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8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
1/28
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
2/28
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
3/28
ngf`r u.}.*cgtok kmkbojfm }rubfo}
Ua 4;! 48;;
Xx oii o k mx
fxa l u }
}vx }x dv
c o f!
c f fa o Xav!
}la fa } k uv
4844 gd 48;8
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
4/28
cof obfrgtfka dgktb
COF Obfrgt}> @fmgao J. Ef``ojk``
]ktkl Lgyo
Kdtklkj CfjEagto`mo Agyo*Aoo
Mg`rtkmr Obfrgt> Jktv Jktfc
Mgot Bo}fi`> ]ruktr Ngl`}g` Nt.
Rlo foy} o|xto}}ob f` rlf} xudafmkrfg` kto rlg}o ge rlo kurlgt}. Ylfao rlf} jg`g*
itkxl f} xktr ge rlo gotkaa xtgitkj ge rlo Cgtok Omg`gjfm F`}rfruro o`bgt}ob dv fr}
Gemot}! Dgktb ge Bftomrgt}! k`b Kbf}gtv Mgu`mfa! fr} mg`ro`r} bg `gr `omo}}ktfav
toomr rlo foy} ge f`bffbuka jojdot} ge rlo Dgktb gt ge rlo Kbf}gtv Mgu`mfa.
Mgxvtfilr 48;; dv rlo Cgtok Omg`gjfm F`}rfruro
yyy.cofk.gti
Kaa tfilr} to}otob! o|moxr rlkr kurlgtf~krfg` f} ifo` lotoyfrl rg kmkbojfm f`}rfru*
rfg`} k`b obumkrgt} rg toxtgbumo ktrfmao} lotof` egt kmkbojfm u}o k} ag`i k} kxxtg*
xtfkro mtobfr f} ifo` dgrl rg rlo kurlgt} k`b rg rlf} xudafmkrfg`.
Xtf`rob f` rlo _`frob ]rkro} ge Kjotfmk.F]@@ ;8?2*5622
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
5/28
fff
mg`ro`r}
cof k}v Mu`m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f
Xem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f
L}v e c om`jm f`}u kmjm ]vjx} . . . . . . . . . . . .ff
X}xm} e oji`i o} k}` Mx` ` fjxm`}
e l _` ]}
Rgjgttgy} Ok}r K}fk Rgbkv> Toifg`ka ]omutfrv Mggxotkrfg`
egt rlo 4;}r Mo`rutv
K`btoy A. Gtg}. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;
_.].*Tu}}fk`*Mlf`o}o Mggxotkrfg` egt rlo ]omutfrv ge Cgtok
Bgui N. Cfj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;?Cgtok! K]OK@! k`b Ok}r K}fk` Toifg`kaf}j
Bkfb Ktk}o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ==
rl oji`i t e ]ul c ` I ]i
Dtfbif`i rlo Iagdka Ikx> Cgtok} Aokbot}lfx Kio`bk egt rlo I*48
Dkadf`k V. Lyk`i k`b Vgu`inf Ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?=
rl Euu e o`iv ]muv ` @l} k}
Igf`i Iagdka> F}}uo} Ekmf`i ]gurl Cgtok k} k` Ojotif`i
@umaokt O|xgtrot
Mlo` Ck`o! ]roxlk`fo M. Afoiif! k`b Jfao} K. Xgjxot. . . . . . . . . . .96
Xtg}xomr} egt Mtokrf`i k Itokr! Itoo` Xkrl rg Xgyot
Iogtio Lurmlf`}g`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;8?
o`ii`i ` r`}ej`i @l c} om`jv
O`ikif`i k`b Rtk`}egtjf`i @gtrl Cgtok} Omg`gjv
Yfaafkj D. Dtgy` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;==
O}rfjkrf`i rlo Xgro`rfka ]f~o ge F`rot*Cgtok` Omg`gjfm Mggxotkrfg`
Bggyg` Aoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;26
E``i tj e ]| Xv ]u` @l c} @um M}}]gurl Cgtok k`b rlo ]f|*Xktrv Rkac}> Rlo Aok}r Dkb Gxrfg`7
Mlktao} C. Ktj}rtg`i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;5?
]f|*Xktrv Rkac} k`b Mlf`k} Igabfagmc} ]rtkroiv>
Iorrf`i @gtrl Cgtok Nu}r Tfilr
Btoy Rlgjx}g` k`b @krkafo Jkrrloy} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;96
Nkxk`o}o Xot}xomrfo} g` rlo ]f|*Xktrv Rkac} k`b rlo
@gtrl Cgtok` @umaokt Mtf}f}
Jfmlkoa T. Ku}af` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;6?
Tu}}fk k`b rlo ]f|*Xktrv Xtgmo}} f` Cgtok]roxlo` Dak`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
6/28
f
MlRlo Lg`gtkdao ]roxlo` Y. Dg}ygtrl
Rlo Eaormlot ]mlgga kr Ruer}
_`fot}frv3 Boxktrjo`r ge ]rkro
Jj}
Jt. Dtkbaov Dkd}g`
Ygtab Keekft} Mgu`mfa ge Jkf`o
Bt. Makubo Dktoab
Kjotfmk` O`rotxtf}o F`}rfruro
Bt. Ngl` Do``orr
Egtjot COF Xto}fbo`r
Bt. Rlgjk} E. Mktifaa
_`fot}frv ge @okbk! To`g
Lf} O|moaao`mv Vgg`*no Mlg
]gik`i _`fot}frv
Bt. @fmlgak} Odot}rkbr
Kjotfmk` O`rotxtf}o F`}rfruro
Jt. Tgdotr Ekaag`
Mgaujdfk Du}f`o}} ]mlgga
Jt. Igtbg` Eakco
Jkutoo` % Jfco Jk`}oab
Egu`bkrfg`
Rlo Lg`gtkdao Bg`kab X. Itoii
Rlo Cgtok ]gmforvRlo Lg`gtkdao Rlgjk} M. Luddktb
JmAktrv K}}gmfkro}
Rlo Lg`gtkdao Nkjo} K. Coaav
OKX K}}gmfkro}! F`m.
Jt. K`btoy D. Cfj
]fr'Cfj F`rot`krfg`ka
Jt. ]xo`mot Cfj
Xkmfm Mo`rutv F`}rfruro
Jt. Dtumo Caf`i`ot
Lotfrkio Egu`bkrfg`
Rlo Lg`gtkdao Nkjo} R. Ak`ov
Ojgtv _`fot}frv
Bt. Cftc Y. Akt}o`
Dtfilkj Vgu`i _`fot}frv
Lf} O|moaao`mv Rko*}fc Aoo
Egtjot Kjdk}}kbgt rg rlo _.].
Bt. Vgu`i*]u` AooVg`}of _`fot}frv
Bt. Yg`lvuc Afj
Cgtok Booagxjo`r F`}rfruro
Jt. Xkua J. JmIg`kiao
Mg`}uark`r
Bt. I. Ju}rkek Jglkrktoj
Io`otka Jgrgt} Mgtxgtkrfg`
Bt. Mlu`i*f` Jgg`
Vg`}of _`fot}frv
cof kbUf}gtV mgu`mfA
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
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Bt. Luil R. Xkrtfmc
Mgaujdfk _`fot}frv
Rlo Lg`gtkdao Ot`o}r L. Xtooi
Jk`uekmrutot} Kaafk`mo'JKXF
Bt. Jfrmloaa D. Tof}}
Yk}lf`irg` Mgaaoio
Jt. Ok`} N. T. Tooto
Kadtfilr ]rg`odtfbio Itgux
Jt. Kak` Tgjdoti
Lo`tv A. ]rfj}g` Mo`rot
Bt. Tgdotr K. ]mkakxf`g
_`fot}frv ge Mkafegt`fk! Dotcoaov
Bt. Noeetov T. ]lkeot
Mfrfitgux
Lf} O|moaao`mv Ngu`*vu`i ]u`Cvu`i`kj _`fot}frv
Jt. Y. Tgdotr Ykt`o
Egtjot COF Xto}fbo`r
Jt. Ng}oxl K. D. Yf`bot
Yf`bot F`rot`krfg`ka!
Egtjot COF Xto}fbo`r
cof d e bm}
]uclk` Cfj! O}{.
Xktr`ot
Kcf` Iujx ]rtku}} Lkuot % Eoab
Xtge. Vgg` ]lfc Xktc
Iogtio Yk}lf`irg` _`fot}frv
Xtge. Bkfb ]rof`doti
Iogtiorgy` _`fot}frv
Gemot}
Kjd. Mlktao} A. Xtfrmlktb
Xto}fbo`r
Bt. Kdtklkj Cfj
Ufmo Xto}fbo`r
J}. Eagto`mo Agyo*Aoo
Rtok}utot
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
8/28
f
Xtoekmo
Rlo Cgtok Omg`gjfm F`}rfruro ,COF& f` Yk}lf`irg`! B.M.! f` mggxotkrfg` yfrl
rlo ]mlgga ge F`rot`krfg`ka ]otfmo ,]F]& kr Kjotfmk` _`fot}frv! ka}g f` Yk}l*f`irg`! B.M.! mg}xg`}gtob k` kmkbojfm }vjxg}fuj kr ]F] g` 4844 Gmrgdot
48;8 g` Rgjgttgy} @gtrlok}r K}fk. Rlf} gaujo mg`rkf`} rlo xkxot} rlkr
yoto xto}o`rob kr rlo }vjxg}fuj k`b }ud}o{uo`rav to`ob.
