowel

= combining form meaning

stomat O = Stomato mouth

dent O = Dento teeth

gastr O = Gastro stomach

duoden O = duoeno duodenum

enter O = entero small intestine

col O = colo large intestine

rect O = recto rectum

chol E = chole bile

hepat O = hepato liver

pancreat O = pancreato pancreas

A suffix is a word ending. Whenever you change the suffix, the medical word takes on a new

meaning. In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition or disease.

suffixes meaning

-megaly enlargement

-ectomy removal

-itis inflammation

-oma tumour

-plasty surgical repair

-scopy visual examination

Exercise 4 Analyze the basic elements of the following medical words.

enteroplasty ___________________________ hepatoma __________________________

pancreatitis ____________________________ rectoplasty _________________________

hepatomegaly __________________________ appendectomy ______________________

colitis _________________________________ gastrectomy ________________________

enteritis _______________________________ cholecystitis _______________________

colonoscopy ____________________________ gastritis ___________________________

cholecystectomy _________________________ gastroenteritis ______________________

IndigestionIndigestionIndigestionIndigestion

Indigestion is a term which is often used to describe a feeling of fullness or gaseousness in the

stomach. Indigestion may be a symptom of a disorder in the stomach or intestines. Symptoms

can include gas, a bloated feeling, nausea, belching and a burning sensation after eating.

Indigestion can be caused by swallowing air or decreased secretion of digestive juices and

enzymes. Some foods and beverages, including alcohol, vinegar and greasy or spicy food,

may also cause indigestion because they are irritating to the digestive tract. Heartburn usually

occurs alongside indigestion. Heartburn is a burning feeling caused by stomach acid

regurgitating into the oesophagus from the stomach (also known as GERD = gastro-

esophageal reflux disease).

What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?

� There are several herbs which may have a carminative action including Peppermint, Fennel

seed, Garlic, Parsley and Oregano. A carminative is a substance which may help to prevent

the formation of gases and help remove gas already formed.

� Antacids are commonly used to relieve indigestion and a more natural alternative to using

antacids is to use herbal bitters. They are believed to increase saliva production as well as

promoting stomach acid and digestive enzyme production. Important herbal bitters include

Devil’s Claw, Dandelion, Camomile, Yellow dock and Goldenseal.

� Artichoke may be beneficial for people prone to indigestion, particularly when the actual

problem is a lack of bile production by the liver.

� Ginger is often used due to its benefits relieving nausea but it also contains chemicals

which soothe the gut and improve digestion by increasing the contractions which move food

through the intestine.

ExExExExercise 5 ercise 5 ercise 5 ercise 5 Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and

definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.

A

B

1. nausea a.) a woodland plant, having small greenish-white flowers and

a yellow root formerly used medicinally

2. antacid b.) usually alcoholic liquid made with herbs or roots

3. goldenseal c.) a substance, such as magnesia or sodium bicarbonate, that

neutralizes acid

4. peristalsis d.) a drug or agent that induces the expulsion of gas from the

stomach or intestines

5. oregano e.) burp

6. GERD f.) feeling of sickness in the stomach with an urge to vomit

7. carminative g.) a perennial herb of the mint family, having aromatic leaves

that are used as a seasoning

8. bitters h.) condition caused by acid regurgitating to the oesophagus

from the stomach

9. camomile i.) counteracting or neutralizing acidity, especially of the

stomach

10. belch j.) contractions moving food through the intestine

Pharmacology

Medication Action

Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid and relieve gastritis and ulcer pain; also

used to relieve indigestion and reflux oesophagitis (heartburn)

Antidiarrhoeals relieve diarrhoea either by absorbing the excess fluids that cause

diarrhoea or by lessening intestinal motility (slowing the movement of

faecal material through the intestine), allowing more time for

absorption of water

antiemetics,

antinauseants

suppress nausea and vomiting, mainly by acting on brain control

centres to stop nerve impulses; also used to control motion sickness

and dizziness associated with inner ear infections. Some

antihistamines and tranquillizers have antiemetic properties.

