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Engineering Innovation
An introduction to engineering. Adapted from the course “What is Engineering?”
offered to freshman at Johns Hopkins University.
Introductions
INSTRUCTOR:
Dr. Karen Borgsmiller
Hood College
301-606-4367
TEACHING FELLOW:Mr. Paul Hoyt
Who are you?
What are we going to do?
Measure material properties.
Measure the height remotely.
Distill alcohol.
Design a better mousetrap.
Design a circuit to drive a robot car.
Build a spaghetti bridge.
Test a bridge.
What do engineers do?
Engineers solve problems using new ways to combine and use existing technologies.
Engineers develop reliable, safe, cost-effective, aesthetic, useful
products. new devices, materials, or processes to meet
the needs that existing technology does not address.
What things in this room did engineers design and build?
Write down 10 things engineers did. Write 3 items engineers did not develop.
What is Engineering?
How does it differ from science?
Science:DESCRIBEEXPLAIN
Parameters: θ, Ψ, ρ, σ2,☺,λ, Ǻ, g, ћ, H2C5OH, . . .Starting salary: $38K (chemist)
Engineering:INVENTDESIGNBUILD
Parameters: $Starting salary: $54K (chemical engineer)
iPod
spandex
If it moves, it's mechanical engineering;If it doesn't move, it's civil engineering;If you can't see it, it's electrical engineering;If it smells, it's chemical engineering.
Engineering: What are its fields?
Thirty years ago. . .
Today, it’s a blur. . .
Biomolecular-, nano-, computer-, materials-, robotic-, biomedical-, environmental-, . . .
What is Engineering?
According to Webster’s II New Riverside Dictionary:
Engineering is “the application of mathematical and scientific principles to practical ends, as the design, construction, and operation of economical and efficient structures, equipment, and systems.”
But is there more. . .?
“Engineering. . .to define rudely but not inaptly is the art of doing that well with one dollar, which any bungler can do with two after a fashion”--Arthur Mellen Wellington, The Economic Theory of Railway Location (1911)
What are some engineering fields?
Automotive Mechanical Electrical Aeronautical Civil Structural Industrial Materials Chemical Biomedical Environmental Astronautical Nuclear Acoustical
Engineering is art. Aesthetics as well as function counts
The Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, SpainFrank Gehry, architect
The Ironbridge, Coalbrookdale,England 1779
More art . . .
Pont du Gard, France, 100AD
Sagrada familia, Barcelona
More engineering art. . .by women
Vietnam Memorial (Mia Lin)
Hearst Castle (Julia Morgan) Musee d’Orsay (Gae Aulenti)
London eye (Julia Barfield)
Engineering is problem-solving
One solution Two solutions
Engineering is approximation. The mathematics of engineeringsystems are often too complicated to solve analytically.
“Engineering problems are under-defined, there are many solutions,good, bad and indifferent. The art is to arrive at a good solution.This is a creative activity involving imagination, intuition, anddeliberate choice.”--Ove Arup
Engineering is measurement and estimation. River flow,noise in a communication system, scatter in a laser beam,earthquake characteristics--all require measurement
Engineering requires good measurements.
How accurate is your value? What variability will it have? Take good lab notes.
Engineering is modeling and simulation.
Often the only efficient means to confirm that an idea or design will work is to experiment with a scale model or computer simulation.
Model of the X-33 being testedin the NASA Langley Mach 20helium wind tunnel
Engineering is communication. Making presentations, Producing technical manuals, Coordinating teams for large scale
projects. Bad communications can be
devastating.
$125M communication error
Engineering is politics. The best functional solutionis not necessarily the best practical solution.
Three-mile island
NIMBY
Alaskan pipeline
Engineering is finance. Design, construction, operation,and maintenance costs determine the viability ofprojects.
The Big Dig, Boston: $14.2B ($22B as of 7/2008)
The Channel tunnel: $21B
($1B = 666 Eiffel towers)
Engineering is invention/design/innovation. New devices, materials, and processes are developed by engineers to meet needs that existing technologies do not address.
Most Lucrative College Degreesby Julianne Pepitone
Friday, July 24, 2009provided by
. . .engineering diplomas account for 12 of the 15 the top-paying majors. NACE collects its data by surveying 200 college career centers.
. . .salaries for graduates who studied fields like social work command tiny paychecks, somewhere in the vicinity of $29,000. English, foreign language and communications majors make about $35,000.
“. . .few grads offer math skills, and those who can are rewarded."
Engineering is an outstanding salary.
Engineering is ethics.
Engineering is safety.
Engineering is public service.
. . .
“Architects and engineers are among the most fortunate of men since they build their own monuments with public consent, public approval and often public money”--John Prebble
Engineering is new materials. . . and the space elevator
A 21st century Eiffel Tower? (Chosen for London 2012 Olympics)
Engineering isn’t only about big things.
