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Iodine Deficiency Disorders among Children in
Different Agroecological Zones: Study on FoodAvailability, Food Consumption, Socio-cultural
Aspects, and Academic Achievement
PROPOSAL
Researchers:
Leily Amalia, STP, MSiHadi Riyadi, Ph.D.
Tin Herawati, SP, MSi
Reisi Nurdiani, SP, M.Si
Faculty of Human Ecology
Bogor Agricultural University
Darmaga, Bogor 16680, IndonesiaEmail: [email protected]
June 2011
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DESCRIPTION
Title : Iodine Deficiency Disorders among Children in Different
Agroecological Zones: Study on Food Availability, FoodConsumption, Socio-cultural Aspects, and AcademicAchievement
Researchers : Leily Amalia, STP, M.SiHadi Riyadi, Ph.D
Tin Herawati, M.SiReisi Nurdiani, SP, M.Si
Bank Account Number : 0174760723 (Leily Amalia, BNI Syariah,Bogor).
Bank Swift Code : BNINIDJA
Institution Address: Faculty of Human EcologyBogor Agricultural UniversityDarmaga, Bogor 16680West Java, Indonesia
Phone : 62-8129265531
Email : [email protected]
Proposed Budget :
Bogor, May 2011Principal Investigator,
Leily Amalia, STP, MSi
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Pag
e
SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 4
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 6
OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................
10
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK..................................................................
11
METHODS.............................................................................................
14
Design...........................................................................................
14
Sampling.......................................................................................
14
Data Collection..............................................................................
15
RESEARCH AREA..................................................................................
17
DATA ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT....................................................
17
Data Limitation.............................................................................
18
RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH...................................................................
18
DISSEMINATION AND UTILIZATION OF THE RESEARCH .......................
19
TIME SCHEDULE...................................................................................20
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SUMMARY
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is one of four main nutritional
problems besides energy protein malnutrition (EPM), iron deficiencyanemia (IDA), and vitamin A deficiency (VAD). The consequences of
iodine deficiency include goiter, reduced mental function, delayed
motor development, growth failure and stunting, neuromuscular
disorders, and speech and hearing defects (ACC/SCN, 1992). Iodine
deficiency exists in most regions in the world, resulting from a low
intake of iodine in the diet, and commonly come from mountainous
areas with the soil, water and plants which contain less iodine. Theproblem arises when people live in an environment with soil lack of
iodine, either due to the flood of river valleys or by high rainfall or
glaciations in hilly mountainous areas. The deficiency in the soil leads
to deficiency in all forms of plant life including cereals, vegetables,
and fruits grown in the soil (Hetzel, 1989). According to Harahap
(2004), the other cause of iodine deficiency is due to several kinds of
foods consumed in the developing countries which contain agoitrogenic substance which inhibits the iodine absorption by thyroid.
The goitrogenic substance can be found in some kinds of foods, such
as cassava, vegetables belonging to various kinds of cabbages.
In regard to that consequences, it is necessary to conduct a
study to identify IDD among the people and the school children. This
study is aimed 1) to analyze incidence of IDD among the school
children, 2) to identify food availability in different agro ecological
zones, 3) to analyze food consumption of the children suffered from
IDD, 4) to identify iodine-rich foods and goitrogenic food consumption
among the children with IDD, 5) to analyze the iodine content of salt
consumed by the households in study areas. 6) to analyze coverage
of iodized salt consumption, 7) to analyze impacts of IDD on academic
achievement among school children, and 8) to identify socio-cultural
aspects as determinant factors of IDD.
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Attention to school children needs emphasizing as school
children are still in a growth phase and badly need a good
intelligence, and who are easily affected by the iodine status in their
body. The problem of IDD is primarily caused by the low iodine
consumption and/or the high goitrogenik food consumption. The
results of riskesdas-- a basic health research (Kemenkes, 2008)
showed that there was only 62.3% of the households consuming
iodized salt. Because of that, the iodized salt consumption is one of
the main channels which is able tobe utilized to overcome the IDD
problem. In connection with the iodized salt, the living location also
has a relatively significant influence. Many of the people who live in
coastal areas do not consume iodized salt due to the spread of the
people non-iodized salt. On the other hand, the people who live in
mountainous areas generally only rely on the salt that comes to the
local areas. The salt that is distributed in the mountainous areas
commonly contains iodine, however the peoples access to the salt
often becomes the obstacle.
