Unit 1. SHIP

STRUCTURE

1. General Structure of the Ship

The main body of the ship is called the hull. The hull consists of an inside framework andan outside skin called shell plating. At the base of the hull is a heavy metal plate called the keel.When the ship is at sea this part of the ship is under water. To make it easier to refer to parts ofthe ship, the hull is divided into three areas or parts. They are the forward, amidships and afterparts. The forward part is nearest the bow. The after part is nearest the stern. Amidships is in thecentre part of the ship.

Identify the main parts of the hull in the diagram below:

In the bow, the hull is attached to the stem post. In the stern, the hull is attached to thesternpost. The hull is divided into a number of watertight compartments. Decks divide the hullhorizontally and bulkheads divide it vertically. Deck beams support the decks and stanchionssupport the bulkheads.

Label the deck beams and the stanchions on the diagram below:

Cargoes are stored in cargo holds. Cargo holds are usually situated at the bottom of the ship.Within the hull, decks are given a special name, i.e. between decks (often called simply tweendecks). There may be upper tween decks and lower tween decks above the holds.

Bulkheads are partitions that can run either transversely (across the ship) or longitudinally (fore and aft). Sometimes bulkheads are built so that they are completely watertight. This makes

it possible either to carry liquid cargoes, or to seal off the ship if water should break in. Thebulkhead nearest the stem must be very strong. If the ship is damaged it must remain watertight.This bulkhead is called the collision bulkhead.

Besides the space for cargo the hull also contains the engine room, which is situated atthe after end of the ship, and a number of tanks: at the fore end of the ship is the forepeak tank,and at the after end of the ship is the after peak tank. These tanks are used for storing fresh waterand ballast water. At the bottom of the ship is the double bottom tank, which is used for storingfuel and water ballast.

If you look at the after part of the ship‘s hull, you can see small round openings in the ship‘s side. These let light and air into the cabins, the crew‘s quarters. The openings are called

portholes.

Now look at the diagram below:

The diagram shows you the upper deck, which is the deck covering the top of the hull, andthe bulwarks at the fore and after end of the hull. The bulwark is an extension of the hull plating,which rises above the top of the upper deck. They act as a barrier against the force of the waves.Along the edge of the remainder of the upper deck, especially amidships, you will find a line ofguard rails. These are made up of vertical posts called guard stanchions which are linkedtogether by either wires or tubes. These protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard.

1.2. As stated previously, ships are divided off into different levels called decks. The upperdeck is the deck which is level with the top of the hull. Modern ships also have decks forward andaft above the upper deck and these are called the forecastle deck and poop deck. Amidshipsabove the level of the upper deck is the superstructure. On a cargo ship the superstructure isusually quite small. The superstructure consists of several decks each with a different purpose. Inthe diagram below the four decks are named.

The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the bridge deck. The crew‘squarters and the galley are on this deck. The next deck is the upper bridge deck or saloon deck.Here are cabins for the passengers and a lounge and saloon for their use. Above the saloon deck isthe boat deck. On this deck the officers have their accommodation and so does the captain. Onthe boat deck you can also find lifeboats, which are raised and lowered into the water by davits.The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation bridge. This is the nerve centre ofthe ship. The wheelhouse is here and so is the chart room and the radio room. The navigationbridge is where the ship is steered or conned from.

Look at the diagram below and name the four decks of the superstructure labelled as A to D.What are the decks E and F called ?

On which deck are the following found?

(1) Lifeboats(2) Wheelhouse(3) Galley(4) Passenger‘s accommodation(5) Crew‘s quarters(6) Captain‘s cabin.

2. VOCABULARY Words and phrases

Hull = cocă, corp de navă; osatură, carcasăKeel= chilăBow= provaStern = pupaForward = partea din fata a navei, înainte, în provaAmidships = la cantrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestruAfter = din(spre) pupa; la/spre pupa; înapoiHold = magazie/hambar (de navă)Deck = punte de navă, covertăBulkhead =perete etanş de navă, perete de compartimentare (de regulă transversal)Between deck ('tween deck) = întrepunte (spaţiu)Watertight compartment = compartiment etan§Collision bulkhead = perete de coliziune/de forpic; perete de pic provaStem post= etravaSternpost =etambouPorthole =iublouBulwark = parapet, falsbord; spargeval de punteGuard stanchion = baston de balustradăUpper deck = punte superioarăForecastle deck = puntea teugăPoop deck =puntea dunatăSuperstructure = suprastructuraFore =prova; extremitate prova; // spre prova; în/la prova, dinspre provaAft = pupa// la/spre/dinspre pupa, din pupaBridge deck = punte de comandă/navigaţieBoat deck = punte a bărcilor; punte de promenadă (la navele de pasageri)Upper bridge deck= punte superioarăCrew quarters = cabinele echipajuluiGalley = bucătărie (pe nava)Saloon deck= punte de clasa întîia (la navele de pasageri)Lounge = careuAccommodation = cabine, spaţiu de locuit pentru ofiţeriLifeboats = bărci de salvareWheelhouse = cameră a timoneiFunnel = coş

3.GRAMMAR. The Noun

What is a noun?A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. The word noun comes from the Latin wordnomen, which means name. Nouns are of different kinds: common nouns, proper nouns, abstractnouns, compound nouns and collective nouns.Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. They are written with capital letters – Bob,Bucharest, Britain, Monday, April, Mars, the War of the Roses, etc.The days of the week and the months of the year are always written with capital letters (unlike inthe Romanian language) and also the names of nationalities and languages, no matter the positionin the sentence.Some proper nouns have become common nouns, therefore they are not written with capitalletters anymore. Here there are examples of: objects named after their place of origin (china,holland, oxfords) or objects named after those who invented, discovered, inspired them (ahovercraft, a mackintosh, an Oscar, a tommy-private in the army, a volt, a watt).Common nouns name any one of a class of person, place, or thing: boy, city, dog, family, food,water, happiness. They are divided into the following groups, according to their meaning:Abstract nouns name actions, states, sensations, senses, relations, considered to be notions. Theyrefer to intangible items. Examples: joy, love, friendship, greatness, labour, rest, force, etc.Concrete nouns name objects, plants, things, phenomena and events, which we are aware ofusing our senses. They refer to tangible items. Examples: moon, lion, tree, John, rain.Collective nouns name groups of people or things: audience, family, team, crowd, council,association, government, crew, congress, the public, etc.Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit. A compound noun can betwo individual words (time capsule), hyphenated words (great-uncle), combined words(basketball).Another important criterion in selecting nouns is their countability. According to this, we candivide nouns into: countable and uncountable nouns.Count nouns refer to things that we can count; they have singular and plural forms and can bepreceded by the definite article a, an. Examples: one (a) cat, two cats, flowers, children families,days, birds, crowds, etc.Uncountable nouns name objects that cannot be counted, they do not have plural form and donot get the definite article. In this category we have: names of sports (football, tennis, rugby),material or concrete mass nouns (steam, smoke, meat, silver), natural products (fat, marmalade,milk, oil), fruit, vegetables and cereals (corn, maize, rice, rye, celery, spinach, cabbage), abstractmass nouns (admiration, applause, age, homework, peace, youth).! Note that nouns that are uncountable in English may be count nouns in other languages(information, advice), or there are nouns used only in the plural form even when we are talkingabout one item (trousers, clothes, jeans). We have to use a partitive noun with of when referringto a single item (a pair of trousers, an item of clothes, a pair of jeans).

Gender of nounsGender is the grammatical category specific to nouns and it represents the form of nouns to showsex difference, when speaking about animates, and the absence of gender when speaking aboutinanimates.English grammar has 3 types of gender:Gender of personal nouns: - masculine gender: man, actor, landlord, hero, bull, brother- feminine gender: woman, actress, landlady, heroine, cow, sister. This type of gender can be expressed in 3 ways:(7) lexically - with the help of different words: brother/ sister, king/ queen, man/ woman,uncle/ aunt.(8) morphologically – by adding a suffix to the masculine form (actress, hostess, princess,

goddess, waitress, heroine).- by adding a suffix to the feminine form (widow- widower, bride-bridegroom) c) common gender - one form for both masculine and feminine: artist, cook, doctor,

friend, musician, cousin, parent, person, student, teacher, writer. Gender of animate nouns - animate nouns are classified into:(9) names of big animals, which are generally of male gender (horse). There can be a distinction

male-female: horse (stallion-mare); deer (stag-hind); sheep (ram-ewe), or adding suffixes(lion-lioness, tiger-tigress).

(10) names of small animals, which are neuter, being replaced by it. In some cases there arelexical differences: cock-hen, gander-goose, dog-bitch. There are also special gender words:he goat-she goat, Tom cat-she cat, male frog-female frog.

Gender of inanimate nouns - these nouns are neuter: Where is my umbrella? It is in my bag/ The truth will emerge; it always does.

Case of nounsCase is the way in which a noun can be given a change of spelling (an inflection), which indicatesthat the noun has a particular function in a clause, Case is used to denote the syntactical functionsof nouns.The nominative case - for the nouns which are subjects in a sentence (My boy is waiting for hisfriend), or predicates (He is a teacher).The accusative case - is the case of the direct object (I ate an ice-cream an hour ago).If there is only one object in the sentence, this is a direct object in the accusative (Shut thewindow, please); if there are two objects, both could be direct objects in the accusative (I askedhim a question), or one indirect object in the dative and one direct object in the accusative (I lenther my umbrella).The following verbs are followed by two accusatives: ask, envy, excuse, give, forgive, offer, save,strike, etc.The dative case - is the case of the indirect object. It is marked by the prepositions to and for(She gave some sweets to the children/ I bought a present for my mother).The genitive case - expresses possession and the syntactical function of attribute. There areseveral types of genitive:

(11) The ‘s genitive (synthetic genitive) operates as follows: for singular nouns (girl’s dress, Ann’s bag, teacher’s book), for irregular plural nouns (men’s car, children’s toys), for plural nouns (boys’ cars, Dickens’ life).

(12) The of genitive - is used as an equivalent of the ‗s genitive (the plays of Shakespeare). Itis used with nouns, names of things (the title of the book), with geographical places (the cityof London), for emphasizing (the arrival of his grandfather), with names of small animals(the tail of the mouse).

(13) The implicit genitive - no ‗ s: audience participation, student hostel, afternoon tea (thistype of genitive is used in contemporary English, especially in journalism).

d) The double genitive - ‗s genitive + of genitive with names of people (this joke of Peter’s).The vocative case - Bob, hurry up! / Have you got a minute, Mr. Brown ?

Number in nounsSingular number is used when the noun refers to one item. Plural number is used when the nounrefers to more than one item. Count nouns have both singular and plural forms. Uncountablenouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form.The regular plural ending of an English noun is -s (cat-cats, ship-ships, sailor-sailors).These are the exceptions to the normal pattern:

Singular noun ending Plural noun ending-s, -ss, -ch, -x, -zz -es`examples: focus-focuses, princess-princesses, church-churches, box-boxes, buzz-buzzes-o -s or –esexamples: hero-heroes, piano-pianos, potato-potatoesconsonant + y -iesexamples: baby-babies, hobby-hobbies, spy-spiesvowel + y -sexamples: boy-boys, key-keys, ray-rays, play-plays-f -s or –vesexamples: thief-thieves, wolf-wolves, leaf-leaves, roof-roofs, dwarf-dwarfs/ dwarves-fe -vesexamples: life-lives, knife-knivesIrregular pluralsSome nouns have two plural forms (fish-fish/ fishes). Some of them have the same form in thesingular and plural (a sheep-ten sheep, a deer-ten deer). A few change a vowel to form the plural(man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, louse-lice). Somenouns form the plural in –en (child-children, ox-oxen).Compound nouns normally form the plural by adding –s to the last word of the compound (a girlfriend-two girl friends, a bookcase-two bookcases). A compound noun formed from a verb and anadverb adds –s to the last word (a take-away/ two take-always), but a compound noun formedfrom a noun and an adverb makes the first word plural (a passer-by/ two passers-by). Compoundnouns with man or woman as the first word make both words plural (a manservant-twomenservants, a woman doctor- two woman doctors).Some nouns referring to clothes and tools where two equal parts are joined together (trousers,binoculars, scissors) are treated as being plural and are followed by a verb in the plural (Mytrousers are torn/ The scissors are on the table). To talk about one of these items we use theexpression a pair of…(John bought a pair of jeans). To talk about more than one we talk abouthowever many pairs of…(Martina bought five pairs of tights).When used as ordinary numbers, words such as dozen, thousands, million have no plural form(nine million stars/ two dozen glasses). When used to mean an indefinitely large number, they dohave a plural form, which can be used as a partitive (There are thousands of people here/ I sawdozens of children in the playground).Foreign pluralsNouns that have come into English from foreign languages can:- keep the plural form of the language they come from (an axis-two axes, a crisis-two crises, a

thesis-two theses, datum-data)- have plural formed according to the rules for plural in English in preference to the foreign

plurals (a memorandum-two memorandums/ memoranda, a stadium-two stadiums/ stadia)- have two plurals: one from the foreign language and the other formed according to the rules

for plural in English (an index-indexes/ indices, a formula-formulas/ formulae)The foreign plural is usually kept for scientific or specialized use.

4.Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.

a). What is the large part of a ship below the main deck consisting of an inside framework ? b). What is the main structural part that goes along the bottom of a ship? c). How is the hull divided? d). Where is the cargo stowed?

e). What are the spaces contained between decks within the hull called?f). What are the vertical partitions called?g). How do you call the windows of the ship?h). How do you call the deck which is level with the top of the hull?i). What is there amidships above the level of the upper deck?

II. Complete the following statements with one or two words.

a. In the bow, the hull is attached to the ……b.In the stern, the hull is attached to the….c. The role of the … …is to seal off the ship if water should break in.d.At the fore end of the ship is the… …..e. At the after end of the ship is the … ….f. At the bottom of the ship is the … …. tank.g. The…. is an extension of the hull plating , which rises above the top of the upper deck.

h. … …., which protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard, are linked together by either wires or tubes.

III. Fill in the blanks. Use the words below.

Poop, forecastle, decks, holds, upper, above, superstructure, cargo, fore, aft

On the cargo ship, the main body of the ship, the hull, is divided into…which contain…. The deck at the top of the hull is called the…deck. Above the upper deck are the…deck and the …decks. The poop deck is…and the forecastle is…Amidships…the level of the upper deck is the….On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. The superstructure consists of several…each with a different purpose.

IV. Are these statements TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)? Circle the right answer.

a. The upperdeck houses the crew‘s quarters. T/Fb.The galley is where the food is prepared. T/Fc. The upper bridge deck contains passengers‘ cabins. T/Fd.The crew‘s quarters are in the holds. T/Fe. The upper bridge deck is sometimes called the saloon deck. T/Ff. The galley is in the upper bridge deck. T/F

5. Grammar Practice: The Noun

Exercise 1. Use a collective noun for the following:

(14) father, mother, sons and daughters;(15) the eleven players in a game of football;(16) a multitude of persons;(17) the group of sailors working on a ship or boat;(18) scores of sheep together.

Exercise 2. Use a compound noun to illustrate:

(19) a desk for writing at;(20) an engine driven by steam;(21) a wall made of stone;(22) a man who makes a wall by laying bricks one on top of the other;(23) a machine for washing clothes;(24) a box for holding matches;(25) a room in which you sleep;(26) a room in which you wash;(27) a pen containing ink in it;10.a railway carriage in which people can take their meals.

Exercise 3. Give the plural of the following nouns .Use them in sentences.

a) bus, town, woman, box, fly, key, bee, Englishman. tooth, wish, goose, city, potato, book, child,leaf, life, foot, apple, toy, ball, wolf, safe, ox.b) brush, thief, Chinese, German, donkey, shelf, fish, cliff, Swiss, inch, sheep, louse, bamboo,handkerchief, axe, proof, phenomenon, dynamo, means, piano.c) echo, loaf, niece, half, chief, volcano, Japanese, deer,mouse, knife, birth, daughter, buffalo, atlas.

Exercise 4. Give the plural of the following nouns; explain the differences between the two forms and use them in sentences: fruit, fish, damage, air, compass, pain, color.

Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable noun:

Model: a . . . of cards; a pack of cards:1. a ... of boots; 2. a …of sheep; 3. a …of cattle; 4. a …of hounds; 5. a …of birds; 6. a …ofmosquitoes; 7. a… of fish; 8. a… of trousers; 9. a…of swine; 10. a …of robbers; 11. a… ofstockings; 12. a … of whales; 13. a … of footballers; 14. a… of wolves; 15. an… at aconcert; 16. a … of flowers; 17. a … of lies;

Exercise 6. Give the feminine correspondents of the following masculine nouns:

a) man, father, brother, milkman, Englishman, son-in-law,. sportsman, nephew, boy, Mr., husband, uncle, chairman.(28) widower, wizard, waiter, bachelor, lord, king, bridegroom, hero, dog, bull, horse, gander, ram, peacock ,drone.(29) duke, prince, actor, god, host, waiter, manager, tzar, sultan, poet, nephew, vixen.

Exercise 7. Form nouns by adding the appropriate noun-forming suffixes to the following adjectives:

SUFFIX 1 2 3-ness short existential mean

-ism cruel foolish childish-th sane social anxious

-dom gay short long-(i)ty/iety free wide strong

Exercise 8. Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs and adjectives:

o To bleed, to bath, to sing, to believe, to breethe, to feed, to lose, to live, to prove, to choose; o Broad, deep, long, strong, wide, new.

Exercise 9. Use the saxon genitive (‘s) in the following sentences:

1. He knows nothing about the climate of this country. 2. Do you know the name of the typist ofthe manager? 3. The new car of the friend of his cousin is a Dacia 1300. 4. Jane doesn‘t know thetimetable of her daughter. 5. She does not doubt the good intentions of the parents of her husband.6. You can easily notice die first signs of spring. 7. The dresses of the shop-girls are the bestadvertisement. 8. They all welcomed the protection of the police. 9. These are the best plays of0.8. Shaw. 10. He has been studying the folklore of Scotland for several years. 11. The parents ofall the children are present at the meeting. 12. She won‘t say a word about the purpose of her life.13. The industry of Romania is in full swing. 14. The high note of the nightingale can be easilyheard.

Exercise 10. Translate into Romanian:

(30) We‘ve run out of orange juice; you‘d better go to the grocer‘s and buy some.(31) My husband‘s new suit is not ready yet; it is still at the tailor‘s.

(32) When you go to UK don‘t miss the chance to go to Madame Tussaud‘s.(33) They usually buy fresh fruits at the greengrocer‘s every Monday morning.(34) Have you ever seen St. James‘s?(35) They decided to go to the lawyer‘s tomorrow at noon.(36) On your way home you might stop at the tobacconist‘s and buy some cigarettes for me.(37) I have been an employee at Ford‘s for twenty years.(38) I‘ll go to the hairdresser‘s later.lO.Before my coming back home, I dropped into the baker‘s where I bought a loaf of soft bread and these delicious rolls.

Exercise 11. Translate into English paying attention to the genitive case:

(39) Străzile acestui oraş sunt foarte largi.(40) Căsătoria copiilor prietenilor mei a avut loc acum două săptămâni.(41) Acesta este noul profesor de matematică al fiului meu.(42) Înainte de a începe orele, am făcut o plimbare de douăzeci de minute.(43) Personalul acestei companii este format din treizeci de oameni.(44) In intervalul de o lună care urmează, terminăm toate examenele.(45) La vârsta lui, o călătorie de zece ore cu trenul trebuie să fie foarte obositoare.(46) Nu trebuie să uităm niciodată de drepturile celor săraci.(47) 0 aşteptare de cinci minute nu mai contează.10. Ziarul de ieri a publicat multe ştiri interesante.

Exercise 12. Form derivative nouns from the following —

• Verbs:1. to decide 2.to approve 3. to discuss 4. to refer 5. to discover 6. to teach 7.

to weigh 8.to grow 9. to pay 10. to perform 11.to limit 12. to betray.• Adjectives:

1.national 2.wise 3. likely 4. free 5. great 6. weak 7. kind 8. happy 9. true 10. deep 11.high 12.warm

• Nouns:1.dictator 2. friend 3. scholar 4. leader 5. child 6. piano 7. music 8. mathematics 9.science 10.

host 11. widow 12. waiter.

Exercise 13. Rewrite in the plural:

1.This is a box. 2. That‘s a lorry. 3. Where‘s the knife? 4. Is it your watch? 5. This is a newhouse.6. That‘s an old chimney. 7. That isn‘t my dress. 8. That‘s a shoe. 9. Who‘s this man?10.He‘s a farmer and this is his wife. 11. That‘s a row of people. 12. Is it a new bridge? 13.Thereis a match in the box. 14. There‘s no child in their family.15. Is there a dictionary on his desk? 16.Is there a desk in that room? 17. The face of that woman is attractive. 18.The house isn‘t large butit‘s comfortable. 19. Who‘s that person? 20. Which book is yours?

Exercise 14 Put into the singular:

1. Balls are round. 2. Houses have roofs. 3. These are phonemes. 4. Foxes are animals.J.Roses are beautiful flowers. 6. Watches are small clocks. 7. Dogs have tails. 8. Those boys aregood friends. 9. These are simple sentences. 10. These aren‘t boxes. 11. The children are atschool. 12. These are my notebooks. 13. My friends want to study German. 14. His brothers workhard all day. 15. Housewives have to work very hard. 16. Children receive a lot of pleasure fromthis game. 17. They live in small houses. 18. The postmen bring letters three times a day. 19. Theboys wake up at six. 20. There are some pictures on the walls.

Exercise 15. Match A and B in order to obtain compound nouns. Use them in sentences:arm sitterbottle pagesfast heatingYellow chairlawn directorytelephone mowerchewing conditionercentral bagair openertea foodalarm gumpost clockbaby stopheart taleburglar attackfairy officecredit lensesbus cardbank alarmcontact account

Exercise 16 Underline the nouns in the texts and put the plural ones in the singular:

(48) Thieves stole the cameras and videos from two shops in Stapleton Road yesterday. Theyalso took several boxes of video cassettes and hundreds of audio cassettes.

(49) Two police officers were injured in a fight last night. One policeman lost four teeth.Three other people were also injured. The police were called to the Central car park where therewas a fight involving about two dozen young men and women. Dozens of cars and two buseswere damaged.

Example: pl. thieves = sg. thief

Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with the plural form of the words in brackets:

My hotel‘s a bit primitive. I‘ve seen (1 mouse) ______ in my room! And there are (2 fly) _______everywhere during the day and (3 mosquito) _____ at night. But the (4 beach) _____ arebeautiful.There are a lot of old (5 church) _______ on the island and I‘ve taken lots of (6 photo) ________ ofthem.Every day I buy two small (7 loaf) _______ of bread and some (8 fruit) ______ , usually (9 peach)______ , (10 orange) ______ and (11 tomato) ______ . but the (12 shelf) ______ in the shops arealmost empty, so yesterday I went fishing and caught two (13 fish) ______ for my lunch.There aren‘t any (14 bus) ______ so I walk everywhere. My (15 foot) ______ really hurt. I want togo into the mountains. They say there are (16 wolf) ______ there.The (17 person) ______ are very friendly. Sometimes (18 family) ______ come out to say hellowhen I walk past. The (19 man) _____ have two or three (20 wife) _____ and dozens of (21child) _____ . I don‘t think their (22 life) ____ have changed for (23 century) _____ . It‘scertainly one of the most unspoilt (24 country) ______ I‘ve ever been to.

Exercise 18.Which are the 15 countable nouns in this news report?

Hi! You‘re listening to GWR Radio. What a terrible morning! There have been several accidentson the roads. A number of people were hurt in an accident on the M 32 motorway when two carscrashed near Junction 4. And there are a few problems for rail travellers. Many trains betweencities in the west and London are running twenty to thirty minutes late.

Exercise 19. What are the eight uncountable nouns in the news report of the explosion at Brislington?An explosion has destroyed a chemical factory in Brislington. Thanks to the courage of thefirefighters no one was hurt. The air around the factory is still thick with smoke, and for their ownsafety, residents have been told not to drink the water. Residents are worried about theirchildren‘s health and the damage to the environment caused by the explosion.