Rlo 48;8 }vjxg}fuj egmu}ob g` ojotif`i k`b euruto mlkaao`io} ekmf`i @gtrl*
ok}r K}fk. Xkxot} k`b bf}mu}}fg`} eoaa u`bot o dtgkb rgxfm}>
Xtg}xomr} egt ojotif`i Ok}r K}fk` mggxotkrfg` k`b fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo
_`frob ]rkro}
Rlo ojotif`i tgao ge ]gurl Cgtok g` k iagdka }rkio
Rlo euruto ge o`otiv }omutfrv f` @gtrlok}r K}fk
O`ikif`i k`b rtk`}egtjf`i @gtrl Cgtok} omg`gjv
Ef`bf`i tggj egt k }f|*xktrv }gaurfg` rg @gtrl Cgtok} `umaokt mtf}f}.
Rlo }xg`}gt} k`b kurlgt} yoamgjo mgjjo`r} g` rlo jkrotfka f` rlf} gaujo. Rlf}
f} rlo 4;}r f` k }otfo} ge k``uka kmkbojfm }vjxg}fk g` K}fk*Xkmfm omg`gjfm k`b
}omutfrv f}}uo} rlkr dtf`i rgiorlot aokbf`i kmkbojfm} k`b xgafmv xtgeo}}fg`ka}
etgj rltguilgur rlo toifg`.
Aguf} Y. Iggbjk` Mlktao} A. ,Nkmc& Xtfrmlktb
Bok` Xto}fbo`r
]mlgga ge F`rot`krfg`ka ]otfmo Cgtok Omg`gjfm F`}rfruro
Kjotfmk` _`fot}frv
Bomojdot 48;8
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
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ff
Lf}rgtV ge cgtok omg`gjfm f`}rfruro
kmkbojfm }VjXg}fk
48;8 Kjotfmk` _`fot}frv! ]mlgga ge F`rot`krfg`ka ]otfmo!
Yk}lf`irg`! B.M.
4886 Ok}r*Yo}r Mo`rot! Lg`gauau
Kbbfrfg`ka xktr`ot} Lkykff Xkmfm _`fot}frv! Xkmfm Egtuj M]F]
488< @oy Vgtc Q
Mo`rot egt Nkxk`*_.]. Du}f`o}} % Omg`gjfm ]rubfo}!
]rot` ]mlgga ge Du}f`o}}
4889 _`fot}frv ge ]gurlot` Mkafegt`fk! Cgtok` ]rubfo} F`}rfruro
4885 Lktktb
Xtoo`rfo Boeo`}o Xtgnomr! Ngl` E. Co``obv ]mlgga ge Igot`jo`r
488? _`fot}frv ge Yk}lf`irg`
4882 Mgaaoio ge Yfaafkj % Jktv
488= ]rk`egtb _`fot}frv
4884 _`fot}frv ge Xo``}vak`fk
488; _`fot}frv ge Mkafegt`fkAg} K`ioao}
4888 Ngl`} Lgxcf`} ]mlgga ge Kbk`mob F`rot`krfg`ka ]rubfo}
;666 Iogtio Yk}lf`irg` _`fot}frv
;66< Iogtiorgy` _`fot}frv
;669 _`fot}frv ge ]gurlot` Mkafegt`fk
;665 _`fot}frv ge Jfmlfik`
;66? _`fot}frv ge Mlfmkig
;662 _`fot}frv ge Mkafegt`fkDotcoaov
;66= Xtf`morg` _`fot}frv
;664 Mgaujdfk _`fot}frv
;66; F`bfk`k _`fot}frv
;668 _`fot}frv ge Mkafegt`fk]k` Bfoig
>
_`fot}frv!
_`fot}frv!
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
10/28
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
11/28
;==
o`ikif`i k`b rtk`}egtjf`i
`gtrL cgtok} omg`gjV
Yfaafkj D. Dtgy`
kd]rtkMr
@gtrl Cgtok dkbav `oob} mlk`io dur ylorlot rlkr mlk`io mk` k`b }lguab do
f`bumob gt egtmob etgj rlo gur}fbo f} gxo` rg {uo}rfg`. Rlf} xkxot xtgmoob} etgjrlo xot}xomrfo rlkr jg}r gur}fbo o`ikiojo`r yfrl @gtrl Cgtok rg bkro lk} doo`
bortfjo`rka rg @gtrl Cgtok` toegtj }f`mo fr lk} kfbob rlo mo`rtka }rkro! ylfml f}
kbkjk`rav gxxg}ob rg bomo`rtkaf~f`i toegtj}. Dur k yf`bgy egt f`bumf`i mlk`io
f` @gtrl Cgtok jkv do gxo`f`i k} rlo }gmfkaf}r mgjjk`b omg`gjv mg`rf`uo}
rg ekfa k`b k} k afcoav ao`irlv xgafrfmka rtk`}frfg` rg k oy aokbot doif`}. ]ootka
tuao} ge o`ikiojo`r! gt xutxg}oeua bf}o`ikiojo`r! kto }uiio}rob rlkr mguab
loax }lgo rlo mgu`rtv f` k toegtj bftomrfg`.
Yfaafkj D. Dtgy` f} k Xtgeo}}gtfka Aomrutot ge Omg`gjfm} kr Iogtio Yk}lf`irg`
_`fuot}frv k`b f} torftob etgj rlo _.]. Boxktrjo`r ge Mgjjotmo! Gemo ge rloMlfoe Omg`gjf}r! yloto lo }otob k} k` omg`gjf}r ygtcf`i g` Ok}r K}fk.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
12/28
;=2 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj
ml! rl Xux o
]utoav k`v mgu`rtv rlkr jkco} k} xggt u}o ge rlo lktb ygtc ge fr} xogxao k} bgo}
@gtrl Cgtok `oob} rg do rtk`}egtjob. Rlo mgu`rtv f} xggt `gr domku}o fr akmc}lujk` k`b xlv}fmka mkxfrka! `krutka to}gutmo}! iggb iogitkxlv! gt oo` xlv}f*
mka f`etk}rtumruto dur }fjxav domku}o fr f} `gr gtik`f~ob f` k ykv rlkr xtgfbo}
f`mo`rfo} egt xogxao rg xtgbumo k`b bf}rtfduro iggb} oemfo`rav k`b }ko k`b
f`o}r egt rlo euruto. Fr f} `gr k `krutka }v}roj dur k }gmfkaf}r }v}roj! dufar g` k
]gfor Jkt|f}r k`b ]rkaf`f}r jgboa rlkr lk} doo` bf}mktbob ootvyloto oa}o f` rlo
ygtab. Mudk jfilr mgjo rlo mag}o}r rg @gtrl Cgtok! dur f` ]oxrojdot 48;8 oo`
Efboa Mk}rtg! ylo` k}cob dv k _.]. ngut`kaf}r ,Igabdoti 48;8& kdgur ylorlot
Mudk f`ro`b} rg o|xgtr fr} fbogagiv! {ufxxob> rlo Mudk` jgboa bgo}`r oo`
ygtc egt Mudk. Mk}rtg jkv lko doo` rok}f`i! dur f` rturl Mudk f} k gutf}lf`i
jktcor omg`gjv mgjxktob yfrl @gtrl Cgtok. K} lktb k} rlo kotkio! lfilav
bf}mfxaf`ob! k`b }jktr @gtrl Cgtok` ygtc}! lo gt }lo f} u`kdao oo` rg eoob lf}
gt lot ekjfav yfrl k`vrlf`i dur k dgya ge dktaov }gux. Rlo mlfabto` ig lu`itv!
bf}ok}o} kto u`mg`rtgaaob! ekjfafo} u}o ao}} oaomrtfmfrv rlk` rlov jfilr lko u}ob
=8 vokt} oktafot! k`b rlov u}o kajg}r `g euoa egt lokrf`i f` ylkr f} {ufro k mgab
mafjkro. Egtofi` rtkoaoo` bgjo}rfm rtkoaf} `oktav g`o|f}ro`r.
K io`otkrfg` kig g`o ge rlf} yk} rlo mk}o. Akdgt k`b mkxfrka xtgbumrffrv lko
xaujjorob rg rlo xgf`r rlkr rlo `krfg` `gy afo} gee Mlf`o}o k`b ]gurl Cgtok`
lk`bgur}rlo akrrot kto btvf`i ux }g rlo egtjot kto domgjf`i jgto fjxgtrk`r.
]gjo oafro} rltfo k} rlov ygtc rlo ktmk`o rtkbf`i k`b jg`ov tuao} rg rloft
kbk`rkio! k`b Xvg`ivk`i mfrv mg`rf`uo} rg rtv rg dufab fr}oae k} k }lgymk}o
ge jgbot`frv! dur ootvg`o c`gy} }gjorlf`i f} ytg`i. Oo` Cfj Ng`i*fa k`b
lf} Cgtok` Ygtcot} Xktrv c`gy rlf} dur rlov lko xtgo`o|moxr rg xotlkx}
}gjo _.]. k`b ]gurl Cgtok` kmkbojfm}rlkr rlov kto f`mkxkdao ge toegtj.
Rlo mutto`mv }ykx ge ak}r Bomojdot! ylo` @gtrl Cgtok} jg`ov yk} }rtfxxob
ge fr} kauo! yk} egt jk`v rlo ak}r }rtky.