To achieve the objectives, a cross-sectional design will be
applied in this study. The location of this study will be selected
purposively based on the households which consume iodized salt at a
relatively low level, namely District of Karawang (33.9%) and Cianjur
(47.2%), as compared to national level which was 62.3% (Riskesdas
2007). District of Karawang represents coastal areas and Cianjur
represents high land areas. The study will be conducted in 2011-
2012.
The population and sample in this study are mothers and school
children, especially grade 4-5. The samples are selected based on
their vulnerability on the effect of IDD. The total number of children
who become the samples of this study is 300, 150 children coming
from three sub-districts in Karawang District and the other 150
coming from three sub-districts of Cianjur District.
The collected data are comprised of secondary data and
primary data. The secondary data consist of data of the areas, while
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the primary data consist of characteristics of the sampled households,
anthropometry and the iodine status of the samples as well as the
food consumption, iodine-source foods and goitrogenic foods.
An interview will be performed towards the mothers to obtain
data on the households socio-economy including parents education,
households income, and mothers KAP (knowledge, attitude,
practice). Whereas, the children will be measured to get
anthropometric data, and they will also be interviewed to find out
their consumption of iodine-source foods and goitrogenic foods.
Besides that, an analysis of iodine levels of the salt, soil and water in
the research site will be carried out.
Data collection will be conducted by enumerators. The criteria
of the enumerators in this research are graduates having background
in nutrition or public health. Before collecting data, they are informed
on the purpose and scope of this research, length of survey, sampling
technique, methods of data collection, and load of works. The
enumerators will be trained how to complete fill-in forms and
questionnaire, how to use a guideline for data collection, and
interview technique.
To ensure the success of the data collection process,
supervision is conducted by the research team, so that any possible
problems can be solved immediately during the process of data
collection by enumerators. Besides, to ensure the data quality in the
study , some steps of data management will be taken, consists of data
cleaning, data processing, and data analysis.
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INTRODUCTION
The national development which is being carried out by theIndonesian government is actually an attempt to increase the
peoples prosperity in order to achieve the national goal, that is,
prosperity for the entire nation. Likewise, in other developing
countries, in Indonesia malnutrition is still the main problem that
affects the health status of the people. The low nutritional status
influences the quality of the human resources, either growth,
intelligence, invulnerability to diseases, infant mortality, mothermortality, or working productivity.
For the time being in Indonesia there are four main nutritional
problems, namely, energy protein malnutrition (EPM), iron anemia
(IA),vitamin A deficiency, and some disorders due to Iodine Deficiency
(IDD-- Iodine Deficiency Disorders). Of the 20 millions of the total
Indonesian people who suffer from IDD, it is estimated that the
potential of IQ loss is equal to140 millions IQ pints (RAN KPP GAKY,2004). If these nutritional problems are not promptly overcome, the
Indonesian people will suffer from the decrease of capability
(academic matters as well as the working productivity).
Iodine deficiency exists in most regions in the world, resulting
from a low intake of iodine in the diet. The consequences of iodine
deficiency include goiter, reduced mental function, increased rates of
still births and abortions, and infant death. Severe mental andneurological impairment known as cretinism occurs in babies with
severely iodine deficient mothers. Deficiency in iodine later in infancy
and childhood causes mental retardation, delayed motor
development, growth failure and stunting, neuromuscular disorders,
and speech and hearing defects. Mild deficiency can cause lethargy,
and this is reversible when iodine status improves, as is goiter
(ACC/SCN, 1992).
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The sufferers of IDD commonly come from mountainous areas
with the soil, water and plants which contain less iodine. The problem
arises when people live in an environment whose soil has been lack of
iodine, either due to the flood of river valleys or by high rainfall or
glaciations in hilly mountainous areas. The deficiency in the soil leads
to deficiency in all forms of plant life including cereals, vegetables,
and fruits grown in the soil (Hetzel, 1989). The iodine content in the
nature, which has been eliminated, cannot be replaced anymore. As a
result, the people who live in the area will suffer from iodine
deficiency.
