~--..

SUFFlXES

M ed_~~al_TerrJll_J1oolo_gy1. Suffixes and Prefixes 1-

A suffix is a word ending that modifies a root which may indicate that the word lS a noun or anadjective.

• Suffixes tliat mean "condition of"

Suffix Example Meaning-Ja insomnia Inability to sleep

anesthesia Loss of sensationphobia Abnormal fear

-15111 alcoholism Chronic dependence on or addiction to alcoholegotism Exaggerated self-importanceembolism Blockage of a vessel

-SIS neurosis Psychological disorder(-osis. -esis, psychosis Mental disorder-asis, iasis) cirrhosis Liver degeneration-y atony Lack of muscle tone

tetany Sustained muscle contractiondysentery Intestinal disorder

e Suffixes that mean "pertaining to ", "characterized by", "resembling" _ adjective endings

SulE! Example Dejlllitioll-ac cardiac Pertaining to the heart-al skeletal Pertaining to the skeletonoar muscular Pertaining to muscle

Pertaining to urine ,-ary unnary-IC pelvic Pertaining to the pelvis-ical surgical Pertaining to surgery-ile febrile Pertaining to fever-0 us venous Pertaining to a vein-form epileptiform Like or resembling epilepsy-oid mucoid Like or resembling mucus(nouns) -sis changes into -tic (to fonn the adjective): neurosis - neurotic, diuresis _ diuretic

• Suffixes pertaining to specialties and specialists

SlIljix Meaning Example Definition-logy Study of physiology Study of function in a living organismi-c--'

Specialist 111 a field dentist Specialist in the study and treatment of-1St

of study the teeth and mouth-ian.vician Specialist III a field I Physician Practitioner of medicine

I of study I

-iatrics,-iatry-I Field of medicine psychiatry Study and treatment of mental illness-ratrist I Snf'.ciRlisl in :::! fipld podiatrist I Specialist in the studv and lr ~;.dtl)~nl or I,

IL_____ _ __ L o! study ,...;-----

II ('. r! ue JOOl

1'1 Exercisesi. Identify the suffix thai means ~"perlai71;I1g1u"'t"r"S"emblll1g")in each ofthefollowil1g words:pnrnary cellular virile physiologic

topicalfocallymphoid

\

anatomical

biologic rheumatoid exploratory

dystrophy fibrous mucifonn

cutaneous cuboid nuclear1)?rlprj ~1 nlptrir therrna)

cellular lymphoid basicS3.1i vary

2. Identify the suffix that means "condilion of",» each of the following words:analgesia parasitism stenosis dystrophythrombosis anemia acidosis

3. Write a word for a specialist in each ofthefollowil1gfields:biology obstetrics pediatrics .allergy psychiatry dermatology ,technology anatomy gynecologypham1acy radiology orthodontics

PREFIXES

• PrefIXes pertaining to numbers

Prefix Meaning Example Definition

Prirn/i- first primigravida Woman pregnant for the first time

Mon/o- one monoclonal Pertaining to a cell colony arising from a single cell

Uni- one unicellular Pertaining to an organism composed of a single cell

Bi- Two, twice Bicuspid Having two points

Di- Two, twice diplegia Paralysis (-plegia) affecting both sides ofthe body

Diplo- double diplopia Double vision( -opia)

Herni- Half, one side hemithorax One side of the chest (thorax)

Semi- Half, partial semilunar Resembling a half-moon

Tri- three triad Group of three

Quadrli- four quadrant One fourth of an area

Multi- many multiple Consisting of many Earts

Poly- Many much polymorphic Having many shapes (morph/o)

.. Exercises1. Define the following words:primarytrisectpolymorphous

multicellularunilateralhemithorax bipolar

2 Fill in the blanks:1. Monalihritis is arthritis affecting ... joint (5).2. A tricuspid tooth has ... points3. vlJ.ihtl<,,;.lal J.ll<,,;.ansaffecting ... side4. A quadruplet is one of offspring produced in a single birth.~ A hipptl is :11) animal with ... [cet.