Yo jfilr kitoo rlkr rlo mgu`rtv `oob} rg do mlk`iob! dur {uo}rfg`} ge mgut}oktf}o kdgur ylorlot }uml mlk`io }lguab do dtguilr f` etgj rlo gur}fbo. Kajg}r
k`v bf}mu}}fg` ge omg`gjfm booagxjo`r xto}uxxg}o} rlkr kr do}r rlf} f} k`
f`}fbo*gur xtgmo}} k`b rlkr fjxg}ob gur}fbo*f` booagxjo`r f} etkuilr yfrl
bk`iot. F` ekmr! jv rlo}f} f} rlkr @gtrl Cgtok lk} }ueeotob k`b mg`rf`uo} rg }ueeot
etgj rgg juml ge rlo ytg`i cf`b} ge o|rot`ka o`ikiojo`r! btfo` t}r dv rlo
]gfor dagm dufabf`i fr} mktoeuaav af`cob rtkbo }v}roj k`b f` jgto tomo`r vokt}
dv ]gurl Cgtok! Nkxk`! Outgxo! k`b oo` rlo _`frob ]rkro} }oocf`i rg mlk`io
fr. Mlf`k f} @gtrl Cgtok} aktio}r xkrtg`Mlf`o}o kr aok}r kbjfr rlkr rloft jkf`
igka f` xtgfbf`i kfb rg @gtrl Cgtok f} rg jkf`rkf` nu}r o`guil }rkdfafrv rg rlyktr
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
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Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotif`i Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;=?
toegtj} rlkr mguab xtgo bo}rkdfaf~f`i. ]yfr~otak`b} igot`jo`r lk} bomfbob
rg xuaa fr} kfb gemo gur ge Xvg`ivk`i dv rlo o`b ge 48;;! o`bf`i k` k}}f}rk`mo
xtgitkj rlkr lk} ak}rob }f`mo ;66?. ]yf}} ngut`kaf}r Nok`*Jfmloa Dotrlgub ,48;8&
ytfro}> Rlo dk}fm {uo}rfg` f} ylorlot fr f} dorrot rg f}gakro k rgrkafrktfk` toifjogt ygtc yfrl fr. F` rlo mk}o ge @gtrl Cgtok! xktafkjo`r k`b rlo Eobotka Mgu`mfa
lko jkbo k maokt*mur mlgfmo> booagxjo`r kfb ju}r mok}o. ]yf}} bodkro! ge
mgut}o! mg`rf`uo} g` rlf} `oy xgafmv.
A }ul c>jv D! ` e
Fr f} rlf} xot}xomrforlkr omg`gjfm mlk`io f} `oobob dur rlkr mlk`io `oob}
rg do itk}xob dv k krfg`} gy` kurlgtfrfo}rlkr mku}o} jo rg xtgxg}o }ootkatuao} ge o`ikiojo`r k} yo boka! gt mlgg}o `gr rg boka! yfrl Xvg`ivk`i. F kj
o`mgutkiob dv rlo _.]. tomgtb jk`v vokt} kig ge loaxf`i ]gurl Cgtok rtk`}egtj
fr} omg`gjv butf`i }fjfaktav bfto mftmuj}rk`mo}. G`o ekmr jkv do toxto}o`rkrfo.
F` ;658 @gtrl Cgtok xtgbumob egt o|xgtr jgto iggb} rlk` bfb ]gurl Cgtok3 f`
48;8 ]gurl Cgtok o|xgtr} g` k iggb bkv jgto rlk` @gtrl Cgtok yfaa egt rlo
o`rfto vokt. Rltguil rlo ;6?8} _.]. eggb kfb xtoo`rob ekjf`o f` rlo ]gurl! dur!
`g bgudr utiob g` dv _.]. ektj*}rkro xgafrfm}! rlo jk}}fo }lfxjo`r} mg`rf`uob
egt rgg ag`i! rlu} `oktav bo}rtgvf`i ]gurl Cgtok` ektjot} ylg mguab lktbav
mgjxoro yfrl etoo itkf` bujxob f`rg rloft mfrfo}.;
Dv ;65= k bomkbo ge mgjjgbfrv k}}f}rk`mo lkb mtokrob f` rlo ]gurl k` kfb*
boxo`bo`r omg`gjv rlkr }kob k`b f`o}rob afrrao3 fr lkb g`o ge rlo ygtab} }jkaa*
o}r }kf`i*rg*IBX tkrfg}. Egtru`kroav! rlo krfg`kaf}rfm k`b }oae*toafk`r*jf`bob
Xktc Mlu`i*loo mkjo rg xgyot k`b {ufmcav! yfrl }rtg`i _.]. k`b Nkxk`o}o
`k`mfka }uxxgtr! xur rlo mgu`rtv} }mka lgu}o f` gtbot k`b mg`}rtumrob k `oy
lfil*f`roto}r! lfil*torut` dk`cf`i }v}roj rlkr xtgfbob f`mo`rfo} rg }ko k`b
f`o}r k`b bf}f`mo`rfo} rg dgttgy k`b mg`}ujo. Yfrl f`krfg` }udbuob k`b
k `oy mutto`mv yfrl k mgjxorfrfo o|mlk`io tkro! xtfkro }kf`i} xgutob f`rgdk`c} rlkr ao`r gt f`o}rob g`av f` xtgbumrfo o`ruto}k`b }rgxxob ao`bf`i egt
o|xo`}fo yobbf`i} k`b eu`otka}. Gtbf`ktv xogxao! Xto}fbo`r Aoo Jvu`i*dkc
kjg`i rloj! yoto rlu} kdao rg xak`r k }rkco f` rlo omg`gjv! ygtc lktb! rkco
tf}c}! k`b io`otkaav rltfo f` rlo tomgtb*dtokcf`i itgyrl rlkr egaagyob.
Rloto kto jk`v omg`gjfm ao}}g`} rg do rkco` etgj rlf} lf}rgtv! k`b yo `oob rg
xk}} rloj g` rg k`vg`o f` Xvg`ivk`i yfaaf`i rg af}ro`. F` k ;668} xudafmkrfg`!
; Fr f} ftg`fm rlkr rlo ]gurl} ektjot} `gy yk`r rloft igot`jo`r rg duv ux }utxau} tfmo k`bbujx fr f`rg @gtrl Cgtok` mfrfo}.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
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;=5 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj
rlo Ygtab Dk`c ,;66=& mkaa} ]gurl Cgtok k jftkmao omg`gjv. K} rlo Dk`c
igo} g` rg }lgy! fr tokaav f} gr k jftkmao3 }jktr omg`gjfm xgafmfo}! gr jftkmao}!
rtk`}egtjob ]gurl Cgtok! k`b rlo}o mk` do toxafmkrob f` @gtrl Cgtok fe ifo`
k mlk`mo.
`l c X>k Xv rx ga dv D }a
@gy! yfrl @gtrl Cgtok afcoav f` k` oktav xlk}o ge aokbot}lfx rtk`}frfg`! rlf}
jkv do k iggb rfjo rg doif` bf}mu}}fg`} g` lgy yo mk` loax f`uo`mo dkmc*
tggj mg`ot}krfg`} f` Xvg`ivk`i k`b rlo fjxgtrk`r bomf}fg`} rlkr yfaa egaagy.
F` @gtrl Cgtok` lf}rgtv! }uml yf`bgy} ge gxxgtru`frv lko doo` oorf`i k`b
tkto. Doegto yo rkac rg @gtrl Cgtok} aokbot}! lgyoot! yo `oob rg u`bot}rk`brloft xtobfmkjo`r. F rtv rg u`bot}rk`b @gtrl Cgtok} omg`gjv dv mgjdf`f`i
ryg }fjxao omg`gjfm booagxjo`r mg`moxr}! g`o k xgotrv rtkx k`b rlo grlot k
}gmfkaf}r*rg*mkxfrkaf}r rtk`}frfg` rtkx ,Lkdot! @gtrl! k`b Yof`ik}r 4884&. Rlo}o
ryg mg`moxr} kto faau}rtkrob f` Efiuto ;k }corml tokaavylfml faau}rtkro}
xtgbumrffrv ,egt o|kjxao! ge ak`b! mkxfrka! k`b akdgt& g` rlo otrfmka k|f} k`b
k mg`rf`uuj doryoo` }gmfkaf}j k`b mkxfrkaf}j g` rlo lgtf~g`rka k|f}. Gotakfb
f} k lokv bk}lob af`o f`bfmkrf`i rlo xgotrv rtkx.
Mk}uka gd}otkrfg`} xakmo @gtrl Cgtok f` k xgotrv rtkx }f`mo kdgur rlo oktav;668}3 rlf} rtkx f} bo`ob k} k }frukrfg` f` ylfml mg`}ujxrfg` bojk`b}! xtfkro
k`b igot`jo`r! kto lfilot rlk` f} rlo mkxkmfrv ge rlo mgu`rtv} ekmrgtfo} k`b
ektj} rg }uxxav! k`b dgttgyf`i mkxkmfrv mk``gr aa rlo ikx. Rloto f} rlu} `g `or
}kf`i} gt f`o}rjo`r xg}}fdao o|moxr egt ylkr mk` do xtgmutob k} kfb gt bftomr
f`o}rjo`r etgj kdtgkb. Rlu}! f` Efiuto ;! rlo mgu`rtv} xtgbumrffrv f} }lgy`
k} }gjoyloto kr gt doagy rlo bktc bk}lob af`o. Rlf} jok`} rlkr k` kotkio @gtrl
Cgtok` ygtcot bgo} `gr xtgbumo o`guil iggb} k`b }otfmo} rg }fjuark`ogu}av
}u}rkf` rlo lfil aooa ge igot`jo`r }xo`bf`i k`b rlo agy aooa ge xot}g`ka mg`*
}ujxrfg`. @grlf`i f} aoer got rg }ko k`b f`o}r! k`b f` ekmr }gjo mg`}ujxrfg`}ooj} rg do jkbo xg}}fdao g`av dv btkyf`i bgy` to}oto} k`b rlo mkxfrka }rgmc
fr}oae. @g bkrk kto kkfakdao rg xtgo rlf} f} rlo }frukrfg`! dur fr mk` do gd}otob f`
rlo ujotgu} bfakxfbkrob ekmrgtfo} }rtoy` kmtg}} rlo mgu`rtv! k` oaomrtfm xgyot
}v}roj rlkr xtgbumo} lkae fr} xtofgu} gurxur! k tu`*bgy` tkfatgkb }v}roj! rlo
kd}o`mo ge oy mgka jf`o ekmo}! k`b k aktio }lurrotob f`roitkrob }rooa jfaa. Jgto
etfilro`f`i kto rlo bomaf`f`i lokarl }rk`bktb} ge vgu`i xogxao gy o`rotf`i rlo
ygtcegtmo k`b k afcoav xktkaaoa btkybgy` ge lujk` mkxfrka.