According to Harahap (2004), the other cause of iodine
deficiency is due to several kinds of foods consumed in the
developing countries which contain a goitrogenic substance which
inhibits the iodine absorption by thyroid. The goitrogenic substance
can be found in some kinds of foods, such as cassava, vegetables
belonging to various kinds of cabbages. In Sarawak (Malaysia), the
consumption of cassava was found to be correlated with goiter and
cretin prevalence.
Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones which in
turn are needed for the regulation of metabolic activities of all cells
throughout the life cycle. They are also required to ensure normal
growth, especially of the brain, which occurs from fetal life to the end
of the third postnatal year (Delange, 1994).
The prevalence of IDD was approximately 30% in 1980, and
nationally it decreased to be 9.8% in 1998. However, the prevalence
in some provinces was still high, for instance, in NTT 38.1%, Maluku
33.3%, Sulawesi Tenggara 24.9%, and Sumatra Barat 20.5%.
Provinces of NTT and Maluku were categorized to have a moderate
IDD problem, while the other provinces belonged to have slight IDD or
not to have any problem of IDD (Direktorat Gizi Masyarakat, 2003).
As a whole the result report of a mapping survey of goiter in
1998 which was published by WHO in 2000 showed that 18.8% of the
Indonesian people lived in slightly endemic areas, 4.2% of the people
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lived in moderately endemic areas, and 4.5% of the people lived in
severely endemic areas. It was also estimated that about 18.2
millions of the people lived in moderately and severely endemic
areas; and 39.2 millions of the people lived in slightly endemic areas.
The IDD prevalence among the school-age children was 27.7%
in 1980. This prevalence decreased to be 9.8% in 1998. Although
there was a significant drop, IDD was still considered as the societys
health problem, because in general the prevalence was still above
5%. The prevalence varied from one sub-district to another sub-
district, and it was still encountered sub-districts with the IDD
prevalence of over 30% (severly endemic areas). From the results of
a national survey conducted in 2003, it was known that in general the
TGR (Total Goiter Rate) of the school children was still around 11.1%.
The national survey showed that 35.8% of the districts in Indonesia
was slightly endemic, 13.1% of the districts was moderately endemic,
and 8,2% of the districts was severly endemic (RAN KPP GAKY, 2004).
Rencana Aksi Nasional (RAN) Kesinambungan Program
Penanggulangan GAKY 2005-2010 (a national plan to cope with IDD)
states that the indicators used to monitor and evaluate IDD are the
household consumption of iodized salt and the median of the people
EIU as much as 100-299 g/L, whereas TGR is not applied anymore
due to its low sensitiveness and specivity as well as the change of
TGR occurance requiring a long time.
In 2005, the nutritional program which was implemented by the
government has several objectives. Firstly, it is to reduce the
prevalence of poor nutrition among children under five, that is, to be
20%. Secondly, it is to reduce the prevalence of iodine deficiency
disorders (IDD) among children to be 5%. Thirdly, it is to reduce iron
anemia among the pregnant women to be 40%. Fourthly, there is no
more vitamin A clinical deficiency found among children under five
and pregnant women. Fifthly, it is to increase the number of
households consuming iodized salt to be 90 %. Finally, it is to achieve
the balanced-nutrittion consumption with the average energy
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Indonesia is an archipelago country with physical conditions of
the territory which is greatly varied, either its climate, rainfall,humidity, slope, or height from the surface of the sea. The diversity
makes Indonesia possess various types of soil with different fertility
levels as well as different physical characteristics of the soil.
According to Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat Bogor (a reseach
centre of soil and agroclimate) in Bogor in Resosoedarmo et al.
(1993), the different physical conditions will yield a diversity of
agroecological zones in every area. Slamet (1989) stated that thedifferent agroecological zone among areas may affect the patterns of
land use, the system of farm operation implemented, ans the farmers
preference towards the kind of plant that will be cultivated. This will
influence the number and and types of foods available in the area.
Suhardjo (1989) also stated that the different geography and
topography can give a specific characteristics to the food product
yielded. Therefore, the food consumption patterns in an area usually
developed from the local foods or from foods which have been in the
area for a long time.