Noun + verb agreement

Exercise 20. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets:

1. His family (is/ are) in Bucharest now.

(50) The news (was/ were) a great surprise for all of us.(51) People (rush/ rushes) home when the day‘s work is over.(52) Our football team (plays/ play) this evening.(53) Your group (is/ are) made up of thirty students.(54) The audience (is/are) listening to the piano player.(55) The cattle (is/are) entering the ranch yard.(56) The committee (agrees/agree) with all the changes.(57) The furniture in my daughter‘s room (is/are) new and modern.(58) The crew of the ship (was/were) gathered on the upper deck.(59) The parliament (is/are) voting a new law.(60) The luggage (was/were placed) on the luggage rack.(61) Where (is/are) my glasses?(62) Mathematics(is/are) his favourite subject at school.(63) My cousin‘s trousers (is/are) very expensive.(64) Proceedings of the conference (is/are) published within a week.(65) The particulars of the witness (is/are) taken down by a young policeman.(66) There (is/are) enough money in the drawer.(67) Measles (is/are) a very dangerous catching disease. 20.The customs (is/are) not far from here.

Exercise 21. Choose the correct form of the verb:

1.Clothes (isn‘t/ aren‘t) cheap nowadays.2.People (doesn‘t/ don‘t) buy clothes that are too expensive. 3.60 pounds (is/ are) a lot of money for a pair of jeans. 4.Thegovernment (is/ are) trying to keep prices low.

Exercise 22. Choose the correct verb forms:

His clothes (1 are/ is) ______ very old. His trousers (2 has got/ have got) ______ holes in them andhis glasses (3 are/ is) ______ broken. All his belongings (4 is/ are) ______ in a bag on his back. Thepolice often (5 stops/ stop) ______ him and (6 asks/ ask) _______ him questions. People (7 avoid/avoids) ______ him in the streets. His earnings (8 are/ is) _______ very small. He gets 40 pounds aweek from social security. For him 40 pounds (9 is/ are) ______ a lot of money. ―I‘m notinterested in possessions,‖ he says, ―mathematics (10 are/ is) _____ my passion.‖

6. SELF-TEST

I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s)

(68) The main body of the ship is called….(69) The hull consists of an inside……….(70) The forward part is nearest the……..(71) The after part is nearest the………...(72) In the bow, the hull is attached to the….(73) In the stern, the hull is attached to the…(74) The hull is divided into a number of…. 8.….divide the hull horizontally. 9.…divide the hull vertically.

10…support the bulkheads. 10p

II. Answer the following questions:

(75) Where are cargoes stored?(76) What are the special names given to the decks within the hull?(77) What is the purpose of the collision bulkhead?(78) What is the name of the tank at the fore end of the ship?(79) What is the name of the tank at the after end of the ship?(80) What is the purpose of the double bottom tank?(81) How do you call the deck covering the top of the hull?(82) What is a bulwark?(83) How do you call the decks which are forward and aft above the upper deck? 10.What are guard stanchions? 10p

III. Are these statements TRUE(T) or FALSE(F). Select the correct answer.

(84) The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the upper bridge deck. T/F(85) Above the saloon deck is the boat deck. T/F(86) The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation deck. T/F(87) The bridge deck is where the ship is steered or conned from. T/F(88) The galley is the ship‘s kitchen. T/F(89) The crew‘s quarters and the galley are on the boat deck. T/F

6p

IV. Each pair of words contains one countable noun and one uncountable noun. Draw uptwo columns and put the nouns into the appropriate column.

1. accommodation/flat; 2. Desk/furniture; 3. Bag/luggage; 4. Work/job; 5. Travel/trip; 6.Trouble/information; 7. Fact/information; 8. Chance/luck; 9. Advice/suggestion; 10.Knowledge/capability; 11. News/headline; 12. Dollar/money; 13. Hour/time; 14.Scenery/landscape.

V. Most of these sentences have a mistake in them. Correct them, or if there is no mistake,write RIGHT.

(90) I believe it‘s very difficult to find a cheap accommodation in London. ……to find cheap accommodation……….(91) We‘re looking for a place to rent………RIGHT(92) We‘re late because they‘re re-surfacing the motorway and the traffics are terrible.(93) He was asked to leave the college because of a bad behaviour at the end of term party.(94) I‘m going to phone my brother to wish him good luck for his driving test.(95) I think it‘s a pity Rebecca had her hairs cut short because she looked much moreattractive before.(96) As an old friend, may I give you an advice?

(97) It‘s not a bad room but the furnitures take up too much space.(98) If we don‘t have up-to-date information, how can we make sensible decisions?(99) Fortunately, the check-up was less unpleasant experience than I had expected.(100) All the luggages are here in the corridor.(101) Peter doesn‘t like milk in his tea.

7. Self-Test-Answer Key

I.1. the hull2. framework3. the bow4. the stern5. stempost6. sternpost7. watertight compartments8. decks9. bulkheads10. stanchions

II.

1. in the holds2. between decks or tween decks3. to seal off the ship if water should break in4. forepeak tank5. afterpeak tank6. to store fuel and water ballast7. upper deck8. an extension of the hull plating, which rises above the top of the upper deck9. forecastle deck and poop deck10. vertical posts which are linked together by either wires or tubes

III.

1.F; 2.T; 3.T; 4.F; 5.T; 6.F

Countable and uncountable nounsFlat accommodationDesk furnitureBag luggageJob workTrip travelProblem troubleFact informationSuggestion adviceDollar moneyLandscape sceneryChance luckCapability knowledgeHeadline news

V.

(102) ..the traffic is terrible…(103) ….because of bad behaviour…(104) RIGHT(105) Rebecca had her hair cut short(106) I give you some advice/…a piece of advice?(107) the furniture takes up too much space(108) RIGHT(109) was a less unpleasant experience(110) the luggage

(111) RIGHT

Unit. 2 SHIP’S DIMENSIONS

LENGTHA ship‘s length is measured in different ways for ship‘s officers, for architects and designers, andfor registry. Terms used for technical or registry purposes include registered length, tonnagelength, floodable length, and length by ABS rules. We mention these terms for familiarizationonly. The more commonly used length measurements-length overall, length betweenperpendiculars, and length on load waterline are discussed as follows.

1.1.Length Overall (LOA)

A ship‘s Length Overall is measured in feet and inches from the extreme forward end ofthe bow to the extreme aft end of the stern. Watercraft operators must be familiar with this andsimilar dimensions to safely manoeuvre the ship. The dimension is commonly found in lists ofship‘s data for each vessel.

1.1.2.Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP)

A ship‘s Length Between Perpendiculars is measured in feet and inches from the forwardsurface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, ormain stern perpendicular member. On some types of vessels this is, for all practical purposes, awaterline measurement.

1.13. Length on Load Waterline (LWL)

A ship‘s Length on Load Waterline is an important dimension because length at thewaterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction. On vesselswith a counter stern, the LWL and LBP can be the same or about the same. On a ship with acruiser stern, the LWL is greater than the LBP.

1.2. WIDTH

A ship‘s width or, more properly a ship‘s breadth is expressed in a number of ways and, like length, for a number of reasons.

1.2.1. Maximum/Extreme Breadth

A ship‘s maximum/extreme breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on the ship.

1.2.2. Beam

The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along thelength. When giving a brief summary of ship‘s measurements there is a tendency to use the termbeam for maximum/extreme breadth.

1.3. DEPTH

The depth of a vessel involves several important vertical dimensions. They involve terms like freeboard, draft, draft marks, and load lines. The vessel‘s depth is measured vertically from the lowest point of the hull, ordinarily from the bottom of the keel, to the side of any deck that you may choose as a reference point.

1.3.1. Freeboard

When a ship floats, a large part of it is below the waterline. The waterline is the line atwhich a ship floats in the water, depending on its load. The vertical distance from the waterline tothe edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard.

1.3.2. Draft/Draught

The vertical distance form the waterline to the lowest part of the ship‘s bottom is thedraft. The draft is also the least depth of water in which a ship will float. The draft of a ship willvary according to the weight with which it is loaded. A fully-loaded ship will have a deeper draftthan when unloaded. An unloaded ship will have a shallow draft. There may be a differencebetween the ship‘s draft aft and her draft forward according to the weight of the load carried.Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or hampered vessels. They have to comply withmaritime international regulations relating to the maximum draft permitted in various navigableareas.

1.3.3. Draft marks and load lines

A vessel that was overloaded might become unstable and sink. To stop that from happeningthere are very strict laws governing the loading of ships. On the side of every vessel there ispainted a line (like the one in the drawing) which shows the safe level at which the ship floats inwater of different densities. The vessel must never be loaded so that this line goes below the levelof the water. This safety line carries the name of the man who advocated it- Samuel Plimsoll. It iscalled the Plimsoll Line. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. Thesemarks show the vertical height of the hull from the underside of the keel to just the load line.These marks are called draft marks.

1.3.4.Trim and List

The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim. The ship inthe figure below is horizontal, so we say it‘s in trim. Sometimes either the bow or stern is lowerin the water than it should be. Then we say the ship is out of trim. When this happens we say thatthe ship is trimmed by the head or trimmed by the stern/down by the head or down by the stern.

If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a list. The ship may havea list to port/starboard of….degrees. In order to upright the ship you have to transfer fuel/ ballastwater/ fresh water/oil from one tank to another to correct the list. If cargo is not properly lashed, itmay shift and cause a list of the ship to port or starboard. In this case you have to move the cargoto correct the list.

Study the diagram below showing some important ship dimensions:

1.4. EXPRESSING GENERAL DIMENSIONS

1.4.1. Study the table below

Noun Adjectivelength longwidth widebreadth broaddepth deepthickness thickheight high

1.4.2. We can describe the length, breadth, depth and height of an object by using four differentpatterns:

(112) The beam is three metres in length.(113) The beam has a length of three metres.(114) The length of the beam is three metres.(115) The beam is three metres long.

In order to describe the radius, diameter or the circumference of an object you will have to use only the patterns 1,2 and 3.

1.4.3. We can describe the dimensions of a ship using the following patterns:

(116) The ship‘s overall length (LOA) is 146 metres.(117) The overall length (LOA) of the ship is 146 metres.(118) The ship has an overall length (LOA) of 146 metres.

VOCABULARYWords and phrases

Length = lungimeLOA(length overall) = lungime maximăLBP(length between perpendiculars) = lungime a navei între perpendiculareLWL( length on load waterline) = lungime a navei la linia de plutire de încărcareWidth = latimeBreadth = latime a naveiBeam = latime maximă (a navei); traversul naveiDepth = adîncime(a apei);înal]ţime a bordului; pescajFreeboard = bordul liberDraught/draft = pescaj Draught /draft forward =pescaj

prova Draught/draft aft = pescaj pupa Draught/draft marks = scara de pescaj/încărcare Load lines = marca de încarcare, marca de bord liber Plimsoll line/mark = semn Plimsoll, marca de bord liber Trim = asietă, diferenta de pescaj; înclinare longitudinală Trimmed by the bov^ead/stem = (navă) aprovată Trimmed by the stern = (navă) apupatăList = canarisire, înclinare transversală permanentă/statică, unghi de canarisire/a se înclina, a se canarisiTo have/take a list = a (se) canarisi Counter stern = pupă cu boltă Cruiser stern = pupă de crucisator

3.GRAMMAR: The article and other determiners

DETERMINERSDefinite article - the manIndefinite article - a tree, an appleZero article - men, trees, apples

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES - this newspaper,

- that magazine

- these/those ships

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES - my/your/his/her/its

our/their uniform

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES - what/which/ whosebook do you want?

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES - each student, everyday, some books,any officer, no rules,either side,neither sailor

PREDETERMINERS preceed the determiners:(119) all the books, both my children, both of these features, half these cadets(120) multiplicative numerals: twice the amount, three times the sum(121) fractions: one-third the time, three quarters the total

POSTDETERMINERS(122) ordinal numerals: the first three important events(123) the other name, the next duty station, the last shipment

THE ARTICLE is the part of speech which induvidualize objects and phenomena in a linguistic context; it does not have any flexionary forms; it works as a determiner.The definite article: THEFunctions: it is used to express a unique reference

a) deictic function: with nouns whose preference is immediately understood bythe speakers within a context- in a room: the door, the window: Close thewindow, will you?; in a forest: The ground is covered with dry leaves; in a city:Can you tell me how to get to the harbour?(124) anaphoric function: with nouns which were previously

mentioned: I bought a book yesterday; the book is interesting.(125) cataphoric function: when the definite determination is after the noun,

expressed by a relative clause: The man who is commanding the ship is the master of that ship.

(126) generic function: the noun is used in a general way, as representing a whole class: The horse is a useful animal.

The definite article used with: proper nouns- the UK, the USA, the University of Bucharest; plural nouns- the Browns, the Alps, the Carpathians; geographical names: the Danube, the Olt, the Suez Canal, the Sahara; names of institutions: the Lido (Hotel), the National Theatre, the British Museum; newspapers: the Times, the Guardian; names of ships: the Transylvania.

The indefinite article: A, ANFunctions: a) epiphoric function: to introduce a word which was not mentioned

previously: There is a young officer waiting for you.b) numerical function: the indefinite article has the meaning of one

She bought a dress, two blouses, and an umbrella.A/one hundred people are on this ship.

c) generic function: to represent an entire class of objects or beingsAn officer is a gentleman.

The zero article: She drinks *tea every day; *Clothes do not make the name; Inthese situation the absence of the article(*) is equal to the presence of it. Functions: 1) generic function: I like coffee/ literature/long walks.2) for the unique reference of proper nouns and some common nouns in different contexts: Peter and Mary will go to school in autumn. Proper nouns used with the zero article:

(127) names of people: Peter, Dr. Smith, Lord Nelson, father, uncle(128) time divisons: Monday, January, Christmas(129) geographical names: Asia, England, Paris(130) proper nouns followed by common nouns: Bran Castle, Oxford

Street Other determiners: The demonstrative adjective: this/that/these/thoseIt determines a noun, saying how far or close is from the speaker. Functions: a) deictic function (space or time orientation in a context) This is my desk./ What are those people doing?

(131) anaphoric function:I saw an English teacher in his new car. This car is really something.

(132) cataphoric function: These little children are very pretty.(133) emotional function: (to highlight the

determined noun) This Tom Brown is always playing the piano at night.

The possessive adjective –replaces the possessor and determines the name of the possessedobject: Peter‘s stamp collection is valuable. His stamp collection is valuable.Possessives are used to specify the ownership of an item or, if the noun refers to somethinganimate, to specify a relationship: Mr. Smith was my teacher when I was a student in theAcademy.The possessive phrase acts just like a possessive word but is a noun or noun phrase ending in ‘s ors’. A possessive phrase acts as a possessive determiner but may itself include one of the otherdeterminers: Sally’s new job; a good day’s work; the residents’ dining room; the visitors’room.*the body parts are always preceded by the possessive adjective (my hand, his leg, her arm) andclothes items also(his coat, her gloves, my uniform).

4. Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.(134) How is a ship‘s measurement expressed?(135) What does LOA stand for?(136) What does LBP stand for?(137) What does LWL stand for?(138) What is the ship‘s maximum breadth?(139) What is meant by the beam of a ship?(140) How do you measure a vessel‘s depth?(141) What is the freeboard?(142) What is the draft of a vessel?(143) What does in trim mean?

II. Complete the following statements with the appropriate term(s).

(144) The painted line which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities is called the…..Line.

(145) The …of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length.

(146) When either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be, we say the ship is…

(147) If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a…

(148) A…is the line at which a ship floats in the water.

III. Describe the dimensions of these objects in as many ways as possible:

(149) CONTAINER: height 2.44m, length 12.2m, width 2.44m(150) TANK : depth 3m(151) LIFEBUOY :inner circumference 229mm, outer circumference 381mm(152) BEAM :thickness 10mm(153) PISTON RING: circumference 2500mm

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Am pescaj maxim 6m, bord liber 2m şi înălţimea 12m.

(154) Pescajul prova este de 25 picioare, pescajul pupa este de 27 picioare, bordul liber 9 picioare şi înălţimea 38 picioare.

(155) Nava mea este aprovată.(156) Nava "Osiris" este stînjenită de pescaj.(157) Am o înclinare de 10 grade spre babord.(158) Care este lungimea maximă?(159) Care este pescajul maxim actual?(160) Pescajul maxim permis este de 20m(161) Lungimea maximă a navei este de 146m(162) Tancul are o adincime de 3m.

5. Grammar Practice

Exercise 1. Put the following sentences into singular:

(163) Nouns are words.(164) Cities are big towns.(165) Horses are animals.(166) Roses are beautiful flowers.(167) Tables are pieces of furniture.

Exercise 2. Fill the blanks with the requested articles and translate the text:

LITTLE TOMMY AND ... HORSETommy: Father, . . . teacher does not know what horse is. Father: Why do you think so, Tommy?Tommy: You know, I drew ... horse yesterday and showed it to ... teacher and he asked me

what it was.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article:

(168) Would you like ... cup of ... tea and ... cake?(169) It is better to tell . . . truth than tell . . . lies.(170) Where is ... hat I bought yesterday?(171) Smith, ... man I told you about, is ... very man.(172) I like to eat . . . bread and ... butter in . . . morning.(173) Little Tommy goes to ... school only in … morning.(174) He went to . . . bed with . . . bad cold.(175) He crossed ... lake in ... record time.(176) He collects . . . butterflies, . . . stamps, and … matchboxes.10. In ... autumn of ... 2003 we went on ... excursion to . . . Danube Delta.

Exercise 4. Fill the gaps with the appropriate articles:

1.Take... little tea; it will do you ... lot of good.2.Out of…sight, out... mind.3.l like … lot of. . . sugar in my tea.

4.... supper is... last meal of... day. 5. ... bad drivers are punished by … law.

6.Take ... chair and make yourself at … home; he will be back in ... minute. 7.This is . . . answer to ... problem ... teacher gave us. 8.There won‘t be another train for at least … hour. 9.We had ... dinner together at ... good restaurant … yesterday. 10.. Danube, ... Rhine and ... Thames are three important European rivers . Exercise 5. Put the articles a, an, the into the gaps:

1. He came to see me ... last week and brought… English handbook with him.2. … good dictionary is . . . great help to . . . students.(177) ... last night I met Tommy; he said he would come here today if . . . weather were fine.(178) Come to see me on ... Saturday at ... latest.(179) He works hard by … day and sleeps soundly at night.(180) ... help came at ... last and ... swimmer was rescued.(181) He works every ... day from . . . early morning till late at . . . night.(182) He went into ... inn and asked for ... bread and … butter.(183) By ... way, he said, where is ... shop you told me about?10. What is … matter? Have you had ... accident?

Exercise 6. Put the articles into their correct places:

Our sun is enormous body with diameter about 108 times that of earth. It would take train,moving at 60 miles hour; over five years to travel round its circumference. But those littlepinpoints of light we call stars are also suns, and some of them are very much larger andbrighter than one which warms our earth. One of them has diameter three hundred times greaterthan that of our sun. Of thousands of millions of stars, which can be seen through powerfultelescope, only six thousand or so are visible to naked eye, and their distance from earth is sotremendous that their combined light is only about hundredth of that shed by full moon. (TheChildren’s New Illustrated Encyclopedia)

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the right articles:

When ... sea was not too rough we were often out in … little rubber boat ... taking photographs.I shall not forget ... first time ... sea was so calm that two men felt like … putting ... balloon-likelittle thing into … water and ... going for ... row. They had hardly got clear of … raft when theydropped ... little oars and sat ... roaring with ... laughter. And as ... waves lifted them away andthey disappeared and reappeared among … seas, they laughed so loud ... every time they caught… glimpse of us that their voices rang out over ... desolate Pacific. We looked round us with ...mixed feelings, and saw ... nothing comic but our own ... bearded faces; but as ... two in ... boatshould be accustomed to those by now; we began to have ... suspicion that they had suddenlygone mad. Sunstroke, perhaps ... two fellows could hardly get … back on ... board ... Kon-Tiki forsheer laughter, and gasping, with tears in their eyes, begged us just to go and see for ourselves.

Two of us jumped down into ... dancing rubber boat, and were caught by ... sea which liftedus clear. We sat down at ... once and roared with ... laughter. We had never before had ... outsideview of ... ourselves in… open sea. ... raft looked exactly like … old Norwegian hay-loft lyinghelpless, drifting about in ... open sea, … hay-loft full of ... sunburnt bearded ruffians. If

anyone had come paddling after us at ... sea in ... bath we should have felt ... same spontaneous urge to ... laughter.

(Thor Heyerdahl)

Exercise 8. Fill in the spaces with the definite article wherever necessary:

(184) She is not ... Mrs. Smith I am looking for.(185) My parents live on ... upper floor of an old house; when ... wind blows, all ...

windows rattle.(186) ... Carpathians are not so high as ... Alps.(187) ... Danube is Romania‘s longest river.(188) ... clock in ... dining room is j ust striking(189) ... room Helen rushes into as soon as she arrives home is ... kitchen.(190) Spring is ... first season of ... year.(191) ―I‘d like to see Mr. Smith, please. ―Do you mean ... Mr. Smith who works in ‖

our department or ... Mr. Smith ... sales manager?‖(192) ... British Library is one of ... largest libraries all over ... world.(193) What is... French for ... ―boy ?‖(194) ... Mike you met at my place yesterday was not ... Mike I was talking about a

week before.12. I have never feared ... death but ... death of my father was ... greatest loss of my life.13. Ask them to come downstairs when ... breakfast is ready.14. ... Eatons have also been invited to ... diner at ... Ritz.(195) She goes to school in ... morning and plays tennis in ... afternoon.(196) She has always said that ...English language is difficult.(197) On ... Sundays I like to stay in ... bed till ... noon and spend ... time reading ...

Sunday papers and magazines.(198) Up to a point, Creangă is Mark Twain of ... Romanian literature.(199) I have always appreciated ... sublime of ...landscapes in ... Alps.(200) If you leave ... home at 7 you can reach ... school in ... time.21. My mother comes to ... school sometimes to speak to ... headmaster.

Exercise 9. Put the indefinite article a or an in the blanks wherever necessary:

1.We usually have ... lunch at 1 o‘clock, which, as ... rule, consists of three courses: ...salad,... dish and ... sweet.2.Go to the grocer‘s and buy ... dozen oranges and ... pound of coffee beans.3.The Smiths I am talking about live in ... wonderful house and drive ... new Ford.4.... old man suffering from ... cold should be given hot tea three times ... day.5.What ... name to give to ... cat!

6.There was once ... lonely old woman who lived in ... hut in theoutskirts of ... large town. 7. What ... hot day for November! It‘s such ... pity

we can‘t go for ... hike or take ... long walk in the wood.8.Jack! ... Mr. Thomson wants to see you at once! 9.Our friends gave us ... wonderful supper at the ambassador. 10.She needs ... moment‘s peace after such ... bad piece of news.

11.The youngster was driving with sixty miles ... hour when all of ... sudden ... deer crossedthe motorway. He stopped ... few moments later and fled in ... panic without taking ... backlook.12.He was puzzled that he should be in his office at ... time when the General Manager wasso busy.13.During the installation of ... newly selected government there may appear many ...surprise.14.Mr. Sydney did not appear to be ... man who was making ... joke.15.He was not ... addicted smoker but, now and then, late at ... night, he was longing for ...cigarette.

Exercise 10. Fill in the spaces with the definite, indefinite or zero article wherevernecessary:

1.Good ... morning ..., uncle, said ... boy with ... large smile on his face.(201) From ... photos of ... friends and ... relatives, Mr. Abbot selected ... picture of ... NickPrice, ... man who had come to visit them, sometime in ... early ‗50.(202) She put ... book back on ... piano and went to look out of ... window.4. His voice was low and carefully modulated — ... voice of ... man self-conscious about ...impression he made. ―Have you ever been to ... Argentine? he asked with ... undertone of ...‖regret in his voice. .(203) Most ... critics admit that ... writer we are talking about is ... new Shaw of ... English literature.(204) Let me offer you ... cup of ... coffee, Professor.(205) He speaks ... French and ... English quite fluently but he has never been to ... France or ...United Kingdom.(206) ... sky was starry, ... moon was shining brightly and ... night was so warm and lovely thatall ... guests decided, all of ... sudden, to take ... bath in ... cool waves of ... Atlantic 0cean.(207) That was not ... sort of ... remark expected of ... right sort of ... chap who studied at ... UCLA.(208) Nick was reminded of ... joke he had heard at his club at ... lunch.(209) He had ... terrible feeling that ... operation was going to be ... Waterloo of his career.(210) You may go either to ... National Theatre to see ... play or to ... Capitol Cinema to see ... film.(211) ... Prime Minister picked up ... telephone and changed his day‘s appointments to make ...time to see ... deputy secretary in ... Cabinet Office. 14. ... few days later we went to ... Henry‘sdinner at ... Ritz where we met ... old Mr. Snow who claimed to be ... uncle of my wife.15. Such ... power and ... freedom of ...decision had only five times before been given to ...American president.