K booagxjo`r }gaurfg` rg k xgotrv rtkx f} rlo f`rtgbumrfg` ge egtofi` f`o}r*jo`r rlkr kaagy} k rojxgtktv dufabux ge mkxfrka }rgmc k`b omg`gjfm itgyrl f`
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
15/28
Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotif`i Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;=9
torut` egt }o`bf`i kdtgkb }gjo ge rlo xtgr} rlf} f`o}rjo`r dtf`i}. Fe k aktio
}lkto ge rlo f`mtok}ob gurxur mk` do }kob k`b tof`o}rob bgjo}rfmkaav! k xg}f*rfo itgyrl mvmao mk` doif`. Rlf} ko`uo egt mafjdf`i gur ge rlo xgotrv rtkx f}
`gr kkfakdao rg @gtrl Cgtok! lgyoot! domku}o oktafot boekuar} g` egtofi` agk`}
jkco egtofi` f`o}rjo`r u`afcoav. F` oeeomr! afco }gjog`o ylg lk} dgttgyob
rg lf} mtobfr mktb} afjfr! @gtrl Cgtok katokbv lk} okro` ux rlo egtofi` mtobfr
kkfakdao. F` rlo }ujjot ge 48;8 fr yk} rtvf`i rg }gu`b gxo` rg egtofi` f`o}r*
jo`r3 rlo rturl f} rlkr fr kaykv} lk} yk`rob egtofi` f`o}rjo`r dur fr} du}f`o}}
xtkmrfmo} lko `oot kaagyob f`o}rgt} rg jkco jg`ov. Fr} toxurkrfg` dv `gy
f} }gafbav bktc.
Egtru`kroav! f`mtok}f`i mkxfrka }rgmc f} `gr rlo g`av ykv rg itgy. ]rk`bktb omg*
`gjfm itgyrl rlogtv ,ge Tgdotr ]gagy! egt o|kjxao& jkf`rkf`} rlkr }u}rkf`ob
itgyrl mgjo} etgj ryg grlot }gutmo} k} yoaa> k` f`mtok}o f` ygtc rfjo dv k
itgyf`i gt jgto o`ikiob ygtcegtmo k`b k` omg`gjvyfbo f`mtok}o f` xtgbumrf*
frv dtguilr g` dv }v}rojfm mlk`io}! ikf`} etgj rtkbo! mlk`io} f` rlo mgjxg}frfg`
ge bojk`b! k`b roml`gagifmka kbk`mojo`r} rlkr kaagy kaa ekmrgt} ge xtgbumrfg`
rg do u}ob jgto oeeomrfoav! k mg`moxr c`gy` k} rgrka ekmrgt xtgbumrffrv ,REX&.4
4 Egt toeoto`mo! f` rlo _`frob ]rkro}! mkxfrka }rgmc! akdgt f`mtok}o}! k`b REX u}ukaav mg`rtfdurokdgur g`o xotmo`rkio xgf`r okml rg rlo ag`i*rotj kotkio = xotmo`r k``uka IBX itgyrl.
8
;88
58
28
48
rl Xgv rx
]gutmo> Kurlgt} mg`moxr.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
16/28
;=< _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj
F` @gtrl Cgtok k` f`mtok}o f` ygtc rfjo jkv do `oktav fjxg}}fdao ifo` rlo
kxxoktk`mo ge k` katokbv lktbygtcf`i }gmforv. K krfg`yfbomlgaafjk ygtc btfo
ak}r ekaa xur lu`btob} ge rlgu}k`b} f`rg gotrfjo ygtc! dur rlf} cf`b ge oeegtr
mk``gr do }u}rkf`ob. REX f} rlo jkifm }gaurfg`rlo }gjorlf`i egt grlf`i gero`tkob kdgur dv oy*omg`gjv kbgmkro} ootvylotoegt @gtrl Cgtok} xgotrv
rtkx! dur fr f} lktb rg ikuio egt @gtrl Cgtok domku}o rlo mgu`rtv f} u`botigf`i
rlo oikrfo }v}rojfm fjxkmr ge k dtgco` xak``f`i }v}roj kag`i yfrl rlo xg}frfo
fjxkmr ge k `oy xtfkro jktcor }v}roj rlkr f} {uforav booagxf`i.
]gjo xtgxg`o`r} ge omg`gjfm o`ikiojo`r yfrl @gtrl Cgtok jkv u}o rlo o|*
f}ro`mo ge k xgotrv rtkx rg ktiuo rlkr rlo g`av eok}fdao ykv gur ge rlf} rtkx f}
o|rot`ka k}}f}rk`mo rlkr mk` nujx*}rktr rlo mgu`rtv g`rg k itgyrl mvmao. O`otiv!
obumkrfg`! roml`gagiv! k`b kitfmuarutka xtgnomr} kto rlo jg}r mgjjg` xtgxg}obkmrffrfo} rlkr jkv kbb }gjo REX k} yoaa. Rlo xtgdaoj yfrl rlf} kxxtgkml f}
rlkr fr ekfa} rg rkco f`rg mg`}fbotkrfg` rlo grlot bfjo`}fg` rg @gtrl Cgtok}
mg`u`btujrlo rtkx egtjob dv rlo omg`gjv} xg}frfg` g` rlo }gmfkaf}r*rg*
mkxfrkaf}r mg`rf`uuj.
Rlo mutob af`o f` Efiuto ; faau}rtkro} rlf} }frukrfg` dv xg}frf`i rlkr @gtrl Cgtok}
omg`gjv! f` kbbfrfg` rg dof`i f` k xgotrv rtkx! }fr} }{uktoav doryoo` ryg otv
bfeeoto`r k`b f`mgjxkrfdao }v}roj}rlo }gmfkaf}r mgjjk`b omg`gjv k`b etoo
jktcor mkxfrkaf}j. K }gmfkaf}r mgjjk`b }v}roj! egt kaa fr} ekuar}! mk` k`b bfbf` @gtrl Cgtok} mk}o xtgfbo k jomlk`f}jk o*vokt xak`rlkr mlk``oaob
to}gutmo} etgj mg`}ujxrfg` f`rg f`o}rjo`r k`b kaagyob rlo dufabux ge mkxfrka
}rgmc butf`i rlo ;6?8} k`b ;658} k`b toakrfoav }rtg`i itgyrl. Oo` rltguil
rlo jfb*;698} @gtrl Cgtok} IBX xtgdkdav o|moobob ]gurl Cgtok} g` k xot
mkxfrk dk}f} karlguil xot mkxfrk mg`}ujxrfg` k`b aff`i }rk`bktb} yoto xtgdkdav
agyot oo` rlo` }f`mo }g juml ge @gtrl Cgtok} gurxur yk} bf}rtfdurob dv rlo
xak` dv rlo igot`jo`r k`b rlo jfafrktv k`b egt f`o}rjo`r xutxg}o}.
Jktcor*dk}ob omg`gjfo}! }lgy` rg rlo tfilr f` Efiuto ;! lko xtgo` rg do ektjgto oemfo`r f` rlo u}o ge mkxfrka k`b akdgt! kmlfof`i juml lfilot xtgbumrf*
frv aooa}. Rlo xtgdaoj f` jgf`i etgj g`o }v}roj rg rlo grlot! lgyoot! f}
rlkr k jf| ge rlo ryg }v}roj} mtokro} }uml mg`eu}ob xtfmo} k`b bomf}fg`} rlkr
xtgbumrffrv ekaa} doagy rlkr ge ofrlot rlo }gmfkaf}r gt rlo jktcor }v}roj. Fe k`
omg`gjv mguab }jggrlav jgo etgj g`o }v}roj rg rlo grlot! gt fe k jfbbao ykv
yoto jgto xg}}fdao! @gtrl Cgtok yguab lko jk`v eoyot xtgdaoj}.
Fe yo rlf`c ge rlo @gtrl Cgtok` }frukrfg` f` rlo}o rotj}! egtofi` kfb f} g ag`iot
rlo g`av gt oo` rlo do}r ykv gur ge rlo rtkx. K }afilr }lfer ofrlot rg rlo tfilr gt
rlo aoer mk` fjxtgo xtgbumrffrv k`b mtokro k` f`o}rkdao }utxau} rlkr mk` xur rlo
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
17/28
Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotif`i Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;=6
omg`gjv g` k itgyrl mvmao. Ylkr yo lko gd}otob f` Xvg`ivk`i butf`i Cfj
Ng`i*fa} ro`uto f} k xot}f}ro`r oeegtr rg xu}l rlo }v}roj rg rlo aoer dur yfrlgur
o`guil to}gutmo} rg xu}l fr ekt o`guil rg ior rlo xak``f`i jomlk`f}j ygtcf`i
kikf`. Rlo ak}r ag`i*rotj xak` yk} f` rlo ;658}! k`b fr ekfaob. ]fjxav xur! rlotoifjo lk} gr doo` kdao rg to{uf}frfg` o`guil iggb} rg aa rlo xogxao} tkrfg`}
k`b xtgfbo jkrotfka egt f`bu}rtv k`b rlo jfafrktv. ]g f` xakmo ge tkrfg`}! f`egtjka
k`b gero` faaoika jktcor} lko booagxob! k`b rlo}o jktcor} lko xuaaob rlo
omg`gjv rg rlo tfilr g` Efiuto ;. Yfrlgur xtgxotrv tfilr} k`b aoika akdgt k`b
mkxfrka jktcor} rlf} jgojo`r ka}g lk} doo` f`mgjxaoro! aokf`i rlo omg`gjv
f` k bok}rkrf`i }rk`bgee.