Food consumption is not a problem which stands alone but it is
a part of a system which is determined by several intertwined factors.
Sanjur (1982) states that in addition to the local food availability and
the socio-culture, food consumption is also related with the
households socio-economic characteristics, such as, the education
level, income, and the number of the household members. The low
income is another barrier which makes people unable to purchase
food in an appropriate amount. Accordingly, income is the
indispensable determinant correlated with the quality of food
consumption.
The formal education level of housewives is positively
correlated with the improvement of the households food
consumption pattern and the pattern of feeding their children.The
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education level will influence the consumption through food choice.
People who are more educated tend to select better foods in terms of
number and quality compared to those who have a lower education
level (Moehdji, 1986).
The number of the household members will affect food
consumption. A variety of research results show that there is a very
significant correlation between the size of households and the
prevalence of malnutrition. The increasingly-greater number of the
household members without any adequate income for them will lead
to an increasingly imbalanced food distribution.
Kinds and amount of the food consumed will affect the required
nutrition adequacy. If the kinds and amount of food consumption are
not sufficient, the nutrition need will not be fulfilled so this will trigger
a health problem. IDD (Iodine Deficiency Disorders) is still a health
problem in Indonesia which requires a serious attention and handling.
According to Adriani (2002) Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is
caused by a lack of iodine intake, the excessive goitrogenic food
consumption, and a food consumption pattern which is of low protein.
The lack of protein intake and the existence of goitrogenic in a food
will cause a disorder of taking iodine by thyroid glands. Protein
(albumin, globulin and prealbumin) is a means of transportation of
thyroid hormones.
Hetzel (1989) states that the low iodine intake of an individual
or a group of people in a population is affected by the geographic
condition. The IDD sufferers are found more in the upland than in the
lowland. Water and soil in the upland contain lower iodine compared
to that in the lowland.
A study conducted by Prihartini (2001) towards the elementary
school children in an endemic area of IDD found that the average
iodine level of the childrens urine with a good nutritional status was
higher or there was a significant difference compared to those with a
low nutritional status. According to Djokomoeljantio (1997) people
with a low or poor nutritional status will be at risk in the biosynthesis
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of thyroid hormones due to the lack of thyroxin binding protein (TBP)
so the synthesis of thyroid hormones will be less. This is in line with
Oenzils opinion (1996) that the number of iodine stores in every
individual body will be different in accordance with his/her nutritional
status condition.
The effect of IDD is not only the enlargement of thyroid gland
but it can result in a severer condition, that is, the decrease of ones
IQ level which is started since one is still a fetus untill an adult. The
younger one suffers from IDD, the severer the result will be,
especially on the structure of the central nerve. The damage of the
brain nerve will lead to the low IQ (intelligent quotient) score of the
IDD sufferers. Every goiter sufferer experienced a five-point deficit of
IQ, every cretin sufferer experienced a 50-point deficit of IQ, every
IDD sufferer of non-goiter and non cretin experienced a 10-point
deficit of IQ, and babies born in an area with an IDD risk would
experience a ten-point deficit of IQ (Syahbudin, 2002).
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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
1
FoodProductio
n
Food Availability Plants Animal Fish
Socio-economic Characteristics of Household
- Parents Education- Parents Occupation- Households income- Household Size- Mothers Nutritional Knowledge,
Agro-ecologicalZone:
Highland andLowland/ Coastal
- Climate- Rain- Humidity-
Food Consumption Dietary recall Food
Cultural Aspects- Food Taboo- Food Priority- Food Preference- Iodine rich food
Iodine DeficiencyDisorders (IDD)among schoolchildren
Low academic
- Low Iodine rich-foods- High goitrogenic rich-
foods- Low iodized salt
content- Low Iodized salt
Iodine content Soil Water
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METHOD
Design To achieve the objectives, a cross-sectional design will be applied in
this study. The location of this study will be selected purposively based onthe households which consume iodized salt at a relatively low level, namely
District of Karawang (33.9%) and Cianjur (47.2%), as compared to national
level which was 62.3% (Riskesdas 2007). District of Karawang represents
coastal areas and Cianjur represents high land areas. The study will be
conducted in 2011-2012.