Antiflatulents reduce the feeling of gassiness and bloating (flatulence) that

accompany indigestion. These agents facilitate the passing of gas by

breaking down gas bubbles to a smaller size and mildly stimulating

intestinal motility

Antispasmodics prevent or reduce smooth muscle spasm by acting on the autonomous

nervous system , thus relieving certain spastic conditions of the bowel.

cathartics, laxatives,

purgatives

promote bowel movement or defecation or both; in smaller doses, they

relieve constipation and are called laxatives; in larger doses, they

evacuate the entire GI tract and are called purgatives (used before

surgery or intestinal radiological examinations)

Emetics used to induce vomiting, especially in cases of poisoning

Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.

1. Antacids promote / relieve ulcer pain.

2. Purgatives slow / promote defecation and bowel movements.

3. Antiflatulents induce / reduce bloating that accompanies indigestion.

4. Antispasmodics facilitate / prevent smooth muscle spasm.

5. Laxatives slow / relieve constipation.

6. Antidiarrhoeals absorb / neutralize the excess fluids.

7. Antacids relieve / break down heartburn.

8. Antinauseants act on / evacuate brain control centres.

9. Antacids absorb / neutralize stomach acid.

10. Antiemetics suppress / impress nausea and vomiting.

11. Antiflatulents mildly stimulate / slow down intestinal motility.

12. Antispasmodics increase / decrease smooth muscle spasm.

13. Emetics reduce / induce vomiting in poisoning.

14. Purgatives exacerbate / relieve constipation.

15. Some tranquillizers lack / exhibit antiemetic properties.

Exercise 7 Exercise 7 Exercise 7 Exercise 7 In each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. Which ones?ch ones?ch ones?ch ones?

A) suppress promote

vomit

vomit stop

control break down

_________________________________________________________________________

B) absorb relieve

promote

defecate block evacuate

___________________________________________________________________________

C) neutralize relieve

protrude evacuate

inhibit reflux

___________________________________________________________________________

D)

relieve induce

reduce alleviate

secrete prevent

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8 Test your vocabulary.

1. heartburn A – hernia

2. hole B – internal

3. movement C – acute

4. bloating D – oesophagitis

5. causing vomiting E – emetic

6. arising suddenly F – perforation

7. lasting for a long time G – jaundice

8. inside H – chronic

9. yellowing of the skin I – external

10. outside J – motility

11. tissue death K – flatulence

12. protrusion L - necrosis

ANTIEMETICS

LAXATIVES

ANTACIDS

ANTISPASMODICS

Some diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system

Acute diarrhoea

Diarrhoea is an increase in the frequency and looseness of your bowel movements. Water is

normally absorbed from the remnants of digested food in the large intestine and the waste left

over from this water-recycling process becomes stools, which are then passed out of the body

at regular intervals. If this absorption process is upset, less water is taken back into the body

and the remainder is passed out in liquid stools. Serious loss of water is called dehydration; it

causes thirst, dry mouth, dry skin, reduction in quantity and darkening of urine, fast breathing

and fever. Sudden (acute) diarrhoea generally lasts only a few days.

Common causes include viral or bacterial infections in the digestive system (food poisoning)

or a change of country and climate (often called ’traveller’s diarrhoea’), which is often

accompanied by abdominal pain, cramps feeling or being sick, and occasionally fever.

Anxiety, alcohol, food intolerance and some medicines can also cause acute diarrhoea.

Chronic diarrhoea

Chronic diarrhoea is a long-term condition where the stools are loose or watery sometimes

bloody or fatty.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common disorder of bowel movement. Its symptoms

include griping, colicky pain across the lower abdomen, bloating and a disturbed bowel habit

with frequent, loose stools and/or constipation with hard, ’rabbit-pellet’ stools. Diarrhoea

often occurs at the onset of pain. You may feel sick or have flatulence, heartburn, wind or

fatigue. These symptoms can be intermittent or you may experience them all the time.

Sometimes other symptoms, such as back pain, urinary frequency and generalised muscle and

joint pains may also be associated with IBS. Symptoms often start after an acute intestinal

infection or after a course of antibiotics. Stress, lifestyle changes and intolerance to some

foods can trigger IBS. Women aged under 40 seem to suffer most from IBS, and symptoms

are often worse before a menstrual period.