Exercise 11. Here are some expressions with the noun hand, preceded by the definite, indefinite or zero article:

a. to bite the hand that feeds one; to give somebody the glad hand; the hidden hand; by the lefthand; to have/get the upper hand; the skip‘s hand; a picture by the same hand; on the right hand;on the one hand; on the other hand; at the best hand; to be on the growing hand.

b. to have a free hand; to have an open hand; not to lift a hand; with a heavy hand; ahand for; an old hand at; a good hand at/in; a poor/bad hand at; to have a hand like a

foot; a cool hand; to have a hand in something; to take a hand at a game; to make a(good/ fine/fair) hand.c. hand in hand; the matter in hand; to take in hand; light in hand; at hand; by hand; to bind hand and foot; supplies on hand; to have a free hand; to have an open hand; to shake hands; clean hands; off hand; hand and glove; hand over; from hand to mouth; out of hand; at first hand; second hand; from good hands.A. Choose some of them and make sentences of your own.B. Find some more new set expressions and build up sentences of your own.

Exercise 12. Put the definite or the indefinite article into the blank spaces where necessary.Translate the jokes.

(212) (1. ...) landlord was sitting with his shephard on (2. ...) hill commanding (3. ...) fine viewof (4. ...) valley. Seeing (5. ...) flock of (6. ...) sheep at (7. ...) rest in (8. ...) shadiest nook, heobserved to his companion, ―John, if I were (9. ... ) sheep, I would prefer to lie in(10. ...) sun.‖―Ah, my lord, retorted (11. ...) shepherd, ―were you (12. ...) sheep, you would have more‖sense.‖

(213) ―If (1. ...) earthquake engulfed England, (2. ...) English would manage to meet among(3. ...) ruins and organize (4. ...) dinner just to celebrate (5. ...) painful event. That‘s what (6. ... )‖people of (7. ... ) other nationalities are apt to say about (8. ...) English. Should (9. ...) English beconsulted on (10. ...) subject they would say (11. ...) same thing about (12. ...) French and theirlove of (13. ...) good dinners.

C) (1. ...) outside temperature being ten degrees below (2. ...) zero, it was unusually cold in (3. ...)school room.

―What is (4. ...) Latin for cold? asked ‖ (5. ...) school-master addressing one of his boys, whoseemed to be suffering from cold more than (6. ...) others. ―Oh, sir, answered (7. ...) lad, his‖hands thrust in his trousers‘ pockets, ―I can‘t tell you for (8. ...) moment, although I have it at myfingers‘ ends.‖

D)Dr. Crisp was invited to (1. ...) party in (2. ...) country place. (3. ...) dinner being late and(4. ...)company not quite to his taste, (5. ...) doctor strolled out into (6. ...) garden and then to (7. ...)nearby churchyard. When (8. ...) dinner was served at last and (9. ...) doctor had not yet returned,one of (10. ...) guests wondered where he could have gone. (11. ...) master of (12. ...) house,annoyed by Dr. Crisp‘s (13. ...) absence, explained that (14 ) churchyard being not far from there,(15. ...) doctor had gone to visit his former patients.

E)(1. ...) Englishman, driving in (2. ...) hackney-coach through France, was annoyed at (3. ...)slowness of (4. ...) pace. He tried to make (5. ...) coachman drive faster but all in vain. (6. ...) mancouldn‘t understand either his English or his broken French. Then it occured to (7. ...)Englishman, both his English and his French being Greek to (8. ...) coachman, to use (9. ...) high-sounding words that might frighten (10. ...) fellow. So he roared into his ear. ―Westmorland,Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham! which had (11. ...) desired effect, (12. ...) coachman‖taking these words for some terrible threat.

F) In 1870 Mark Twain was walking along (1. ...) streets of Boston when he noticed in (2. ...)shop window (3. ...) machine he had never seen before. He entered (4. ...) shop,asked (5. ...) shop-assistant how (6. ...) ,,monster‖ functioned and bought it for 125 dollars. He brought home (7. ...)machine he had nicknamed ―(8. ...) monster and started practising on it at once. (9. ...) machine‖

was (10. ...) typewriter and Mark Twain typed (l1. ...) whole book on it. When he brought his

―manuscript to (12. ...) editor, (13. ...) latter was delighted. He made Mark Twain promise him to ‖bring everything he would write later on typed, on this wonderful machine. (14. ...) Tom Sawyer was (15. ...) first book Mark Twain had typewritten.

G) You certainly know that (1. ...) waterproof coat is often called (2. ...) mackintosh. But perhapsyou don‘t know that (3. ...) word is (4. ...) surname.

In (5. ...) year 1823 in (6. ...) Scotland there lived (7. ...) man whose (8. ...)name wasCharles Mackintosh. (9. ...) climate of his country being rainy, he would often get drenched to(10. ...) skin and heartily disliked it. One day, having some rubber at his disposal, he decided torubberize his coat. Now he could walk outdoors in any weather, his rubberized coat protectinghim from (11. ...) rain. Most of his friends and (12. ...) friends of his friends admired (13. ...)waterproof coat and wanted to have their own coats rubberized likewise. Soon (14. ...) tradesmentook up his invention. (15. ...) Waterproof coats became all (16. ...) fashion and (17. ...) stapleproduct of (18. ...) town, (19. ...) name of (2o. ...) inventor, though not (21. ...) inventor himself,getting (22. ...) worldwide popularity.

Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with the where necessary.

I hate 1 ___ November! It doesn‘t get light till 2 ___ 8 o‘clock in 3 ___ morning. Then it‘s darkagain as early as 4 ___ 4 o‘clock in 5 ___ afternoon. After 6 ___ Christmas, 7 ___ days start toget a bit longer, but 8 ___ weather starts to get colder. On 9 ___ Friday 10 ___ last week, 11 ___temperature was minus 10 C. 12 ___ next week 13 ___ weather forecast is 14 ___ same.

Exercise 14. Put a or an before these words: 1 job, 2 union, 3 unusual name 4 enormous icecream 5 holiday, 6 honest man.

Exercise 15. Put in a/ an where necessary:

(214) She works in restaurant in street near the station.(215) For lunch she only has apple and glass of milk.(216) Any‘s friend works in pub. She‘s barmaid. She works three evenings week. She earns £4.50 hour.

Exercise 16. Match the two parts of the sentences.

a. I normally go to the dentist once 1. a dozenb.These roses cost $20 2. a litrec. The car was doing 150 kilometers 3. a yeard.Lamb is selling at £ 7.50 4. a weeke. The Sunday Mail is published once 5. a metref. Electric cable costs 50 cents 6. a kilog. How much is the oil? ~ £ 2.50 7. a dayh. The mail is delivered twice 8. an hour

Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with a/ an or the.

(217) ___ taxi they phoned for arrived late at their house.(218) ___ taxi-driver didn't say he was sorry.(219) ___ traffic jam was caused by ___ accident on___ motorway. ___ car had collided

with lorry.

Exercise 18. Put in the where necessary:

(220) We had ___ breakfast at ___ home in London before we left.(221) ___ bus station was on 38th Street.(222) We went to ___ hotel by ___ taxi.(223) We're flying home ___ next Thursday.

Exercise 19. Complete the sentences, using the where necessary.

(224) Our hotel manager went to ___ school in England, then went to ___ university in the States.(225) The New York police arrested a man for the shooting. He was a cleaner at ___ university.(226) He'll appear in ___ court next week. He'll definitely go to ___ prison.

Exercise 20. There are seven examples of the in this text. How do you know which thing or person the writer is referring to, in each case?

a. because it is only one in the immediate situation;b. because it is only one anywhere;c. because it has been referred to before, in the text;d. because the writer is specifying which one, by adding extra information.

Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon. The words that he said are famous: 'That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for the mankind.' He and his co-pilot Buzz Aldrin then planted a flag and collected rocks. The flag is probably still there. The rocks have helped the scientists understand the history of the solar system.

Exercise 21 Complete the sentences with a or an, the or no article.

(227) 'How much are the leeks?' 'They're 80 pence a pound.'(228) I went to ___ wonderful concert by ___ London Symphony Orchestra.(229) ___ local school is soon to be closed.(230) I usually go to ___ work by ___ train.(231) Is ___ meat in ___ oven?(232) Is this ___ first time you've been to ___ Isle of Man?(233) He's ___ art teacher and she's ___ electrician.(234) A lot of people give ___ money to ___ charity at this time of the year.(235) What ___ beautiful face that child's got!(236) ___ British usually have ___ butter on their bread.(237) ___ life is very difficult for ___ unemployed these days.(238) ___ Leader of ___ Opposition is in danger of losing her seat at ___ next election.(239) I like to have ___ cup of ___ tea when I wake up in ___ morning.(240) I saw ___ fox this morning. I think it must have been ___ same one that I saw last week.(241) Can I have ___ apple?(242) Have you ever seen ___ Acropolis in ___ Athens?(243) ___ police have had a lot of support from ___ general public over this issue.(244) ___ shirts on ___ washing-line should be nearly dry now.

(245) ___ people don't like him because of his selfish life.

20. I bought my sister ___ book and ___ bottle of ___ perfume for her birthday but I don't think she liked ___ perfume.

6. SELF-TEST

I. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.

A B1. LOA a)The relation of the length of the draft

and the bow and stern2. Trim b)The vertical distance from the waterline to

the lowest part of the ship’s bottom3. LBP c) It is measured from the extreme forward

end of the bow to the extreme end of the stern

4. Beam d)It is measured from the forward surface ofthe stem to the after surface of the sternpost.

5. Draft e)The ship is out of balance from left to right.

6. List f)The width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length.

12p

II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s).

1. A ship‘s --- --- ---is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factorin the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction.

(246) The---is the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load.(247) A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks are

called--- ----(248) Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or--- ----

8p

III. Give Romanian equivalents to the following Standard Marine Communication Phrases

(249) What is your draft forward?(250) What is your present maximum draft?(251) I have a list to starboard of 10 degrees.(252) What is your freeboard?(253) The vessel is on even keel.(254) Maximum permitted draft is 20m.(255) The vessel is trimmed by the head.(256) What is your LOA?(257) What is your LBP?(258) Do you have a list? 10p

IV. Complete the table below to show which quantifiers can be used with the countablenoun ‘vessels’ and the uncountable noun ‘money’.

Quantifier Countable noun Uncountable nounseveral

noa lot of

fewmucha littlemany

a large amountsomemost

10p. 7. Self-Test-Answer-key

I.

1c; 2a; 3d; 4f; 5b;6e

II.

(259) length on load waterline(260) waterline(261) draft marks(262) hampered vessels

III.

(263) Care este pescajul prova?(264) Care este pescajul maxim actual?(265) Am o înclinare spre babord(266) Care este bordul liber?(267) Nava este pe chilă dreaptă(268) Pescajul maxim permis/admis(269) Nava este aprovată(270) Care este lungimea maximă?(271) Care este lungimea între perpendiculare?(272) Eşti canarisit/bandat?

IV.

Quantifier Countable noun Uncountable nounseveral vessels

no vessels money

a lot of vessels moneyfew vessels

much moneya little moneymany vessels

a large amount of moneysome vessels moneymost vessels money

Unit 3.

DIRECTIONSTERMS RELATING TO POSITION ON BOARD SHIP

1. One way in which the language of the sea and the language used on land are different isin the terminology of directions. When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard. He doesn‘t go tothe back of the ship, he goes aft. If he wants to walk toward the bow of the ship, he goesforward .If he doesn‘t find what he wants, he checks fore and aft, which means from the bow to thestern. If that doesn‘t help, he looks abaft which means further to the rear, or astern (behind thestern). He never watches the sea from the right side of the ship, he watches from the starboard.The left side is always called the port side. If he sees something directly off either side of the ship,it‘s located abeam. An object or area which lies across the ship from the starboard to the port sideis said to be athwartships. Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships. A sailor lookingto either side of the ship from amidships is facing outboard. Somebody watching him from eitherside has to face inboard. Something over him from any part of the ship is above. If it‘s very high,such as on a mast, it‘s aloft .If it‘s under him, it‘s below. Something away from the wind is lee. Ifit‘s in a lee direction, it‘s leeward.If it moves in a lee direction, it goes leeway. If it‘s near the ship,it‘s close aboard.

2. VOCABULARYWords and phrases

Aft = în spate, spre pupaForward = în fata, spre provaFore and aft = de-a lungulAbaft = la pupa, aproape de pupa; înapoia, spre/către/înspre pupaAstern = înapoi, în spate, la/în pupa; mers înapoi; cu mers/marş înapoiStarboard side = tribordPort side = babordAbeam = la travers, de la traversAthwartships = transversal/travers pe nava; la traversul naveiAmidships = la centrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestru; pozitie zero a cirmeiOutboard = peste bord, in exteriorul naveiInboard = interior, in interiorul naveiAbove = deasupra; in amonteAloft = în gabie, în arboradă, sus pe vergaBelow = jos, subLee = bord de sub vînt, zona de calm( în bordul de sub vînt al navei) ; sub vîntLeeward = bord de sub vînt; a veni sub vînt(despre nava);sub vînt, la adapost de vîntClose aboard = foarte aproape, la mică distanta (de navă)2.1.Look at the diagram below and identify the following directions:

( forward, aft, abaft, astern, on the port side, on the starboard side, abeam, athwartships,amidships)e.g. a is forward

ia fb gc h

d e

2.2.Now studythis diagramof a traditional general cargo ship and read thedescription below :

A traditionalgeneralcargoship hasherengineroomandbridgesuperstructureamidships. Shemayhavethreeholdsforwardof thebridgeand two

holdsaft ofthebridge.Forward ofNo.1hold istheforecastle andrightforwardis thejackstaff.

Derricks aresupported bymastsandsamsonposts.Theyarestowedforeand aftwhenthe shipis atsea.Thereare twolifeboats, oneon theportsideamidshipsanotheron thestarboard sideamidships,abaftthefunnel.

Thepoop issituatedaft andthere isanensignrightaft.

2.3.Study the diagrambelow and read the

description of amoderngeneral cargo:

A moderngeneralcargoship hasherengineroomandbridgesuperstructureaft. Shemayhavefourholdsforwardof thebridgeand onehold aftof thebridge.Forward of

No.1hold istheforecastle andrightforwardis thejackstaff.Derricks aresupported by

mastsandSamsonposts.Theyarestowedforeand aftwhenthe shipis atsea.Thereare twolifeboats, oneon theportside aft,anotheron thestarboard sideaft,abaftthefunnel.The

poopand thebridgesuperstructurearecombined.There isanensignstaffrightaft.

2d

As you have noticed, there is a tanker at the centre of the diagram and a host of shipsaround her. The position of these ships in relation to the tanker can be expressed in the followingway:

(273) Ship A is (dead) ahead./Ship A is ahead of the tanker.(274) Ship B is on the starboard bow.(275) Ship C is before the starboard beam.(276) Ship D is abeam/Ship D is on the starboard beam.(277) Ship E is abaft the starboard beam.(278) Ship F is on the starboard quarter.g) Ship G is (dead astern)/Ship G is astern of the tanker.h) Ship H is on the port quarter.i) Ship I is abaft the port beam.j) Ship J is abeam./Ship J is on the port beamk) Ship K is before the port beam.l) Ship L is on the port bow.

2.5.Answer to task 2.1.

A is forward; b is aft; c is abaft; d is astern; e is on the port side; f is on the starboard side; g is abeam; h is athwartships; I is amidships

3. GRAMMAR. The Adjective

Adjectives are words that modify and describe nouns and pronouns. They are the color commentators of language, the words that give your writing and speech flavour.They answer the questions: What kind?, How much?, Which one?, How many? What kind?……….red nose/goldring How much?………more sugar/little effort Which one?………second wife/those units How many?………several students/six cadets There are 5 kinds of adjectives:

(279) common adjectives-describe nouns and pronouns (strong man, green plant)(280) proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns ( Mexican food)(281) compound adjectives-are formed by more than one word (far-off country,

teenage person)(282) indefinite adjectives-describe general quantities;most of them were pronouns

in their first lives (another, both, each, either, all, more)The comparison of adjectives

There are three degrees of comparison:

(283) The positive degree-shows the presence of a quality, wihout making any comparison: He is tall/She is beautiful.

(284) The comparative degree-compares two objects showing the presence of quality in three ways:Equality- He is as kind as Jane. Superiority- He is kinder than Jane. Inferiority- He is less kind than Jane.

3) The superlative degree - shows that a member of a group possesses thecompared quality in its highest extent through a direct comparison-therelative superlative: He is the cleverest of all.or without a direct comparison-the absolute superlative: She is very clever.

- When we compare two notions we use the comparative preceded by the article the, instead of the superlative: She is the younger and the more beautiful of the two sisters.

- Comparative and superlative- ways of formation:The synthetic comparison- adjectives formed by one syllable form the comparative and superlative by adding -(e)r or -(e)st: small- smaller- the smallest Spelling: double consonnants before short vowels (big-bigger-the biggest); adjectives ending in -y (dry-drier-the driest); adjectives ending in -e, -ee lose the final -e (nice-nicer, free-freer) The two-syllable adjectives obeythe same synthetic rules: happy-happier, able-abler The analytical comparison- the adjectives formed by two or more syllables form their comparative and superlative using more/the most (careful-more careful-the most careful) The comparison of equality- the adjective in the positive degree preceded by as and followed by as: My cabin is as large as his.The comparison of inferiority- the adjective in the positive degree preceded by notso/as and folloewed by as/less... .than: My assignement is not as easy as yours. The absolute relative- is expressed by the help of: very, too, highly, extremely: It is extremely difficult to reach the top.

The irregular comparison: good-better- the best; ill-worse- the worst;much/many- more- the most; little- less- the least; late- later- the latest/the latter/the last; old-

older/elder- the oldest/the eldest; near- nearer- the nearest/the next;far- farther/further the farthest/the furthest.

Syntactical functions:• Attribut- Tom has a new uniform.• Predicate nominative- This uniform is new.

The place of adjectives in the sentence:- the attributes preceed the noun they determine (a high mountain)*exceptions: Ambassador Extraordinary, Secretary General, Court Martial, poet laureate- indefinite pronouns ending in -body/one/thing are followed by the adjective: She bought something nice/ He said nothing interesting.- when a noun is determined by two adjectives in the comparative, one short and one long, the shortone preceed the long one: She was taller and more beautiful.- when more adjectives determine a noun, these adjectives follow one after the other in the following order:Sequence of adjectivesArticle 1 Size 2 Shape 3 Age 4 Colours 5 Participle 6 Nationality 7 Material 8 Noun 9

A large old treeA freezing English day

A black leather jacket

A blue

knitted

hat

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(285) What

does go aboard

mean?(286) What is aft?(287) What does forward mean on a ship?(288) What is fore and aft?(289) What is abaft?(290) What is astern?(291) What is starboard?(292) What is port?(293) Where is

an object that‘s abeam.(294) What does athwartships mean?(295) What is amidships?(296) What does looking outboard mean?(297) What does looking inboard mean?(298) What is aloft?(299) What does above mean in a naval context?(300) What does below

mean in a naval context?(301)What is lee?(302)What is leeward?(303)What is leeway?(304)What is closeaboard?

II.

Complete thefollowing sentences with the appropriate term(s).(305)An object locatedamidships off either side of

a ship is said to be---(306) Something high above the main structure of a ship is---(307) Something away from the wind is---(308) An object in a lee direction is---(309) An object moving ina lee direction goes---(310) If it‘s near the ship, it‘s --- ---(311) When a sailor faces the bow of the ship, he faces---(312) If you are standing at the center of a ship, you‘re standing---(313) The starboard side ofa ship is the---(314) If you goalong the ship from stem to stern, you go ---and---the ship.

III. Fill in the blank spaces using the words provided below.

Amidships; abaft; fore and aft; portside;

forwardof; aft of; right forward; starboardside; right aft

A traditional general cargo ship has

her engine room and bridge superstructure---.S

he may have three holds --- ---the bridge and two holds --- ---the bridge.Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and --- ----is the jackstaff.Derricks aresupported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed --- and –

when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the ---amidships another on the ---amidships,---the funnel. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign---

IV. Translate the following text into Romanian paying attention to the terms relating to directions andposition in a shipA modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. She may

have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is theforecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts.They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port sideaft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the bridge superstructure arecombined. There is an ensign staff right aft.

5. Grammar Practice

I. There are twelve adjectives in this story. Underline them.I went for a long walk in the countryside yesterday. It was a hot day, and soon I was tired andthirsty. There was a small house by the side of the road, and I decided to ask for a glass of coldwater. I rang the bell and an old lady opened the big, wooden door. She looked kind and sheoffered me a glass of fresh juice. It tasted great!

II. Choose from the following adjectives to fill in the sentences below: hungry, new, terrible,expensive, sad, wonderful, Italian, fresh, difficult.(315) Gold rings are normally expensive.(316)...................................This food smells ! I love fish and chips.(317)......................It was a exam. I‘m sure I haven‘t passed.(318)...................................I‘ve just bought a sports car.(319)...............................................................I met my wife in Rome, but she isn‘t (320).......................He looks I don‘t think he likes his job.(321).........................Are you ? Shall I buy some sandwiches?(322)..............................................This orange juice tastes Is it ?

III. Look at these sentences. If you think the adjectives are in the wrong order, change the order.If you think the order is correct, put a tick (√).(323) She lost a gold, small ring at the disco yesterday night.(324) I have an old, Italian painting in my living room.(325) I‘m looking for my cotton, green shirt and my brown, leather shoes.(326) George has a Spanish, modern villa near the sea. He goes there every summer.(327) I live in an old, white house near the river. I‘ve got a black, large dog!(328) I had an interesting talk with a Polish, young student last week.(329) We are having lunch in a big, Japanese, new restaurant in the centre of town.(330) I left my books in a red, plastic bag on the bus. I was so stupid!

IV. Write the comparative form of these adjectives: cold, big, careful, expensive, good, fat,famous, new, modern, young, cheap, delicious, rich, long, hungry, nice, happy, difficult, old,beautiful, friendly, hot, bad, small, sad.

V. Put the words in brackets ( ) in the right order to make sentences.(331) (the world – Antarctica – coldest – is – place – the – in)(332) (city – the – Manchester – in England – is – friendliest)(333) (in New York – expensive – restaurant – The Manhattan – the – is – most)(334) (is – river – the world – the – The Nile – longest – in)(335) (town – most – in Spain – Granada – beautiful – is – the)(336) (painting – The Mona Lisa – the – famous – in – is – most – the world)(337) (the – Europe – mountain – in – highest – Mont Blanc – is)

VI. Use the words in brackets ( ) to write sentences. Use the + superlative, and the PresentPerfect + ever.(338) (It‘s/cold/place/I/visit) – It’s the coldest place I’ve ever visited.(339) (It‘s/big/shop/I/see)(340) (He‘s/rich/man/I/meet)(341) (It‘s/difficult/exam/I/do)(342) (It‘s/sad/film/I/see)(343) (She‘s/happy/person/I/meet)(344) (It‘s/modern/ flat/I/see)(345) (It‘s/hot/country/I/visit)(346) (It‘s/small/dog/I/see).

VII. Complete the sentences using the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets andthan.(347) I think that golf is more interesting than (interesting) tennis.(348)......................................This question is (easy) the last one.(349).............................................................I‘m a good player, but Eric is (good) me.(350)...........................................................The group‘s first record was (successful) their second record.(351)..............................................................We both played well, but he was (lucky) me.(352)...............................Your car is (powerful) mine.(353).....................................This computer is (useful) that one.

VIII. Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjective in brackets.(354) Anna is the youngest (young) person in her class.(355)...................................We stayed in (bad) hotel in the whole city.(356)......................................People say that it is (funny) film of the year.(357)............................What is (tall) building in the world?(358)......................................................Her teachers say that she is (good) student in the school.(359)..........................This is (expensive) camera in the shop.(360).........................................................Many people say that Venice is (beautiful) city in the world.

IX. Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the one above it. Use as +adjective/adverb + as.(361) Sweden is bigger than

Britain. Britain isn‘t as big as Sweden.

(362) The other students learn more quickly than me.I don‘t learn .................................. the other students.

3. You‘re very angry and I‘m angry also.I‘m ...................................... you.

4. The seats at the front are more expensive than the seats at the back.The seats at the back aren‘t ............................... the seats at the front.

