English Collegue Prepared.ppt

7/27/2019 English Collegue Prepared.ppt

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Preparatory CollegeEnglish

ELC400 SEMINAR 1


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PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS PRONOUNS VERBS

ADVERBS ADJECTIVES PREPOSITIONS

CONJUNCTIONS ARTICLES


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NOUNS


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1. Countable Nouns things can be counted.Function: names of people, animals, places,

objects (concrete nouns)

Example: Many students in universities are not

able to afford cars.

There are four printers in the

computer lab.


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2. Uncountable Nouns cannot be counted,

cannot adds to show how many they are and

cannot put a or an before them.

*unless put them into a glass, a pack, a cup or a

sack

Function: feelings, states, qualities, ideas

(abstract nouns)

Example: The information provided by the officer

was inaccurate.

She adds sugar and flour into the mixer.


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3. Mass Nouns uncountable nouns that describe

types of something or amount offood and drink.

Can sometimes take an s.

Example: Would you like some bread?

The store sells different breads. (types)

I made five jams yesterday. (types)

Waiter! Three coffees please. (three cups

of coffee)


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4. Other functions of nouns.

Subjects

The officer is in charge of this project.

Direct and indirect objects

The mobile phone cost Ahmad RM2400.(indirect

object)

Azman keeps a squirrel as a pet. (direct object)


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Subject and object complements.

My father is a lecturer at UiTM. (subject

complement)

I consider the mobile phone a luxury. (object

complement)

Appositives.

Her husband, John, likes to take evening walks.

Adjectives.

The driver crashed into a brick wall.


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PRONOUNS


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1. Subject Pronouns

(I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they)

Function: to replace nouns as the subjects of

sentences.

Example: My neighbours dog is fierce. It barks

every time I passes by the house.

That cute girl is my niece. She is 4 years old.


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2. Object Pronouns

(me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them)

Function: as the objects of verbs and

prepositions.

Example: My friends treated me for lunch today.

They are taking him to juvenile

school.

She fried the chicken and ate it.

They are starting to make us angry.


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3. Reflexive Pronouns

(myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,

themselves, yourselves, ourselves)

Function: to replace an object which refers to the

subject.

Example: You need to take care of yourself when

you are abroad.He cut himself while shaving.

They blamed themselves for the accident.


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4. Interrogative Pronouns

(who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever)

Function: to link phrases

Example: Jim, who scored highest in Science,actually loves literature.

They hired the man, whom weinterviewed last week.


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5. Possessive Pronouns

(mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, ours)

Function: to show possession

Example: Group A has submitted their

assignment. Ours will be sent to you

soon.

That red car is a birthday present from

his parents.


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6. Indefinite Pronouns

Function: to talk about people/ things, but may

not know who or what they are.

For people: anybody, anyone, everybody,

everyone, nobody, no one, somebody,

someone


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Everybody/ everyone/ somebody : include all the people.

Anybody/ anyone/ someone: refer to just one person ordo not know the person or people we want to include.

Example:Does everybody know what happened to Sam? (looks like

everyone knows)

Does anyone know what happened to Anne?

(one or more may or may not know)


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For things: anything, everything, nothing,

something

Example:

Is there anything in the bottle?

Something is going wrong.Everything he does seems meaningless.

Nothing can we do to change her mind.


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ARTICLES


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Function: to show whether a noun refers to

something in general or specific.

1. Indefinite articles (a, an)

A dog makes a good pet.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

2. Definite articles (the)

The dog ran away with my newspaper.I need to sit for the exam to pass this course.


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VERBS


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1. To describe an action.

This taxi is going to Banting.

Kamal often asks questions in class.

2. To describe situations.

Raju likes video games.

We know that smoking is a bad habit.

3. State verb : be (is, are, was were), do (does,do,did), have (has, have, had),

believe, know.


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Basic FormWhen do we use the basic verb?

1. In some negative and questions forms.

I did not see Sarah for quite sometime.

2. After will, must, can, mayand other modal verbs.

The minister will visit Taman Negara.

They might go home early tonight.

3. After to.

Id like to know the answer.

Nowadays, people prefer to communicate via sms.


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ADVERBS


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1. To describe verb.

Salmi answers the test seriously.

2. To describe adverb.

Amir walks too fast that his friends are leftbehind.

3. To describe adjective.She wears a very beautiful dress.


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4. To add information to a clause or another word.

Adverbs of time (soon, now, later, then)Salimah will be shifting to a new place soon.

Adverbs of place (out, up, there, everywhere)

He went there to get a better offer.

Adverbs of manner (slowly, quickly, well, hard)

James quickly ran for shelter.

Adverbs of degree ( much, very, almost, quite)

They were very happy with the news.


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ADJECTIVES


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To describe nouns.

In a sentence, an adjective is used:

1. Before a noun (to explain things better)

2. After the be verb

Example: I would like to buy a leather bag. Show me the

one on the top shelf.

The weather is gloomy.


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PREPOSITION


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Function: to link nouns, pronouns and phrases to

other words in a sentence.

Prepositions of time (before, around, at, during)

He was caught cheating during the exam.

We have to be in class before the lecturer comes.

Prepositions of place (in, on, at, to)

Sarah has lived in Australia for three years.

I want to go to her room later.


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Prepositions of position (above, across, against,

along)The boys ran across the road even though

there was heavy traffic.

The broom is leaned against the wall.