G`av Mlf`k ro`b} rg }rox f` rg coox rlo mgu`rtv kgkr! jkf`av dv iff`i @gtrl
Cgtok 588!888 rg`} ge mtubo gfa k vokt! nu}r o`guil rg coox rlf`i} tu``f`i.Yo}rot` mgu`rtfo}! k`b ]gurl Cgtok k`b Nkxk`! lko etgj rfjo rg rfjo rtfob rg
loax dur rlov ifo kfb rltguil rlo igot`jo`r! ylfml u}o} fr rg dga}rot rlo tkrfg`
}v}roj k`b to}f}r rlo jgo rg rlo tfilr f` rlo iuto. Rlf} lkxxo`ob k} tomo`rav
k} 488?! ylo`! kerot toakrfoav iggb lkto}r} k`b k aktio f`gy ge eggb etgj rlo
Ygtab Eggb Xtgitkj! rlo _`frob ]rkro}! ]gurl Cgtok! k`b Mlf`k! Xvg`ivk`i
eoar fr lkb }uemfo`r to}gutmo} rg to}rgto rlo tkrfg` }v}roj k`b makjx bgy` g`
rlo jktcor}. Rlf} doik` k xtgmo}} rlkr }lferob rlo }v}roj rg rlo aoer rltguil rlo
o`b ge 4886! muajf`krf`i f` rlo bf}k}rtgu} mutto`mv }ykx ge Bomojdot 4886. F`
48;8! xtgdkdav domku}o ge rlo xudafm }`kxdkmc kikf`}r ag}} ge jg`ov k`b domku}oge tobumob egtofi` kfb! rlo omg`gjv }lferob }lktxav rg rlo tfilr dur xtgdkdav gr
dv o`guil rg tkf}o xtgbumrffrv kdgo rlo xgotrv*rtkx aooa.
e o ta> k o|x L c
@gtrl Cgtok f} }gjorfjo} mkaaob k lotjfr cf`ibgj f` `oob ge gxo`f`i ux.
Fr} rtkbo toakrfg`} kto yokc! o}xomfkaav mg`}fbotf`i fr} ifk`r rtkbf`i*mgu`rtv
`ofildgt}Mlf`k! Nkxk`! k`b ]gurl Cgtok. Dur bo}mtfdf`i @gtrl Cgtok k} k
lotjfr f} jf}aokbf`i. K dorrot bo}mtfxrfg` jkv do rlkr fr f} k toj`k`r ge ylkryk} g`mo k aktio rtkbf`i }v}roj! f`maubf`i rlo ]gfor dagm k`b Mlf`k! rlkr yk}
mlkf`ob rgiorlot rg mtokro k ifk`r ygtabyfbo mgjju`f}r gt mgjjk`b }v}roj.
Gxxg}fro rlkr }v}roj yk} ylkr lk} domgjo rlo Ygtab Rtkbo Gtik`f~krfg` ,YRG&!
k etoo*rtkbo }v}roj rlkr lk} itgy` rg o`mgjxk}} `oktav rlo o`rfto ygtab. @gtrl
Cgtok f} g`o ge otv eoy mgu`rtfo} aoer rlkr lk} vor rg ngf` gt }rktr k xtgmo}} ge
ngf`f`i.
Mgjjk`b omg`gjfo} afco @gtrl Cgtok} kto `gr f`loto`rav k`rfrtkbo! dur yfrl
rloft |ob*xtfmo }v}roj} rlov mk``gr kaagy rloj}oao} rg rtkbo etooav yfrl jktcoromg`gjfo} yfrlgur luio bf}rgtrfg`}k} ylo` }ud}fbf~ob jobfmf`o f` k mgu`rtv
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
18/28
;28 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj
f} faaoikaav o|xgtrob rg k g`}ud}fbf~ob mgu`rtv k`b }gab egt dfi xtgr}. F iutob
k eoy vokt} kig rlkr f` @gtrl Cgtok k cfagitkj ge tfmo yk} xtfmob rlo }kjo k}
kdgur 988 cfagykrr lgut} ge oaomrtfmfrv! fe oaomrtfmfrv yoto tokbfav kkfakdao.
Rlf} jok`r rlo xtfmo ge tfmo mgjxktob yfrl rlo xtfmo ge oaomrtfmfrv yk} kdgurk lu`btob rfjo} jgto rlk` f` rlo ygtab jktcorxakmo! gt rlkr oaomrtfmfrv yk} k
lu`btob rfjo} mlokxot. Yfrl oaomrtfmfrv }g mlokx toakrfo rg tfmo! fr jkbo }o`}o
egt k @gtrl Cgtok` mggxotkrfo ektj rg u}o aktio kjgu`r} ge xgyot fttfikrf`i k
tfmo xkbbv tkrlot rlk` aorrf`i rlo xgyot do u}ob rg xtgbumo mgxxot gt ~f`m rlkr
mguab lko doo` rtkbob egt xotlkx} k rlgu}k`b rfjo} jgto tfmo rlk` rlo fttfik*
rfg` kaagyob. Rlf} bf}xktfrv yguab `gr lko jkrrotob }g juml f` k mgjjk`b
omg`gjv domku}o rlo xak``ot} yguab bfmrkro lgy juml mgxxot rg o|xgtr k`b
lgy juml oaomrtfmfrv rg u}o. Rlo jf|ob omg`gjv! yfrl rlo}o xotot}o xtfmo
toakrfg`}lfx! mku}o} dkb omg`gjfm bomf}fg`} rlkr k mgu`rtv k} xggt k} @gtrlCgtok mk``gr keegtb.
Rlo rtgudao ygtc} dgrl ykv}. Etoo*rtkbo omg`gjfo} mk``gr rgaotkro u`toiuakrob
rtkbo yfrl |ob*xtfmo omg`gjfo} domku}o jktcor mgjxorfrfg` to{ufto} rlkr xtfmo}
do borotjf`ob dv jktif`ka mg}r mg`}fbotkrfg`}xtfmo} juml doagy gt kdgo
jktif`ka xtgbumrfg` mg}r} kto ofrlot u`}u}rkf`kdao gt faaoika k} rlov }uiio}r jg*
`gxgav! rlo o`ojv ge jktcor}. F` k jktcor omg`gjv! rlo jg}r oemfo`r xtgbumot
mlktio} rlo aok}r k`b ior} rlo }kao. K @gtrl Cgtok` }oaaot! k} `grob kdgo! lk}
`g fbok ge rlo toka mg}r} ge xtgbumrfg` domku}o f`xur}! f`maubf`i ykio}! mkxfrka!k`b o`otiv mg}r} kto! k} }lgy` f` gut o|kjxao kdgo! xtfmob dv rlo xak``ot}
f`boxo`bo`r ge rloft mg}r}3 fe mkaaob uxg` rg o|xgtr! k tj yfaa }fjxav }oaa ekt
o`guil doagy rlo jktcor xtfmo rg ior rlo }kao. Rlo oemfo`r jktcor tj mk` oot
yf` f` rlf} }frukrfg`! }g fr krutkaav! k`b mgttomrav etgj k` oemfo`mv xot}xomrfo!
yfaa bojk`b rtkbo xtgromrfg` etgj fr} igot`jo`r.
F` rlo _`frob ]rkro} xtgromrfg` f} xtgfbob f` rlo egtj ge gero` xtglfdfrfo mga*
uj` 4 rktfee} rlkr g`mo yoto kxxafob rg kaa mgjju`f}r mgu`rtfo} k`b `gy kto
kxxafob g`av rg rlg}o mgu`rtfo} gr f` rlo YRG gt f` rlo gero` xtgag`iob xtgmo}}ge ngf`f`i. Rlf} jok`} @gtrl Cgtok f} f` otv }oaomr mgjxk`vMudk jkv do
rlo g`av grlot mgauj` 4 mgu`rtv. @gtrl Cgtok`} k`b }gjo Kjotfmk`} bo}mtfdo
rlf} k} k _.]. }k`mrfg`! dur f` jv foy rlkr f} f`mgttomr. Fe Xvg`ivk`i yoto rg
rkco rlo }rox} rkco` dv grlot mgu`rtfo} rg ngf` rlo YRG}rox} rlkr jkco rloft
bgjo}rfm omg`gjfo} mgjxorfrfoFj }uto rlo _`frob ]rkro} yguab itkbukro
fr rg jg}r*ekgtob*`krfg` gt `gtjka rktfee }rkru}. Dv `gr rkcf`i rlo}o }rox}!
Xvg`ivk`i mlgg}o} `gr rg o`rot rlo _.]. jktcor f` k mgjxorfrfo ykv.
Grlot mgu`rtfo} lko }fjfakt tuao} karlguil rlo _`frob ]rkro} xtgdkdav f} kjg`irlo jg}r f`rgaotk`r ge `g`mgjxorfrfo xtfmf`i nu}r k} fr f} kjg`i rlo jg}r gxo`
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
19/28
Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotif`i Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;2;
rg mgu`rtfo} yfrl mgjxorfrfo xtfmf`i. G`o igo} lk`b f` lk`b yfrl rlo grlot.
Dv rkcf`i @gtrl Cgtok gee rlo _.]. ]rkro ]xg`}gt} ge Rottgtf}j af}r f` 488
o`rot rlo YRG_.]. aky to{ufto} rlkr k`v _.]. kbjf`f}rtkrfg` org jojdot*
}lfx f` f`rot`krfg`ka f`}rfrurfg`} ge k`v mgu`rtv g` rlf} af}r ge }rkro }xg`}gt} ge
rottgtf}jdur @gtrl Cgtok lk} gr vor rkco` kbk`rkio. K`v bf}mu}}fg` ge rtkbo
yfrl @gtrl Cgtok dv k` Kjotfmk` }lguab }rktr yfrl rlo}o dk}fm ekmr}.