5. Central Park in New York is bigger than Hyde Park in London.Hyde Park in London isn‘t ....................... Central Park in New York.

6. Her last film was very good and her new film is also very good.Her new film is ..................... her last film.

7. The other students work harder than him.He doesn‘t work ...................... the other students.

X. Join each pair of sentences in brackets ( ), using as much ...... as, or as many .... as.(363) (I‘ve got 50 books. Jack‘s got about

100.) I haven‘t got as many books as Jack.(364)...................................(You‘ve done a lot of work. I‘ve

done a lot of work also.) I‘ve done you.(365)...............................................(Alan earns a lot

of money. Sheila only earns a little.) Sheila doesn‘t earn ................................................ Alan.

(366)........................................(George has been to five countries. I‘ve also been to five countries.) I‘ve been to George.

(367).......................................(You‘ve had five jobs. I‘ve only had two.) I haven‘t had ............................................... you.

(368).................................(Tom has a lot of luggage. Jane has a lot of luggage too.) Lane has Tom.

(369)...........................................(Mary answered most of the questions. I only answered about half.) I didn‘t answer Mary.

(370).............................(Ruth spent $50.I also spent $50.) I spent Ruth.

XI. Choose the correct adjective in brackets ( ) to put in the gaps.(371) It was a terrible play and I was bored (bored/boring) from start to finish.(372)........................I‘m very (excited/exciting) because I‘m going to New York tomorrow.(373).....................Are you (surprised/surprising) or were you expecting this news?(374).....................................I‘m reading a very (interested/interesting) book at the moment.(375).............................I‘ve had a very (tired/tiring) day at work today and I want to go to bed.(376)......................................Most people were (surprised/surprising) that he won the championship.(377).....................I‘m (bored/boring). Let‘s go out for a cup of coffee somewhere.(378).........................Visit our (excited/exciting) new shop!(379)...............................................................His speech was very long and very

(bored/boring).

XII. Complete the sentences using too or enough and the words in brackets ( ).(380) I can‘t eat this soup because it‘s too hot (hot).(381) We couldn‘t buy the tickets because we didn‘t have enough money (money).(382) We didn‘t buy the car because it wasn‘t big enough (big).

(383).............................................................I couldn‘t see her because it was (dark).(384)................................................................................I can‘t decide what to do because I haven‘t got ............................................................. (information).(385).......................................................................You can‘t change the situation now. It‘s ....................................................................... (late).(386)................................Have you had (food), or would you like some more?(387)..........................................................................He did badly in the exam because he was ................................................................ (nervous).(388)......................................................Slow down! You‘re driving (fast).(389)................................................................................He shouldn‘t play in the team because he isn‘t ............................................................. (good).(390)...............................I haven‘t got (clothes). I must buy some more.12. Robert didn‘t go to work because he didn‘t feel ................ (well).(391).............................................................................I couldn‘t lift the suitcase because I wasn‘t ................................................................. (strong).(392)................................................................................We didn‘t go swimming because the water was ............................................................ (cold).

15. Mary couldn‘t post all the letters because she didn‘t have ............. (stamps).

6. SELF-TEST

I. Decide if the following statements are TRUE(T) or FALSE(F).Circle the correct answer.

1. When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard. T/F2. Fore and aft means from side to side. T/F3. Athwartships means along the ship. T/F4. The right side of the ship is called starboard side. T/F5. Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships. T/F6. A sailor looking to either side of the ship from amidships is facing

Inboard. T/F7. If something is very high, such as on a mast, it‘s aloft. T/F8. Something away from the wind is leeway. T/F9. If something moves in a lee direction, it goes close aboard. T/F10. The lifeboat is abaft the funnel. T/F

10pII. Give General English equivalents to the following terms used at sea.

Example: aft – at the after end of the shipAbaft; forward of; amidships; athwartships; fore and aft; port side; Starboard side; fore; right forward; right aft.

10pIII. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s).

In a modern tanker, the hull is divided up into a number of watertightcompartments by decks and steel bulkheads. At the---and---ends of the hull are the---peak tanks and the ---peak tanks. The engine room is situated at the ---end of the shipto leave more room for cargo. Between the engine room and the cargo space is the cofferdam. The cargo space is divided up into a number of tanks. --- the main deck is thesuperstructure. At the --- end is the forecastle. At the --- end the bridge superstructure andthe poop are combined.

8pIV. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position

(393) a beautiful table (wooden/round)………a beautiful round wooden table(394) an unusual ring (gold)……………………………………………………(395) a new pullover (nice)…………………………………………………….(396) an old house (beautiful)………………………………………………….(397) black gloves (leather)……………………………………………………(398) an American film (old)………………………………………………………(399) a long face (thin)……………………………………………………………..(400) a sunny day (lovely)………………………………………………………….(401) big clouds (black)…………………………………………………………….(402) A wide avenue (long)…………………………………………………………(403) A little village (old/ lovely)…………………………………………………..(404) An old painting (interesting/French)…………………………………………

13. An enormous umbrella (red/yellow)………………………………………….

12pV. Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (-est or the most…) or a comparative (-er

or most…)

(405) We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town. (cheap).(406) Our hotel was cheaper than all the others in the town. (cheap)(407) The United States is very large but canada is………….(large)(408) What‘s……………..river in the world? (long)(409) He was a bit depressed yesterday but he looks…….today.(happy)(410) It was an awful day. It was…….day in my life.(bad)(411) What is…..sport in your country ? (popular)(412) Everest is…….mountain in the world.It is ….than any other mountain.(high)(413) We had a great holiday. It was one of the….holidays we‘ve ever had. (enjoyable)(414) I prefer this car to the other one. It‘s………….(comfortable)(415) What‘s ……….way of getting from here to the station? (quick)(416) Mr and Mrs Brown have got three daughters……..is 14 years old. (old)

10p

7. Self-test Answer-key

(417) 1.T; 2.F; 3.F; 4.T; 5.T; 6.F; 7.T; 8.F; 9.F; 10.T.

(418) abaft=behindforward of=before/in front ofamidships=in the middle/centerathwartships=acrossfore and aft=alongport side=left sidestarboard=right sidefore=at/towards the front of the shipright forward=the extreme front end of the shipright aft=the extreme back end of the ship

III. at the fore and after endsfore peak tanks and the after peak tanksat the after endaboveat the fore endat the after end

IV 2.an unusual gold ring3.a nice new pullover 4.a beautiful old house 5.black leather gloves 6.an old American film 7.a long thin face

8.a lovely sunny day9.big black clouds10.a long wide avenue11.a lovely little old village12.an interesting old painting13.an enormous red and yellow umbrella

V. 3.larger4.the longest5.happier6.the worst7.the most popular8.the highest….higher9.most enjoyable10.more comfortable11.the quickest12.the oldest or the eldest

Unit 4.

PROPULSION, STEERING AND THE BRIDGE

1. Ships are pushed through the water by screws (propellers). This process is known aspropulsion, which means to be driven forward. A ship with one propeller is known as a single-screw ship. One with two propellers is known as a twin-screw ship. Some have four propellersand are known as four-screw ships. The screws are connected to the main propulsion engine by ashaft. The main propulsion engine, often called the main engine, provides a ship with power tomove. A shaft is a long cylinder that transmits power by rotation. The power for a ship‘s engine isusually from a turbine engine. This is a type of motor with blades that rotate inside and are movedby a steam, electric, diesel, diesel-electric, or nuclear source.

(419) A ship is steered by its rudder and screws. A rudder is a flat, vertical structure at the sternof the ship that moves from side to side causing the ship to change direction. One or more screwscan work separately or together with the rudder during a turn. If the rudder moves right, the shipturns right. If the rudder moves left, the ship turns left. Rudders are turned in the water bysteering engines, and the combination of equipment used to turn and power them is the steeringgear. The steering engines, located in the rear of the ship are controlled by the wheel. The wheel isfound on the bridge and is turned by the helmsman. This is the customary name for the sailor whohas the job of steering.

(420) The bridge, mentioned in the unit on ship structure, is the main point and nerve center ofany ship. All orders and commands come from there, while the ship is underway. The master andthe officer of the deck have their main places of duty on the bridge, which is also called the conn.The officer of the deck is the officer on the bridge who is in charge of the ship for a special periodof duty. This is also where the helm is found. Helm is another word for the wheel used to steer theship. One of the main tasks performed on the bridge is navigation. This is finding the position,course (direction), and distance travelled. Because of this, the equipment on the bridge includesthe binnacle, which holds the magnetic compass giving the magnetic direction. There is also agyro-repeater, connected to the gyrocompass below the main deck, to give readings on truedirection. The gyrocompass operates by means of gyroscopes, which are wheels free to spin, freeto separately rotate about one or both of two axes. There is also a radar repeater which givesreadings from the ship‘s radar system to locate objects outside of the ship. Communicationsequipment on the bridge includes an engine order telegraph for transmitting engine orders to theengineers. There are also telephones, and intercommunication sets commonly called squawkboxes. These are used for communication to various parts of the ship. There is also a fathometer,which measures the depth of the water. Around the enclosed bridge there is usually an openplatform from which lookouts(observers) and the officer of the deck may determine the positionof other ships and objects of interest.

2. On-board communication phrases 2.1. Standard wheel orders

All wheel orders given should be repeated by the helmsman and the officer of the watchshould ensure that they are carried out correctly and immediately. All wheel orders should be helduntil countermanded. The helmsman should report immediately if the vessel does not answer thewheel.

ORDER MEANING(421) Midships Rudder to be held in the fore and aft position = mij loc cîrma(422) Port five 5 °of port rudder to be held

= babord cinci(423) Port ten 10° of port rudder to be held = babord zece(424) Port fifteen 15 ° of port rudder to be held = babord cincisprezece(425) Port twenty 20° of port rudder to be held = babord douăzeci(426) Port twenty-five 25° of port rudder to be held = babord douăzeci şi cinci(427) Hard-a-port Rudder to be held fully over to port= banda stînga(428) Starboard five 5 ° of starboard rudder to be held = tribord cinci(429) Starboard ten 10° of starboard rudder to be held = tribord zece10.Starboard fifteen 15 ° of starboard rudder to be held = tribord cincisprezece11.Starboard twenty 20° of starboard rudder to be held = tribord douăzeci

12.Starboard twenty-five25°of starboard rudder to be held = tribord douăzeci şi cinci13.Hard-a-starboard Rudder to be held fully over to starboard= banda dreapta14.Ease to five Reduce amount of rudder to 5°and hold = redu la cinci

15.Ease to ten Reduce amount of rudder to 10°and hold = redu la zece16.Ease to fifteen Reduce amount of rudder to 15°and hold = redu la cincisprezece17.Ease to twenty Reduce amount of rudder to 20°and hold = redu la douăzeci18.Steady Reduce swing as rapidly as possible. =drept aşa19.Steady as she goes Steer a steady course on the compass

heading indicated at the time of the order=ţine-o drept aşa 20.Keep the buoy/mark/beacon...on port side = ţine geamandura/semnul/baliza..în babord 21.Keep the buoy/mark/beacon on starboard side = ţine geamandura/semnul/baliza în tribord 22.Report if she does not answer the wheel =raportează dacă nu răspunde la cîrmă

When the officer of the watch requires a course to be steered by compass, the direction inwhich he wants the wheel turned should be stated followed by each numeral being saidseparately, including zero, for example:

ORDER COURSE TO BE STEERED

"Port, steer one eight two"(Babord,guvernează unu opt doi) 182°"Starboard, steer zero eight two"(Tribord, guvernează zero opt doi)082° "Port, steer three zero five"(Babord, guvernează trei zero cinci) 305°

On receipt of an order to steer, for example, 182°, the helmsman should repeat it andbring the vessel round steadily to the course ordered. When the vessel is steady on the courseordered the helmsman is to call out:

"Steady on one eight two"(Stabil pe unu opt doi) The person giving the order should acknowledge the helmsman‘s reply. If it is desired to steer on a selected mark the helmsman should be ordered to:

"Steer on..buoy../mark/.. .beacon".(Guverneaza pe.. .geamandura/... semnul/..baliza)

2.2. Standard engine orders

Any engine order given should be repeated by the person operating the bridge telegraph and the officer of the watch should ensure the order is carried out correctly and immediately.

ORDER

(430) Full ahead = Toată (viteza) înainte(431) Half ahead = Jumătate (viteză) înainte(432) Slow ahead = Incet înainte(433) Dead slow ahead =Foarte încet înainte(434) Stop engine(s) = Stop maşina(435) Dead slow astern = Foarte încet înapoi(436) Slow astern = încet înapoi(437) Half astern = jumăte(viteza) înapoi(438) Full astern = Toată (viteza) înapoi(439) Emergency full ahead = Toată viteza înainte(de urgenta)(440) Emergency full astern = Toata viteza înapoi (de urgenta)(441) Stand-by engine = Maşina pe atentiune(442) Finished with engines = Liber la maşină'

In vessels fitted with twin propellers, the word ―both‘ should be added to all orders affecting both shafts, e.g. ―Full ahead both , and ―Slow astern both , except that the words ―Stop all ‖ ‖

engines‖

should be used, when appropriate. When required to manoeuvre twin propellers independently,this should be indicated, i.e. "Full ahead starboard", "Half astern port", etc.

Where bow thrusters are used, the following orders are used:

14.Bow thrust full (half) to port = Propulsor prova, toată/jumătate (viteza)babord15.Bow thrust full ( half) to starboard=Propulsor prova, toată/jumătate(viteza)tribord16.Stern thrust full ( half) to port =Propulsor pupa, toată/jumătate(viteza)babord17.Stern thrust full (half) to starboard=Propulsor pupa, toată/jumătate(viteza)tribord18. Bow (stern) thrust stop = propulsor prova/pupa, stop.

3. GRAMMAR.The Adverb

Adverbs are words that modify a word, a phrase or a whole sentence. Some adverbs have theirown form which is not related to other words: always, soon, very etc. Many adverbs are formedfrom adjectives by adding -ly e.g. quick - quickly etc. There are some spelling rules for adverbsformed with -ly:

y is changed into i: easy - easily;le after consonant is changed into ly: probable - probably;ally must be added after -ic: automatic - automatically.

Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives: fast, long, early etc. I had an early night. (adjective) I went to bed early. (adverb)

Sometimes the adverb can appear with or without -ly, and the most common adverbs of this type are: cheap/cheaply, loud/loudly, quick/quickly, slow/slowly, direct/directly, tight/tightly, fair/fairly. However the form without -ly is more informal. Do you have to talk so loud/loudly?

There are some pairs of adverbs with different meanings: hard - hardly, near - nearly, late-lately, high - highly, deep - deeply, free - freely, most - mostly.You‘ve worked hard. I‘ve got hardly any money (almost no).I wake up late. I haven‘t heard from him lately (recently).There is a bank near. We‘ve nearly finished (almost).Submarines can go very deep. He was deeply offended (serious).If you win, you can travel free. Animals can‘t move freely on board (uncontrolled).The plane flew high. The theory is highly controversial (very).This leg hurts the m ost. We m ostly stay in the engine room (usually).

Some time adverbs are related to nouns and they can be both adjectives and adverbs: day -daily, hour - hourly, week - weekly, year - yearly: It‘s a monthly magazine (adjective). It comes out monthly (adverb). There are several types of adverbs: adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of place, adverbs of manner, adverbs of degree, linking adverbs, sentence adverbs, negative adverbs.

3.1. Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner give more information about the way in which an event or action takesplace. They modify verbs and most of them are formed from adjectives. They are usually placedafter the verb or after the object.

He speaks English fluently.He smelled the fuel suspiciously. Here is a list of the most common adverbs

describing the way in which something is done.

abruptly economically peacefully steadilyaccurately effectively peculiarly steeplyawkwardly efficiently perfectly stifflybadly evenly plainly strangelybeautifully explicitly pleasantly subtlybrightly faintly politely superblybrilliantly faithfully poorly swiftlybriskly fiercely professionally systematicallycarefully finely properly tenderlycarelessly firmly quietly thicklycasually fluently rapidly thinlycheaply formally readily thoroughlyclearly frankly richly thoughtfullyclosely freely rigidly tightlyclumsily gently roughly truthfullycomfortably gracefully ruthlessly uncomfortablyconsistently hastily securely urgentlyconveniently heavily sensibly vaguelycorrectly honestly sharply vigorouslydangerously hurriedly silently violentlydelicately intently simply vividlydifferently meticulously smoothly voluntarilydiscreetly neatly softly warmlydistinctly nicely solidly widelydramatically oddly specifically willinglyeasily patiently splendidly wonderfully

3.2. Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree are used when we want to give more information about the extent of anaction or the degree to which an action is performed. They can modify an adjective, an adverb ora verb. They are usually placed before the word they modify:

I had almost forgotten about maintenance.A change of one word can radically alter the meaning of the statement.I‘m so tired.I saw him quite recently.

Enough follows the adjective or adverb: He didn‘t work quickly enough.

Some common adverbs of degree are:

- full degree: completely, totally, absolutely, entirely, quite;- large degree: very, extremely, really, awfully, terribly;- medium degree: rather, fairly, quite, pretty, somewhat;- small degree: a little, a bit, slightly;- negative: hardly, scarcely;- others: so, as, too, more, most, less, least.

We use so and such for emphasis. So is used with adjectives and adverbs. Such a is used withadjective + singular noun. Such/so many/so few are used with plural nouns. Such/so much/solittle are used with uncountable nouns:

The meeting finished so quickly.It was such a quick meeting.You have so many friendly colleagues.It was such good advice.

3.3. Adverbs of place

Adverbs of place give information about place, position, destination and direction. They can be placed after the verb e.g. He lives abroad; after an object e.g. I looked for it everywhere; at the beginning of the sentence e.g. Here it comes. Here is a list of words that are used as adverbs to indicate position.

abroad downstream inland out of doors underwaterahead downtown midway overhead upstairsaloft downwind nearby overseas upstreamashore eastward next door southward uptownaway halfway northward there upwindclose to here offshore underfoot westwarddownstairs indoors outdoors underground

Some adverbs indicate destination or direction in relation to a particular position of the person or thing you are talking about: ahead, along, back, backward, forward, left, on, right, sideways etc. Other adverbs can indicate movement:

- in different directions: back and forth, backwards and forwards, from side to side, in and out, round and round, to and fro, up and down;

- away from someone or something: aside, away, off, out, outward;- across or past something: across, by, over, overhead, past, round, through.

3.4. Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time give information about the duration or the moment an action takes place. Themost common adverbs of time are: afterwards, before, eventually, immediately, lately, now,recently, since, soon, then, today, tomorrow, yet. They can be placed either in end position orinitial position.

The office is closed for two weeks.Yesterday the main generator failed.

Still is placed after the verb be but before other verbs:

He is still in the engine room.He still doesn’t understand. Most adverbs of time are used with certain verb tenses and

they are going to be mentioned when discussing about tenses.

3.5. Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency indicate approximately how many times something happens. Theirposition in the sentence is different according to the adverb and the meaning, however they canbe placed in mid position, at the beginning or at the end.

She never goes abroad.Normally I tip taxi-drivers.I go on long trips sometimes.

Here is a list of adverbs and adverbial expressions:

again and again ever never regularlya lot frequently normally repeatedlyall the time from time to time occasionally seldomalways hardly ever often sometimesconstantly infrequently once sporadicallycontinually intermittently periodically twicecontinuously much rarely usually

Adverbs like: hardly ever, rarely, scarcely ever can be placed at the beginning of a sentence, but inversion of the following main verb then becomes necessary: Hardly ever did they manage to meet unobserved.

3.6. Sentence adverbs

Sentence adverbs (truth or comment adverbs) modify the whole sentence/clause and normallyexpress the speaker‘s opinion. Some sentence adverbs express degrees of certainty: actually,apparently, certainly, clearly, definitely, evidently, obviously, perhaps, possibly,presumably, probably, surely, undoubtedly. They can be placed after be, before simple tensesof the other verbs, after the first auxiliary in a compound verb, at the beginning or at the end of asentence.

He is obviously intelligent.They certainly work hard.Surely you could pay $ 2,000?

Other sentence adverbs are: admittedly, fortunately, frankly, honestly, luckily, naturally, officially, unfortunately, unluckily etc. They are usually placed in initial position though the end position is also possible. They are normally separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Many of them can also be adverbs of manner: Honestly, he didn‘t get the money.

3.7. Linking adverbs

A linking adverb relates to the previous clause or sentence. Most often it goes in front positionbut it can go in mid or end position. The linking adverbs are: also, as a result, as well,

consequently, furthermore, however, instead, in addition, likewise, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, therefore, too:

He was forced to work to support himself. However, he still found time to review for hisexams.

4. Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions relating to propulsion and steering.

(443) Ships are pushed through the water by propellers. What‘s another word for propellers?(444) What is the action of being driven forward called?(445) What is a ship with one propeller called?(446) What is a ship with two propellers called?(447) What is a ship with four propellers called?(448) Which engine drives the ship?(449) What is a turbine engine?(450) How are main engines powered?(451) What is the flat, vertical structure at the stern that causes a ship to turn?(452) What is the source of power to turn rudders?(453) What are the motors and control equipment used to turn and power the rudder called?(454) What controls the steering engines?(455) Who turns the wheel?

II. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s)

(456) Another word for propellers is…………………………………….(457) The process of being driven forward is called……………………..(458) A ship with one propeller is a………….. ………………….ship.(459) A ship with two propellers is a ……….. ………………….ship.(460) A ship with four propellers is a………… ………………….ship.(461) The screws are connected to the…… ……. …..by a……………(462) An engine with blades that rotate inside is called a………engine.(463) Modern ships are powered by …,…,…,…………………………(464) A ship is steered by its………………………..and screws.(465) The power for a rudder is provided by its…………. ……………(466) The combination of equipment used to turn and power a ship is called its…. …..(467) The steering engines are controlled by the…. which is turned by a sailor known as

the………..

III. Answer the following questions relating to the Bridge.

(468) What do we say about a ship when it‘s free to move in the water?(469) What is another word for the bridge of a ship?(470) What is another word for the wheel used to steer a ship?(471) What is the science of finding the position, course, and distance travelled by a ship

called?(472) What is the course of a ship?(473) What is a binnacle?

(474) What is a gyrocompass?(475) What is a gyro-repeater?(476) What is the wheel within a gyrocompass called?(477) What is an engine order telegraph?(478) What is another word for intercommunication sets?(479) What is a fathometer?(480) What is a radar repeater?(481) What is a platform?(482) What is a lookout?

IV. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s)

(483) The course of a ship is its…………………………………………..(484) The magnetic compass is housed in the…………………………….(485) A gyrocompass is used to determine………………………………..(486) Gyrocompasses contain……………………………………………..(487) The gyrocompass reading is seen on the bridge on the……………..(488) Intercommunication sets are commonly called……………………..(489) The radar reading is seen on the bridge on the………………………(490) A fathometre measures the……of the water.(491) A raised floor around the bridge used for observation is a…………..(492) A seaman who observes the sea from the bridge is called the……….

V. Give Romanian equivalents to the following standard wheel orders.

Midships; port twenty; hard-a-port; starboard ten; ease to five; steady; Steady as she goes; keep the buoy/mark/beacon…on port side

VI. Give English equivalents to the following standard engine orders.

Toată viteza înainte; încet înainte; foarte încet înapoi; jumătate înapoi;Toata inapoi; toata viteza inapoi (de urgenta); liber la masina; propulsor prova jumătatebabord

5. Grammar Practice

I. Rewrite these sentences using an adverb instead of an adjective.

(493) Peter is a bad tennis player. Peter plays tennis badly.(494) He‘s a dangerous driver. He drives (495) She‘s a fast swimmer.. She swims (496) Martin is a good cook. . (497) I‘m a slow writer......... (498) She‘s a wonderful dancer(499) Sheila is a hard worker.. (500) They aren‘t quick learners. .

11. Complete the sentences. Put in the adverb form of the adjective in brackets ( ).

1. She read the message quickly (quick).

(501).........................................Read the instructions (careful).(502).......................................He looked at her (angry), but he didn‘t say anything.(503)..................................................She passed all her exams (easy).(504).........................Iran as (fast) as I could.(505).....................................................He thinks that he did the test (bad) and that he‘ll fail.(506)...............................................I‘ve been studying very (hard) recently.(507)....................................She was working (busy) when I arrived.(508)......................................She sang the song (beautiful)(509)..................................He was playing (happy) when I came into the room.(510)..........................................He was concentrating (hard) on his work.(511).................................................Have I filled this form in (correct)?(512)............................................................I wasn‘t in a hurry, so I walked (slow) through the park.(513)....................................I closed the door (quiet) when left.