Sampling
The population and sample in this study are mothers and school
children, especially grade 4-5. The samples are selected based on their
vulnerability on the effect of IDD.
Where :
Z (1-/2) = Significance level at 95% (=0.05) = 1,96
P = prevalece of low iodized salt consumption in the area, namely33.9% in Karawang and 47.2% in Cianjur (Riskesdas 2007).
d = desired absolut precision (0,08)
With significance level at 95% (=0.05), prevalence of iodized salt
consumption in Karawang of 33.9%, and desired absolute precision of 0.08,
the minimum sample required is 134; whereas with prevalence of iodized
salt consumption in Cianjur of 47%, the minimum sample required is 149.5.
Based on the formula and calculation above, the number of children
who become samples of this study is each area (Karawang and Cianjur
Districts) is rounded to be 150, so that the total sample is 300. From each of
17
n = Z 2 (1-/2) P(1-P)
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the sub-districts will be taken two elementary schools, and from each school,
25 children will be drawn randomly (See the chart below).
ES = Elementary School
Figure 2. Sampling Technique
Data Collection The collected data are comprised of secondary data and primary data.
The secondary data consist of data of the areas, while the primary data
consist of characteristics of the sampled households, anthropometry and the
iodine status of the samples as well as the food consumption, iodine-source
foods and goitrogenic foods. Kinds and methods of data collections are
displayed in Table 1.
Table 1. Samples, types of variables and methods of collection
Samples Variables Method of CollectionMothers
Socio-economic Characteristics Parents education Parents occupation
Interview
18
Agroecological Zones
Coastal Area
Karawang District
Sub-district 4 Sub-district5
Sub-district6
ES 7 ES 8 ES 9 ES 12ES 11
@25 children, total 150 children
High land Area
Cianjur District
Sub-district1 Sub-district 2 Sub-district3
ES 1 ES 5ES 4ES 3ES 2
@25 children, total 150 children
ES 6 ES10
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Samples Variables Method of Collection Households income Household size Nutrition knowledge, attitude and
practice (KAP) of motherCultural characteristics Food Taboo Food Priority Food Preference Iodine rich food perception
Interview
Elementary Schoolchildren
Anthropometric Age Sex Weight Height
Interview measuremen
t
Iodine status UIE (Urinary Iodine Excretion) Urine sampleFood consumption Nutrient Intake Consumption of iodine rich foods Consumption of goitrogenic rich
foods
Interview byrecall & foodfrequencyquestionnaireSalt consumption
Iodized salt Non-iodized salt
Salt Iodine content (qualitative andquantitatively) from households Iodized salt coverage
Iodine testtitration
Environment Iodine level of local soil Iodine level of local water
Iodine analysis
Food Production/Availability Cereals Horticulture Animal Fish
Secondary data
Agro-ecologycharacteristics
Climate Altitude
Rain Humidity
Secondary data
An interview will be performed towards the sampled mothers to obtain
data on the households socio-economy including parents education,
19
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households income, and mothers KAP (knowledge, attitude, practice) ibu.
Whereas, the sampled children will be measured to get anthropometric data,
and they will also be interviewed to find out their consumption of iodine-
source foods and goitrogenic foods. Besides that, An analysis of iodine levels
of the salt, soil and water in the research site will be carried out.
Data collection will be conducted by enumerators. The criteria of the
enumerators in this research are graduates having background in nutrition or
public health. Before collecting data, they are informed on the purpose and
scope of this research, length of survey, sampling technique, methods of
data collection, and load of works. The enumerators will be trained how to
complete fill-in forms and questionnaire, how to use a guideline for data
collection, and interview technique.
To ensure the quality of the data, supervision is conducted by the
research team at the time of data collection in the fields, so that any possible
problems can be solved immediately during the process of data collection by
enumerators.
