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English as a Second English as a Second LanguageLanguage
Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms
ESL
ESOL
CLD
The field of English as a Second Language
The learners who participate ESL
Culturally and /or Linguistically Diverse
Vocabulary (cont’d)Vocabulary (cont’d)
TESOL
FES
LES
NES
The organization for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
Fluent English Speaker
Limited English Speaker
Non English Speaker
Stages of Language Stages of Language AcquisitionAcquisition Preproduction Students
communicate with gestures and actions.
Lessons focus on listening comprehension
Lessons build receptive vocab.
Stages of language Stages of language AcquisitionAcquisition Early Production Students speak using
one or two words or short phrases
Lessons expand receptive vocabulary.
Activities are designed to motivate students to produce vocabulary which they already understand.
Stages of Language Stages of Language AcquisitionAcquisition Speech Emergence Students speak in
longer phrases and complete sentences.
Lesson continue to expand receptive vocabulary.
Activities designed to promote higher levels of language use.
Stages of Language Stages of Language AcquisitionAcquisition Intermediate
Fluency
Students engage in conversation and produce connected narrative.
Lessons continue to expand receptive vocabulary.
Activities are designed to develop higher levels of language use in content areas.
Reading and writing are incorporated into lessons.
Dimensions of Language Dimensions of Language ProficiencyProficiency BICS -- Basic Interpersonal
Communicative Skills Universal aspects of language proficiency that are normally acquired by
all native speakers of any language Usually by ages 5-6 all children have developed BICS in their first
language Those language skills needed for every day face-to-face
communication;personal, social situations Contexts are clear and generally concrete Not necessarily related to academic success May take up to 2 years to develop in a second language
Dimensions of Language Dimensions of Language ProficiencyProficiency CALP - Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Those language skills associated with literacy and cognitive
development. Language skills required to go beyond ordinary social
communication. Cognitive demanding, de-contextualized. Language skills needed for reasoning, problem solving, or other
cognitive processes required for academic achievement in subject matter
CALP developed in first language contributes to the development of CALP in a second language.
May take 5-7 years to develop in a second language (depending on first language CALP, age and other variables).
ESL vs. Learning DisabilityESL vs. Learning DisabilityVOCABULARYVOCABULARY
ESL LD
Vocabulary The ESOL student will haveweakness in his 2nd Language
The LD student will haveweaknesses in both languages
The ESL student will have weaknesses in his 2nd language.
The LD students will have vocabulary problems in both languages. These problems can be identified when a child has been instructed in both languages.
CONCEPTSCONCEPTS
We can expect the ESL student to have difficulty with special concepts (above-below) and directionality (center-left-bottom)
The LD student will have difficulty with concepts in general.
SOUNDS (Articulation)SOUNDS (Articulation)
You can expect that a person learning English will have problems with sound discrimination and pronunciation. Think of the sound system of his first language. Are there any similarities? Does s/he hear final sounds? How about the fine discrimination needed for vowel sounds?
The LD student will not have sounds (articulation) in either language. Someone speaking his first language with him of over a period of time could detect this. Student might exhibit garbling.
Perceptual Sequential Perceptual Sequential ProblemsProblems Reversals-- are
possible for 5-6 year olds
Rotations -- not expected
Inversions -- U-N are not expected
Transpositions -- bread-braed are not expected
Reversals - occurring in 3rd and 4th grade.
Rotations - Characteristics of a learning disability
Inversions of letters and numbers occur
Transpositions occur
The Magic SevenThe Magic SevenOptimal Conditions for 2nd Language
Acquisition Low Anxiety Environment Comprehensible Input Communication Focus Contextualized Language Error Acceptance Respect for Language Acquisition Stages Teacher as Facilitator
QUESTIONS?