III. Complete the dialogues by putting a suitable adverb into the gaps. Use an adjectivefrom the following ones: slow, fast, hard, good (x2), easy, bad.

(514) A: Were the questions difficult? B: No, I answered them easily.

(515).....................................................A: Does she speak English ?B: No, she only knows a few words of English.

3. A: Hurry up! I‘m waiting!B: Just a minute. I‘m coming as ..................... as I can.

4. A: Did you lose at tennis again?B: Yes, I played ...................... and I lost.

5. A: Have you been working ................ today?B: No, I‘ve done nothing all day!

6. A: Have you finished that book yet?B: No, I always read very .................. It takes me a long time to finish a book.

7. A: Is he a bad student?B: No, he does all his work very .....................

IV. Put in the comparative adverb form of the adjective in brackets.

(516) You must do your work more carefully (careful) in future.(517).....................................................He has run the 100 metres (fast) than any other athlete in the world this year.(518)...................................................Everyone else did the test (good) than me.4 You can travel ..................... (cheap) at certain times of the year.(519).......................He plays (confident) than he did in the past.(520)............................................................................I‘m sorry I‘ve made so many mistakes. I‘ll try ................................................................................ (hard) in future.(521)............................................You will be able to sit (comfortable) in this chair.

V. Complete these sentences using really or quite.

(522) The film was really good. I enjoyed it a lot.

(523)...................It‘s cold outside, but not very cold.(524).............................................................It isn‘t a wonderful book, but it‘s good.(525).................................The tickets were expensive – they cost much more than I expected.(526).....................................The programme is popular in my country; millions of people watch it.

(527)...............He‘s good at his job, but sometimes makes bad mistakes.(528).............................The meal was nice, but it wasn‘t very good.(529)............It‘s dangerous to drive fast in such terrible weather conditions.(530)..........................................................................I‘m not a very good tennis player, but I am ............................................................... good.(531).........................They‘re all intelligent students, and they will all pass their exams easily.(532)..........................................................The company that I work for is big, but it‘s not enormous.

VI. Put the words in brackets ( ) in the right place in these sentences

1. I work late at the office.(often) I often work late at the office.

(533)....................................You must lock the front door when you leave. (always)

(534)...................................Steve and Jill play golf. (twicea month) ............................

(535)..................................I eat a sandwich for lunch. (usually) ...........................

(536)...............................I go to jazz concerts at the weekend. (sometimes) ..................

(537)...................................My teacher gives me a lot of homework. (every day) ...........................................

(538)...................................We see our Mexican friends. (hardly ever) .....................

(539)...................................They go to Morocco for their holidays. (often)

(540)...................................Bill and Marie go to the theatre. (four times a year) ......................

10. They are at home in the evening.(rarely) ...............................

VII. Complete the sentences by choosing an ending from the following ones:

- the road carefully,- their homework well,- the piano badly,- his car fast,- her breakfast slowly,- Arabic perfectly,- an hour late

(541).......................................He drives

(542).......................................She plays (543).......................................Maria ate (544).......................................They speak (545).......................................You must always cross (546).......................................They all did (547).......................................The plane arrived

Miscellaneous

I. In these dialogues underline the adjectives and circle the adverbs

1. A: I think he‘s a good worker. What do you think?B: I‘m not sure. He works carefully, but he makes some bad mistakes.

(548) A: He‘s a wonderful skier. He skis quickly and beautifully. B: In my opinion, he skis dangerously. He‘s a stupid skier.

(549) A: He‘s a rich and powerful man. He lives expensively.B: Yes, but he spends money carefully. He buys valuable objects.

(550) A: Paul, Jane, Diana and Mark live in a big, old house in Scotland. They live happily together. B: I know they are happy, but the house is expensive and so they live cheaply

(551) A: This bread tastes awful. Did you cook it correctly?B: If you think it‘s horrible, why are you eating it so hungrily?

6. A: She‘s very young, but she sings and dances beautifully.B: She‘s a wonderful singer, but she dances badly in my opinion.

II. Put in the adjective or adverb in brackets ( ).

(552) The train was very slow (slow/slowly) and I arrived late.(553).............................................................................................The journey took a long time because the train went very ......................................................... (slow/slowly).(554).....................................Mrs. Green went (quick/quickly) back to her office.4. I‘m afraid I can‘t give you an ............... (immediate/immediately) answer; I need to thinkabout it first.(555)...............................................................................The work that the builders did for us was very ............................................................................... (bad/badly).(556)....................................................................The builders did the work for us very (bad/badly)(557)............................................She organized the party (good/well), and everybody enjoyed it.(558)...................................................................Everybody said that the party was very (good/well).(559)...........................She wrote a (polite/politely) letter asking the company to give her the money back.10. She wrote the company and asked them .............. (polite/politely) to give her the money back.

6. SELF-TEST

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s).

(560) Ships are pushed through the water by……..(561) A ship with one propeller is known as a…….(562) The screws are connected to the main propulsion engine by a …….(563) The power for a ship‘s engine is usually from a ….engine.(564) A ship is steered by its……..and screws.(565) Rudders are turned in the water by…. …..(566) The combination of equipment used to turn and power the steering engines is

the… ….

(567) The steering engines, located in the rear of the ship are controlled by the….(568) The wheel is found on the bridge and is turned by the …….(569) Another word for propeller is………

10p

II. Give Romanian equivalents to the English maritime terms:

Conn; course; binnacle; fathometer; gyrocompass; lookout; underway; gyro-repeater; OOD; engine order telegraph

10p

III. Answer the following questions and statements with complete sentences.

(570) What does the term ―the ship is underway mean?‖(571) What is a helm?(572) What is navigation?(573) What is the conn of the ship?(574) What is the course of a ship?

5pIV. Complete the following sentences with appropriate terms.

(575) The magnetic compass is housed in the…………………(576) A gyrocompass is used to determine………………….(577) Gyrocompasses contain…………………………………..(578) Another word for the ship‘s direction is………………(579) A fathometer measures the…..of the water.

5p

V. Put in the right word.

(580) The driver of the car was…..injured(serious/seriously}(581) The driver of the car had ….injuries (serious/seriously)(582) I think you behaved very…(selfish/selfishly)(583) Rose is….upset about losing her job (terrible/terribly)(584) There was a …change in the weather (sudden/suddenly)(585) Everybody at the party was….dressed (colourful/colourfully)(586) Linda likes wearing…clothes (colourful/colourfully)(587) He says he didn‘t do well at school because he was….taught (bad/badly)(588) She fell and hurt herself quite….(bad/badly)(589) He looked at me…when I interrupted him (angry/angrily)

10p

VI.Complete each sentence using a word from the list.

Careful(ly); complete(ly); continuous(ly); financial(ly);fluent(ly) Happy/happily; nervous(ly); perfect(ly); quick(ly); special(ly)

(590) Our holiday was too short. The time passed very…….(591) Tom doesn‘t take risks when he‘s driving. He‘s always……….(592) Sue works…..She never seems to stop.(593) Alice and Stan are very….. married.(594) Monica‘s English is very……although she makes a lot of mistakes.

(595) I cooked this meal….for you, so I hope you like it.(596) Everything was very quiet. There was….silence.(597) I tried on the shoes and they fitted me….(598) Do you usually feel…..before examination.(599) I‘d like to buy a car but it‘s……impossible at the moment.

10p

7. Self-test-Answer-key

I.(600) screws(propellers)(601) single-screw ship(602) shaft(603) turbine(604) shaft(605) steering engines(606) steering gear(607) wheel(608) helmsman(609) screw

II.

Punte de comandă; drum; habitaclu; sondă ultrason; girocompas; om de veghe/observator; in marş; repetitor girocompas; ofiţer de cart; telegraf de maşină.

III.

(610) Free to move in water(611) A helm is a wheel used for steering the ship(612) The science of finding the position, course and distance travelled by a ship(613) The conn of a ship is the bridge from where the ship is control.(614) A course of a ship is its direction.

IV.

(615) binnacle(616) true direction(617) gyroscope(618) ship‘s course(619) depth

V.

(620) seriously(621) serious(622) selfishly(623) terribly(624) sudden(625) colourfully(626) colourful(627) badly(628) badly(629) angrily

VI.(630) quickly(631) careful(632) continuously(633) happily(634) fluent(635) specially(636) complete(637) perfectly(638) nervous(639) financially

Unit 5.

NAVAL EQUIPMENT: GROUND TACKLE

1.Ground tackle is the term used to include all equipment used for mooring andanchoring ships. Mooring means to tie or make fast a boat or ship to the land or a mooring buoy.

Anchoring means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal object on the end of arope. Ground tackle includes the anchors, chains, shackles, and stoppers necessary for theseoperations.

This is a motor that turns a shaft on which is mounted a wildcat or chain grab, which isthe wheel that takes up the chain. This equipment is located in the windlass room. Below thewindlass room is the chain locker where the chain is kept. The chain travels below through ahawsepipe

An anchor is hoisted (raised) and lowered by a windlass.

When a ship is anchored, the chain is held with one to three stoppers consisting of a pelican hookand a turnbuckle in a short length of chain. The stopper helps the chain to hold. A pelican hook isa hinged hook held in place by a ring. The turnbuckle can be set to make the stopper tight orloose.

Among the deck fittings (tools and machinery found on the deck) are capstans andwinches. The capstan is a powered item of equipment used for handling mooring lines (ropes andchains) and for other functions requiring strong power. Winches are pulling machines, mainlyused to handle cargo which consists of supplies and materials being transported.

1.1.VOCABULARYWords and phrases

Ground tackle = instalatie de ancorare Mooring = ancorare, legare'la cheu, acostare To make fast = a volta, a lega o nava la cheu, a amara Mooring buoy = geamandură de legare Chain = lanţ de ancoră, a lega cu lanţShackle = cheie de lanţ (unitate de lungime pentru lanţul de ancoră); cheie de împreunare/tachelaj Stopper = stopa; a bloca, a zăvorî Windlass = vinci de ancoră Wildcat = barbotin Chain grab = barbotinChain locker = puţ al lanţului de ancoră; magazie de lanţuri Windlass room = compartment al vinciului de ancoră Hawsepipe = manşon al nării de ancoră Pelican hook = cîrlig cu cioc de papagal Turnbuckle = întinzător metalic/cufilet Deck fittings = instalaţii/mecanisme de punte Winch= vinci Capstan = cabestanMooring lines = parîme de acostare/legare, legatură Cargo = marfă

2. DECK FITTINGS

Deck fittings include a number of devices that lines or wires can be belayed (attached orsecured) to. Deck fittings are attached to ships‘ decks and bulkheads, or to piers (landing places),depending on their functions.

Figure 1 shows a cleat. Cleats are found throughout ships on decks and bulkheads, and on piers. On modern ships, they are made of metal, usually steel. Wires and lines used for many purposes are belayed to them.

Figure 1. – Cleat Figure 2. – Bitts

Figure 2 shows a pair of bitts. These are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel. Each pair is mounted on a footing (base). The footing is attached to the deck by bolts, or by welding (united metals by heat). The shipboard (on the ship) ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts.

Figures 3, 4,and 5 show a series of chocks. Chocks are heavy fittings with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led. Mooring lines are run from bitts on deck through chocks to the pier. There are three types. Figure 3 shows an open chock, which is open at the top. Figure 4 is of a closed chock .It is closed by metal at the top. Figure 5 is a roller chock. Roller chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction.

Figure 4 – Closed chock

Figure 5 - Roller chock

Figure 6 is of a bollard. This is a strong fitting which is found on piers. The mooring lines from the ship are attached to it.

Figure 7 shows a padeye. Padeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads. They are used for attachments which will require great strength such as towing (ship pulling) operations. They are also used with chain stoppers, and cargo blocks and tackles.

A seaman needs to be able to recognize and know the functions of all of these fittings. Much of his work will involve them.

EMI,

Figure 6. – Bollard Figure 7. – Padeye

2.1. VOCABULARY

deck fittings = instalaţii/mecanisme de punteto belay = a lua volta (la tachet saucavilă); a amarapier = mol, dig spargevalcleat = tachet, panăbitt = bintă, baba de lemn; bintă de lanţfooting = suportwelding = sudurăshipboard = la bordul naveichock = ureche deghidare; nară de parâmă; cavalet debarcă; şpraiţ ( de fixare a încărcăturii);tac;pană;colţar scurt de stringheropen chock = ureche de ghidare deschisăclosed chock = ureche de ghidare închisăroller chock = ureche de ghidare cu turnichet/ şomar (la barcă)bollard = baba de cheu, bolardpadeye = placă cu ochitowing = remorcare

block = macara ( scripete )tackle = greement; palanc;tachelaj

3. GRAMMAR. Present Simple and Continuous

In thissection we aregoing to talk abouttenses usuallyreferred to as"present" ingrammars andreference books,the present simpleand the presentcontinuous. Thesetenses arediscussed in theirrelation to presenttime. Anotherform of presenttense is thepresent emphaticand is important tomake thedistinctionbetween this andthe normal form ofthe present simple.

Presentsimple- full form: Iwalk; negativeform: I do notwalk; questionform: Do you walkto school?/ Don‘tyou walk toschool?; tagquestion: Youwalk to school,don‘t you?/ Youdon‘t walk toschool, do you?

Meaning and function- this tense is a timeless tense for actions which are always, repeatedly, or generally true, or actions encapsulated in a single instant (with no referenceto past or future). This tense is used to denote truths:

- Habitual truth: He smokes forty cigarettes a day.- Eternal truth: Jesus lives/ The Koran says...- Recurrent truth: The sun rises in the east.- Permanent human truth: I like sweets.- General truth: English people drink a lot of tea.- Mathematical and scientific truth: Two and two make four. /Water boils at 100C.

It is used for giving instructions, directions, demonstrations: (often with the impersonal you): (You) beat the eggs and then

(you) add the flour./(You) turn to the left and walk straight ahead. It isused as a narrative device for dramatic effectin certain situations:

- In commentaries: He passes the ball to Clark, aims and scores.- In headlines and captions: Putin meets G. Bush

In describing feelings and senses (sudden ones): I feel sick (suddenly)/ I hear bells.With a future time marker the tense gives a timetable future usually for schedules:My bus leaves at 3.00 p.m.It is used after when to form a time clause: When I get home , I‘ll make tea.Habitual present tense with adverbs of frequency (always, sometimes, often, never, usually): Theynever smoke when they are aboard ship./ He always sings when he takes a shower.

Present continuous- full form: I‘m looking; negative form: I am not looking; question form: Areyou looking?/Aren‘t you looking?; tag question: You are looking, aren‘t you?/ Aren‘t youlooking, are you?/ I‘m looking, aren‘t I?Stative and dynamic verbs- some verbs rarely take the present continuous form at all: these areverbs that describe a state of affairs beyond the person‘s immediate active control (If someone isa man, has a car, knows French, hears music, or like apples-there is little he can do to change thisat the moment). These verbs are often called stative verbs, as distinct from dynamic ones, wherethe person is actively doing something. Even verbs which are usually stative, can take the presentcontinuous, but they mean something different. The most common stative verbs are the following:

- To be- rarely occurs in the present continuous form except with adjectives of behaviour: You are being silly (suggests a temporary and deliberate action)

- To have- I’m having a bath/a drink (it implies present enjoyment or experience)- Verbs describing involuntary sensations (smell, hear, see)- are usually in the present simple,

but they also take the present continuous for particular effect:I‘m seeing him to the station (change of meaning); I‘m smelling roses (pretence). Meaning and function:

(640) Temporary action- which began before the time of speaking, is continuous across it, and is not yet complete: I‘m walking at this moment.

(641) Temporary habit- not necessarily engaged in at the moment of speech, but temporarily contracted for: I‘m watering his plants while he is away.

(642) Regrettable habit(always): I‘m always losing my keys (the speaker is constantly in a state of having lost the keys).

(643) Future action- for plans and arrangements: I‘m picking her up at 6.00, we‘re leaving tomorrow.

Present emphatic- used to express contradiction, surprise or insistence and rely on stress andintonation for their function. It is created as the ordinary tense, with the addition of stress on theauxiliaries.

Meaning and function(644) To express reassurement of reaffirmation that action occurs: I do turn off the

lights./ He does live here.(645) To express contradiction: You do break the speed limit./ I do like icecream.(646) To express enthusiasm, strong feeling: I do hope I can come./ I do love Chopin./

I do want to see that film.(647) To express enthusiastic reinforcement: I do like your hat.(648) To express invitation: Do you play chess?/ I do want to see that film.

4. Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.(649) What is ground tackle?(650) What is mooring?3 What is anchoring?

(651) What does make fast mean?(652) What is a mooring buoy?(653) What does hoist mean?(654) What is a windlass?(655) What is a chain grab?(656) What is a windlass room?(657) What is a wildcat?(658) What is a chain locker?(659) What is a hawsepipe?(660) What are deck fittings?(661) What is a capstan?(662) What are mooring lines?(663) What are winches?

II.Complete the following sentences by filling in the blank spaces with the appropriate term(s):

(664) The equipment known as _______ ______ is used for mooring and anchoring ships.(665) Tying a ship to the land or a buoy is known as __________________________(666) Keeping a ship in place at sea with a weight and chain is _________________(667) Another word for tying is to ________________________________________(668) A heavy weight at the end of a chain to keep a ship in place is called an _______(669) A series of metal rings joined together form a ___________________________(670) A U-shaped metal ring for connecting tackle is a _________________________(671) A short length of rope or chain used for holding a line or chain is a __________ -(672) To raise or lift is to _______________________________________________(673) A motor that pulls in an anchor is a ___________________________________(674) A wheel on the windlass that takes the anchor chain up is the _______________(675) Another word for wildcat is ________________________________________(676) The compartment in which the windlass is located is the __________________(677) The anchor chain is kept in the ______________________________________(678) The part of a stopper consisting of a hinged hook held in place by a ring is called

a ________________________________________________________(679) The opening through which the anchor chain moves is the ________________(680) The metal device used to make a stopper tight or loose is the _______________(681) Tools and machinery found on the deck are known as _____________________(682) The powered equipment used to handle mooring lines is the _______________(683) Ropes and chains used to moor a ship are called _______________________(684) Pulling machines used to handle cargo are _____________________________

III. Answer the following questions:

(685) What are deck fittings?(686) What does belay mean?(687) What does shipboard mean?(688) What is welding?(689) What is towing?(690) What devices do deck fittings include?

(691) How would you say that the sailor attached a line to a cleat?(692) What would you call the end of mooring line that is on a ship?

IV. Identify the following objects.

A is

a___________________________________________________________B is an____________________________________________________________C is a_____________________________________________________________D is a____________________________________________________________E is a_____________________________________________________________F is a_____________________________________________________________G is a_____________________________________________________________

5. Grammar Practice

Exercise I. Complete the sentences. Use am/ is/ are + one of these verbs building

coming cooking playing standing studying swimming

(693) Listen! Pat is playing the piano.

(694)....................They a new hotel downtown3 Look! Somebody................... in the river.4."You...................on my foot". "Oh I'm sorry".

5.Hurry up! The bus..................6."Where are you Sam?" "In the kitchen .1................ dinner."

7.(on the phone) " Hello. Can I speak to Ann please?" ― She..............for an exam right now. Canshe call you back later?"

Exercise II. What’s happening right now? Write true sentences.

1. (I/ wash/ my hair). I’m not washing my hair.2. (it / snow)3. (I / sit / on a chair)4. (I / eat)5. (it / rain )6. (I / do /this exercise).7. (I / listen / to the radio)8. (the sun / shine)9. (I /wear / shoes )

10.(I / read / a newspaper)

Exercise III. Write positive or negative short answers (Yes, I am / No, it isn’t, etc.)

(695) Are you watching TV? No, I’m not.(696) Are you wearing shoes?(697) Are you wearing a hat?(698) Is it raining?(699) Are you eating something?(700) Are you feeling all right?(701) Is the sun shining?(702) Is your teacher watching you?

Exercise IV. Write the he / she / it form of these verb:

1. read …..reads(703) repair…….(704) watch……….(705) listen………..(706) love……….(707) have……….(708) push……….(709) do……….(710) think……….(711) kiss……..(712) buy……….(713) go…..

Exercise V. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of these verbs.

boil close cost cost drink go have have like meet open speak teachwash

(714) She‘s very smart. She speaks four languages.

(715) Steve …………. four cups of coffee a day .

(716) We usually…………. Dinner at 7 o‘ clock.(717) I …………..movies. I often ……………. to the movies with friends.(718) Water …………… at 100 degrees Celsius.(719) In my home town the banks ……………. at 9:00 in the morning.(720) The City Museum ……………. at 5 o ‗ clock on Saturdays.(721) Food is expensive. It …………….. a lot of money.(722) Shoes are expensive. They ……………. a lot of money.(723) Sue is a teacher. She ………… math to young children.(724) Your job is very interesting. You ………… a lot of people.(725) Peter …………. his hair every day.(726) An insect ………. six legs.

Exercise VI. Write the opposite. (positive or negative).

(727) I understand. I don’t understand.(728) She doesn‘t drive. She drives.(729) They know. They ………..(730) He loves her. ………..(731) They speak English. ………….(732) I don‘t want it. …………….(733) She doesn‘t want them. ………..(734) He lives in Taiwan. ………………

Exercise VII. Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don’t/ doesn’t + one ofthese verbs.cost drive go have know play see sell smoke wash wear

1.‖ Have a cigarette . ― No, thanks. I ‖ ‖ don’t smoke.(735) They ………… newspapers in that store.(736) She has a car, but ………….. very often.(737) I like plays, but I ………..to the theatre very often. 5.My car is usually dirty because I ………….. it very often.(738) It‘s a cheap hotel. It ………….. much to stay there.(739) He likes soccer, but he ………… very often.(740) I …………….. much about politics.(741) She‘s married, but she …………….. a ring.(742) He lives next door, but we………….. him very often.(743) ―Can you lend me five dollars? ―Sorry, I …………..any money.‖ ‖

Exercise VIII. You are asking somebody questions. Write questions with Do/ Does….?

Example: I work hard . How about you? Do you work hard?(744) I play tennis .How about you? ……. you ……………..?(745) I play tennis. How about Ann? …….. Ann …………. ?(746) I know the answer. How about you? ……………….. the answer?(747) I like hot weather. How about you? ……………………….?(748) My father drinks coffee. How about your father ? ………………?(749) I exercise every morning. How about you? …………………..?(750) I speak English. How about your friends? ……………..?

8. I want to be famous. How about you? ……………..?

Exercise IX. These questions begin with Where/ What/How ……?

(751) I wash my hair every day. ( how often/you ?) How often do you wash your hair?(752) I live in Mexico City. (where /you?) Where ………………….?(753) I watch TV every day. (how often/you?) How …………..?(754) I have lunch at home.(where/ you ?) …………………….?(755) I get up at 7:30.(what time/ you?) ………………….?(756) I go the movies a lot. (how often/ you?) ……………?(757) I go to work by bus. (how/you?) ……………..?(758) I always have eggs for breakfast. (what/ you?) …………………….?

Exercise X. Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do)

(759) Excuse me, do you speak …….. (you/ speak) English?(760) Tom (is taking) …… (take) a shower at the moment.(761) They don’t watch …. (not/ watch) television very often.(762) Listen! Somebody …………….. (sing).(763) She‘s tired. She …………….. (want) to go home now.(764) How often …………. (you/ read) the newspaper.(765) ―Excuse me, but you ………. (sit) in my place. Oh, I‘m sorry.‖ ‖(766) I‘m sorry, I ……….. (not/ understand). Please speak more slowly.(767) ―Where are you Dan? ― I‘m in the living room. I ………. (read).‖(768) What time …………. (she/ finish) work every day?(769) You can turn off the radio. I………….. (not /listen) to it.(770) He……………… ( not/ usually/ drive) to work.. He usually ………… (walk).

Exercise XI. Complete the sentences with the Present Simple (I do) or the Present Continuous (I am doing)

1. I leave (leave) home at 7 o‘ clock every morning.2. She usually ……………….. (work) in the sales Department in London, but at the

moment she (do) a training course in Bristol. 3.He ……………. (try) very hard in every game that he (play).(771) Excuse me. I think you ………… (sit) in my seat.(772) ………. (you/ listen ) to the radio very often?(773) Don‘t talk to me now. I ……. (write) an important letter.(774) Why ………….. (they/ drive) on the left in Britain?(775) It …………… (not/ get) dark at this tome of year until about 10 o‘ clock.