'3 Give (! pre/lX similar 111meauini: to each 0.1 the toitowtng:~.,-

./? . . I/Itxes p ertaining to co or/

3_j'

/"

i 'LX Meaning Example Definition/'t '/1"~'\1jo- Blue cyanosis Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of

oxigenErythr/o- Red erythroc yte Red blood cellLeuk/o- White, colorless leukoplakia White patches in the mouthMelano/o- Black, dark melanin The dark_l)igment that colors the hair and skinXanth/o- yellow xanthoma Yellow raised area of the skin

e Negative prefixes

Prefix Meaning Example DefinitionA-, An- Nat, without, lack of, absence amorphous Without formAnti- against antidote Means for counteracting a poisonContra- against contralateral Pertaining to the opposite sideDe- Down, without, removal, loss detoxify To remove a poisonDis- Absence, removal, separation disinfect To remove infectious organisms

from i

ln-, im- Not (in- before b, m, p) incontinence Lack of control over excretion IUn- Not unconscious Not responsive

• Exercises1. Identify and define the prefix in each of/he following words:e.g. inadequate in- (prefix) = not (meaning)amnesiadisease

contraceptionantiserum

antibodydecongestant

contraindication2. Write the negativetopposite) of each of the following words. There may be more than one answerfor each.coordinatedseptichumidifycongestantresponsive

abilityadequatefertilitypermeablecompatible

mature

activesufficient

• Prefixes pertaining to direction

Prefix Meaning Example DefinitionAh- ?way frorn abduct To move ~1W:.!yfrom the midlineAd- Toward, near adhesion An attachment of partsDia- through dialysis Separation by passage through a membranePer- through percutaneous Through the skinTrans- Through, across, transfusion Introduction of blood or blood components into I

beyond the bloodstream

.. Exercises/ Identify and r/pfl1P I/'p l'rpfix in each of the following words

," "...".

h-"",..,...,...,-tlr"l~. ~"""'¥'-"- "'-"-~

I

4-t. . . lIJ txes pcrtaintng to co or

/~----~~~---------r~--~--~~~~-----------------------,/ 'Ix Meaning Example Defll1itionj<::.1wyuJo- Blue cyanosis Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of

oxigenErythr/o- Red erythrocyte 1Red blood cellLeuk/o- White, colorless leukoplakia I White patches' ~in-'th:-e-m-O-U:-th;---------IIMelano/o- Black, dark melanin l The dark pigment that colors the hair and skinXanth/o- [ yellow I xanthoma I Yellow raised area of the skin

• Negative prefixes

Prefix Meaning Example DefinitionA-, An- Not, without, lack of, absence amorphous Without formAnti- against antidote Means for counteracting a poisonContra- against contralateral Pertaining to the opposite sideDe- Down, without, removal, loss detoxifi To remove a poisonDis- Absence, removal, separation disinfect To remove infectious organisms

fromI In-, im- Not (in- before b, In, p) incontinence Lack of control over excretionUn- Not unconscious Not responsive

• ExercisesI. Identify and define the prefix in each of the following words:e.g. inadequate in- (prefix) = not (meaning)amnesiadisease

contraceptionantiserum

antibodydecongestant

contraindication2. Write the negative/opposite) of each of the following words. There may be more than one answerfor each.coordinatedseptichumidifycongestantresponsive

abilityadequatefertilitypermeablecompatible

activesufficient

mature

• Prefixes pertaining to direction

Prefix Meaning Example DefinitionAb- away from abduct To move "way from 1111"midlineAd- Toward, near adhesion An attachment of partsDia- through dialysis Separation by passage through a membranePer- through percutaneous Through the skinTrans- Through, across, transfusion Introduction of blood OJ blood components into

beyond the bloodstream

" Exercises1. Identifv and define the prefix ill each of the [ollowino words

_ ~ v ._..

...Jil<';()lb

~e!-fuj;;H~

rranscornr-a t

ITHl1S1111l

j'/,

!