Crohn’s disease

Crohn’s disease is an uncommon inflammatory bowel disease. The wall of the intestine

becomes inflamed, causing bouts of colicky pain and frequent diarrhoea with blood. You may

feel unwell, lose your appetite and lose weight because food is not properly absorbed. The

aim of treatment is to bring about (include) remission with medication in the acute phase, and

then to prevent relapse.

Medication/TreatmentMedication/TreatmentMedication/TreatmentMedication/Treatment

Medicines for acute diarrhoea

In an acute attack of mild to moderate diarrhoea, you can replace the water and salts lost from

your body with a glucose and salt solution. Glucose increases the amount of water absorbed in

the large intestine, which allows the salts in the solution to get into your body too. This

process is called rehydration.

The diarrhoea is the body’s way of getting rid of harmful substances and it may be unhelpful

to interfere with this natural response.

Antidiarrhoeal medicines

Treating diarrhoea with an antidiarrhoeal medicine is of less importance than rehydration.

Babies, young children, frail people and elderly people must always be rehydrated with

glucose and salts solution; they should avoid antidiarrhoeal medicines.

Home-made salt and glucose solution: use one small level teaspoon (3.5g) of salt and eight large level teaspoons (40g) of sugar – or

four large level teaspoons (20g) of glucose powder – to one litre of water. A small amount of

fruit juice or squash can be added to flavour the solution.

Medicines for chronic diarrhoea

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) It may not be necessary to take a medicine to control symptoms if they are mild and

intermittent or related to foods that you can avoid. However bulk-forming preparations are

used to improve the consistency and regularity of bowel movements. An antimotility

medicine reduces stool frequency and urgency.

Antispasmodic medicines work either by slowing down intestinal movement or by exerting a

direct relaxant effect on intestinal muscle. Antispasmodics relieve stomach cramps and

colicky abdominal pain.

Crohn’s disease

Active disease of the small intestine is usually treated with corticosteroids. Sometimes an

antibacterial may be prescribed to control bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. Crohn’s

disease can cause general ill health because your body may not absorb nutrients and water

properly through the intestinal wall. You may need food, mineral and vitamin supplements

and rehydration treatment to prevent malnutrition.

Antimotility medicines

These slow down intestinal movement (peristalsis). Although these medicines relieve

diarrhoea symptoms, they can prolong contact between harmful micro-organisms and the

intestinal cells. Opioids (derivatives of the poppy plant) have long been used: these include

liquid mixtures of opium or morphine. These products are of limited use in controlling acute

diarrhoea.

HOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELF

Traveller’s diarrhoea

• Avoid drinking tap water, and even using it for cleaning teeth, unless you are sure that

it is fit to drink. Use bottled or treated water; add chemical water purifying tablets or

ten drops of weak iodine solution to a litre of water in parts of the world where water

supplies are suspect. In areas where amoebic dysentery is likely, boiling water for half

an hour will kill the organisms and any amoebic cysts satisfactorily.

• Avoid ice cubes in your drinks unless you are sure of the water.

• Avoid eating unwashed salads and vegetables and unpeeled fruit (even drinks).

• Avoid eating dishes containing uncooked eggs, shellfish, unpasteurised dairy products

and food from street traders that is not freshly prepared or hot.

• Wash your hands or use an antiseptic wipe after going to the toilet and before you

handle food or eat.

• Take with you a supply of salt and glucose sachets and an antidiarrhoeal medicine.

• Do not buy or use an antibiotic to treat diarrhoea, unless under guidance from a

doctor.

Exercise 9 Comprehension check. Answer the following questions!