Egtofi` Rtkbo> Mlf`k k`b ]gurl Cgtok Bgjf`kro Rtkbo
@gtrl Cgtok bgo} `gr xudaf}l rtkbo }rkrf}rfm}! dur k xtorrv iggb xfmruto mk` dogdrkf`ob etgj bkrk xudaf}lob dv fr} rtkbo xktr`ot}rlo xktr`ot} o|xgtr} kto
@gtrl Cgtok} fjxgtr} k`b fmo ot}k. Rlo}o kto rkduakrob dv rlo Cgtok Rtkbo*
F`o}rjo`r Xtgjgrfg` Kio`mv ,CGRTK& k`b dv Iagdka Rtkbo Krak} ,Rkdao;&.
@gtrl Cgtok o|xgtrob g`av kdgur "4 dfaafg` f` iggb} f` 4886! yfrl Mlf`k
xutmlk}f`i "96= jfaafg`k`rltkmfro mgka! ftg`! k`b grlot gto}3 k`b }l
xtgbumr}k`b ]gurl Cgtok fjxgtrf`i "6=2 jfaafg`! jg}rav `f}lob
iggb} etgj rlo Cko}g`i f`bu}rtfka ~g`o. Rltguil Nuav 48;8 o|xgtr} rg
Mlf`k tg}o ;; xotmo`r! f` xktr gyf`i rg xtfmo f`mtok}o}. Rlf} yk} xktravgee}or dv Mlog`k`*toakrob }k`mrfg`} dv ]gurl Cgtok rlkr lko }rgxxob
rtkbo grlot rlk` rltguil Cko}g`i. Rlf} aooa ge o|xgtr} f} otv }jkaa!
xtgdkdav ao}} rlk` ;8 xotmo`r ge IBX! egt k mgu`rtv yfrl k} jk`v `krutka
to}gutmo} k} @gtrl Cgtok lk} k`b iogitkxlv rlkr ftrukaav rgumlo} rltoo
ge rlo ygtab} aktio}r omg`gjfo} k`b rtkbot} ,Mlf`k! Tu}}fk! k`b ]gurl
Cgtok&. Egt k`vg`o }oocf`i rg o`ikio @gtrl Cgtok! fr} akmc ge egtofi`
o|mlk`io f} rlu} k aktio xtgdaoj.
@gtrl Cgtok fjxgtrob iggb} f` rlo kjgu`r ge kxxtg|fjkroav "=.; dfaafg` f`4886! yfrl Mlf`k dv ekt rlo aktio}r }uxxafot ge ";. CGRTK.
o|x fx DaYgtab 4.888 =.;88 ;.;88
Mlf`k 8.96= ;.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
20/28
;24 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj
gfa! mgcf`i mgka! itkf` ,f`maubf`i itkf` xutmlk}ob dv `g`igot`jo`rka
gtik`f~krfg`} f` Mlf`k k`b ifo` rg @gtrl Cgtok&! k`b ktfgu} jkmlf`otv
k`b mg`}ujot xtgbumr}. Fjxgtr} etgj Mlf`k yoto ux k }rtg`i =4 xotmo`r
rltguil Nuav ge 48;8 mgjxktob yfrl vokt*oktafot iuto} karlguil f` xktrdomku}o ge k nujx f` mtubo gfa xtfmo}. Fjxgtr} etgj ]gurl Cgtok yoto
"92? jfaafg` f` 4886! aktioav o{ufxjo`r egt rlo Cko}g`i ekmrgtfo} k`b
xktr} rlkr kto k}}ojdaob rg do to*o|xgtrob. F` 48;8 fjxgtr} etgj ]gurl
Cgtok kto afcoav rg do bgy` }lktxav domku}o ge rlo Mlog`k` }f`cf`i.
@grkdav kd}o`r etgj @gtrl Cgtok} rtkbo f} Nkxk` k`b rlo _`frob ]rkro}!
ryg ge rlo ygtab} aktio}r rtkbf`i mgu`rtfo}. Nkxk` u`rfa k eoy vokt} kig
yk} xoto``fkaav g`o ge @gtrl Cgtok} rgx xktr`ot}. Nkxk`o}o }k`mrfg`}
af`cob rg rlo u`to}gaob kdbumrfg`} f}}uo! `umaokt k`b jf}}fao ro}r}! k`bu`xkfb bodr} lko mur @gtrl Cgtok gee etgj k jkngt xgro`rfka jktcor k`b
}uxxafot ge jgbot` roml`gagiv.
Xvg`ivk`i} ";.; dfaafg` rtkbo bomfr ak}r vokt yk} aktioav eu`bob dv kfb
k`b tojfrrk`mo} k`b }otfmo okt`f`i} etgj orl`fm Cgtok`} aff`i kdtgkb.
Uftrukaav g mgjjotmfka gt grlot igot`jo`r mtobfr f} kkfakdao rg Xvg`i*
vk`i! }g fr} fjxgtr} kto mg`}rtkf`ob rg ylkr fr mk` okt` f` o|xgtr} k`b rg
ylkr fr mk` ikt`ot etgj bg`gt}.
@gtrl Cgtok} egtofi` bodr tu`} f` rlo ro`} ge dfaafg`} ge bgaakt}! dur fr
kxxokt} rg do o`rftoav g`xotegtjf`i! k`b juml ge fr lk} doo` ytfrro` gee
dv Outgxok` k`b Nkxk`o}o xtfkro k`b igot`jo`r ao`bot}. @g f`roto}r
gt xtf`mfxka xkvjo`r} kto jkbo xudafm dv ofrlot rlo toifjo gt fr} mtobf*
rgt}. Rlf} boekuar }rkru} f} k luio borotto`r rg booagxjo`r k`b g`o rlkr
f} `gr o`rftoav rlo ekuar ge @gtrl Cgtok. F ktiuo rlkr egtofi` igot`jo`r}
kto aktioav rg dakjo domku}o rlov lko ao`r jg`ov rg @gtrl Cgtok oo`
ylo` rlov lko c`gy` rloto yk} otv afrrao mlk`mo ge toxkvjo`r. Rlo}o
f`maubo rlo _.]. igot`jo`r f` rlo Cgtok` Xo`f`}uak O`otiv Booagx*jo`r Gtik`f~krfg` ,COBG& xtgnomr k`b rlo ]gurl Cgtok` igot`jo`r f`
fr} xotfgbfm }lfxjo`r} ge itkf` rg @gtrl Cgtok. ]utxtf}f`iav eoy krrojxr}
kto jkbo rg egtmo Xvg`ivk`i rg toxkv fr} agk`} dv! egt o|kjxao! aoikaav
krrkmlf`i rlo eoy @gtrl Cgtok` k}}or} kdtgkb. Fr f} f`roto}rf`i rlkr rlo
Tu}}fk` Bujk f} rlo jg}r gmka egtofi` o`rfrv bojk`bf`i kr aok}r rgco`
xkvjo`r} g` dfaafg`} ge bgaakt} f` ]gfor*otk bodr. K} k to}uar ge @gtrl
Cgtok` u`yfaaf`i`o}} gt f`kdfafrv rg xkv! rtkbo doryoo` Tu}}fk k`b @gtrl
Cgtok f} jf`gt.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
21/28
Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotif`i Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;2=
Jg`ov Xtgdaoj}> Gxxgtru`frfo} egt Mlk`io
Mag}oav toakrob rg rlo mgu`rtv} o|rot`ka `k`mfka xtgdaoj} f} rlo xtgdaoj ge
jg`ov f` @gtrl Cgtok. Rlf} f} toakrfoav `oy domku}o ux rltguil rlo ;6 egtmf`i jktcor xtfmo} agyot dv yfrlbtkyf`i jg`ov f` mftmuakrfg`.= Fe rlf}
lkb ygtcob rloto yguab lko doo` k aktio btgx f` rlo jg`ov }uxxav k`b agyot
jktcor xtfmo}! dur Xvg`ivk`i dkbav jf}mkamuakrob. Fr lkb`r tokaf~ob rlkr rlo
kmr ge bf}lg`gtf`i fr} gy` dk`c `gro} f` rlf} ykv yguab btfo ootvg`o rg rtv
rg o|mlk`io rlo mk}l egt lktb mutto`mv gt lktb iggb} k} {ufmcav k} xg}}fdao. K`f`}rk`r f`mtok}o f` rlo oagmfrv ge jg`ov gee}or rlo tobumrfg` f` jg`ov }uxxav!
k`b xtfmo} kikf` }gktob. Xudafm k`iot o|xagbob! egtmf`i rlo toifjo rg kxgagif~o!
dkmcrtkmc g` jktcor mag}uto}! k`b xtgdkdav o|omuro rlo xktrv} aokbf`i `k`mo
gemfka.
F`krfg` lk} }f`mo }agyob! dur rlo bf}tuxrfg` rg jktcor} k`b lgu}olgab} yk}
kmuro. Mg`bo`mo f` rlo toifjo k`b f` fr} omg`gjfm xgafmv }ooj} `gy kr k`
= Rlo dk`c o|mlk`iob g`av rlo o{ufkao`r ge kdgur "=? xot xot}g`! `uaafevf`i rlo kauo ge kaagrlotyg`*bo`gjf`krob }kf`i}.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
22/28
;22 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj
kaa*rfjo agy! k`b egtofi` mutto`mv f} toxgtrobav dof`i u}ob yfboav f` u`toiuakrob
k`b gakrfao jktcor}. Lktjeua rg rlo }rkro! rlo u}o ge egtofi` jg`ov! o}xomfkaav
Mlf`o}o vuk` k`b _.]. bgaakt}! tkf}o} kaa cf`b} ge gxxgtru`frfo} egt egtofi`
kmrffrfo} k`b o`ikiojo`r kr k lfilav bomo`rtkaf~ob aooa yfrl @gtrl Cgtok`}.K`b fe rlf} bgaaktf~krfg` mg`rf`uo} rg fr} agifmka o`b! rlo toifjo fr}oae yfaa `oob
fr} gy` _.]. bgaakt okt`f`i} rg xtgmuto iggb} k`b }otfmo} oo` f`}fbo @gtrl
Cgtok. ]gjo ge rlf} katokbv jkv do lkxxo`f`i.