Ijfixes pertaining to color/

/1 'IX Meaning I Example Definition'cir:c(Q!o- Blue cyanosis Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of

,1 ' oxrzent»

Erythr/o- Red erythrocyte Red blood cellLeuk/o- White. colorless leukoplakia Whit~alches in the mouthMelano/o- Black, dark melanin The dark pigment that colors the hair and skinXanthlo- yellow xanthoma Yellow raised area of the skin

• Negative prefixes

Prefix Meaning Example DefinitionA-, An- Not, without, lack of, absence amorphous Without formAnti- against antidote Means for counteracting a poisonContra- against contralateral Pertaining to the opposite sideDe- Down, without, removal, loss detoxify To remove a poisonDis- Absence, removal, separation disinfect To remove infectious organisms

fromIn-, im- Not (in- before b, In, p) incontinence Lack of control over excretionUn- Not unconscious Not responsive

• ExercisesI. Identify and define [he prefix in each of the following words:e.g. inadequate in- (prefix) = not (meaning)amnesiadisease

contraceptionantiserum

antibodydecongestant

contraindication2. Write the negative/opposite) of each of the following words, There may be more than one answerfor each.coordinatedseptichumidifycongestantresponsive

abilityadequatefertilitypermeablecompatible

mature

activesufficient

• Prefixes pertaining to direction

Prefix Meaning Example DefinitionAI: 3\\':1)' from abduct To move :lW3Y from the midlineAd- Toward, near adhesion An attachment of parts IDia- through dialysis Separation by passage through a membranePer- through I percutaneous Through the skin ,

1rans- Through, across, transfusion lntroduction of blood or blood components intobeyond the bloodstream

.. Exercises1. Identify and define the prefix in each of the following wordsalJ:'VJ iJ tJahsl1litce.fcr.ueti~Jl~GV. ~;~I..l

-'

II DISEASES _",..,.. f:_ ~ f

J alopecia~n))J 9Jt~ candidaS dyspepsia.)J haemorrhoids~ herpes zoster

Match the common name for a disease with its medical equivalent.Medical name 6

r oedemaI rubellaj( urticaria

j arteriosclerosis10 cerebral palsyII eructationIt halitosisJ~ infectious mononucleosisII poliomyelitisI rubeola; morbilliI varicella

1-1 bursitisI~cerebral infarction / bleedingI? flatulenceJ , herpes simplex; I myocardial infarction< 2 pyrosis~."tendonitisd A verrucae

I " I \ .1 Ii iJ 2 Common name s 0 (;Ge1rl_anm~easles,poli?~ thrush, warts heart attack, heat sp~ti {neetle rash, col] rore, swellmg, \,0 ~)spasnc. belching, glandular fever, hea~Fum, baldifuss, chickenpox, hardening of he arteries. meailes.bad,breath, indigestion, housemaid's knee, piles, shingles, tennis elbow, stroke, wind. J

~ ':> ,=I /.i ~ oCS 18 (g ",")'1J""OJt-CrYlil""')'c,

Match the definitions with the folowing terms: signs, sequelae, differential diagnosis.consultation, syndrome, aetiology, history, prognosis, abnormality, complications, prevention.symptoms, disease, examination, diagnosis. s> 1 J) ,J ,0, '\l,,, I, trr.»

cf.

'1 the long-term results of an illness or treatment. _ o~Ji(l~:!. Identifying several illnesses which the patient may have. - ~ I1J~)' 0 (ri 'c.Y

) 3. things wrong with the body which the patient complains of or experiences. _4. a study of the patient's body. J))(')fN1'f( -cr 0/'1\];

,5. the causes leading to an ilness. 0 ,t '",PoW6. an unusual feature which may be worrying or dangerous.-

, 7. a meeting between patient and doctor to discuss problems.8. the identification of a particular illness. - ..JJ ')~(Y'O :\1 '"

'9. a change in the structure or function of the organs or tissue of the body. - dJ<1. W10 taking away the cause of illness or finding it early.

, 1 I . a group of signs which are characteristic of a particular illness. ~..JJ I\" &µ CJ fW'~12. additional problems to the original illness. Q.o- JY)( r)' r ')1 ().{Vv:,

'13. likely outcome of an illness. 1}j o~ ('{l().A ,'SI 14 a patient's medical background, problems, behaviour and lifestyle. -15 what the doctor can see of the illness. - <C~1V\f\

o 10r11<)}I1Y\1 CI1Jf ~e. 0 N ,juJ -! o:h IJ]Y\

3

tsXI\\\f:+J" rl\TECTlOL~ DISEASES - WOI"{! jJ;uichngis« the .cords on the righl [0 form (1 noun £Fcu Jus suiiably m [he blank space