1. When do we speak about acute diarrhoea?

2. What can be the consequences of diarrhoea?

3. When can we speak about chronic diarrhoea?

4. What are the common medicines for diarrhoea?

5. How do the these medicines work?

6. How do these medicines affect the patients?

7. Are there any risks or special precautions?

8. What is IBS?

9. What kind of medication is suggested in the case of IBS?

10. What kind of medicines are used in the case of Crohn’s disease?

11. Are any other food supplements needed in the case of Crohn’s disease?

Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Fill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper informationormationormationormation....

type site symptoms drug type

acute diarrhoea

IBS

Crohn’s disease

VOCABULARY

abdominal hasi, hasüregi

absorb felszív

accompany kísér

acute heveny, akut

agent szer, hatóanyag

aim cél

alleviate enyhít

amoebic dysentery amőbás vérhas

antacid savlekötő

antibacterial baktériumölő (szer)

antidiarrhoeal hasfogó

antiemetic hányáscsillapító

antiflatulent szélhajtó

antinauseant szédüléscsökkentő

antiseptic wipe fertőtlenítő törlőkendő

antispasmodic görcsoldó

anus (s), ani (pl) végbél

anxiety aggódás

appendix (s), appendices (pl) féreg-

nyúlvány

appetite étvágy

arise fellép, kialakul

artichoke articsóka

ascending colon felszálló vastagbél

at regular intervals rendszeres idő-

közönként

attack roham

autonomous nervous system vegetatív

idegrendszer

bacterial bakteriális, baktérium-okozta

be absorbed felszívódik

belching böfögés

beneficial jótékony hatású

beverage ital

bile duct epevezeték

bile epe

bite harap

bitter (gyomor)keserű

bloated felfúvódott

bloating felfúvódás

block elzár

bloodstream véráram

bloody véres

bout roham

bowel bél

brain agy

break down lebont, megemészt

bulk-forming ballasztanyag-képző

burp böfögés

camomille kamilla

carminative szélhajtó

cathartic (enyhe) hashajtó

cell sejt

chew rág

chew megrág

chewing rágás

chronic idült, krónikus

circulatory keringési

colic vastagbél-

colicky kólikás, görcsös

colon vastagbél

common gyakori, általános

condition állapot

constipation szorulás, székrekedés

contraction összehúzódás

counteract ellentétesen hat / működik

course of antibiotics antibiotikumos

kezelés

cramp görcs

dandelion pitypang, gyermekláncfű

defecation székletürítés

dehydration kiszáradás

descending colon leszálló vastagbél

devil’s claw ördögkarom

diarrhoea hasmenés

digest megemészt

digestion emésztés

digestive emésztő

digestive juice emésztőnedv

disease betegség

disorder rendellenesség

dissolve felold, kiold

distribute eloszt, szétoszt

dizziness szédülés

dose adag

drug gyógyszer, drog

emetic hánytató

entire teljes, egész

enzyme enzim

evacuate kiürít

exacerbate súlyosbít, rosszabbá tesz, ront

excess fölösleges, túlzott

excrete kiválaszt

exert an … effect vmilyen hatást fejt ki

exhibit mutat

expulsion eltávolítás, eltávozás

facilitate elősegít

faeces széklet

fatigue általános gyengeségérzet

fatty zsíros, zsír-

fennel seed köménymag

fever láz

flatulence puffadtság

flavour ízesít

fluid (test)nedv, folyadék

food intolerance étel-allergia

frail törékeny /gyenge egészségű

frequency gyakoriság

fuel üzemanyag, hajtóanyag

gall bladder epehólyag

garlic fokhagyma

gaseousness felfúvódás

gassiness szelesség

gastric gyomor

gastritis gyomorhurut

gastrointestinal gyomorra és bélre

vonatkozó

generalised általános

GERD reflux-betegség

GI tract emésztőtraktus

ginger gyömbér

glucose glülóz

goldenseal hidrasztisz (hydrastis

canadiensis)

greasy zsíros

griping pains hascsikarás, szélgörcs

gullet nyelőcső

gut bél

harmful káros, ártalmas

heartburn gyomorégés

herb gyógynövény

hernia sérv

hole lyuk, nyílás

hydrochloric acid sósav

improve fokoz

increase növel, fokoz

indigestion gyomorrontás

induce kivált vmit, előidéz

infection fertőzés

inflammatory gyulladásos

inhibit gátol

interfere with beleavatkozik

intermittent időnként fellépő, visszatérő

intestinal bél-

intestinal motility bélmozgás

iodine jód irritable bowel syndrome irritábils bél

tünetegyüttes (IBS)