9. It usually ………….. (rain) here a lot, but it ……………. (not/ rain) now.10. A: What are you doing?

B: …………. (bake) a cake. Why…………..(you/ smile) ?……….(I/do) something wrong?

6. SELF-TEST

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s)

(776) …. ….. is the term used to include all equipment used for….and….ships.(777) Mooring means to tie or… … a ship to the land or…… ………………..(778) ….means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal object on the end of a

rope.(779) Ground tackle includes the…,….,….., and….necessary for these operations.(780) An anchor is…. and lowered by a……………………………………………(781) Below the windlass room is the…… ……where the anchor chain is kept.(782) The chain travels below through a…………………………………………….(783) When a ship is anchored, the chain is held with one or three stoppers consisting of

a…. …..and a …… in a short length of chain.(784) … ….include a number of devices that lines or wires can be……..to.(785) There are three types of chocks: open chock,……chocks and …chocks.

20p11. Answer the following questions.

(786) Where can you find cleats?(787) What are bitts?(788) What do we attach to the bitts?(789) What are chocks?(790) What is a bollard?(791) What are padeyes?(792) What are padeyes used for?(793) What is welding?(794) What is footing?(795) Why do roller chocks contain round cylinders? 10p

III. Put in am/is/are/do/don’t/does/doesn’t.

(796) Excuse me,……you speak English?(797) ―Have some coffee, ―No, thank you, I……drink coffee.‖ ‖(798) Why……..you laughing at me?(799) ―What ……she do? ―She‘s a dentist.‖ ‖(800) I…..want to go out. It…..raining.(801) ―Where…..you come from? ―From Canada‖ ‖(802) How much…..it cost to send a letter to Canada.(803) I can‘t talk to you right now. I…..working.(804) Bob is a good tennis player, but he….play very often. 10p

IV. Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do)

(805) Excuse me, do you speak……………….(you /speak) English?(806) Tom…is taking…………………(take) a shower at the moment.(807) They…don’t watch…………………………(not/ watch) television very often.(808) Listen! Somebody………………….(sing).

(809) She‘s tired. She…………………….(want) to go home now.(810) How often………………………..(you/read) the newspaper?(811) ―Excuse me, but you…………….(sit) in my place. ―Oh, I‘m sorry‖ ‖(812) I‘m sorry, I……………………..(not/understand).Please speak more slowly.(813) ―Where are you, Dan? ―I‘m in the living room. I…………….(read)‖(814) What time……………….(she/finish) work every day?(815) You can turn off the radio. I…………..(not/listen) to it.(816) He…………(not/usually/drive) to work. He usually…………(walk) 10p

7. Self-test - Answer Key I.

(817) Ground tackle; mooring; anchoring(818) make fast; mooring buoy(819) anchoring(820) anchors; chains; shackles, and stoppers(821) hoisted; windlass(822) chain locker(823) hawsepipe(824) pelican hook; turnbuckle(825) deck fittings; belayed10. closed; roller

II.

(826) Throughout ships on decks and bulkheads and on piers.(827) They are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel.(828) The shipboard ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts.(829) Chocks are heavy fittings with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led.(830) This is a strong fitting which is found on piers.(831) Padeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads.(832) Padeyes are used for attachments which will require great strength such as towing operations.(833) Joining metals by heat.(834) Base.10. Roller chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction.

III.

(835) do(836) don‘t(837) are(838) does(839) don‘t; It‘s(840) are(841) does(842) am(843) doesn‘t

IV.

(844) is singing(845) wants(846) do you read(847) are sitting(848) don‘t understand(849) am reading(850) does she finish(851) don‘t listen(852) doesn‘t usually drive. He usually

walks

Unit 6.

NAVAL EQUIPMENT: SIGNAL LIGHTS, FLAGS, AND BELLS

1. Most of the equipment for signalling short distances is located on or near the signalbridge on the superstructure of the ship. Lines called halyards extend from the yardarm. On themare found signal flags. These are flags representing letters of the alphabet, numbers, or completemeanings. If they are not square they are called pennants. They are read from top to bottom. Theyare bent on (attached) to the halyards and hoisted to the yard.

On or near the signal bridge are signal searchlights. These are hand-operated blinkinglights which send code messages.

On the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called yardarm blinkers used forsending messages over short distances. These are operated by a special switch called a key similarto a telegraph key.

Another signalling device is the ship’s bell. This is mainly used to notify personnel on theship of the time. Using the bell is an old navy custom. Time is, to this day, expressed in ―bells‖on a ship. Traditionally time at sea is divided into 4-hour periods called watches. There are sixwatches.

Midnight –04000400-08000800-noon

Middle Watch Morning Watch Forenoon Watch

Noon-1600 1600-2000 2000-midnight

Afternoon watch Evening Watch First Watch

The evening Watch can be divided into two short watches.

1600-1800 First dog watch 1800-2000 Second Dog Watch

Each watch is in the charge of an officer. The traditional pattern is as follows:

12-4 4-8 8-12a.m. Middle Watch Morning Watch Forenoon Watchp.m. Afternoon Watch Evening Watch First WatchDeck Second Officer Chief Officer Third OfficerEngine Third Engineer Second Engineer Fourth Engineer

Traditionally the passage of time at sea is marked by bells. Bells are struck throughout each watch as follows:After ½ hour 1 bell After 2 hours 4 bells After 3½ hours 7 bellsAfter 1 hour 2 bells After 2½ hours 5 bells After 4 hours 8 bellsAfter 1½ hours 3.bells After 3 hours 6 bells During the Second Dog Watch the bells strike 1 2 3 8. 1 bell is struck 15 minutes before each watch is due to change.1.2. For safety during peacetime, all ships that go to sea are required by international law tohave running lights. These consist of a white masthead light usually on the upper part of the bridge superstructure or on an area forward of the foremast. Abaft and above the masthead light is

a white range light located either on the foremast or mainmast. To either side side lights arefound. There is a green one on the starboard side, and a red one on the port side.

Often a searchlight used to view nearby objects is found in the signal bridge area. Itshould not be confused with signalling equipment. It‘s important for the seaman to becomefamiliar with all of these items.

2. VOCABULARY Words and phrases

Signal bridge = punte de semnalizareHalyard = fungă, saulă de pavilionYardarm = capăt de vergăSignal flags = pavilion de semnalizarePennant = flamurăTo bend on = a fixa, a ataşaYard = vergăSignal searchlight =lumină de semnalizareYardarm blinker = lumină de capăt de vergăRunning lights = lumini de marş/navigaţieMasthead light = lumină de catarg (la navele cu propulsie mecanică)Foremast = catarg prova, arborele trinchetRange light = lumină de aliniament, lumină de catarg pupaSidelights = lumini distinctive din borduri (roşie sau verde)Searchlight = proiector cu faşcicul dirijatMainmast = arbore mare, catarg principal

3.GRAMMAR. Past tense simple and continuous

Past tense simple- full form: I walked (regular)/ negative form: I did not walk; I ran (irregular); question form: Did you walk/run?; tag question: You walked/ ran, didn‘t you?/You didn‘t walk/ran, did you? Meaning and function:

(853) For an action in the past with time marker, it may be used for historical or narrative truth: I saw him yesterday./ Dinosaurs lived on the earth./ I rode a bicycle once.

(854) Polite conversation markers, with verbs of thinking, wishing introducing a request or suggestion:I wondered if you might give me a lift.

c) As a time marker in when or while clauses:- Past time for background actions taking place repeatedly: He whistled when he

worked.- Past time for background actions taking place continuously: He whistled while he

worked.- Indeterminate time, with modals in the past form: I thought he might like one when he

came.d) As a hypothetical future marker, especially in if clauses(type 2 conditionals):

You would be glad if I sold it.Past tense continuous-full form: I was walking/ You were walking; negative: I wasn‘t

walking/You weren‘t walking; question form: Were you walking?; tag question: You werewalking, weren‘t you?/ You weren‘t walking, were you?Meaning and function- the past continuous tense usually places an action in relation to a point orperiod of time in the past:

(855) The point in past time is specifically mentioned; the past continuous action crosses it: I was having a bath at 10 o‘clock.

(856) The point in time is replaced by an action in the past, which interrupted the continuous action:I was having a shower when the phone rang.

(857) A period in the past is specified; the past continuous action fills it: They were watching TV from 8.00 to midnight.

(858) The period in the past is defined by another action also in the past continuous: I was buttering the bread while my mother was slicing the tomatoes.

(859) An action in the past continuous creates a time period within which otheractions in the past simple take place:He stole the money when/while she was getting on the bus./ The sun wassetting as the old man walked up the hill.

f) As a polite conversation marker with verbs of hoping and wishing:I was wondering/thinking if you could give me a lift.

4. Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.(860) Where is most of the equipment for signalling short distances located?(861) What are the lines extending from the yardarm called?(862) What are the square flags called which are used to send messages?(863) What are the flags that are not square?(864) What‘s another word for attach?(865) What are the signal lights located on the signal bridge called?(866) What are the signal lights located on the end of the yard called(867) What are the switches used to operate yardarm blinkers?(868) What is the signalling device used to sound out the time?(869) What is the general term for safety lights found around the signal bridge?(870) What is the running light called which is usually found on the upper part of the

bridge superstructure?(871) What running light is found above and abaft the masthead light?(872) What are the red and green lights found on the starboard and port sides called?(873) What is a searchlight?

II. Identify all numbered equipment on the signal bridge and explain the functions ofthe items you list. Write your answers in the lettered spaces:

a.____________________________________________________________________b.____________________________________________________________________c.____________________________________________________________________d.____________________________________________________________________e.____________________________________________________________________f.____________________________________________________________________g.____________________________________________________________________

III. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s)

1. Most of the equipment for signalling short distances is located on the___ ___2. Lines called ______ extend from the yardarm.(874)_________________________________Signal flags represent____,____,or (875)______________________________On or near the signal bridge are (876)________________________________________________On the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called _____________________________ __________6. ____ _______ is mainly used to notify personnel on the ship of the time.(877)_________________________________________________________All ships that go to sea are required by international law to have____ ___________________(878) Running lights consist of a white____ ____ usually on the upper part of the bridgesuperstructure or on an area forward of the foremast.9. Abaft and above the masthead light is a white ____ ____ located either on the foremast ormainmast.10. There is a green light on the starboard side, and a red one on the port side. They arecalled _______________________________________________

5. Grammar Practice

Exercise I Put in was/ were or wasn’t/ weren’t(879) We weren‘t happy with the hotel. Our room was very small and it wasn’t very clean.(880) George….at work last week because he….ill. He‘s better now.(881) Yesterday……a public holiday so the shops….closed.(882) ―….Sue and Bill at the party? ―Sue….there but Bill………..‖ ‖(883) ―Where are my keys? ―I don‘t know. They…on the table but they‘re not ‖there now.‖(884) You….at home last night. Where…you?

Exercise II. Put the words in the correct order to form questions.1. late/ you/ this morning/ were/ why?

Why were you late this morning?2. difficult/ your/ exam/ was?3.last week/ Ann and Chris/ were/ where?4.our new camera/ how much/ was?5.angry/ you/ yesterday/ why/ were?6. nice/ the weather/ last week/ was?

Exercise III. Write the past simple of these words.(885) get……got(886) see

(887) play(888) pay(889) visit(890) buy

7. go8. think9. copy10. know11. put12. speak

Exercise IV. Read about Lisa’s journey to Madrid. Put the verbs in the correct form.Last Tuesday Lisa (1) (fly) flew from London to Madrid. She (2) (get)….up at six o‘clock inthe morning and (3) (have) a cup of coffee. At 6.30 she (4) (leave) home and (5) (drive) to theairport. When she (6) (arrive), she (7) (park) the car and then (8) (go) to the airport caféwhere she (9) (have) breakfast. Then she (10) (go) through passport control and (11) (wait)for her flight. The plane (12) (depart) on time and (13) (arrive) in Madrid Finally she (14)(take) a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid.

Exercise V. Put the verb in the correct form-positive, negative or question.(891) We went to the cinema but the film wasn‘t very good. We didn’t enjoy it. (enjoy)(892) Tim…..some new clothes yesterday-two shirts, a jacket and a pullover. (buy)(893) ―…..yesterday? ―No, it was a nice day. (rain)‖ ‖(894) The party wasn‘t very good, so we………long. (stay)(895) It was very warm in the room,, so I……..a window. (open)(896) ―Did you go to the bank this morning? ―No, I….time. (have)‖ ‖(897) ―I cut my hand this morning. ―How…..that? (do)‖ ‖

Exercise VI. Where were these people at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon/ And what were they doing? Use the cues below and write two sentences.(898) Ann/ home/ watch TV………………..Ann was at home. She was watching TV(899) Carol and Jack/ the cinema/ watch a film.(900) Tom/ his car/ drive.(901) Catherine/ the station/ wait for a train.(902) Mr. and Mrs. Hall/ the park/ walking.

Exercise VII. Put the verb into the past continuous or past simple

(903) A: What were you doing (you/ do) when the phone rang (ring)? B: I was watching (watch) television.

(904) A: Was Jane busy when you went to see her? B: Yes, she……….(study)

(905) A: What time….(the post/ arrive) this morning? B: It…….(come) while I……(have) breakfast.

(906) A: Was Margaret at work today?B: No, she……(not/ go) to work. She was ill

(907) A: How fast…..(you/ drive) when the police…….(stop) you? B: I don‘t know exactly but I……..(not/ drive) very fast.

(908) A: …….(your team/win) the football match yesterday? B: No, the weather was very bad, so we…..(not play)

(909) A: How…..(you/ break ) the window/

B: We…..(play) football. I…..(kick) the ball and it…..(hit) the window.(910) A: ………(you/ see)Jenny last night? B:

Yes, she…(wear) a very nice jacket.(911) A: What…..(you/ do) at 2 o‘clock this morning?

B: I was asleep.10. A.I…lose my key last night.

B How (you/get) into your room

Exercise VIII. Choose the correct form of the verbs

Thomas Edison (1) started/ was starting work on the railway when he was twelve, sellingnewspapers and snacks. There were long periods with nothing for him to do so he (2) build/was building himself a little laboratory in the luggage van where he could carry outexperiments when he (3) didn‘t/ wasn‘t selling things to passengers. Another way that he (4)occupied/ was occupying himself was by reading. He joined a library and (5) read wasreading every single book in it. One day, when he (6) waited/ was waiting at a station he (7)noticed/ was noticing a small boy who (8) played/ was playing by the track, unaware that atrain (9) approached/ was approaching. Edison (10) ran/ was running out and (110 grabbed/was grabbing the child just in time. The child‘s father was so grateful that he (12) offered/was offering to teach Edison to be a telegraph operator. Edison accepted the offer and soon he(13) had/ was having regular lessons. After a year, he was good enough to get a job in thetelegraph office. He continued to read and experiment, whenever he (14) had/ was havingtime. At twenty-one he (15) left/ was leaving the telegraph office to devote all his time tobeing an inventor. He (16) went/ was going on to invent the electric light bulb, thephonograph and the movie camera.

Exercise IX. Complete the description of the life of a musician, using the verbs given.Use either the past simple or the past continuous.

Colin Boyle was born in 1973 near Dublin, Ireland. In 1983 he became seriously ill. While he(1) was recovering (recover) his uncle (2) gave (give) him an old violin. He enjoyed playingand practised at school every day after lessons. One day in 1987, John Leaf, the manager ofseveral successful musicians, (3),,,,,,,,,(have) a meeting with the headmaster when he(4)……(hear) Colin practising. He immediately (5)…..(contact) Colin‘s teacher and(6)…..(invite) Colin to appear in one of the concerts he (7)……(organize) that year. Colin,however, (8)…..(refuse) Leaf‘s invitation, because just then he(9)….(prepare) for someimportant school exams. Colin (10)…….(pass) his exams and (11)….(go) to college to studyengineering. At college he (12)…..(meet) Kim O‘Malley, who (13)….(study) chemistry. Kimwas also a keen amateur musician. Being students, they rarely (140…..(have0 much moneyand they usually (15)…..(work) as waiters at weekends. One evening in April 1992, whileColin and Kim (16)….(serve) customers, the manager (17)…(announce) that there would beno live music in the restaurant that night as regular band could not come. Colin and Kim(180….(persuade) him to let them play to the customers. Everyone (19)……(be0 amazed tohear how good they (20)……(be).Six months later they (21)…..(decide0 to leave collegebecause they (22)….(earn) so much money as musicians. Their success has continued eversince.

Exercise X. Choose the correct form of the verbs.

ADAM: Hello, Mike. What (1) are you doing/ do you do in this part of London?MIKE: Well, actually, (2) I‘m looking/ I look at flats around here.ADAM: Flats? (3) Are you wanting/ Do you want to move?MIKE: Yes, in fact, believe it or not, Mandy and I (4) are getting/ get married.ADAM: That‘s great! Congratulations. When (5) were you deciding/ did you decide?

MIKE: Only last week. It was while we (6) were staying/ stayed with her family in Scotland.Now (7) we try/ we‘re trying to find a suitable flat.ADAM: It‘ll be great to have you as neighbours. I hope you manage to buy one soon.MIKE; Oh we (8) aren‘t looking/ don‘t look for one to buy. We (9) aren‘t having/ don‘t haveenough money yet. (10) We‘re wanting/ We want to find somewhere to rent.ADAM: Yes, of course. That‘s what we (11) did/ were doing at first. Actually, in the end, mybrother (12) was lending/ lent us some money. That‘s how we (13) were managing/ managed tobuy ours.MIKE: Really? Perhaps I‘ll talk to my family before (14) we choose/ we‘re choosing a flat.ADAM: That‘s not a bad idea. My family (15) gave/ were giving us quite a lot of helpful advice.Now, what about a coffee? There‘s a good place just round the corner.MIKE: Oh, yes, I (16) looked/ was looking for somewhere to sit down when I bumped into you.Let‘s go.

6. SELF-TEST

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s)

(912) Most of the equipment for signalling short distances is located on or near the….(913) Lines called…..extend from the yardarm.(914) … ….represent letters of the alphabet, numbers, or complete meanings.(915) Flags and pennants are….. ….to the halyards and hoisted to the yard.(916) On or near the signal bridge are signal………………………………….(917) On the outboard end of the yard are two small lights called yardarm….(918) All ships that go to sea are required by international law to have …. ….(919) A white ….light is usually placed on the upper part of the bridge superstructure or on an

area forward of the foremast.(920) Above and abaft the masthead light is a white…. ….located either on the foremast

or mainmast.(921) To either side of the ship …. ….are found.

10p11. Give Romanian equivalents to the following maritime terms.

Signal flags; pennants; signal searchlights; halyards; signal bridge;

yardarm blinkers; running light; masthead light; range lights; side lights 10p

III. Give complete answers to the following questions.

(922) Where is located most of the equipment for signalling short distances?(923) Where can you find signal flags?(924) How are signal searchlights operated?(925) How do you call the two small lights on the outboard end of the yard?(926) What device do you use to tell the time at sea?(927) What lights must be exhibited according to the international laws?(928) Where is the range light located?(929) Is the searchlight a signalling equipment?(930) What colour is the masthead light?(931) What

colour is the starboard side light? What about the port side light? 10p

IV. Put the verbs into the correct form, past simple or past continuous.

(932) Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).(933) " What... (you/do) this time yesterday?" "I was asleep."(934) "... .(you/go) out last night?" "No, I was too tired."(935) " Was Carol at the party last night?" " Yes, she ... (wear) a really nice dress."(936) How fast... (you/drive) when the accident... (happen)?(937) John... (take) a photograph of me while I... (not/look).(938) We were in a very difficult position. We... (not/know) what to do.8.1 haven‘t seen Alan for ages. When I last... (see) him, he... (try) to find a job in London. lOp

V. Use the words given to make sentences. Do not change the order of the words. Use onlythe simple past or past continuous.

(939) Cathy/phone/the post office/when the parcel/arrive(940) Cathy phoned the post office when the parcel arrived.(941) 2. when Don/arrive/we/have/coffee(942) When Don arrived we were having coffee.(943) 3. while he/walk/in the mountains/Henry/see/a bear(944) 4 .the students/play/a game/when the professor/arrive(945) Felix/phone/the fire brigade/when the cooker/catch/fire(946) when the starter/fire/his pistol/the race/begin(947) I/walk/home/when it/start/to rain(948) when/Margaret/open/the door/the phone/ring(949) Cora/read/a letter/when Jimmy/phone/her(950) Andy/come/out of the restaurant/when he/see/Jenny(951) Charlie/cross the street/when he /see Mary(952) She/leave/the house/when the phone/start/to ring. 10p

7. Self-test Answer-key

I.(953) signal bridge(954) halyards(955) signal flags(956) bent on(957) signal searchlights(958) blinkers(959) running lights(960) masthead(961) range(962) side lights

II.Pavilion de semnalizare; flamură; proiector de semnalizare; fungă, saulă de pavilion punte de semnalizare; eclipsă de catarg, lumină cu licăriri; lumină de marş; lumină de catarg;lumină de aliniament, de catarg pupa; lumini distinctive din borduri.

III.

1. Most of the equipment for signalling is situated/located on the signal bridge.

(963) Signal flags are bent on halyards(964) Signal searchlights are hand-operated.(965) The two small lights on the outboard end of the yard are called yardarm blinkers.(966) To tell the time at sea we use the ship‘s bell.(967) Running lights must be exhibited according to international laws.(968) Range lights are placed/located either on the foremast or mainmast.(969) A searchlight is not a signalling light. It is used to view/ locate nearby objects at night.(970) The masthead light is white.(971) The starboard side light is green and the portside light is red.

IV.

2.Were you doing; 3. Did you go; 4.Was wearing; 5. Were you driving…happened; 6. Took…wasn‘t looking; 7. Didn‘t know; 8. Saw…was trying

V.

(972) While he was walking in the mountains, Henry saw a bear.(973) The students were playing a game when the professor arrived.(974) Felix phoned the fire brigade when the cooker caught fire(975) When the starter fired his pistol, the race began.(976) I was walking home when it started to rain.(977) When Margaret opened the door, the phone was ringing.(978) Cora was reading a letter when Jimmy phoned her. 10 Andy came out of the restaurant when he saw Jenny. 11. Charlie was crossing the street when he saw Mary. 12.She was leaving thehouse when the telephone started to ring.

Unit.7 SEAMANSHIP.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROPE

1. Read the following text and try to guess the meaning of the new words from the context.A large number of different types of rope are used on board ship, and it is important for

every sailor to know their characteristics so that the right rope can be used for the right job. Ropescan be divided into three basic types: natural fibre rope, which is made from the fibres of differentplants; synthetic fibre rope, which is made from materials such as nylon; and wire rope, which ismade from strands of steel wire.

First let us look at the different types of natural fibre rope. A well-known rope of this typeis Manila. Manila rope is made from the fibres of a plant which grows in the Philippine Islands ofthe Pacific. It is strong and flexible, but rather expensive. It is used for a number of jobsconnected with cargo-handling and mooring. Because manila rope is expensive, sisal rope is oftenused in its place. Sisal comes from a plant which grows in the USA and Russia. It is less strongand less flexible than manila rope, but it is cheaper. It is used for moorings and lashings. Anothertype of rope is hemp rope .Hemp comes from a plant which grows in Russia, Europe and NorthAmerica as well as in China and India. It is strong and flexible and does not shrink or swell aftercontact with water. Because of this it is used on sailing boats. Coir ropes are made from coconutfibres. They are very buoyant and very elastic, but they rot very easily when they are wet. They aresometimes used for mooring and towing lines. The cotton plant grown in the southern part ofNorth America. Cotton rope is both strong and flexible, but it is very expensive and therefore notused on merchant ships. Because it looks nice, it is often used on yachts and pleasure boats.

Natural fibre ropes have now largely been replaced by synthetic fibre ropes. Syntheticropes have many advantages. They are strong and elastic and they are resistant to the action ofwater. Nylon rope is the strongest and the most elastic of all the synthetic fibre ropes. It is usedfor mooring and handling cargo. Terylene rope has the highest melting point. It melts at atemperature of 260° C. It is also strong and elastic. It is mainly used on yachts. Another type ofsynthetic fibre ropes is polypropylene rope. It has the lowest melting point of all synthetic fibreropes and is used for log lines and halyards.

Wire rope is made of steel. It is usually galvanized to stop it from rusting. It is verystrong and elastic, but not as flexible as other types of rope. Large wire ropes are very heavy.Wire rope has many uses on board ship, particularly for standing rigging, mooring lines andcargo-handling.