The of equipment is necessary to kill spores. SiC/(IU Sftn-c, H STERILE-i '2ft ,,,",,cnce ;·'cindec the safe of waste. 01 S POSAL_ DISPOSE_ Hands must he carefullx washed after .. with body fluids co-µT1lt1ll-lrrnati CO)\TAMINATl-.1 !!, paucnt \\,11h a highly infectious disease may ha ..e to be cared for in ISOLl' ttor! ISOLATEt; Sr,p" ,il~f;:1(;'-- nr:::-misrn:- mav mccer 211 mfiammaiory .. in the bo.iv. «tSPOHSE RlSJ10~lJ6 The of influenza depends on the <train of virus causing it. S[ Vt?? i '':1 Sl: \ l:..kl:7 III the case otmumps the period of ... is very long. lH WGPT) Df-( INCLB.,,-j ..8. In 1110S1 Eu: opean countries, ... against many childhood diseases IS available. V/\ (CIN ATF 1101-/9. A long ... is often required cfter glandular fever. CDHtJPL-ESC E"HCE CO)\,TVALES('E10 Many viral diseases are known to cause ... of the tonsils. /H'FLfiNflDOf! ll\'FLAJ,1E11. A programme of ... has made diphtheria a very rare disease in Britain. IHHUilISPfJ01pdJvn.J""NE12. Tetanus is an ... by the Clostridiumtetani bacillus. rH'FECfl'Ol! ll\'FEC r13. Typhoid fever is spread by ... of food or drink contaminated by bacillus from infected faeces.

I'iGEST I oij14 If plaque IS not 1emoved from teeth it may lead to the ... of the enamel. DESTRO\

DES TR() C 1707/• PrepositionsFill in the missing prepositions in the sentences below. Choose from the following. Some oj theprepositions are used more than once: about, against, along, by, down, from, in, into, of, on, to, with

I. Disease can spread to another person through direct contact with the patient.2. Infection may be carried in water contaminated ... sewage. 0,.), \~

3. Malaria is transmitted .. the bite of a mosquito.io'64 Toxins released .. the blood circulation may produce fever. dl5. A rash is probably due ... a viral infection -;(.06. The severity of tile disease depends the particular viral strain. e0V7. A secondary infection can be treated the ~propliate antibiotics. 19-'>'\-\r-.8. These are six patients suffering ... the flu. A\()'IV'-9 Patients must be wamed .. the dangers of secondary infection. ()L~10. The measles rash appearsv.n. the forehead and then s!:,reads ... the body. oQ.OLUV\_...II. The Ge1111anmeasles rash consists ... pink macules. \ (\.....-12. Girls should be vaccinated ... rubella if they have never had it. O-tjo.in~13 Laryngeal spasm may cause difficulty ... swallowing. \.\\....- r, no'\ , ". £14. Antibiotics are effective ... the Bordetella pertussis bacillus. ~~ ~ ,1S. h1 the past many people died ... smallpox. ~c:f0..>... -16. Children are routinely immunized ... polio, whooping cough and other diseases ~OJ. ~17. TyphOld fever is caused ... Salmonella typhi. b:j1R PncC811ilOnSmust be taken \0 prevent the spread ... infection. ~19. Children ai e often conccmcd ... a rash on their skin. v.:>,~20. You're coming ... fine. 'We'll havc you home in no timel oJ_<"-il!t[!.\2 I. The baby is growing quickly and putting ... weight. 01A..- - .._J22. She fainted but quickly came .70 j , I23. She's done something ... her back. Sh~'~having difficulties moving -1024. Try to keep .. this diet for the next fOUTweeks. eu..

TISSUES

--

A tissue is a group of cells that have a similar shape and function. Differenttypes of tissues can be found in different organs. In humans, there are four basictypes of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. There maybe various sub-tissues within each of the primary tissues.

Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internalcavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion,absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue whichprotects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may beharmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes as shown on thestudent's worksheet Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongated.

Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of thetissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support andprotection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary looseconnective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, andlymph, which are all considered connective tissue.

There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in thecontraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of intemalorgans and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type. The cardiac muscle is foundonly in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature.

Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli butalso conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neuronsare long and string-like.

In tissues the simplest combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissueswhich cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examplesinclude the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine toform orqans. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function.The f;Il",1units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is G.

group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body asa whole.