Research Area
This research will be conducted in two different types of agroecology,namely, Karawang District (representing the coastal areas) and Cianjur
District (representing the upland/mountainous areas). The two different
types of areas are necessary to be selected as the research sites considering
that IDD prevalence may be highly correlated with the difference of
agroecology. It is known that the iodine contents in food and water depend
very much on the location of an area (coastal or moutainous). This will
impact on the risk difference of the people to suffer from IDD. In addition,
Karawang and Cianjur still have a problem concerning with the low caverage
of iodized-salt consumption. The Indonesian government has socialized the
use of iodized salt since a long time ago but the coverages among the areas
are still varied enough.
20
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Some data will be collected by a recalling technique, which could be a
weakness of this study because ones remembering ability is relatively
limited to recall all things. However, this method is the most practical to be
operated in an on-field survey.
22
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RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is of public health concern
throughout the world, including in Indonesia. WHO estimated that therewere in excess of 2.2 billion people from 130 countries at risk of IDD in the
mid 90s. These countries include the most populous Bangladesh, Brazil,
China, India, Indonesia and Nigeria (ICCIDD/WHO/UNICEF 1999). WHO,
UNICEF and International Coordinating Committee on Iodine Deficiency
Disorders (ICCIDD) also classified 191 countries into 68.1% having IDD
problems, 10.5% having been able to cope with IDD problems, and the rest
were not known their big problems of IDD. (Allen & Gillespie, 2001). In
Indonesia, it was estimated 62.3 % of households using iodized salt
(Kemenkes, 2008). There were variations in the prevalence among districts
and provinces.
Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and early life causes mental
retardation, stunted growth, and other developmental abnormalities, which
are largely irreversible. In later life it reduces intellectual performance,
educational achievement and productivity, which can be improved with
increased iodine intakes (SCN, 2011). Based on the evidence and lessons
learned within the last decade, it appears that the most susceptible groups -
pregnant and lactating women, and children less than two years of age -
might not be adequately covered by iodized salt. This situation may
jeopardize the optimal brain development of the fetus and young child
(WHO, 2007).
This research is indispensable to be conducted since it is able to reveal
the IDD phenomena among children in different agro-ecologies. By focusingon the aspects of food availability, food consumption, coverage of iodized-
salt consumption, as well as academic achievement of the children sufferers
of IDD, this research will answer the IDD problems which at present still
become one of the nutritional problems in Indonesia.
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TIME OF SCHEDULE
No. ActivitiesMonth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1. Survey of Study Sites x2. Survey Permit x3. Ethical Clearance x
4. DevelopingQuestionnaires x
5. Questionnaires Try Out x6. Revising Questionnaires x
7. Training of the
Interviewersx
8. Data Collection x x x9. Writing Progress Report x
10.
Data Processing &Analysis:a. Data Entry and
Cleaning x x x
b. Data Analysis x x x13.
Writing Draft of FinalReport x x
14
.Seminar x
15. Final Report x X
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PROPOSED BUDGET
No Activities Unit Cost perunit (IDR)
TotalCost(IDR)
1 Preparation a. Survey of Study Sites
* Karawang District- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000
- Transport 2 packages 1,000,000 2,000,000 - Perdiem, 4 persons x 2 days 8 man-days 450,000 3,600,000 * Cianjur District
- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000 - Transport 2 packages 1,000,000 2,000,000 - Perdiem, 4 persons x 2 days 8 man-days 450,000 3,600,000
b. Survey Permit * Karawang District
- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000 - Transport 2 packages 1,000,000 2,000,000 - Perdiem, 4 persons x 2 days 8 man-days 450,000 3,600,000 * Cianjur District
- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000 - Transport 2 packages 1,000,000 2,000,000 - Perdiem, 4 persons x 2 days 8 man-days 450,000 3,600,000
c. Ethical Clearance 1 package 2,500,000 2,500,000d. Developing Questionaires
