Engineered for flexibility and performance | Hybrid Geothermal Systems And Possible Applications in Sporting Venues IGSPHA 2008

Engineered for flexibility and performance |

Hybrid Geothermal SystemsAnd Possible Applications in Sporting Venues

IGSPHA 2008


Jay Ramkumar

Applications Engineer – Geothermal Systems McQuay International /Daikin


Topics

• What is a “Hybrid” design? • Designing a “Hybrid” system• DOE study / simulation • Hybrid examples• Biggest market in construction is sports and health care• Using BIM model for geothermal HVAC in sports

arenas• Templifiers and other heat pumps can be use for sport

arenas, corridors and hallways• Summary and conclusion


What Is A “Hybrid” Design?

• “Low cost” alternative to a full GHP design– Southern applications – Loop matches heat load and a cooling

tower added to assist rejection load– Northern applications – Loop matches cooling load and a boiler is

added to supplement heating load


Why Use A “Hybrid” Design?

• Total GHP loop field design may be higher first costs, unattractive short term economics.

• Southern applications can reject 40 to 50 times more heat than extracted during heating.

• Extreme northern applications can extract 30 to 40 times more heat than rejected

during cooling

Technology Installation Review - DOE


Why Use A “Hybrid” Design?

• Imbalanced heating / cooling load may not recharge a geothermal loop field and cause long term thermal build up / pull down.

• Hybrid designs can shorten loop lengths by 20 - 50% and only increase operating costs by 0% – 20%

• Some sites have unfavorable geological conditions or available surface area is limited

• Hybrid projects are normally over 100 tons

•

*


• “Hybrid” loop sizing software has been developed by GLD (Ground Loop Design)1) Geo software determines total loop length for cooling and heating

2) “Hybrid Option” determines new “shorter” loop length for total cooling and sizes boiler

3) Antifreeze added to loop / or bypass geo loop when boiler is operated

Designing A Hybrid System


Designing A Hybrid – Boiler


• GLD software (Ground Loop Design) has hybrid geothermal software.

• eQUEST (DOE2.2) and Energy plus will not size a hybrid loop field or model a hybrid geothermal system.

• Professor Bernier and ASHRAE are developing a hybrid geothermal economics modeling program. Available in few weeks

• OCAST (OK State) is developing a new program that will simulate loop / boiler (HVACSIM+). Will offer optimized control strategies - available 1 year +

Designing A Hybrid - Software


• DOE – “Assessment of Hybrid Geothermal Heat Pump Systems” (December 2001)*

• Houston office building - 14,025 ft2 (40 ton)– 1,434 heat degree days / 2,889 cool degree days– Annual heating load = 7.5 million BTU– Annual cooling load = 181.6 million BTU– 36 bore holes @ 250 feet deep – 71ºF ground water temperature

• Tulsa office building - 14,025 ft2 (40 ton)– 3,680 heat degree days / 1,949 cool degree days– Annual heating load = 50.1 million BTU – Annual cooling load = 131.8 million BTU– 16 bore holes @ 250 feet deep– 62ºF ground water temperature

* www.pnl.gov/techreview/hybrid-new/hybrid-ghp.html

US Department Of Energy Study - 2001


Annual System Energy Use (kWh) *

Full GHP No TowerCase 1 Tower on when exiting heat pump LWT is 96.5ºFCase 2 Tower on when LWT to “air wet bulb” temp exceeds 3.6ºF diff.

off @ 2.3ºFCase 3 Tower on operates midnight to 6:00 a.m.(max LWT 96.5ºF) * Developed using TRNSYS module


From This We Developed A Design

Full GHP No TowerCase 1 Tower on when exiting heat pump LWT is 96.5ºFCase 2 Tower on when LWT to “air wet bulb” temp exceeds 3.6ºF diff.

Off @ 2.3ºFCase 3 Tower on operates midnight to 6:00 a.m.(max LWT 96.5ºF)

* Developed using TRNSYS module


Cooling Tower

Project name: NewBridge on the Charles;Hebrew Senior Living Community

Location: Dedham, Mass. USA

Mechanical engineer: Howard Alderson, P.E.Alderson Engineering, Southampton, PAhttp://www.aldersonengineering.com

Description: Senior living community campus921,000 sq. ft.Vertical loop w/ cooling tower

Ground water temp: 52ºF

Cooling load: 20,456,000 BTU/H (1,700 tons)

EFLH (cooling): 1,235

Heating load: 11,221,000 BTU/H

EFLH (heating): 825


Full Loop Field Design

Loop Details:Number of bores: 715 Depth of bores: 500 feet deep

Bore hole spacing: 15 feet on center

Loop field installed costs: $ 10,000,000

Building energy consumption / yr: $ 2,302,500

Maintenance costs / yr: $ 73,700


Hybrid Loop Field W/ Cooling Tower

Loop Details Hybrid Full GeoNumber of bores: 400 715 Depth of bores: 500 feet 500 feet

Bore hole spacing: 15 feet 15 feet

Loop field installed costs: $ 5,600,000 $ 10,000,000

Building energy consumption / yr: $ 2,394,600 $ 2,302,500

Maintenance costs / yr: $ 80,000 $ 73,700

Summary Loop (tower) installed costs reduced by $ 4,400,000 Operating costs increased by $ 92,100 / yr.Maintenance increase $ 6,300 / yr.