Prepositions of manner (at, with, by)

He is good at learning foreign languages.


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CONJUNCTIONS


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Function: to link words, phrases and clauses

1. Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, for, so, yet)

Germans and Austrians speak the same language.

2. Correlative conjunctions (bothand, eitheror, notonlybut also, neithernor)

We can have either seafood or western foodfor dinner.


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TENSES

SIMPLEPRESENT

TENSE

SIMPLE PASTTENSE

CONTINUOUSTENSE

FUTURETENSE

PRESENTPERFECT

PAST PERFECT

SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT


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1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Use basic form of a verb(3rd person) He, She, It, They, or name

After he, she, it and other singular words, adds.

She lives in Melaka and she drives a Honda.

Verbs ending witho, -ss, -sh, -ch, takees.

Ahmad passes the ball to Rosdin.

Verbs endingry, -dy, -ly, takeies.

He studies engineering at UiTM and applies for a

part time job at 7eleven.


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FUNCTION

1. To express the idea that an action is repeated or

usual.

The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a

scheduled event or something that often happens.

E.g: She reads newspaper before she has her

breakfast everyday.

I sleep at 11pm every night and I wake up as

early as 4am every morning.


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2. Talking about things which are generally true.

Example: Ramlah has three sisters and a brother.

The sun rises from the east.

Water freezes at 0 degrees.


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2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Function: to describe situations, activities or

actions which happened and ended in

the past.

There are two types of verbs in simple past tense:1. Regular verbs (added to the basic verb form)

2. Irregular verbs (verbs that do not end withed)


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FORM


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1. WillPersonal Pronoun (Subject) + WILL + Infinitive(Verb)

Example:

I will send you the information when I get it.

I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

I will not do your homework for you.

I won't do all the housework myself.

3. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE


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2. Be going to (for actions which are not very far in

the future)

Personal Pronoun (Subject) + Verb to be

(am/is/are) + GOING TO + Infinitive (Verb)

Example:

They are going to spend their vacation in Hawaii.

Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.They are going to drive all the way to JB.

Who are you going to invite to the party?


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3. Present continuous (for things which are carefullyplanned or arranged)

Personal Pronoun (Subject) + Verb to be(am/is/are)+ Verb-ing

Example:

The government is giving 1 and half monthbonus to all government servants.

I am seeing Lela tonight. Do you want tocome along?


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4. PERFECT TENSES

Function: UNCLEAR TIME

UN- PERFECT TIME

Present Perfect

Past Perfect


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4.1 PRESENT PERFECT

Form: has/have + past participle

She has done it.

He has gone home.

It has eaten the food.

They have been patient.

We have given them happiness.


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Function:

To show an action that took place at an

unspecified time in the past.

To show an action that took place not too long ago

in the past.

To show an action that began in the past and is

still continuing now.

To show an action that has been repeatedly donein the past.


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EXAMPLE

I completed my work last night. < Simple Past

I have completed my work. PRESENT PERFECT

Clues: just, lately, already, recently, since, for, up to now,so far.

I have already completed my work

I havecompleted my work since last week. I havetaught in UiTM for 3 years.

I haveraised one kid up to now.


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4.2 PAST PERFECT

Form: had + past participle

had gone

had left

had taken

had given

Function:

To show an action that happened first before anotheraction in the past.

The first action: PAST PERFECT

The later action: Simple Past

EXAMPLE


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EXAMPLE

After I had eaten, I went to class.

Before I went to class, I had eaten.

My father had slept by the time I arrived home.

By the time I arrived home, my father had slept.

It had rained when I went out.

When I went out, it had rained.

The teacher went out of the class as soon as all her studentshad left.

As soon as all her students hadleft, the teacher went out of

the class.


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CONTINUOUS TENSES

Present Continuous

Past Continuous


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Present Continuous

Form: verb to-be + -ing

Am/is/are + going/leaving/

Function: To refer to an action that is in progress at

the time of speaking.

Clues: NOW, RIGHT NOW, AT THE MOMENT E,g.

I amteaching now.

She is currently writing. They are still listening.

Presently, we arestudying.

At the moment, you aretalking.

P C i


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Present Continuous

NEGATIVES

I am NOT teaching now.

She is NOT currently writing.

They are NOTstill listening.

At the moment, you are NOT talking.

QUESTIONS

Am I teaching now?

Is she currently writing?

Are they still listening?

At the moment, are you talking?


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PAST CONTINUOUS

Form: verb to-be + -ing

was/were + going/ leaving.

Function: to talk about something that was in progress

at a duration of time in the past.

E.g.

I was teaching from 2-4 pm yesterday. They were discussing their assignments for 2 hours

last night.


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Negatives

I was NOT teaching from 2-4 pm yesterday.

They were NOT discussing their assignments for 2

hours last night.

Questions

Was I teachingfrom 2-4 pm yesterday?

Were theydiscussing their assignments for 2 hours

last night?

LETS TRY!


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LETS TRY!

It had been hot day until the rain (had fell/ had fallen).

Maria (walks/walked) into her cool new house and(slumps/slumped) into a large chair. She (kicks/kicked)off her shoes and (drops/dropped) her head into herhands.

Then she (hears/heard) a cough. There (is/was)someone in the house!

(is/was) someone there? she asked. (show/showed)yourself, whoever you (are/were)

Her only answer (is/was) dead silence.


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Q & A

THANK YOU

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English Collegue Prepared.ppt