1.2.Mooring Ropes

A ship is made fast to the quayside by mooring line. The standard mooring lines areshown below. They consist of a headline, a breastline and a backspring forward, a stern line, abreastline, and a backspring aft. Any of these lines may be doubled. Each line has a large eyespliced in the end. The eye is placed over a bollard on the quayside. If there is another linealready on the bollard, the eye of the second line should be taken up through the eye of the firstline before placing it over the bollard. This makes it possible for either line to be let go first.

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2. VOCABULARY

ropes = parîmelines =parîmecargo-handling =manipularea mărfiimooring =acostare, amarare, legarelashing =amarare (a marfii)hemp rope =parhna din cînepăto shrink-shrank-shrunk =a intra la apa

= a se umfla= parîme din nucă de cocos= plutitor, flotabil, care pluteşte

= a putrezi= parîme de remorcaj= nave comerciale= punct de topire

= în special= saulă de loch(cu gradaţii speciale)

= fungă, saulă de pavilion= a rugini

= parîme metalice= manevre fixe= parhnaprova

= traversă= spring prova= parîmă pupa= spring pupa= matisat (despre parîme)= baba= cheu

3.GRAMMAR: Present perfect simple and continuous

Present perfect simple – is formed with the auxiliary verb have in the corresponding form forthe subject of the sentence, followed by the participle of the main verb.full form: I have walked/ drunk/run/ I haven’t walked; question form: Have you walked?/Haven’t you walked?; tag question: You have walked, haven’t you? You haven’t walked, haveyou?Meaning and function- shows the present situation in relation to past action, how the past isrelevant to now.

a) For uncompleted action where both action and results remain/unfinished past/ with a timemarker showing past reference:London has stood beside the Thames for hundreds of years/ My mother hasalways played tennis.

to swellcoir ropesbuoyantto rottowing linesmerchant shipsmelting pointmainlylog lineshalyardsto rustwire ropesstanding riggingheadlinebreastlinebackspring forwardstern linebackspring aftsplicedbollardquayside

(979) For an action which took place in an identified period of time which is not yet over: I’ve read a book this morning./ I read a book this morning.

(980) For an action which took place in the past, but whose results are still present (present perfect of result): I’ve spilt the milk (it is still on the floor).

(981) For an action(single or repeated) which took place in the past, but still relates to the present: I’ve studied French.(and remember it).

(982) With the time markers just, yet, already, still, this can also indicate the attitude of the speaker:I have just washed the floor. (so it‘s still wet)He has just left. (so you are too late to speak to him)Have you painted my fence yet?(questions)I haven’t painted the fence yet.(negatives)He has already eaten it.(there is none left)Hasn’ t the train gone already? (that is surprising)He still hasn’t left.(negatives)Have you still got that hat? (Amer. English prefers the present simple with still)Have you ever lived in London? (present perfect of experience)I have never lived in Paris.(remembered experience)

f) Future uses- when clauses: I’ll come when I have written this letter. (I‘ll write this letterfirst and when that is complete, I‘ll come)

Present perfect continuous – is formed with the auxiliary verb have in thecorresponding form for the subject of the sentence, followed by the participle been of theauxiliary verb be, followed by the –ing form of the main verb.

full form: I have been eating/ He has been eating; question form: Have you beeneating?/ Haven’t you been eating?; tag questions: You have been eating, haven’t you?/ Youhaven’t been eating, have you?Meaning and function- this tense focuses on continuous or repeated activity engaged in beforethe present, but relevant to it and on the continuous duration of that action. The action is seen astemporary and may or may not have completed at the time of speaking.

a) used as an explanation for the present situation or the appearance of the speaker-causedby the recent and ongoing nature of the activity, which may or may not be completed:I won’t shake hands, I’ve been baking. (my hands are covered in flour);I have been repairing the car all morning. (I‘m exhausted)

b) to account for a period of time now finishing-the tense indicates that theaction filled the time:I didn’t iron your shirt, I’ve been cooking all morning. (excuse for failure)

c) it is used to draw attention to the repeated or continuous nature of an action orhabit resulting in present expertise or knowledge:I have been learning French for 10 years /I have been living here since1970.

d) it is used for new, temporary habits, which have become constant orcontinuous:He has been seeing a lot of her lately.

e) it is often used in talking about health to describe new and developingsymptoms:

I have been getting/having headaches. f) with verbs of wishing/hoping-the tense is a polite device, suggesting that the wish or thought was constantly in thespeaker‘s mind: I have been looking forward to meeting you.

g) with mean/intend, the tense shows a recognition that the speaker has failed inhis duty:

I have been meaning to visit you.

Important - it is important to remember that non-continuous verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. To express the idea of present perfect continuous with these exception verbs, you must use present perfect.Examples: Tom has been having his car for two years. Not correct

Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

* Comparison between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous:The present perfect simple: He has painted the room. (we are interested in the

result of the action, not in the action itself)The present perfect continuous: He has been painting the room.(we are interested in the action, it does not matter whether something has been finished or not). We use the simple to ask or say howmuch, how many or how many times: How many pages of that book have you read?/ Mary has written 10 letters today./ They have played tennis three times this week.

We use the continuous to ask or say how long (for an activity still happening): How long have you been reading that book?/ Mary has been writing letters all day./ They have been playing tennis since two o’clock • We can use for and since with both present perfect simple and continuous: He has talked about her for years/ He’s been talking about her for years./I’ve playedvolleyball since 9 o‘clock/ I‘ve been playing volleyball since 9 o‘clock.6.7.

4. Vocabulary Practice

1. Read carefully the text on different types of rope in your course book and then fill in the table below with appropriate information.

Basic types Names Characteristics Uses1. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

2. (a)

(b

(c)

3. (a)

II. Give Romanian equivalents to the following maritime terms. Then use these terms in sentences of your own.

Make fast; quayside; mooring lines; headline; sternline; breastline; backspring forward; backspring aft; bollard; to let go

answer. III. Decide if the following statements are TRUE(T) or FALSE(F).Circle the correct

(983) Manila rope is strong and flexible, but rather expensive.(984) Sisal rope is less flexible and less strong than manila rope.(985) Hemp rope is used for s and lashings.4. Coir ropes do not shrink or swell after contact with water.(986) Cotton rope is used on yachts and pleasure boats.(987) Nylon rope is the most elastic of all synthetic fibre ropes.(988) Terylene rope has the lowest melting point.(989) Polypropylene rope is used for log lines and halyards.(990) Wire rope is made of steel.10.Wire ropes rot easily when they are wet.

IV. Answer the following questions.

T/FT/FT/FT/FT/FT/FT/FT/FT/FT/F

(991) Why is it important for every sailor to know the characteristics of different types of rope?

(992) What are the characteristics and uses of manila rope?(993) Why is sisal rope often used in place of manila rope ?(994) Why is hemp rope mainly used on sailing boats?(995) What is the disadvantage of coir ropes?(996) Why is cotton rope mainly used on pleasure boats?

(997) Why have natural fibre ropes been replaced by synthetic ropes?(998) What is special about the terylene and polypropylene ropes?(999) Why are wire ropes galvanised?(1000) What are the uses of wire ropes?

5. Grammar Practice

1.You are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about yourself and other people.Use the words to make sentences. Use the present perfect.

Dear Chris,Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.1.I/ buy/ a new car….I‘ve bought a new car.(1001) my father / start/ a new job………….(1002) I / give up/ smoking……………(1003) Charles and Sarah/ go / to Brazil………..(1004) Suzanne/ have/ a baby…………….

II. Complete the sentences. Use already+ present perfect simple

(1005) What time is Paul arriving?(1006) Do Sue and Bill want to see the film?(1007) Don‘t forget to phone Tom.(1008) When is Martin going away?(1009) Do you want to read the newspaper?(1010) When does Linda start her new job?

He’s already arrived. No, they……………….. I……………………….. He………………………. I………………………… She ……………………..

III. You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever……? Write questions.

1.(London?)….Have you ever been to London?(1011) (play/ golf?) ..Have you ever played golf?(1012) (Australia?).. Have……………… 4.(lose /your passport?)

(1013) ( fly/ in a helicopter?)……………………..(1014) (eat/ Chinese food?)…………………..(1015) (New York?)………………………….(1016) (drive / a bus?)…………………..

(1017) (break/ your leg?)……………………….

No, never. Yes, many times. No, never. Yes, once No, never. Yes, a few times. Yes, twice. No, never. Yes, once.

IV. Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in exercise III )

(1018) (New York) ……..Helen has been to New York twice.(1019) (Australia)…Helen………………………………(1020) (Chinese food)……………………………(1021) (drive /a bus)………………………….

Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things?

(1022) (New York) I…………….(1023) (play /tennis)…………………(1024) (fly/ in a helicopter)……………..(1025) (be / late for work or school)……………..

V. Complete the sentences.

(1026) Jill is in hospital. She…has been… in hospital since Monday.(1027) I know Sarah. I …have known…her for a long time.(1028) Linda and Frank are married. They……………married since 1989.(1029) Brian is ill. He……………….ill for the last few days.(1030) We live in Scott Road. We…………there for ten years.(1031) Catherine works in a bank. She…………….in a bank for ten years.(1032) Alan has a headache. He ……………..a headache since he got up this morning.(1033) I‘m learning English. I………….English for six months.

VI. Which is right?

(1034) Mark is / has been in Canada since April. has been is right(1035) Jane is a good friend of mine. I know / have known her very well.(1036) Jane is a good friend of mine. I know / have known her for a long time.(1037) ―Sorry, I‘m late. How long are you/ have you been waiting?‖(1038) Martin works / has worked in a hotel now. He likes his job very much.(1039) Tom is / has been in Spain at the moment. He is / has been there for the last three days.

VII. Read the situations and write sentences with just, already, or yet.

1.After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says ―Would you like something to eat? ‖You say: No, thank you. ..I’ve just had lunch….(have lunch)(1040) Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says‖ Can I speak toJoe? You say: I‘m afraid ……………………….(go out)‖(1041) You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say :Wait a minute!………………(not /finish)(1042) You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says ―Shall I phone to reserve a table ? You say: No,……………..it.(do).‖5.You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her: You say:…………….? (find)6. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks ―Is Ann still at the

bank? You say: No, …………..(come back).‖

VIII. Put in been or gone .

(1043) Jim is on holiday. He‘s gone to Italy.(1044) Hello. I‘ve just ………..to the shops. I‘ve bought lots of things.(1045) Alice isn‘t here at the moment. She‘s …………to the shop to get a newspaper.(1046) Tom has…………..out. He‘ll be back in about an hour.(1047) ―Are you going to the bank? ―No, I‘ve already ………..to the bank.‖

IX. Complete these sentences using today/ this year/ this term etc

(1048) I saw Tom yesterday but ………. I haven’t seen him today.(1049) I read a newspaper yesterday but I…………………………today.(1050) Last year the company made a profit but this year………………. .(1051) Tracy worked hard at school last term but………………….. .(1052) It snowed a lot last winter but ………………………… .(1053) Our football team won a lot of games last season but we…………….

X. Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples.

1.Jack is driving a car but he‘s very nervous and not sure what to do . You ask: : ….Have you driven a car before? He says :….. No, this is the first time I’ve driven a car.2.Len is playing tennis. He‘s not very good and he doesn‘t know the rules. You ask: Have…………………………………………………………. He says: No, this is the first ……………………………………………. 3.Sueis riding a horse. She doesn‘t look very confident and comfortable. You ask:………………………………………………………………… She says:…………………………………………………………………. 4.Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it‘s very new for her. You ask:……………………………………………… She says:…………………………………………

XI .You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done. Make questions for the words in brackets.

1.(ever/ ride /horse).. Have you ever ridden a horse?2. (ever/ be / California)……….3.(ever / run / marathon )………4.( ever / speak / famous person?)…………………5.( always / live / in this town ?)…………………………..6. ( most beautiful place / ever / visit ?) What………………..

XII. Write a sentence with the present perfect continuous and for to describe each situation. Use these verbs: camp, play, read, swim, talk, travel, work.

1.The video began two hours ago, and it hasn‘t finished yet. It’s been playing for two hours.2. James went into the water ten minutes ago. He doesn‘t want to come outyet…………………………..3. Alice rang Peter half an hour ago, and they‘re still on the phone……………

4.Robert picked up a book an hour ago. He hasn‘t put it down yet……………………………. 5.Ed and Jennifer started their journey around the world three months ago. They‘ve gone about halfway now…………………………………….6.Sue got to the office early this morning. Ten hours later she‘s still there………………… 7. The Dobsons left on holiday four weeks ago and they‘re not back yet. They took their tent……….

XIII. Add a sentence with the present perfect continuous . Use the words in brackets.

1.Mr Davis has a backache. (dig / the garden)…..He’s been digging in the garden.2. Joe has no money left. (shop )………………….3.The girls are tired. (work / hard )……………………4.The boys have got a suntan. (sunbathe )5.Emma‘s shoes are dirty. ( walk / in the field )…………..6.Jane and Neil look annoyed. ( argue )…………….7.The ground is wet. (rain )…………………8.Tim has some washing up to do (bake / cakes )………….

XIV. Read the situations and complete the sentences.

1.The rain started two hours ago. It‘s still raining now. It .. has been raining … for two hours.2.We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We‘re still waiting now. We……………….for20 minutes.3.I started Spanish classes in December. I‘m still learning Spanish now. I…………….sinceDecember.4.Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She‘s still looking now………………….for sixmonths.5.Mary started working in London on 18 January. She‘s still working there now. ………….since18 January.6.Years ago you started writing to a penfriend. You still write to each other regularly now.We…………….for years.

XV. Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets.

1.Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53.( read/ for two hours ).. He has been reading for two hours.(read / 53 pages so far )2. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tourthree months ago.(travel / for three months ) She…………….( visit / six countries so far )……………….3.Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he isnational champion again – for the fourth time.( win / the national championship four times )……………………..( play / tennis since he was ten )4.When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films.( make / ten films since they left college ). They…………………….( make / films since they left college )

XVI. Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple( I have done ) or continuous ( I have been doing )

1.Where have you been? ..Have you been playing…..( you / play) tennis?2. Look!. Somebody…………………{break ) that window.3.You look tired. …………………( you / work ) hard ?4.‖………………..( you / ever / work ) in a factory? ― No, never ―‖5.― Jane is away on holiday. ― Oh, is she ? Where …………… ( she / go ) ?‖6.My brother is an actor. He……………..( appear ) in several films.7.―Sorry I‘m late. That‘s all right. I………………….( not / wait ) long .‖‖ ‖8.―Is it still raining? ― No, it ……………….( stop )‖ ‖9.I……….(lose ) my address book. …………..( you / see ) it anywhere?10.I………………….(read) the book you lent me but I ………………(not / finish ) it yet.11.I …………..( read ) the book you lent me , so you can have it back now.

XVII. For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.

1.You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long / learn / Arabic?). How long have you been learning Arabic?2.You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask : ( how long / wait ?)3.You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: ( how many fish / catch ?)4.Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: ( how many people / invite ?)5.A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: ( how long / teach ?)6.You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask : ( how many books / write ?) , ( how long / writebooks ?)7.A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: ( how long / save ?)

XVIII.Use the words given to complete the sentences. Put the verbs in the present perfect simple or continuous.

1.John‘s terribly upset. …He’s broken … ( he / break ) off his engagement to Megan. Apparently…she’s been seeing…( she / see ) someone else while ..he’s been …(he / be ) in Africa.2.Can you translate this note from Stockholm? I understood Swedish when I was a child, but……( I / forget ) it all.3.What‘s that dent in the side of the car?…………..( you / have ) an accident?4. I‘m sorry, John‘s not here; ……..(he / go ) the dentist…………( he / have ) trouble with atooth.5.This cassette recorder is broken. ………( you/ play about ) with it?6.Your Italian is very good ( you / study ) it long?7.Do you mind if I clear the table? …………( you / have ) enough to it ?8.I‘m not surprised………….( he / fail ) that exam.

XIX. Rewrite each of the following sentences without changing the meaning, beginning in the way shown. You may need to use the present perfect or the simple past.

1.We haven‘t been to a concert for over a year.The last time ..we went to a concert was over a year ago.2.Your birthday party was the last time I really enjoyed myself.I………………………………………………………………….

3.It‘s nearly twenty years since my father saw his brother.My father………………………………………………….4.James went to Scotland last Friday and is still there.James has……………………………………………….5.When did you last ride a bike?How long is it ………………………………….?6.The last time I went swimming was when we were in Spain.I haven‘t ……………………………………………………….7.You haven‘t tidied this room for weeks.It‘s ……………………………………………………..

XX. Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.

(1054) Do you know about Sue? She ‘s given up her job. RIGHT(1055) The Chinese have invented printing. WRONG: The Chinese invented……(1056) How many plays has Shakespeare written?.(1057) Have you read any of Shakespeare‘s plays?(1058) Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher.(1059) Ow! I ‘ve cut my finger. It‘s bleeding.(1060) My grandparents have got married in London.(1061) Where have you been born?(1062) Mary isn‘t at home. She‘s gone shopping. 10.Albert Einstein has

been the scientist who has developed the theory of relativity.

6.SELF-TEST

I. Complete the following sentences with appropriate terms:(1063) ……rope is made from the fibres of a plant which grows in the Philippines.(1064) Manila rope is used for a number of jobs connected with cargo-handling and…(1065) Because manila rope is expensive, …….rope is used in its place.(1066) ….comes from a plant which grows in Russia, Europe and North America as well as

China and India.(1067) Sisal ropes are used for mooring and………………………………………………….(1068) Coir ropes are very ……and elastic.(1069) Coir ropes are used for mooring and … …..(1070) Terylene rope has the highest…..point(1071) Polypropylene rope is used for log lines and…………………………………………..(1072) Wire ropes are usually galvanised to prevent them from………………………………

10p11. Translate into English.

O navă se leagă la cheu cuajutorul parîmelor de amarare. Ele constau dintr-o parîmă prova, o traversă, un spring prova, o parîmă pupa,o traversă si unspring

pupa.Oricare din aceste parîme poate să fie dublată. Fiecare parîmă la capăt un ochi matisat. Ochiul se trece peste o baba de pe cheu.

10p

III. Give Romanian equivalents to the following maritime terms.

Ropes; cargo-handling; mooring; lashing; hemp rope;to shrink; to swell;log lines;standing rigging; backspring aft

10p

IV. Put the verbs into the correct form, past simple or past continuous.

(1073) Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).(1074) "What................(you/do) this time yesterday?" "I was asleep."(1075) "....................(you/go)out last night?" "No, I was too tired."(1076) "Was Carol at the party last night?" "Yes, she.........(wear) a really nice dress."(1077) How fast.......(you/drive) when the accident.........(happen)?(1078) John.....(take) a photograph of me while I......(not/look).(1079) We were in a very difficult position. We... .(not/know) what to do.(1080) I haven‘t seen Alan for ages. When I last............(see) him, he..........(try) to find a job in

London.10p

V. Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect(I had done) or past perfect continuous ( I had been doing).

1. It wasn’t raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, sothe ground was wet.

(1081) We were good friends. We. . . .(know) each other for a long time.(1082) John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he... .(walk) so

fast.(1083) Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She......(run)(1084) When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full.

They...(eat)..........................................................................................................(1085) When I arrived, everybody was sitting around the table and talking. Their mouths were

empty but their stomachs were full. They... (eat)...........................................(1086) Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He......(look) for his contact lens.(1087) When I arrived, Kate........(wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was

late and she ... .(wait) for a very long time.(1088) I was sad when I sold my car. I. . . .(have) it for a very long time.(1089) We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We.......(travel) for more than 24 hours.

10p

7.Self-Test Answer Key

I.

(1090) manila

(1091) mooring

(1092) sisal(1093) hemp(1094) lashings(1095) buoyant(1096) towing lines(1097) melting(1098) halyards(1099) rusting

II.

A ship is made fast to the quayside by mooring lines. They consist of a headline, abreastline and a backspring forward, a stern line, a breastline, and a backspring aft. Anyof these lines can be doubled. Each line has a large eye spliced in the end. The eye isplaced over a bollard on the quayside.

III.

Parirne; manipularea mărfii; acostare, amarare, legare; amarare ( a mărfii); parîmă decînepă; to shrink; to swell; log lines; standing rigging

IV.

(1100) Were you doing(1101) Did you go(1102) Was wearing(1103) Were you driving….happened(1104) Took…wasn‘t looking(1105) Didn‘t know(1106) Saw …was trying

V. Put the verbs into the most suitable form.

(1107) had known(1108) was walking(1109) had been running(1110) were eating(1111) had been eating(1112) was looking(1113) was waiting……had been waiting(1114) had had(1115) had been travelling

Unit.8

MANNING The TraditionalOrganization of a Ship’s Crew

1. Read the following text and try to guess the meaning of the new words and phrases from thecontext.

The man in charge of a ship is the Master. He is responsible for the ship, her cargo and thesafety of the crew. He must be well qualified and an experienced navigator. Although his correcttitle is the Master, he is addressed as ―Captain . ‖ The Master is the person who is in absolutecharge of the vessel. His duties and responsibilities are many, varied and extensive. He is theowner‘s personal representative, and bears the ultimate responsibility for the safe navigation ofhis vessel and for the efficient loading, stowage and discharge of cargo. Furthermore, he has thepower to act as lawyer, a doctor and even to bury people. The Master may arrest members of thecrew or passengers, if they constitute a nuisance during the voyage. In certain circumstances,particularly if the person is dangerous to other members of the ship, the master may place theindividual under restraint. In the event of any mutiny, any act of the master is regarded as oneentirely of self-defence, and he has the power to call on persons on board to render assistance.Similarly, if the ship is imperilled in any way, the Master may call upon all persons on board togive assistance. To hold the position of a Master, especially on a large passenger liner, is theculmination of years of sea experience. The Master is required to hold a Master‘s Certificate,which is obtained by examination, and issued by the Department of Transport. Furthermore, incommon with the deck officers from which department he is promoted, he must be thoroughlycompetent in navigation matters including the use of such navigational aids as the gyrocompass,radar, direction finder, echo-sounding device, and position-fixing device.

1.2. The traditional organisation of a ship’s crew.

The organization of the crew of a cargo ship is changing, but it is still customary to findDeck, Engine, Catering and Radio Departments in ships of a reasonable size. Each departmentis made up of a varied number of officers, petty officers and ratings.

(1116) The Chief Officer, or First Mate as he is often called, is the Master‘s chief officer andhead of the Deck Department. He is assisted by a Second Officer (Mate), a Third Officer(Mate), and sometimes a Fourth Officer (Mate). Several companies employ a First Officer aswell as a Chief Officer. The Deck Department includes a Boatswain (Bosun), and a Carpenter,both petty officers, and a number of ratings. These are made up of Able Seaman (AB), OrdinarySeaman (OS) and a middle grade known as Efficient Deck Hand (EDH). There are other gradesof seamen. On some ships Navigating Cadets are carried for training purposes.

(1117) The Engine Department is the charge of the Chief Engineer, who is responsible to theMaster both for the main propulsion machinery and for auxiliaries comprising electrical plant,cargo winches, refrigerating machinery, steering gear, ventilating system, etc. He is alsoresponsible for fuel, maintenance and repairs. He is assisted by a Second, Third, Fourth andsometimes Fifth Engineer. An Electrical Officer may also be carried. The engine room pettyofficers are the Storekeeper and Donkeyman. On tankers there is also a Pumpman. He is also apetty officer. The engine room ratings are Firemen and Greasers. There may also be EngineerCadets.

1.2.3. The Catering Department is under the control of the Chief Steward, or CateringOfficer, who is responsible for catering and galley, for galley stores and for the ship‘s linen. Heis assisted by cooks, bakers and assistant stewards. In deep sea passenger ships and those engagedin multi –purpose passenger tonnage in the short sea trades, this is a very large and importantdepartment. As such it is usually in charge of the Purser. Many passenger vessels are nowmanned as floating hotels.

1.2.4. The Radio Department often consists of only one man: the Radio officer. On ships wherecontinuous radio watches are kept there may be three radio officers: a Chief, Second and Third.Statutory provisions stipulate under SOLAS 1974 that all cargo vessels of 300 tons gross andupwards must be fitted with a radio station. For keels laid before February 1995 the radio stationshould be either a radio telephone station ( only applicable for ships of 300 to 1599 grosstonnage), a radio telegraph station or a Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)for operation in specific sea areas. For keels laid after 31 January 1995 a GMDSS must be fitted.The radio officer requirements are contained in the Merchant Shipping (Radio Installations)Regulations 1992.This outlines the need for a valid certificate of competency. Overall the role ofthe radio officer has changed significantly following the emergence of GMDSS.