- Perdiem, 4 persons x 5 days 20 man-days 450,000 9,000,000
e. Questioner Try Out (byenumerators)
- Transport 1 package 500,000 500,000 - Perdiem 4 man-days 200,000 800,000
f. Training of the interviewers* Researcher
- Perdiem, 4 persons x 1 day 4 man-days 450,000 1,800,000 * Interviewers
- Perdiem, 4 persons x 1 day 4 man-days 200,000 800,000
Sub Total 141,800,0
002 Data Collection, 300 samples
- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000
* Field Survey (by 4enumerators)
- Local transport (20 days x 4enums) 80 man-days 50,000 4,000,000
- Perdiem (20 days x 4enumerators) 80 man-days 450,00036,000,00
0
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No Activities Unit Cost perunit (IDR)
TotalCost(IDR)
- Reward 300 respondents 40,000 12,000,00 0 - Transport Bogor-Karawang 2 packages 1,000,000 2,000,000 - Transport Bogor-Cianjur 2 packages 1,000,000 2,000,000
* Iodine Analysis- Urine Iodine Excretion (UIE)
analysis 300 respondent 40,00012,000,00
0 - Test of iodine content in salt 300 samples 20,000 6,000,000 - Test of iodine content in water 30 samples 20,000 600,000 - Test of iodine content in soil 30 samples 20,000 600,000
SubTotal 276,200,0
003 Supervision a. * Karawang
- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000
- Transport 4 packages 1,000,000 4,000,000 - Perdiem, 4 persons x 4 days 16 man-days 450,000 7,200,000b. * Cianjur
- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000 - Transport 4 packages 1,000,000 4,000,000 - Perdiem, 4 persons x 4 days 16 man-days 450,000 7,200,000
SubTotal 324,400,0
004 Data Analysis
- Data Entry dan Data Cleaning 300 questionnaire 50,00015,000,00
0
- Data analysis 8 packages 4,500,000 36,000,00
0 Sub Total4
51,000,000
5 Report WritingProgress report- Perdiem, 4 persons x 4 days 16 man-days 450,000 7,200,000
Final report
- Perdiem, 4 persons x 12 days 48 man-days 450,000 21,600,00 0
Sub Total528,800,0
00
6 Seminar (participant : 25
policy makers)
* Karawang District- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000
- Transport 2 packages 1,000,000 2,000,000 - Perdiem, 4 persons x 2 days 8 man-days 450,000 3,600,000
- Accommodation forparticipants 25 man-days 200,000 5,000,000
* Cianjur District- Meeting acommodation 2 days 500,000 1,000,000
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No Activities Unit Cost perunit (IDR)
TotalCost(IDR)
- Transport 2 packages 1,000,000 2,000,000 - Perdiem, 4 persons x 2 days 8 man-days 450,000 3,600,000
- Accommodation for
participants 25 man-days 200,000 5,000,000 Sub Total6
23,200,000
7 Research Assistants, 1 x 12months 12 months 1,500,00018,000,00
0
Sub Total718,000,0
00
8 Research Consultant, 1 x 3months 3 months 7,000,00021,000,00
0
Sub Total821,000,0
009 Administration
- Stationery 1 package 9,000,000 9,000,000 - Institutional Fee 1 package 6,000,000 6,000,000
Sub Total915,000,0
00
Total in IDR 299,400,000
1 Euro = IDR 12,422, Total in Euro 24,102.4 0
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necessary to have two times meetings to prepare all of the necessitiesrequired in the field.
4. Data Analysis This stage includes data entry and cleaning as well as data analyses. Thecost of data entry and cleaning is Rp 50.000,-/questionnaire, whereas, forthe data analyses the costs are determined by the research objectives,and each of the research objectives requires Rp. 4.500.000,-.
5. Report Writing The report writing for the progress report takes about four days, while forthe final report takes twelve days.
6. Seminar
A seminar will be held in each of the two districts as the researchlocations, and each seminar will be attended by 25 policy makers. Prior tothe seminars, the researchers need to have a two-day meeting for each of the seminars to prepare all of the necessities needed for the seminar. Theresearchers need two days to reach each of the locations and to hold theseminars. For the seminars, it is needed accommodations for theresearchers, banners, refreshments and meals, reimbursement of theparticipants transport expenses, and to rent seminar rooms. The total costis estimated to reach Rp.200.000/participants.
7. Research assistantA research assistant is needed for administration work and helping theresearch operation. The researcher assistant will be hired for one year.
8. Research ConsultantFor this research we need a consultant on food and nutrition to be hiredfor 3 months.
9. Administration
For the secretarial and administrative work, office equipment andstationery are required. As the members of the institution, the researchershave to allocate an institutional fee for the department and faculty.
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