}u tua o
Rlo }`kx}lgr kdgo xtgfbo} k }o`}o ge @gtrl Cgtok} omg`gjv rgbkv k`b rlo
mgjxao|frv! bk`iot}! k`b gxxgtru`frfo} rlkr afo f` o`ikif`i yfrl fr. Gur ge rlf}
mgjxao|frv! F geeot rlo egaagyf`i iufboaf`o} egt _.]. o`ikiojo`r gt xutxg}oeua`g`o`ikiojo`r yfrl @gtrl Cgtok.
r f} igg3 f! u`a}} xgxa }f`i! f} . Oo` rtkbo doryoo`
jktcor k`b }gmfkaf}r }v}roj} f} mgjxafmkrob k`b f} f` `oob ge toiuakrfg`. Yo
}lguab fjxto}} uxg` @gtrl Cgtok rlo `oob egt fr rg ngf` rlo YRG }g rlkr fr mk`
tomofo `gtjka rktfee rtokrjo`r. Grlotyf}o yo }lguab `gr do`b gut tuao}3 rlov
kto rloto egt k xutxg}o. Yo }lguab rlu} gr kaagy Cko}g`i xtgbumr} rg o`rot rlo
_`frob ]rkro} u`bot `gtjka rktfee} u`rfa @gtrl Cgtok ngf`}! gt kr aok}r }rktr} rlo
xtgmo}}! ge ngf`f`i rlo YRG.
@gtrl Cgtok mg`rf`uo} rg tomofo jgto kfb rlk` f} lokarlv egt fr} omg`gjv. Kfb
boakv} rlo booagxjo`r ge o|xgtr} k`b bf}rgtr} f`rot`ka xtgbumrfg` f`mo`rfo}
rlkr f}! eggb kfb lutr} ektjot}! loax} mfrv byoaaot}. K`v mgu`rtv! k`b o}xomfkaav
@gtrl Cgtok! lk} xao`rv ge lujk` k`b xlv}fmka to}gutmo} fr mk` u}o. Iufbob dv
rlo u`fot}ka xtf`mfxao} ge mgjxktkrfo kbk`rkio! @gtrl Cgtok mguab mtokro
jok`f`ieua ngd} rlkr yguab rut` fr} to}gutmo} f`rg fkdao o|xgtr} rlkr fr mguab
u}o rg duv eggb k`b grlot `omo}}frfo}.
Fe k }frukrfg` f} }g daokc rlkr fr to{ufto} kfb! rlo kfb ifot} ju}r jkco rlf} kfb
k} jktcor etfo`bav k} xg}}fdao. Rlf} jfilr jok` rlkr! egt o|kjxao! itkf`} kto
ifo` rg ektjot} ylg itgy itkf`}! kaagyf`i rloj rg }oaa rloft kbbfrfg`ka }utxau}
f` utdk` jktcor}. Rlo f`mtok}ob }uxxav yguab dtf`i bgy` xtfmo} k`b loax mfrv
byoaaot} vor `gr lutr rlo ektjot} }f`mo rlov yguab ior rg }oaa aktiot {uk`rfrfo}.
Egtofi` eggb kfb ifo` rg mfrfo} jkv lko doo` g`o ge rlo jg}r lktjeua k}xomr}
ge gur}fbo o`ikiojo`r yfrl @gtrl Cgtok rg bkro! k} fr lk} xtgromrob k ygoeuaav
f`oemfo`r! }gmfkaf~ob ektjf`i }v}roj.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
23/28
Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotif`i Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;2?
o{ufv f} igg! ag`} a} yl` l ggy f} `ux.
@gtrl Cgtok} mtobfrgt}! f`maubf`i Outgxok`}! Nkxk`o}o! ]gurl Cgtok`}! k`b
Kjotfmk`}! kto kr ekuar egt ao`bf`i @gtrl Cgtok jg`ov ylo` rlov c`oy @gtrl
Cgtok mguab `gr gt yguab `gr toxkv. Egt @gtrl Cgtok rg lko k tokaf}rfm mlk`moge egaagyf`i Mlf`k} xkrl ge omg`gjfm toegtjylfml boxo`b} g` }ud}rk`rfka
egtofi` f`o}rjo`rfr oob} k dk`ctuxrmv ygtcgur rg to}rgto mtobfrygtrlf`o}}.
Egt rlf}! jojdot}lfx f` rlo F`rot`krfg`ka Jg`orktv Eu`b k`b Ygtab Dk`c yguab
do loaxeua. @gtrl Cgtok jkv yoaa lko k af{ufbfrv xtgdaoj! `gr k }gao`mv
xtgdaoj domku}o rlo }rkro gy`} rlo xtgbumrfo k}}or} ge rlo mgu`rtv. K ygtcgur
yguab kaagy Xvg`ivk`i rg }oaa gee k}}or} rg xtfkro! jg}rav @gtrl Cgtok` duvot}
ylg mguab jkco juml jgto xtgbumrfo u}o ge rloj k`b okt` egtofi` o|mlk`io
`oobob rg toxkv agk`}.
Egtofi`ot} }oocf`i rg o`ikio @gtrl Cgtok }lguab xto}} egt o{ufrv o`ruto}! egt
o|kjxao! }lktf`i rlo gy`ot}lfx ge `g`eottgu} jf`o} rlkr mk` do booagxob egt
o|xgtr xutxg}o}. O{ufrv }lktf`i! k} yoaa k} k mktoeua }rox*dv*}rox xtgmo}} rlkr
to{ufto} afrrao f`frfka rtu}r dv ofrlot }fbo k`b rlkr rlo` dufab} rtu}r yfrl ootv
rtk`}kmrfg`! f} k iggb ykv rg xtgmoob. Mlf`o}o tj} jkv do }rktrf`i rg bg rlf}.
_.]. tj} jfilr lko k` kbk`rkio! lgyoot! k} @gtrl Cgtok`} kto afcoav rg
do }u}xfmfgu} rlkr Mlf`o}o! ]gurl Cgtok`! gt Nkxk`o}o tj} kto rtvf`i rg duv
ux rgg juml ge rloft rottfrgtv.
bfm xv f} igg3 f`fm xv f} mag} g }av. Rlf} mg`rf`uo} rg do jv
jkf` mgjxakf`r yfrl Cko}g`i k`b Jr. Cujik`i k`b yfrl rlo _`frob @krfg`}
Booagxjo`r Xtgitkj k`b grlot egtofi` gemo} f` Xvg`ivk`i. F`rot`krfg`ka
akdgt aky} to{ufto bftomr xkvjo`r egt iggb tok}g`}. Fe ygtcot} tomofo tok}g`*
kdao ykio} bftomrav etgj rlo tj} ojxagvf`i rloj! rlo ygtcot} yfaa }xo`b rlkr
jg`ov ,mg`otrob rg bgjo}rfm mutto`mv kr k jktcor tkro&! k`b k} rlkr jg`ov
mftmuakro} fr }xky`} oy }lgx} k`b du}f`o}}o} f` k` u`o`bf`i xg}frfo }rkftmk}o ge
booagxjo`r. Rlf} f} rlo juarfxafot omg`gjfm booagxot} ago rg rkac kdgur.
F` mg`rtk}r! ylo` xkv f} ifo` rg k @gtrl Cgtok` }rkro kio`mv! rlo kio`mv ifo}
rlo ygtcot k tkrfg` mguxg`! `gr jg`ov. Rlo mguxg` mk``gr do rtk`}eottob gt
}rgtob k`b rlotoegto f} gr jg`ov! k`b rlo @gtrl Cgtok` kio`mv rlu} torkf`} rgrka
mg`rtga got rlo f`bffbuka. Fe bftomr xkvjo`r }ooj} fjxg}}fdao f` @gtrl Cgtok!
k egtofi` o`ikiot }lguab do f``gkrfo k`b `b ykv} rg ior ktgu`b rlo tuao} dv
xtgfbf`i! egt o|kjxao! o|kiiotkrob gotrfjo xkv! aktio jg`orktv dg`u}o}! gt
xkvjo`r} rg }uxotf}gt}.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
24/28
;25 _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj
]`mfg`} ,xglfffg`} g |}& if`} lfg }lgua `gyav
boe`ob k`b rktiorob! k`b maokt ygtcgur} }lguab do fbo`rfeob. Mutto`r _.].
k`b _@ }k`mrfg`} g` @gtrl Cgtok bg mag}oav egaagy rlo}o iufboaf`o}3 rlov kto
`gr kfjob kr rlo aktiot omg`gjv! k`b rlov bg`r tokaav fjxkmr fr. Yo }lguabxu}l dkmc ylo` Xvg`ivk`i mkaa} k`v cf`b ge toiuakrfg` k }k`mrfg` gt ylo`
fr }kv} }uml toiuakrfg`} kto lutrf`i @gtrl Cgtok} omg`gjv. Lfil _.]. rktfee}
g` @gtrl Cgtok` xtgbumr}! egt o|kjxao! kto gr }k`mrfg`}. Rlov }fjxav kto _.].