2. Manning and responsibilities of the Deck Department.

The running of this department is the responsibility of the First Mate who supervises thehandling of the cargo and is responsible for the upkeeping of the ship and her equipment,excluding the engine room and auxiliary power gear. In addition, he also acts as a semi-chief ofstaff to the Master. He is assisted by two, three or more mates on larger vessels. The DeckDepartment is responsible for navigating the ship safely and economically from port to port. TheSecond Officer is responsible to the Master for keeping the ship on course and for looking afterall the equipment used for navigation. It is also the job of the Deck Department to see that thecargo is stowed properly in the holds and kept in good condition during the voyage. The stowageof cargo is the responsibility of the Chief Officer. He is helped by the Second and ThirdOfficers. In addition, when the ship is not fully loaded, the First Mate must see that the holdsare cleaned and prepared for their next cargo. In a tanker the cargo tanks are washed out duringballast passages and freed of gas. At sea, much of the Deck Department‘s time is spentmaintaining the ship and her equipment in good condition. This means constant cleaning, paintingand repair work. This is done by ratings under the supervision of the Boatswain (Bosun). Aprogramme of maintenance for each day is worked out by the Chief Officer. He also looks afterthe general day-to-day running of the department and deals with any problems. The ThirdOfficer is in charge of the life-saving equipment. The different appliances must be complete andin good working order. The Boatswain and the Carpenter are directly responsible to the ChiefOfficer. The Bosun sees that his orders and those of other deck officers are carried out by thecrew. He is a man with a lot of knowledge and practical experience in seamanship. TheCarpenter is usually a qualified shipwright. He no longer works only with wood as his namesuggests. His most important regular job is to sound the tanks and bilges in order to check thedepths of liquid in them. He also operates the windlass, when the anchors are being raised orlowered. The Deck Department is also responsible for keeping watches. An officer is always onwatch on the bridge. He is the Master‘s representative and answers to him for the safety of theship during his watch. In ships where a Chief Mate and a First Mate are carried, the First Mateis the watch keeping officer.

3. FUNCTION

3.1. A person‘s function, or what he/she does, can be expressed in terms of his/her responsibility.Study these examples:

(1118) The Master is responsible for the safety of the ship.(1119) The safety of the ship is the responsibility of the Master.(1120) The Master is responsible to the company for the safety of the ship.

• Read the text on the deck department again and underline the patterns which are used toexpress function. There are five examples. Can you find them? When you find them try tostate the kind of pattern (1,2,or 3) used.

3.2. The function of a thing, or what it is used for, can be expressed in a number of ways:

1. By using the phrase: The function of...is to....e.g. The function of a crane is to lift heavy objects.

2. By using the verb to use+for-inge.g. A crane is used for lifting heavy objects.

(1121) By using a verb expressing the function. e.g. A crane lifts heavy objects.

(1122) By using a prepositional phrase introduced by with.e.g. We lift heavy objects with a crane.

• How would you express the function of a thermometer by using the patterns above?e.g. The function of a thermometer is to measure time.

Now it’s your turn to use the other three patterns.

4. VOCABULARY

Captain/master = comandant de navă comercială/pasagerStowage = stivuire (a mărfii)Nuisance = comportare necuvincioasă ; faptă condamnabilăTo place under restraint = a pune sub interdicţieMutiny = răscoală, răzvrătireTo be imperilled= a pune in pericolThoroughly competent = foarte competentDirection finder = radiogoniometruBoatswain (bosun)= nostrom/şef de echipajCarpenter = maistru lemnarShipwright = lemnar constructor naval, marangozTo sound the tanks = a sonda, a măsura adîncimeaBilge = santinaWatchkeeping = serviciu de cartOrdinary seaman = marinar stagiar/necalificatAble seaman = marinar brevetatEfficient deck hand = marinar brevetatStorekeeper = magazionerDonkeyman = mecanic de auxiliareGreaser = gresorFireman = fochist

Catering Department = compartiment bucătărie-deservire Purser = administrator (pasagere) Lookout = veghe

5. GRAMMAR. The past perfect simple and continuous

The Past Perfect Simple is formed with the past form auxiliary verb to have (had) + thepast participle of the main verb. The meaning of this tense is "past-in-the-past", the point ofreference is in the past and the event takes place before this point in the past. It is primarily usedto describe one event following another in the past; the earlier action has the past perfect, the lateraction has the simple past. The past perfect covers an area of meaning equivalent to both the pastand perfect, being capable of referring to both indefinite and definite time. Sentences with a pastperfect often contain words like: after, before, when, as soon as to indicate succession:e.g. They elected him President, after his party had nominated him.Past perfect simple- full form: I had walked/run; negative: I hadn’t walked/run; question: Hadyou walked/run?; tag question: You had walked, hadn ’t you?/ You hadn’t walk, had you?

Meaning and function:

(1123) used for actions previous to and affecting a nominated time in the past: By one o ’clock he had cooked lunch .(it was prepared but not eaten)

(1124) used to express sequence and relationship of past actions with a time marker:It was Thursday before I had read it/ After she had done the washing, she had a cup of tea.

(1125) to show the sequence and relationship of past actions with no time marker in the past perfect clause: He had got dressed before the post arrived.

(1126) to show causal relationship between past actions (because, although): I ran home because/since/as I had missed the train.

(1127) used as a narrative device to give background:It had been a good year for Martin... (setting for a story in the past simple)

(1128) conversation marker with verbs of thinking, hoping-a request suggestion now abandoned: I had wondered if you could give me a lift.(I realize you can‘t)

(1129) in reported speech and after if when direct speech is in present perfect: "Have you seen her?, I wondered./ I wondered if you had seen her.

! Difference between the past tense and the past perfect tense: the past tense is usually usedfor one activity in the past. If there are two activities in the past (one happened before the other),the past perfect is used for the oldest activity:e.g. I phoned him yesterday/ I had phoned him yesterday before I left the office.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is formed from the past perfect of the auxiliary verb to be (had been) + the present participle of the main verb (-ing form). The values of this tense are the same as for the present perfect continuous, with the difference that the time of reference is not the time of speech, but some point in the past, as in the case of the simple past perfect. For example, imagine that you meet Ram at 11 am. Ram says to you:“I’m angry. I have been waiting for two hours.” Later you tell your friends: “ Ram was angry.He had been waiting for two hours.”Past perfect continuous- full form: I had been eating; negative: I hadn’t been eating; question:Had you been eating?; tag question: You had been eating, hadn’t you?/ You hadn’t been eating,had you?

Meaning and function:

a) Relative to another past time and used with a real or implied time marker. The actiontook place in the time leading up to the identified moment, and was temporary orexpected to be temporary.

• To explain the action of the main verb:He could understand the film because he had been studying French at school.

• To convey the ongoing, continuous nature of an action, which led up to the pastmoment in time:He had been cleaning the car for over an hour before he realized it was the wrong one.

• To convey an action which was ongoing but over when interrupted by the mainverb, but whose results were still evident at that moment:When he came I had been baking.

• In reported speech , when the direct speech uses the present perfect continuous:He said he had been thinking about it.

b) With verbs of thinking/feeling-introduces an idea now abandoned- it suggeststhat the idea was repeatedly in the mind:I had been meaning to visit her.( I thought many times about it, but now it‘s too late)

Important: If you do not include a duration such as “for five minutes ”, “for two weeks” or “since Friday”, many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous tense instead the Past Perfect Continuous. There is also a difference in meaning. Compare the examples below:I was reading when my roommate returned. (the reading will be interrupted) I had been reading for an hour when my roommate returned. (the reading stopped just before my roommate returned)

Past perfect or past perfect continuous?

- When we state how often something had happened we use the past perfect tenserather than the past perfect continuous:He had rung at least five times before they arrived.- Certain verbs are not usually used in the continuous tense (verbs referring to

mental and emotional states, verbs of the senses, verbs of reasoning, etc.).

6. Vocabulary Practice

I. Read the carefully the text on the traditional organisation of a ship’s crew in yourcourse book and use the information to expand the diagram below. Your diagramshould show how each department is made up. If personnel exist only on some ships,put their names in brackets ( ).

Answer the following questions.

(1130) Who is in charge of a ship?(1131) What are the four departments that are still customary found in ships of

reasonable size?(1132) What is the structure of each of the four departments?(1133) What are the responsibilities of the deck department?(1134) Who is running the deck department?(1135) What are the responsibilities of the Chief Officer, Second Officer and Third Officer?(1136) Who sees that the orders are carried out by the crew?(1137) Who sounds the tanks and bilges?(1138) What are the grades of the deck ratings?(1139) In ships where a Chief Mate as well as a First mate are carried, who is the

watch keeping officer?

III. Link the following (do not change their order), using whichever pattern is appropriate.To do this task correctly you should turn to unit 8, section 4 in your course book.

(1140) Chief Officer-Master-the Deck Department.(1141) Third Officer-the life-saving equipment.(1142) The sounding of tanks and bilges-Carpenter.(1143) Radio Officer-radio communications.(1144) Chief Steward-Master-the Catering Department.(1145) The preparation of food-Ship‘s Cook.(1146) Chief Engineer-the efficient running of his department.(1147) The loading and unloading of oil-Pumpman.

IV. Rewrite the following sentences in the three alternative ways.

(1148) The function of a thermometer is to measure temperature.(1149) A fire extinguisher is used for putting out fires.(1150) A windlass raises and lowers the anchors.

(1151) We measure time with a chronometer.

7. Grammar Practice

I. Underline all the 3rd forms of the verb in the following passage.

The old man looked at the broken tree. There was sadness in his eyes. There had been a very badstorm during the night. The wind had almost blown the tree down. Branches lay around, the whitewood like open wounds without the blood. He thought back to the day when he had plantedit ..... many years ago. The tree had grown taller year by year until it had reached almost as highas the roof. He remembered the day his son had climbed up and hidden in the branches – andwouldn‘t come down. He remembered how the war had come and taken his wife and son fromhim. The house had burnt down. But the tree had survived. It had reminded him of all those otherthings. Until last night. What could an old man do now?

Now write the words you have underlined.(1152)..................... ...............................7 (1153)..................... ...............................8 (1154)..................... ...............................9 (1155)..................... ..................................10 (1156)..................... ..................................11 (1157)..................... ..................................12

II. Complete these situations. Number 1 is done for you.

(1158) I was nervous as I sat in the car waiting for my driving instructor. (drive) I had never driven before.

(1159) I was terrified as we waited for the plane. (fly)

(1160)..................................My knees were knocking as I stood up at the wedding. (give a speech)

(1161) When I reached the top of the ski lift, I wanted to die. (ski)

5. As I changed into my tennis things, I wished I‘d never agreed to be Martin‘s partner. (play tennis)

6. If only I had refused to go to the choir practice! (sing in public)

III. Supply reasonable previous cases in the past for these consequences, results, effects or interest. Use the Past Perfect and try to find more than one previous cause for each sentence. EXAMPLE: She knew how to bake a cake because…

(1162) her mother had taught her.(1163) she had learned at school.(1164) she had read about it in a book.

Use as and because as links where necessary.(1165) He gave his horse a lump of sugar…(1166) She asked me to repeat my name…

(1167) We asked her to sing the song again…(1168) They called the boy Moses…(1169) Father tipped the waiter very well…(1170) The man was out of breath…(1171) I sent my watch to the watchmaker‘s…(1172) Our visitor was very tired…(1173) It was very cold outside in the garden…(1174) We gave the patient first aid…(1175) We didn‘t meet yesterday after all…(1176) I couldn‘t eat the food at lunchtime…(1177) Peter didn‘t know the answer to the question…(1178) John looked very smart at his sister‘s wedding…(1179) The tramp had a three days‘ beard…(1180) The president arrived half an hour late…(1181) We called a doctor…(1182) Peter wasn‘t very happy when we met him…(1183) The Colonel had great experience of men…(1184) The children were late for school…

IV. Supply the Simple Past for the effect, consequence, result or interest and the Past Perfect for the previous cause.

(1185) They (spend) all their money and (not know) where to find any more.(1186) We (finish) our work so we (sit) down to talk.(1187) The sky (be) black for some time before the rain (begin) to fall.(1188) I (give) you the work to do again because you(do)it badly.(1189) When I (thank) my hostess I (leave) the house and (go) home.(1190) Yesterday my wife (tell) me about a beautiful hat she (see) a few days earlier.(1191) Dr. Brown (just return) so they (give) him the message.(1192) One of his patients (break) his leg and (need) a doctor at once.(1193) The doctor (hope) for a quiet night. He (feel) disappointed.(1194) After the children (go) to bed the house (be) very quiet.(1195) They always (live) in a small village and (not understand) the city people.(1196) I (can‘t) read because I (forget) to fetch my glasses.(1197) Peter (have) dinner in town that evening as his wife (go) to visit her mother.(1198) We (never be) in Athens before so we (want) to see the sights.(1199) The child (lose) his money so he (cannot buy) sweets.

V. Supply the Simple Past to show cause and immediate effect or the Past Perfect to show previous cause. The Simple past expresses the later consequence.

(1200) He (press) the switch and the engine (start).(1201) Peter (forget) to fill up with petrol so his car (stop) just outside the garage.(1202) We (not eat) much for breakfast so we (feel) hungry at lunchtime.(1203) John (not arrive) by seven thirty, so Mary (go) to the cinema alone.(1204) Mr. Smith (misunderstand) the question because he (not hear) it well.(1205) Professor Smith (heat) a metal bar and it (expand).(1206) His firm (give) him a better position last year because he (earn) it.(1207) As we (miss) the express from London we (travel) on a slow train.

(1208) Our host (introduce) me to Mrs. Brown whom I (not meet) before.(1209) Peter (sunbathe) too long and (get) blisters on his back.(1210) Mary (not be) abroad before so everything (seem) strange to her.(1211) .. .he (refuse) to see me because I (not write) for an appointment?(1212) She (not go) out in the rain because she (not have) an umbrella.(1213) ... he (become) angry when you (accuse) him for stealing?(1214) As we (not have) notice of the general‘s arrival, naturally we (not expect) him.(1215) Something heavy (strike) me on the head and (knock) me out.(1216) ... she (find out) for herself or ... someone (tell) her?(1217) We (wake up) late because the alarm clock (not ring).(1218) The policeman (put) up his hand and the traffic (stop).(1219) Susan‘s dinner (go) cold so Alan (warm) it up for her.

VI. Transate into English using one of the following tenses: Past Simple; Past Continuous; Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous

(1220) Vântul se mai domolise iar luna strălucea deasupra mării liniştite.(1221) Telefonul sună, în timp ce domnişoara Marple se îmbrăca.(1222) O auzi cum oftează în timp ce el citea.(1223) Ultima dată 1-am văzut acum zece ani.(1224) Ca elev era un băiat timid şi sârguincios.(1225) Deschise sertarul, scoase un plic vechi şi se aşeză în fotoliu, examinându-l atent.(1226) În zilele acelea venea să mă vadă în mod regulat şi de fiecare dată îmi aducea un mic dar.(1227) Mereu mă suna noaptea târziu.(1228) Când predam la şcoala aceea, mă lua în fiecare dimineata cu maşina.(1229) Ce s-a întâmplt după ce a plecat?(1230) De trei ani locuia în satul acela mic de lângă granita.(1231) II aşteptam de o oră, când telefonul sună şi o voce'ciudată îmi spuse că Richard a avut un accident.(1232) Primise florile cu o oră în urmă, dar era încă foarte emoţionată.(1233) Ce făcuse oare în tot acest timp?(1234) Despre ce vorbeau când i-ai întâlnit

8. SELF-TEST

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s).(1235) The man in charge of a ship is the.................(1236) The master is the.........personal .representative.(1237) The master bears the ultimate responsibility for the safe navigation of his vessel, efficient

loading,...... and discharge of the cargo.(1238) The master has the power to act as a......, a doctor, and even to bury people.(1239) If a person is dangerous to other members of the ship, the master may place the

individual under.....(1240) If the ship is ...........in any way, the Master may call upon all persons on board to give

assistance.(1241) The master is required to hold a...........which is obtained by examination.(1242) The Master must be... .competent in navigation matters including navigating techniques

and instruments.(1243) The traditional organisation of a ship‘s crew consists of four departments:...........,Engine,

Catering, and Radio.

10. Each department is made up of a varied number of officers,.........and ratings.

10p

II. Select the officers, petty officers and ratings below and place them under theappropriate heading in a hierarchical manner:

Chief Officer; Chief Steward; Fifth Engineer; the Purser; Second Officer; Chief Engineer;Electrical Officer; Boatswain; Fireman; Second Engineer; Third Officer; Carpenter; Storekeeper;Third Engineer; Able Seaman; Donkeyman; Chief Radio Officer; Pumpman; Greaser; EfficientDeck Hand; Fourth Engineer; Ordinary Seaman; Second Steward; Second Radio Officer

Deck Department

Engine Department

Catering Department

Radio Department

Chief Officer Chief Engineer Chief Steward Chief Radio Officer

10p

III. Write the responsibilities of the officers, petty officers and ratings belonging to the deckdepartment. Use the three patterns for expressing function.

10p

9. Self-Test-Answer Key

I.

(1244) Master(1245) Owner‘s(1246) Stowage(1247) lawyer(1248) restraint(1249) imperilled(1250) Master‘s Certificate(1251) Thoroughly(1252) Deck(1253) Petty officers

II.

Deck Department

Engine Department Catering Department

Radio Department

Chief Officer Chief Engineer Chief Steward Chief Radio Officer

Second officer Second Engineer Second radio Officer

Third Officer Third Engineer Third Radio OfficerFourth EngineerElectrical Officer

Boatswain Storekeeper Second StewardCarpenter Donkeyman The purser

PumpmanAB(able seaman) Firemen

EDH(efficient deck hand)

Greasers

OS(ordinary seaman)

III.

(1254) The Chief Officer is responsible to the Master for the Deck Department.(1255) The Third Officer is responsible for the life-saving appliances(1256) The Boatswain is directly responsible to the Chief Officer. He sees that his ordersand those of other deck officers are carried out by the crew.(1257) The sounding of tanks and bilges is the responsibility of the Carpenter(1258) Deck ratings are responsible for deck operations.

arise arose arisen a se ridica

awake awoke awoken a (se) trezi

be was/were been a fi

bear bore borne a purta

beat beat beaten a bate

become became become a deveni

begin began begun a începe

bend bent bent a (se) îndoi

bet bet bet a paria

bid bid bid a ruga, a adresa (o invitaţie)

bade bidden a porunci

bind bound bound a lega

bite bit bitten a mu§ca

bleed bled bled a sângera

bless blest blest a binecuvânta

blow blew blown a sufla; a bate

break broke broken a (se) sparge; a (se) defecta

breed bred bred a create, a educa

bring brought brought a aduce

broadcast broadcast broadcast a emite (radio, TV)

build built built a construi

burn burnt burnt a arde

burst burst burst a izbucni; a năvăli; a crăpa

buy bought bought a cumpăra

cast cast cast a arunca

catch caught caught a prinde

choose chose chosen a alege

cling clung clung a se agata

come came come a veni

cost cost cost a costa

creep crept crept a se tan; a se furişa

cut cut cut a tăia

deal dealt dealt a trata; a se ocupa de

dig dug dug a săpa

dive dove (Am.) dived a (se) scufunda, a plonja

do did done a face

draw drew drawn a trage, a desena

dream dreamt dreamt a visa

drink drank drunk a bea

drive drove driven a conduce, a şofa

dwell dwelt dwelt a locui

eat ate eaten a mânca

fall fell fallen a cădea

feed fed fed a hrăni, a alimenta

feel felt felt a (se) simţi

fight fought fought a (se) lupta

find found found a găsi

flee fled fled a fugi

fling flung flung a arunca; a lansa

fly flew flown a zbura

forbid forbade forbidden a interzice

forecast forecast forecast a prevedea

foresee foresaw foreseen a prezice

forget forgot forgotten a uita

forgive forgave forgiven a ierta

freeze froze frozen a îngheţa

get got got (gotten Am.) a primi; a obţine; a

give gave given a da

go went gone a merge

grind ground ground a măcina, a şlefui

grow grew grown a create, a cultiva

hang hung hung a atârna

have had had a avea

hear heard heard a auzi

hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde

hit hit hit a lovi

hold held held a ţine

hurt hurt hurt a lovi; a răni; a

keep kept kept a ţine; a păstra

kneel knelt knelt a îngenunchea

knit knit knit a tricota

know knew known a şti, a cunoaşte

lay laid laid a pune, a a§eza

lead led led a conduce

lean leant leant a (se) apleca, a (se)

leap leapt leapt a sări

learn learnt learnt a învata

leave left left a pleca, a lăsa

lend lent lent a da cu împrumut

let let let a lăsa, a permite

lie lay lain a sta întins; a se

light lit lit a aprinde

lose lost lost a pierde

make made made a face

mean meant meant a însemna

meet met met a (se) întâlni

mislead misled misled a induce în eroare

mistake mistook mistaken a confunda

mow mowed mown a cosi

overcome overcame overcome a depasi

pay paid paid a plăti

put put put a pune

read read read a citi

rend rent rent a rupe, a sfasia

rid rid rid a se descotorosi

ride rode ridden a călări; a merge cu...

ring rang rung a suna

rise rose risen a răsări, a se

run ran run a fugi

saw sawed sawn a tăia cu ferăstrăul

say said said a spune

see saw seen a vedea

seek sought sought a căuta

sell sold sold a vinde

send sent sent a trimite

set set set a potrivi; a monta; a fixa

sew sewed sown a coase

shake shook shaken a scutura; a tremura

shear sheared shorn a tunde oi

shed shed shed a vărsa (lacrimi, sânge)

shine shone shone a străluci

shoe shod shod a potcovi

shoot shot shot a trage, a împuşca; a filma

show showed shown a arăta

shrink shrank shrunk a intra la apă, a se strânge

shut shut shut a închide

sing sang sung a cânta

sink sank sunk a (se) scufunda

sit sat sat a sta jos

slay slew slain a ucide

sleep slept slept a dormi

slide slid slid a aluneca

sling slung slung a arunca

slit slit slit a despica

smell smelt smelt a mirosi

sow sowed sown a semăna

speak spoke spoken a vorbi

speed sped sped a accelera

spell spelt spelt a ortografia

spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece timp

spill spilt spilt a vărsa

spin span/spun spun a se învârti în jurul axei

spit spat spat a scuipa

spit spit (Am.)

split split split a despica

spoil spoilt spoilt a strica, a răsfata

spread spread spread a (se) răspândi

spring sprang sprung a izvorî; a (ră)sări

stand stood stood a sta în picioare

steal stole stolen a fura

stick stuck stuck a (se) lipi; a înfige

sting stung stung a înţepa

stink stank/stunk stunk a mirosi urât

stride strode stridden a merge cu pa§i mari

strike struck struck a lovi

string strung strung a în§ira

strive strove striven a se strădui; a năzui

swear swore sworn a jura; a înjura

sweep swept swept a mătura

swell swelled swollen a se umfla

swim swam swum a înota

swing swung swung a (se) legăna

take took taken a lua

teach taught taught a învata (pe cineva)

tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia

tell told told a spune (cuiva), a povesti

think thought thought a (se) gândi; a crede

throw threw thrown a arunca

thrust thrust thrust a înfige

tread trod trodden/trod a călca, a pasi

undergo underwent undergone a suferi (schimbări)

understand understood understood a înţelege

undertake undertook undertaken a întreprinde

wake woke woken a (se) trezi

wear wore worn a purta

weave wove woven a ţese

wed wed wed a se cununa

weep wept wept a plânge

wet wet wet a (se) uda

win won won a castiga

wind wound wound a răsuci; a şerpui

withdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retrage

wring wrung wrung a stoarce; a răsuci

write wrote written a scrie

ROZAKIS, L., E., Grammar and Style, New York, Alpha Books, 1997. ISBN 0-02-861956-0SWAN, MICHAEL, Practical English Language, Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-19-431185-6TAGGART, ROBERT, Ship Design and Construction, Oxford University Press, 1980 THOMSON, A.J.; MARTINET, A.V., A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-431348-4THORNBURY, SCOTT, Natural Grammar, Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-438624-4T.N. BLAKEY,English for Maritime Studies, Prentice Hall International English Language teaching, 1987.ISBN 0-13-281379-3