Why HyGSHP Can Be Used In Sports Venues

Sports venues have enormous budgets

Minnesota Twins Ball Park - $ 522 MillionNew York Yankees Stadium - $1.3 Billion New York Mets Citifield - $610 MillionWembley Soccer Stadium - $1.5 BillionMelbourne Cricket Ground - $410 Million


Challenges On Big Projects

• Set completion date so geothermal installation must be expedited

• Large liquidated damages claim if project completion is delayed

• Where to put geothermal loop for lay down area is large• Large load – larger loop than normal thus hybrid geothermal


Advantages In HVAC Construction Today

• BIM modeling can be used to reduce time in geothermal and HVAC construction

• BIM modeling can be used to prefab geothermal pipes and for layout and field work

• BIM modeling with scheduling software to keep track of geothermal and HVAC scope in a stadium


Advantages In HVAC Construction Today


Why HyGSHP Can Work In Sports Arenas

• Rising cost of fuel prices has caused significant increases in HVAC bills

• With the exception of service and mezzanine level. Club levels, press levels and suite levels is where teams make the most profit.


Why HyGSHP Can Work In Sports Arenas

• Club levels, suite levels and press levels are where most executive suites are located. By using heat pumps one could have different temperatures in each space without affecting the other.


Estimate Range Of Heating And Cooling Load

• Different loads for different sports venues

• Baseball stadiums probably has most load because of the 81 home game season

• H.O.K Sports largest sports A/E firm reported that cooling loads range for stadiums they designed:

Cooling Loads

Service levels: 1896 MBH -3504 MBH (158 – 292 tons) Suite levels: 1680 MBH – 3120 MBH (140 – 260 tons)

Press box and exec levels : 780 MBH – 2220 MBH (65 – 185 tons)

Mezzanine level : 708 MBH – 1308 MBH (59 – 109 tons)

Heating Loads

Service levels: 900 MBH – 1800 MBH

Suite levels : 1200 MBH – 2376 MBH

Press box and exec levels : 540 MBH – 2040 MBH

Mezzanine levels - 468 MBH – 1008 MBH Courtesy of H.O.K Sports


Typical Layout Of Suite/Press Boxes


Designing HyGSHP For Stadiums

• The ground loop will be placed under the large parking lots made of permeable material to allow heat transfer

• Vertical stack units will be placed in suite, club level and press box which are the most expensive seats in a stadium

• From Dr. Steven Kavanaugh design of geothermal system book. “ Required loop length are 150 ft/ton (up North) to 250 ft/ton (down South)

• Taking the worst case scenarios using Dr. Kavanaugh required loop length and HOK Sports maximum loads

• 445 tons for suite, press and executive lounge.



• Bore holes can go up to 500 ft for 1 ¼ inch U tubes• Lets assume for this design we use 350 feet boreholes at

250 ft/ton• That is approximately 318 boreholes in a parking lot which

is very realistic



• Vertical units that McQuay and other firms produce are easy to install because they are stacked one above the other and will give the high-end customer who is using the suites and executive lounge the ability to adjust room temperature without affecting the neighboring suite

• Vertical units can also be used to produce hot and cold water that can supply sinks that are usually in these rooms

• Cooling tower or boiler is used to produce the additional heating or cooling


Larger Units Can Be Used In Hallways

Product Capacity (MBH) Max Temperature

THR 040 – 210 E (Recip)

TSC 063 – 126 (Centrifugal)

500 – 3,000

3,000 – 24,000

160° F

140° F


Templifier Application

Replaces steam boilers to produceprocess hot water, and simultaneouslychilled water for space cooling.

SACI applied dual-mode TDC Templifier:

Winter Heating (21840 MBH) Evaporator 105 ℃Condenser 2540 ℃COP : 5.588

Summer Cooling (18120 MBH)Evaporator 105 ℃ Condenser 3237 ℃COP : 4.373

McQuay model TDC ( x 1)

Dual-Compressor Templifier, Dual-Mode Application

Case Studies - Samsung Electro-Mechanics (Pusan)


Applications The McQuay TSC Templifier replaces steam boilers, to produce process hot water, reclaiming waste heat from plant process cooling towers.

Winter Heating (17160 MBH)Evaporator 28 24.4 ℃ Condenser 50 58 ℃COP : 5.558

Summer Cooling (18720 MBH)Evaporator 12 7 ℃Condenser 32 37 ℃COP : 5.617

McQuay model TSC ( x 2)

Single Compressor Templifier, Dual-Mode Application

Case Studies – Hyundai Motors


Environmentally Friendly

Non-ozone depleting R- 410A

Refrigerant

– Refrigerant of the future

– Good for the environment

– Qualifies for “LEED” credit


Summary

• Total GHP loop field designs will be too large for sports arenas

• Imbalanced heating / cooling loads may not recharge a geothermal loop field and cause long term thermal build up / pull down.

• Hybrid designs can shorten loop lengths by 20 - 50 % and only increase operating costs by 0% – 20%

• Existing loop software programs can size “Hybrid” designs – GLD,GEOKISS will design hybrid applications.

• Economics modeling programs are being developed for tower and boiler hybrids – available in 1 year will make designing easier.


Expanding Your Knowledge

• Resources available for hybrid geothermal design:– McQuay.com – Greenway™ HVAC system solutions and

Geothermal Heat Pump Resource Center– McQuay geothermal design manual – (AG 31-008)– WSHP design manual (C: 330-1)– Geothermal organizations

• International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) www.igspha.okstate.edu

• Geothermal Heat Pump Coalition (Canada)

www.geo-exchange.ca • Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (DC Lobbyist group)

www.geoexchange.org


SHOCK ON YOUR GAS BILL LATELY?


Thank You - Questions

Documents

Engineered for flexibility and performance | Hybrid Geothermal Systems And Possible Applications in Sporting Venues IGSPHA 2008