,k`b YRG& tuao} egt bokaf`i yfrl `g`jktcor omg`gjfo}. Fe @gtrl Cgtok yk`r}
rg o`ikio rlo _.]. jktcor! fr f} etoo rg bg }g! dur fr oob} rg ngf` rlo tuao}*dk}ob
YRG! k} Mlf`k bfb f` k bomkbo*ag`i dur lfilav mg`}rtumrfo xtgmo}}. ]fjfaktav!
gut u`yfaaf`i`o}} rg ao`b jg`ov rg @gtrl Cgtok f} `gr k }k`mrfg`3 f`}rokb! fr f}
gut krutka to}xg`}o rg k dgttgyot rlkr bgo} gr gt mk``gr toxkv fr} bodr}. @gtrl
Cgtok mk` gotmgjo rlf} dkttfot! dur fr yfaa to{ufto }gjo cf`b ge dk`ctuxrmvygtcgur rlkr kbbto}}o} fr} af{ufbfrv xtgdaoj.
rl Mlog`k` }f`f`i ju} a yfl. Fr f} kxxkto`r rlkr @gtrl Cgtok }k`c
rlo ]gurl Cgtok` ykt}lfx. Bgo} k`vg`o tokaav doafoo rlkr ,k& rlo }lfx daoy ux k
eoy cfagjorot} }gurl ge rlo @gtrlot` Afjfr Af`o kerot lkxxo`f`i rg tu` got k`
gab jf`o! ,d& rlo ojdkttk}}ob ]gurl Cgtok` gemot} rlo` xak`rob k rgtxobg }g k}
rg xur rlo dakjo g` @gtrl Cgtok! k`b ,m& `g }jktr xot}g`! Cgtok` gt Kjotfmk`!
lk} u`mgotob rlf} xagr k`b domgjo k lotg gt jkbo jfaafg`} ge bgaakt}7
Aorrf`i rlo f}}uo eo}rot yfaa do k ag`i borotto`r rg xg}frfo o`ikiojo`r yfrl
@gtrl Cgtok! k`b ylfroyk}lf`i fr yfaa aokb rg jgto vokt} ge bf}rtu}reua oigrfk*
rfg`} rlkr aokb `gyloto. Yo k`b ]ogua }lguab bf}mu}} yfrl Xvg`ivk`i ylorlot
rlf} f`mfbo`r yk} k` kmr ge ykt! k` kmr ge rottgtf}j! gt k` kmmfbo`r gt tgiuo km*
rfg`. Okml lk} bfeeoto`r mg`}o{uo`mo}fe @gtrl Cgtok jok`r ykt! yo }lguab
xtoojxr eutrlot }uml krrkmc}3 fe rottgtf}j! yo }lguab }k`mrfg` k`b ig kerot rlo
afcoav xotxortkrgt}3 fe k` kmmfbo`r gt tgiuo kmrfg`! yo }lguab o|xomr Xvg`ivk`i
rg | rlo f`rot`ka xtgdaoj} k`b mgjxo`}kro rlo }kfagt} ekjfafo} k`b rlo ]gurl
Cgtok` `kv. Fe jg`ov f} k xtgdaoj! Mlf`k mk` eggr rlo dfaa k`b rlo jkrrot do}orraob. Yo jfilr xto}ujo g` rlo dk}f} ge Xvg`ivk`i} }ud}o{uo`r kmrfg`} rlkr
rlf} yk} `gr jok`r rg do k` kmr ge ykt gt rottgtf}j dur k tgiuo gt kmmfbo`rka kmr
rlkr `oob} rg do mgjxo`}krob. Fr f} f`roto}rf`i rlkr k }oxktkro tomo`r f`mfbo`r
jkv egtj rlo rojxakro egt }gaf`i rlf} f}}uo. Xvg`ivk`i! kmmgtbf`i rg Mlf`o}o
jobfk! tomo`rav k`b {uforav xkfb Mlf`o}o ekjfafo} "=!888 okml egt }ootka Mlf*
`o}o jo` cfaaob dv @gtrl Cgtok` dgtbot iuktb} g` rlo Vkau Tfot kr kdgur rlo
}kjo rfjo k} rlo }f`cf`i. Rlo kjgu`r ge rlf} mgjxo`}krfg` f} ekt rgg }jkaa! dur
fr bgo} }uiio}r k }gaurfg` rg ylkr grlotyf}o mguab rut` gur rg do k ag`i*rotj!
eo}rotf`i f}}uo.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
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Xtg}xomr} egt Ojotif`i Ok}r K}fk` Mggxotkrfg` k`b Fjxafmkrfg`} egt rlo _`frob ]rkro} ;29
rl `uma f}}u f}**f} @gl cg ju} l`a xav lguil
mg`gjfm}. Fe `grlf`i jgto yo }lguab rtv tkf}f`i rlo mg}r} k`b agyotf`i rlo
do`or} ge @gtrl Cgtok lkf`i `umaokt yokxg`}! k`b agyotf`i rlo mg}r} k`b
tkf}f`i rlo do`or} ge fr iorrf`i tfb ge rloj. G`o o|kjxao ge tkf}f`i rlo mg}r}>yfrl Mlf`k ykrmlf`i mag}oav! o`mgutkio Nkxk` k`b ]gurl Cgtok rg gdrkf` `g`*
`umaokt xtoojxrfg` mkxkdfafrfo} ge rloft gy` ,egt o|kjxao! rlgu}k`b}jkvdo
ro`} ge rlgu}k`b}ge }lgtr*tk`io lfil*xotegtjk`mo jf}}fao}&. G`o o|kjxao
ge tkf}f`i rlo do`or} rg @gtrl Cgtok ge iorrf`i tfb ge rlo xto}ujob yokxg`}>
bf}}ukbo Nkxk` k`b ]gurl Cgtok etgj km{uftf`i `g`*`umaokt xtoo`rfg` mkxk*
dfafrfo} k`b toxokr gut }rkrojo`r rlkr yo yfaa oot u}o umaokt yokxg`} kikf`}r
k `g`*`umaokt }rkro. Ka}g! yo mk` jkco fr maokt rlkr k `umaokt @gtrl Cgtok yfaa
`gr lko kmmo}} rg rlo mffafk` oaomrtfm umaokt roml`gagiv rlkr mutto`rav xgyot}
kdgur lkae ge ]gurl Cgtok` k`b Nkxk`o}o f`bu}rtv k`b rlkr f} }akrob rg do k tkx*fbav itgyf`i mgjxg`o`r ge Mlf`o}o oaomrtfm xgyot. Fe @gtrl Cgtok ifo} ux rlo
yokxg`} k`b tongf`} rlo F`rot`krfg`ka Krgjfm O`otiv Kio`mv k} k `g`*`umaokt
}rkro! mffafk` oaomrtfm xgyot f} ok}fav yfrlf` rloft tokml! k`b rlf} mk` rlu} xakv
k dfi tgao f` tofrkaf~f`i rlo mgu`rtv} omg`gjv.
r @gl cg! } juml } xg}}fa! } gja mgu`v. Rlf} f} rlo jg}r
bfemuar mlkaao`io domku}o @gtrl Cgtok! ge mgut}o! f} `gr k gtjka mgu`rtv. Rlo
Mlog`k` }f`cf`i f} xtorrv maokt ofbo`mo rlkr @gtrl Cgtok f} g`o ge rlo gbbo}r
mgu`rtfo} f` rlo ygtab! yfaaf`i rg kmmoxr rlo tf}c ge }rktrf`i k ykt yfrl k xgyot*eua k`b tfilreuaav k`itv tfka dkmcob dv k }uxotxgyot egt kxxkto`rav jf`fjka
ikf`. Fr f} k} bfeeoto`r etgj rlo _`frob ]rkro} k} xg}}fdao f` jk`v to}xomr}! k`b
fr} bfeeoto`mo} etgj ]gurl Cgtok kto itgyf`i tkxfbav. Dur rlo mgu`rtv f} gbb f`
aktio xktr domku}o fr lk} doo` rtokrob gbbav oot }f`mo fr yk} mtokrob dv Ng}oxl
]rkaf`. Okml ge fr} dfi `ofildgt}Nkxk`! Mlf`k! Tu}}fk! k`b ge mgut}o fr} tfka
igot`jo`r f` rlo ]gurllk} doo` eokteua ao}r Cfj Fa*}u`i gt lf} }g` bgo}
}gjorlf`i rlkr xtggco} k `oy ykt f` k ro`}o `ofildgtlggb. @gtrl Cgtok}
igot`jo`r lk} aokt`ob rg rtkbo g` rlo}o eokt}! u}f`i rlo xtgmoob} rg coox fr}oae
f` xgyot oo` k} fr ekfa} fr} mfrf~o`}. Omg`gjfm o`ikiojo`r rlkr kgfb} rlo}oeokt} k`b rtokr} ootv rtk`}kmrfg` yfrl @gtrl Cgtok k} k du}f`o}} kmrffrv f`
ylfml dgrl }fbo} ju}r ikf` jkv do rlo g`av ykv rg mlk`io @gtrl Cgtok f`rg k
`gtjka mgu`rtv.
8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
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;2< _.].*Cgtok Kmkbojfm ]vjxg}fuj
Af}r ge Toeoto`mo}
Dotrlgub! Nok`*Jfmloa. 48;8. ]yfr~otak`b k`b @gtrl Cgtok> Rlo O`b ge k` Otk7 }yf}}*
f`eg.ml ,]yfr~otak`b Dtgkbmk}rf`i Mgtxgtkrfg`&! 6 Nk`uktv. ,Rtk`}akrob dv Gxo`
]gutmo Mo`rot! 4< Jkv 48;8&.
Igabdoti! Noeetov. 48;8. Efboa> Mudk` Jgboa Bgo}`r Oo` Ygtc egt _} K`v*
jgto. RloKrak`rfm.mgj! < ]oxrojdot. yyy.rlokrak`rfm.mgj'f`rot krfg`ka'kt*
mlfo'48;8'86'boa*mudk`*jgboa*bgo}`r*oo`*ygtc*egt*u}*k`vjgto'54584'.
Lkdot! ]roxlo`! Bguiak}} M. @gtrl! k`b Dkttv T. Yof`ik}r. 4884. Rlo Xgotrv Rtkx.
Lggot Bfio}r! `g. 2. yyy.lggot.gti'xudafmkrfg`}'lggot*bfio}r'ktrfmao'54;4.
Ygtab Dk`c. ;66=.Ok}r K}fk` Jftkmao> Omg`gjfm Itgyrl k`b Xudafm Xgafmv. @oy Vgtc>
G|egtb _`fot}frv Xto}}.
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8/3/2019 Engaging and Transforming North Koreas Economy, by William B. Brown
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