It’s also about nano-bio, bottom-up, tailored structures
quantum dotbiological markers
SWCN switches nano-robots
Engineering is haptics and robotic surgery
Engineering is acoustic control
How are engineering problems different from school problems?
Problems have multiple parameters. Problems have multiple solutions. Solutions have many constraints.
economic aesthetic cultural political
If you were going to design a car, What would be your goals? What are your constraints?
How could you test whether your car would get good gas mileage?
A physical test of a model or prototype.
A scale model or computer simulation can confirm that a design will work.
How much money would you save if you could eliminate one lug nut? At 10 million cars per year, you
save 40 million nuts per year. At $0.50 per nut, that’s $20
million.
The Big Dig, Boston: $14.2 billionThe Channel tunnel: $21 billion
How would you assure a bridge is built safely?
You can’t design an absolutely safe bridge or a zero-defects space shuttle.
You can design a reasonably safe bridge or space shuttle.
Risk of failure vs. cost The profession takes fierce pride in
setting standards and regulations that are safe.
How creative are you? Since engineering problems rarely have single
solutions, creativity and imagination are important.
Creative solutions to meet market needs.
Expose yourself to engineering!
15 minute break!
TAKE SURVEY!!
How many soccer balls would fit in this room?
Take 7 minutes and get your individual answer
Gather with the students seated near to you in groups of three (one group of 4) and take 10 minutes to agree upon an estimate.
How can we measure the central tendency of the data? Measures of central tendency describe the center
point of the data set with a single value
Mean
Median
Mode
Average Calculate the average (mean)
Sample Mean = =
Population Mean = μ =
In inferential statistics it is impossible to have data for the entire population of interest, so inferences are made using a sample population.
xn
xn
ii
1
N
xn
ii
1
Median and Mode Median
The value in the data set for which half of the observations are higher and half of the observations are lower.
When there is an even number of data points, the median will be the average of the two center points
Mode
The observation in the data set that occurs the most frequently.
How can we measure the dispersion of the data?
Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Range
Subtract the smallest measurement from the largest measurement.
Variance
Sample Variance
Population Variance
11
1
2
12
1
2
2
nn
xx
n
xxs
n
i
n
ii
i
n
ii
NN
xx
N
xN
i
N
ii
i
N
ii
1
2
12
1
2
2
Standard Deviation The square root of the variance
Sample standard deviation = s Population standard deviation = σ
The standard deviation is more useful than the variance because the units on standard deviation match the units of the original data set
Bell-shaped curve One standard deviation = σ = 68% of the data Two standard deviations = 2 σ = 95% of the data Three standard deviations = 3 σ = 99.7% of the data
Statistics Problem Homework
Due tomorrow at the beginning of class
45 minutes for lunch
Learn to use engineers' tools Problem definition Critical factors Brainstorm Measurements Simulations Design Build things Test Teamwork Communicate
Grading3 JHU Credits for students earning an “A” or “B”or JHU Certificate of Completion Labs
College Rankings Remote Measurement Materials Lab Logic / Robot Chemical Processes
Communication Mousetrap Design Instructions Mini-research essay RFP Oral Presentation
Spaghetti Bridge Project Participation Final Exam – Take home, graded by JHU
Expectations Condensed college-level course
Fast pace … only 19 sessions Be on time 9:00 sharp!!! Don’t miss class!
Need access to a computer/ Internet/ MS Office Participate
Ask questions! Homework every night ... up to 3 hours Teamwork is essential If you have a problem … let us know right away!! We are here to help you succeed.
Academic Conduct
Student assume a duty to conduct themselves in a manner appropriate to Johns Hopkins University
Violations of academic ethics include: Submitting someone else’s work as your own Cheating Plagiarism
Cases of suspected academic misconduct will follow JHU procedures.
The final exam is an individual effort.
Prepare for lab tomorrow!
Tension test of spaghetti
Form groups of 3-4 students
These groups will be your groups for the remainder of the course
Lab Today
Select a pair of safety glasses/goggles to use the rest of the course.
Get a ziplock bag in which to keep your glasses/goggles and use a sharpie marker to write your name on the bag.
Select a table – you must use a table that has been protected with plastic and paper.
ALWAYS GLUE ON WAX PAPER!!!!
Prepare spaghetti for tension test.
Mix equal parts of epoxy
Use small (< quarter) size blobs.
Pry cotter pins apart with quarter.
Be neat – NO glue off wax paper.
Make 3 samples of each size of spaghetti (9 total samples)
How do you take data?
Write everything in the lab notebook. Don’t erase. Put one line through any error. Write enough so someone else can follow. Plan ahead.
HOMEWORK!
Statistics Problem
Read the Tension Test Lab and Prepare your lab notebook to collect the data
BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY – Make your spaghetti samples for the tension experiment.