jaundice sárgaság

joint ízület

lack hiányzik belőle vmi

large intestines vastagbél

large level teaspoon púpozott kávéskanál

laxative székletlazító

leftover (étel)maradék

lifestyle életmód

lining bélés

liquid folyadék, ital

liver máj

loose bowel movement hasmenés

lose one’s appetite elmegy az étvágya

lose weight (le)fogy

magnesia magnézium

malnutrition rosszul tápláltság, alul-

tápláltság

mash összetör, pépesít

medication gyógyszer, gyógyszerezés

menstrual period havivérzés, menzesz

metabolise átváltoztat, anyagcserével

átalakít

mild enyhe

mineral ásványi anyag

mint menta

mixture keverék

moist nedves

molecule molekula

morphine morfium

motility mozgás

motion sickness mozgás következtében

kialakuló émelygés

movement mozgás

muscular izmos

natural természetes

nausea hányinger

necrosis szövetelhalás

nerve ideg

neutralise közömbösít, semlegesít

nutrient táplálék, tápanyag

oesophagitis nyelőcsőgyulladás

oesophagus nyelőcső

opioid ópium származék

oregano oregano

overgrowth túlszaporodás, elszaporodás

pain fájdalom, fájás

pancreas hasnyálmirigy

parsley peterzselyemzöld

particle rész, részecske

peppermint borsmenta

perennial évelő

perforation kilyukadás, perforáció

peristalsis perisztaltika, perisztaltikus

mozgás

pharmacology gyógyszertan

poisoning mérgezés

poppy mák

preparation készítmény

prescribe receptre felír

prevent megelőz, megakadályoz

process feldolgoz, átalakít

prolong meghosszabbít

promote elősegít, serkent

property tulajdonság

protrude kitüremkedik

protrusion kitüremkedés

pulp pépes anyag

purgative hashajtó

rabbit-pellet stools nyúl bogyós

székletéhez hasonló széklet

radiological, radiológiai, röntgen-

raw material nyersanyag

rectum rektum

recycling visszanyerés

reduce csökkent, enyhít

reflux visszafolyás

reflux oesophagitis gyomorégés

regurgitate visszajut, visszakerül

rehydration rehidrálás

relapse visszaesés

relaxant lazító

relieve enyhít, csökkent

remains maradvány, maradék

remission javulás

remnant maradék, maradvány

removal eltávolítás

remove eltávolít

response reakció

root gyökér

saliva nyál

salivary gland nyálmirigy

seasoning fűszerezés, fűszer

secrete elválaszt

semi-solid félig kemény, félig szilárd

sickness émelygés

sigma bowel szigmabél

sigmoid szigmabél

slippery csúszós

sloppy pépes, pépszerű

small intestines vékonybél

small level teaspoon csapott kávéskanál

smooth muscle simaizom

sodium bicarbonate szódabikarbóna

solution oldat

soothe nyugtat, csillapít

spasm görcs

spasmodic görcsös

spastic görcsös

spicy fűszeres

squash szörp

squeeze kiprésel, kinyom

stimulate serkent, stimulál

stomach gyomor

stools széklet

store raktároz

substance anyag

suffer from szenved vmiben

supplement kiegészítés/kiegészítő

suppress visszaszorít, elfojt

surgery sebészi beavatkozás, műtét

suspect gyanús

swallow lenyel

tap water csapvíz

thirst szomjúság

tissue szövet

tract traktus, rendszer

tranquillizer nyugtató

transport szállít

transverse colon harántvastagbél

treatment kezelés

trigger kivált, előidéz

ulcer fekély

uncommon ritka

urge to vomit hányinger

urinary frequency gyakori vizelés

urinary húgy-, vizelet-

vinegar ecet

viral vírusos, vírus-

vomit hányás

waste salakanyag

water purifying tablet víztisztító tabletta

water supply vízellátás

watery híg

wave hullám

woodland erdős-tisztás

yellow dock fodros sóska (rumex crispus)